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LOGO Cairo University Faculty of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department
Improvement of octane number of gasoline by addition of ethanol
April ,03, 2009
Contents 1
Introduction
2
Historical over view
3
Gasoline
4
Biomass
5
Gasohol
6 7
Experimental scheme and Purpose Proceeded Experimental
1.Introduction.
Global Reserves. Price of Gasoline. Environmental impact of Gasoline. Renewable energy supplies.
2.Historical Overview.
Brazilian experiences. Result.
3.Gasoline.
Petroleum Products
3.1.Gasoline Octane Rating.
Measurement of the fuel’s ability to resist ignition caused by pressure and heat.
Octane numbers give the antiknock value of gasoline.
3.2.Gasoline Additives.
In the past, Tetra Ethyl lead was used to increase octane rating
Oxygenates are now used to enhance octane rating Alcohols • Ethanol (OUR CASE STUDY)
3.3.Air-Fuel Mixture. For proper combustion and engine performance, the correct amounts of air and fuel must be mixed Stoichiometric fuel mixture is a chemically correct air-fuel mixture For gasoline, it is 14.7:1 14.7 parts of air to 1 part fuel, by weight Under constant operating conditions, this mixture burns all of the fuel
3.3.1.Lean Air-fuel Mixture. Contains a large amount of air compared to fuel Desirable for high fuel economy and low exhaust emissions Too lean mixture can cause poor performance
3.3.2.Rich Air-fuel Mixture. Contains a larger amount of fuel mixed with the air Increases engine power Increases fuel consumption and exhaust emissions An over-rich mixture will reduce power, foul spark plugs, and cause incomplete burning
3.3.3.Lean and Rich Air-Fuel Mixture.
3.4.Gasoline Combustion. For gasoline to burn properly, it must be mixed with the right amount of air. Mixture is compressed and ignited. Combustion produces heat. Heat causes gases to expand. Expansion causes pressure. Pressure pushes the piston down on the power stroke.
3.4.Gasoline Combustion
Untitled_0001.wmv
3.4.1.Normal Gasoline Combustion.
when the spark plug ignites the fuel and burning progresses smoothly through the fuel mixture
3.4.1.Normal Gasoline Combustion.
3.4.2.Abnormal Combustion. Occurs when the flame does not spread evenly and smoothly through the combustion chamber Common types of abnormal combustion: detonation Pre-ignition
3.2.2.1.Detonation. occurs when the fuel-air charge, inside the engine cylinder; ignites explosively, instead of gradually, after the application of the spark.
Causes engine knock as the combustion chamber pressure rises so quickly that parts of the engine vibrate
3.2.2.1.Detonation.
3.2.2.1.Detonation.
Detonation can blow a hole in a piston head
3.2.2.2.Pre-ignition. occurs when the gasoline quality is not good enough to withstand the high compression ratio used in the engine “Hot spot” causes the mixture to burn prematurely “knock” can be heard during pre-ignition
3.2.2.2.Pre-ignition.
4.Biomass. What is Biomass? Environmental impact of biomass. Bio fuels Ethanol fuel and its properties Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol
4.Biomass
4.Biomass. What is Biomass? Environmental impact of biomass. Bio fuels Ethanol fuel and its properties Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol
5.Gasoline+Ethanol (Gasohol).
5.Gasohol. Mixture of gasoline and alcohol. 6% Ethanol raises octane about 3.5-4.0 numbers. Fuel system modifications are not needed to use gasohol. Alcohol increases antiknock qualities of the gasoline.
6.Experimental scheme and Purpose.
Density. Vapor pressure. Distillation . Total Sulphur . Existent Gum. Studying the emissions characteristics of an ICE with ethanol blended gasoline. Research Octane Number (RON).
6.1.Preliminary trials of some of the experiments. M ID O R
Densi Sample
ty Kg/m 3
Distillation (°c)
Sulph ur
MIDOMM MDOM
RON
IPB
5%
10%
50%
90%
95%
FPB
ppm
E0
748.6
116
79
42.5
64.5
71
108
154
174
188
E 10
751.3
102
86
44
57.5
60.5
105
152
168
188
E20
756.9
96
93
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
E 30
760.8
80
99.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7.Proceeded Experimental. Distillation of blends at Atmospheric Pressure.
