Project Report On Graphics

For more Notes, Presentations, Project Reports visit – a2zmba.blogspot.com hrmba.blogspot.com mbafin.blogspot.com

Graphics Graphics are visual presentations on some surface such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper or stone to inform, illustrate or entertain. Examples are photographs, drawings, Line Art, graphs, diagrams, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images which are not only text. Graphics is often used in combination with text and color. Graphics can be functional or artistic. Graphics can be imaginary or representing something in the real world. The latter can be a recorded version, such as a photograph, or an interpretation by a scientist to highlight essential features, or an artist, in which case the distinction with imaginary graphics may get blurred.

Types Of Graphics

In computer graphics there are two types of graphics: Raster, where each pixel is separately defined, and Vector, where mathematical formula are used to draw lines (eg 'take two points and draw a parabole between them'), which are then interpreted at the 'receiving end' to produce the graphic. Vectors make for in principle infinitely sharp graphics and usually smaller files, but is limited to relatively simple representations. In 1950 the first computer-driven display was attached to MIT’s Whirlwind I computer to generate simple pictures, this was followed by MIT’s TX-0 and TX-2- interactive computing which increased interest in computer graphics in the late 1950s. In 1962 Ivan Sutherland invented Sketchpad, an innovative program that influenced alternative forms of interaction with computers. In the mid-1960s large computer graphics research projects were begun at MIT, General Motors, Bell Telephone labs, and Lockheed Aircraft. D. T. Ross of MIT developed an advanced compiler language for graphics programming. S.A.Coons, also at MIT, and J. C. Ferguson at Boeing, began work in sculptured surfaces. GM developed their DAC-1 system and other companies, such as Douglas, Lockheed, and McDonnell, also made significant developments. In 1968 Ray tracing was invented by Appel. During the late 1970s personal computers began to become more powerful and capable of drawing basic and complex shapes and designs. Into the 1980s personal computers, particularly with the Macintosh artists and graphic designers began to see the computer as a serious design tool that could save time and be used to draw more accurately than a human. 3D computer graphics became possible in the late 1980s with the powerful SGI

computers which were later used to create some of the first fully computer generated short films at Pixar. One of the most popular tools for computer graphics remains the Macintosh today in graphic design studios and businesses. Modern computer systems dating from the 1980s and onwards often use a graphical user interface (GUI) to present data and information by using symbols, icons and pictures rather than text. Graphics is one of the five key elements of multimedia technology. 3D graphics became more popular in the 1990s in gaming, multimedia and animation. In 1993, Myst, one of the first fully 3D adventure games was released. In 1995 Toy Story the first full-length computer generated animation film was released in cinemas worldwide. Since then computer graphics have become more accurate and more detailed because of more advanced computers and better 3D modeling software applications such as Cinema 4D. Another form of graphics on computers are screensavers, that originally had (and still have) the purpose of preventing the layout of much-used GUI's 'burning into' the computer screen, but have evolved into true pieces of art, especially on the Linux platform. The actual practical use of screensavers is now obsolete since modern screen are not succeptible to such "burning".

Web Graphics

In the 1990s Internet speeds increased, and Internet browsers capable of viewing images were released, the first being Mosaic. Websites began to use the GIF format to distribute small graphics such as banners, advertisements and navigation buttons on web pages. Web graphics are useful in providing a truly graphical user interface to websites rather than plain text. A program like MS Paint in Windows Microsoft can be used for beginners, and gradually more professional programs like Photoshop and Paint Shop Pro can give you more abilites but may be harder to use

Raster Graphic

A raster graphics image, digital image, or bitmap, is a data file or structure representing a generally rectangular grid of pixels, or points of color, on a computer monitor, paper, or other display device. The color of each pixel is individually defined; images in the RGB color space, for instance, often consist of colored pixels defined by three bytes—one byte each for red, green and blue. Less colorful images require less information per pixel; an image with only black and white pixels requires only a single bit for each pixel. Raster graphics are distinguished from vector graphics in that vector graphics represent an image through the use of geometric objects such as curves and polygons. A bitmap corresponds bit for bit with an image displayed on a screen, probably in the same format as it would be stored in the display's video memory or maybe as a device independent bitmap. A bitmap is characterized by the width and height of the image in pixels and the number of bits per pixel, which determines the number of colors it can represent. A colored raster image (or pixmap) will usually have pixels with between one and eight bits for each of the red, green, and blue components, though other color encodings are also used, such as four- or eight-bit indexed representations that use vector quantization on the (R, G, B) vectors. The green component sometimes has more bits than the other two to allow for the human eye's greater discrimination in this component. The quality of a raster image is determined by the total number of pixels (resolution), and the amount of information in each pixel (often called color depth). For example, an image that stores 24 bits of color information per pixel (the standard for all displays since around 1995) can represent smoother degrees of shading than one that only stores 16 bits per pixel, but not as smooth as one that stores 48 bits (technically; this would not be decipherable by the human eye). Likewise, an image sampled at 640 x 480 pixels (therefore containing 307,200 pixels) will look rough and blocky compared to one sampled at 1280 x 1024 (1,310,720 pixels). Because it takes a large amount of data to store a high-quality image, data compression techniques are often used to reduce this size for images stored on disk. Some techniques sacrifice information, and therefore image quality, in order to achieve a smaller file size. Compression techniques that lose information are referred to as "lossy" compression. Raster graphics cannot be scaled to a higher resolution without loss of apparent quality. This is in contrast to vector graphics, which easily scale to the quality of the device on which they are rendered. Raster graphics are more practical than vector graphics for photographs and photo-realistic images, while vector graphics are often more practical for typesetting or graphic design. Early 21st century computer monitors typically display about 72 to 130 pixels per inch (PPI), and some modern consumer printers can resolve 2400 dots per inch (DPI) or more; determining the most appropriate image resolution for

a given printer resolution can be difficult, since printed output may have a greater level of detail than can be discerned on a monitor. To illustrate the matter further - here's the letter "J": J Look closely at it.. Take a magnifying glass to it if you like. You see a "J", the computer sees something more like this, where '.' represents a zero and 'X' represents a one: ....X ....X ....X ....X ....X ....X ....X X...X X...X .XXX.

Where you see a zero, the computer instructs its video hardware to paint the current background color. A one calls for the current foreground color. Yes, it is actually a bit more complicated, but it all basically boils down to one bit or the other making a distinction between the colors of adjacent pixels, which together form an image. This is the basic principle behind drawing on a computer. In 3D computer graphics, the concept of a flat raster of pixels is sometimes extended to a three dimensional volume of voxels. In this case, there is a regular grid in three dimensional space with a sample containing color information at each point in the grid. Although voxels are powerful abstractions for dealing with complex 3D shapes, they do have large memory requirements for storing a sizable array. Consequently, vector graphics are used more frequently than voxels for producing 3D imagery. Raster graphics was first patented by Texas Instruments in the 1970s, and is now ubiquitous

For more Notes, Presentations, Project Reports visit – a2zmba.blogspot.com hrmba.blogspot.com mbafin.blogspot.com