7.1.Distillation set up.
crandl3.mov Movie.wmv Tc (°°F) = 100 +(Atmospheric Temp (°°F) / 2) Atmospheric temp= 138.5
7.1.E0 , t(10%)=136 oF. 200 180 y = 8E-05x3 - 0.005x2 + 0.927x + 48.97 R² = 0.998
160 140
Temp
oC
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume Fraction Distillated %
70
80
90
100
7.1.E6 , t(10%)=126 oF. 200 180
y = 2E-07x5 - 5E-05x4 + 0.004x3 - 0.161x2 + 2.481x + 39.94 R² = 0.999
160 140
Temp
oC
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume Fraction Distillated %
70
80
90
100
7.1.E12 , T(10%) =121.17 oF. 180
160
y = -4E-06x4 + 0.000x3 - 0.049x2 + 1.530x + 39.18 R² = 0.990
140
oC
100
Temp
120
80
60
40
20
0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume Fraction Distillated %
70
80
90
100
7.1.E18 , T(10%) =126.8 oF. 200 180
y = -5E-06x4 + 0.001x3 - 0.074x2 + 2.199x + 37.13 R² = 0.989
160 140
Temp
oC
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume Fraction Distillated %
70
80
90
100
7.1.1.comments.
Samples may cause a vapor lock {T10%
7.2.Standard Test Method for { RON }For Engine Fuel.
7.2.Standard Test Method for { RON }For Engine Fuel.
7.2.Standard Test Method for { RON }For Engine Fuel.
MVI_1414.AVI MVI_1417.AVI
6.1.Preliminary trials of some of the experiments. Distillation (°c) Sample
Density Sulphur Kg/m3
ppm
E0
748.6
116
E 10
751.3
E20
E 30
RON
IPB
5%
10%
50%
90%
95%
FPB
79
42.5
64.5
71
108
154
174
188
102
86
44
57.5
60.5
105
152
168
188
756.9
96
93
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
760.8
80
99.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Samples Results
Composition of Ethanol
Octane number
E0
79.3
E6
84
E 12
88.4
E 18
92.4
7.2.Comments.
During our experiments in both MIDOR and Misr Petroleum companies ,our results are logic since each 6% ethanol must increase octane number 4 degree as theoretical literature.
LOGO
Improvement of octane number of gasoline by addition of ethanol
April ,03, 2009
Contents 1
Introduction
2
Historical over view
3
Gasoline
4
Biomass
5
Gasohol
6 7
Experimental scheme and Purpose Proceeded Experimental
1.Introduction.
Global Reserves. Price of Gasoline. Environmental impact of Gasoline. Renewable energy supplies.
2.Historical Overview.
Brazilian experiences. Result.
3.Gasoline.
Petroleum Products
3.1.Gasoline Octane Rating.
Measurement of the fuel’s ability to resist ignition caused by pressure and heat.
Octane numbers give the antiknock value of gasoline.
3.2.Gasoline Additives.
In the past, Tetra Ethyl lead was used to increase octane rating
Oxygenates are now used to enhance octane rating Alcohols • Ethanol (OUR CASE STUDY)
3.3.Air-Fuel Mixture. For proper combustion and engine performance, the correct amounts of air and fuel must be mixed Stoichiometric fuel mixture is a chemically correct air-fuel mixture For gasoline, it is 14.7:1 14.7 parts of air to 1 part fuel, by weight Under constant operating conditions, this mixture burns all of the fuel
3.3.1.Lean Air-fuel Mixture. Contains a large amount of air compared to fuel Desirable for high fuel economy and low exhaust emissions Too lean mixture can cause poor performance
3.3.2.Rich Air-fuel Mixture. Contains a larger amount of fuel mixed with the air Increases engine power Increases fuel consumption and exhaust emissions An over-rich mixture will reduce power, foul spark plugs, and cause incomplete burning
3.3.3.Lean and Rich Air-Fuel Mixture.
3.4.Gasoline Combustion. For gasoline to burn properly, it must be mixed with the right amount of air. Mixture is compressed and ignited. Combustion produces heat. Heat causes gases to expand. Expansion causes pressure. Pressure pushes the piston down on the power stroke.
3.4.Gasoline Combustion
Untitled_0001.wmv
3.4.1.Normal Gasoline Combustion.
when the spark plug ignites the fuel and burning progresses smoothly through the fuel mixture
3.4.1.Normal Gasoline Combustion.