Victor Graphics

Vector graphics or geometric modeling is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and polygons to represent images in computer graphics. It is used by contrast to the term raster graphics, which is the representation of images as a collection of pixels (dots). The human eye works as a bitmap picture: it catches the image in a mosaic raster of photon recipient nerves, a pixel image. But the brain - according to recent studies handles it as a vector image. Perhaps because - like in our computers - this is easier to store. It explains why we can recognise simple drawings like cartoons with just outlines because this is so close to what our brain makes of the visual world anyway. It also serves as an explanation for the fact that logos and signs with easy and geometric shapes are easier remembered and recognised. Virtually all modern current computer video displays translate vector representations of an image to a raster format. The raster image, containing a value for every pixel on the screen, is stored in memory and the entire screen is repainted 30 or more times per second. Starting in the earliest days of computing in the 1950s and into the 1980s, a different type of display, the vector graphics system, was used. In these systems the electron beam of the CRT display monitor was steered directly to trace out the shapes required, line segment by line segment, with the rest of the screen remaining black. This process was repeated many times a second to achieve a flicker-free or near flicker-free picture. These systems allowed very high-resolution line art and moving images to be displayed without the (for that time) unthinkably huge amounts of memory that an equivalent-resolution raster system would have needed. One of the first uses of vector graphic displays was the US SAGE air defense system. Vector graphics systems were only retired from U.S. en route air traffic control in 1999 and are likely still in use in military and specialized systems. Subsequent vector graphics systems include Digital's GT40 [1]. There was a home gaming system that used vector graphics called Vectrex [2] as well as various arcade games like Asteroids and Space Wars [3] The Tektronix-4014 [4] also deserves a mention even though the display was static.

The term vector graphics is mainly used today in the context of two-dimensional computer graphics. It is one of several modes a programmer can use to create an image on a raster display. Other modes include text, multimedia and 3-d rendering. Virtually all modern 3-d rendering is done using extensions of 2-d vector graphics techniques. Plotters used in technical drawing still draw vectors directly to paper.

Raster Graphic Converted to

a vector

File Formats of Graphics JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) can have millions of colors and are often used for photographs and very complex images. JPEG files are also used for images that have minor color changes, depth, lighting effects, or other gradations of color or tone. JPEG images have the .jpg, .jpe, or. Jpeg extension. JPEG files are compressed so data is actually removed from the graphic image to make the file size smaller. JPEG files are cross-platform and will work on all computer types. When to choose the JPEG format JPEG works best on photographs because it does not compress areas of solid color very well. Do not save JPEG files repeatedly as they compress every time they are saved and will lose their original look. GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) images are limited to 256 colors. They are crossplatform, which means any computer can view them. GIF files are compressed which makes them small in file size but not in dimension. GIF files unlike JPEG files do not lose quality in compression. GIF files have the .gif extension.

When to choose the GIF format GIF files are best used with large areas of solid colors, such as logos, and simple illustrations with flat colors. BMP (Bitmap) is the standard Windows image format on DOS and Windows compatible computers. The BMP format supports RGB (red, green, blue) indexed-colors, grayscale, and Bitmap color modes. BMP files have the .bmp extension. PDF (Portable Document Format) is used by Adobe Acrobat. PDF files can represent both vector and bitmap graphics, and can contain electronic document search and navigation features such as electronic links. The PhotoShop PDF format supports RGB, indexed-colors, CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black), grayscale, and Bitmap. PhotoShop has the .PDF extension. Targa format is designed for systems using the True vision video board and is commonly supported by MS-DOS color applications. The Targa format supports 32 bit RGB, grayscale, and 16 bit and 24 bit RGB files without alpha channels. When saving an RGB image in this format, you can choose a pixel depth. Targa files have the .tga extension. TIFF (Tagged-Image File Format) is used to exchange files between applications and computer platforms. TIFF format is supported by virtually all paint programs, image editing, and page layout applications. Most of the older desktop scanners produce TIFF images and you should save images scanned as TIFF files unless you scan directly to PhotoShop. The TIFF format supports CMYK, RGB, and grayscale files. TIFF files have the .tif extension. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) pronounced "ping" was developed as an alternative to GIF. PNG files support 24-bit images and produce background transparency without jagged edges. Some older versions of Web browsers may not support PNG images. Like GIF and JPEG files, PNG files are cross-platform and compressed. PNG files can have more colors than GIF files and also compress smaller. PNG files have the .png extension.

For more Notes, Presentations, Project Reports visit – a2zmba.blogspot.com hrmba.blogspot.com mbafin.blogspot.com