3.4.2.Abnormal Combustion. Occurs when the flame does not spread evenly and smoothly through the combustion chamber Common types of abnormal combustion: detonation Pre-ignition
3.2.2.1.Detonation. occurs when the fuel-air charge, inside the engine cylinder; ignites explosively, instead of gradually, after the application of the spark.
Causes engine knock as the combustion chamber pressure rises so quickly that parts of the engine vibrate
3.2.2.1.Detonation.
3.2.2.1.Detonation.
Detonation can blow a hole in a piston head
3.2.2.2.Pre-ignition. occurs when the gasoline quality is not good enough to withstand the high compression ratio used in the engine “Hot spot” causes the mixture to burn prematurely “knock” can be heard during pre-ignition
3.2.2.2.Pre-ignition.
4.Biomass. What is Biomass? Environmental impact of biomass. Bio fuels Ethanol fuel and its properties Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol
4.Biomass
4.Biomass. What is Biomass? Environmental impact of biomass. Bio fuels Ethanol fuel and its properties Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol
5.Gasoline+Ethanol (Gasohol).
5.Gasohol. Mixture of gasoline and alcohol. 6% Ethanol raises octane about 3.5-4.0 numbers. Fuel system modifications are not needed to use gasohol. Alcohol increases antiknock qualities of the gasoline.
6.Experimental scheme and Purpose.
Density. Vapor pressure. Distillation . Total Sulphur . Existent Gum. Studying the emissions characteristics of an ICE with ethanol blended gasoline. Research Octane Number (RON).
6.1.Preliminary trials of some of the experiments. M ID O R
Densi Sample
ty Kg/m 3
Distillation (°c)
Sulph ur
MIDOMM MDOM
RON
IPB
5%
10%
50%
90%
95%
FPB
ppm
E0
748.6
116
79
42.5
64.5
71
108
154
174
188
E 10
751.3
102
86
44
57.5
60.5
105
152
168
188
E20
756.9
96
93
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
E 30
760.8
80
99.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7.Proceeded Experimental. Distillation of blends at Atmospheric Pressure.
7.1.Distillation set up.
crandl3.mov Movie.wmv Tc (°°F) = 100 +(Atmospheric Temp (°°F) / 2) Atmospheric temp= 138.5
7.1.E0 , t(10%)=136 oF. 200 180 y = 8E-05x3 - 0.005x2 + 0.927x + 48.97 R² = 0.998
160 140
Temp
oC
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume Fraction Distillated %
70
80
90
100
7.1.E6 , t(10%)=126 oF. 200 180
y = 2E-07x5 - 5E-05x4 + 0.004x3 - 0.161x2 + 2.481x + 39.94 R² = 0.999
160 140
Temp
oC
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume Fraction Distillated %
70
80
90
100
7.1.E12 , T(10%) =121.17 oF. 180
160
y = -4E-06x4 + 0.000x3 - 0.049x2 + 1.530x + 39.18 R² = 0.990
140
oC
100
Temp
120
80
60
40
20
0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume Fraction Distillated %
70
80
90
100
7.1.E18 , T(10%) =126.8 oF. 200 180
y = -5E-06x4 + 0.001x3 - 0.074x2 + 2.199x + 37.13 R² = 0.989
160 140
Temp
oC
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume Fraction Distillated %
70
80
90
100
7.1.1.comments.
Samples may cause a vapor lock {T10%
7.2.Standard Test Method for { RON }For Engine Fuel.
7.2.Standard Test Method for { RON }For Engine Fuel.
7.2.Standard Test Method for { RON }For Engine Fuel.
MVI_1414.AVI MVI_1417.AVI
6.1.Preliminary trials of some of the experiments. Distillation (°c) Sample
Density Sulphur Kg/m3
ppm
E0
748.6
116
E 10
751.3
E20
E 30
RON
IPB
5%
10%
50%
90%
95%
FPB
79
42.5
64.5
71
108
154
174
188
102
86
44
57.5
60.5
105
152
168
188
756.9
96
93
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
760.8
80
99.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Samples Results
Composition of Ethanol
Octane number
E0
79.3
E6
84
E 12
88.4
E 18
92.4
7.2.Comments.
During our experiments in both MIDOR and Misr Petroleum companies ,our results are logic since each 6% ethanol must increase octane number 4 degree as theoretical literature.
LOGO
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