Preventing Mycotoxins Contamination In Aquaculture & Aquafeeds
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Digital re-print - March | April 2009 Feature: Mycotoxins Feature title: Preventing mycotoxins contamination in aquaculture & aquafeeds International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
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Mycotoxins
by Dr Vu, Olmix Vietnam Technical Manager 14C12 Hoa Lan Street, Ward 2, Phu Nhuan District, Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam Tel: +84 83 517 2098 | Email: [email protected]
mineral and a binder. All the dry ingredients were thoroughly mixed until homogenous and then water and lipid were added to produce 3.0- 4.0mm diameter pellets through the wet-extrusion process. The pellets were dried and stored at room temperature conditions. Two experiments were conducted in 1000-litre composite tanks for catfish and Tilapia. Flow-through water was applied for catfish and Tilapia experimental systems. The tests were arranged following a completely randomised design (CRB) in three replicates for each treatment. Each experiment was carried out over a two-month period.
The result On Catfish - Initial weight (Wi), final weight (Wf), weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG) and survival of fish fed different test diets are presented in Table 2. Survival rate of fish in this experiment was significantly difference among treatments.
M
ycotoxins are presented worldwide and affect up to 25 percent of the world’s agricultural crops.
survival rate (%)
Mycotoxins are diverse group of the toxic secondary metabolites produced by the moulds. They are of significant important when it comes to field productivity (decreasing nutrient content) and animal production (detrimental effects on reproduction, growth rate and immune status). While the effect of the mycotoxins is well known in most terrestrial animals, their impact on aquaculture species has not been studied as extensively.
The increased cost and limited availability of feed raw material over recent years, particularly fishmeal and fish oils for aquaculture diets, has resulted in replacements being sought, such as plant protein, cereal grain and oil seeds. It is the very high risk of mycotoxin contamination from these feed material sources – and in particular cereal and oil seeds – that can be infected with moulds during crop growth, harvest and unsuitable environmental conditions during storage that lead the production of mycotoxin. Mould growth and mycotoxins production need different environmental conditions, but both can be found all along the food production chain, traced to storage practices and also to faulty feeding conditions. To limit the level of contamination in feed, several strategies have been proposed including field inter vention, decontamination, storage management,
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 09
Conclusion
etc. If it is possible to entirely avoid exposure to fungi all along the food chain.
Prevention Combining pillared clay and other natural ingredients in formulations Olmix has developed a range of commercial product (based on Montmorillonite, seaweed extracted; yeast cell wall and diatomaceous earth) in its MTOX+ for inclusion in animal and aquaculture feeds to improve performance and prevent mycotoxins effects. A study to evaluate the impact of MTOX+ supplementation in diets was conducted in catfish (Pangasiamonodon hypophthalmus) and tilapia on 2008 by Professors Hien and Tu at the College of Aquaculture in Can Tho, Vietnam.
Material and methods Healthy catfish fingerling (initial weight: 30.15±0.25g) and tilapia (initial weight: 6.97±0.05g) were selected for the tests. Three iso-nitrogenous (35 percent crude protein) and isoenergetic diets were formulated using computer-based method. Two test diets were adding 0.5 percent and 1.5 percent MTOX+ and control diet without MTOX+. Diet composition including fishmeal soybean meal, rice bran, cassava meal, vitamin,
1.5 percent MTOX + diet (58.8g). Daily weight gain (DWG) of fish also was the highest in treatment (0.98/day). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranged from 1.72-1.76. FCR of fish was the lowest in 1.5 percent MTOX + (1.72). Supplements 1.5 percent MTOX + improved FCR but there were no significantly different control treatments (P>0.05). Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) ranged from 1.58-1.62. This demonstrated 1.5 percent MTOX + diets were better utilisation of feed protein for fish tissues. On Tilapia - Initial weight (Wi), final weight (Wf), weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG), and survival of fish fed different test diets are presented in Table 4. Survival rate of fish fed MTOX + diets was higher than fish fed the control diet. Survival rate reached 89 percent for MTOX + diets and found significantly different from those of the control treatment (83 percent)(P>0.05).
Can tho University
Survival rate of fish fed MTOX+ diets was higher than fish fed the control diet. Survival rate was noted the highest in 1.5 percent MTOX+ diet (100 percent) and significantly different from those of the control treatment (91 percent)(P<0.05). Therefore, diets did influence on fish survival. After the 60-day feeding period, the average body weight of fish fed 1.5 percent MTOX+ diet was higher than fish fed the 0.5 percent MTOX+ diet and control diet. Fish individual weights of 1.5 percent MTOX + diet increased to 30.2–89.0g, which was higher than fish fed the control diet 83.4g. Weight gain was noted the highest in
Prevention is the best strategy to avoid mould and mycotoxin contamination. H o w e v e r, moulds are naturally present at every stage of production. Diagnosis is complicated due to non-specific symptoms leading to important economic losses because of the time lapse between contamination exposure, development of symptoms and clinical expression. Assessment of the contamination level is important, but very difficult to determine because the concentration is not uniform in feed. A lack of knowledge still exist on the effects and synergy of the mycotoxins. However, the above study again proves that the introduction of MTOX + in aquafeeds, as natural prevention of mycotoxin, will help aqua farmers in limiting the detrimental impacts of mycotoxins on their operations.
March-april 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
MT.X+
is
the only
solution The mega adsorption power against mycotoxins
I N N OVAT I O N T R O U G H T H E P O W E R O F N AT U R E
PREVIOUS PAGE
NEXT PAGE
LINKS
This digital re-print is part of the March | April 2009 edition of International Aquafeed magazine. Content from the magazine is available to view free-of-charge, both as a full online magazine on our website, and as an archive of individual features on the docstoc website. Please click here to view our other publications on www.docstoc.com.
• See the full issue
VO L U M E 1 2 I S S U E 2 2 0 0 9
The use of dietary acidifiers in salmonid nutrition Adding value to feathermeal Extruders Benefits of using Extruders to process aquatic feed
Functional aquafeeds: Dietary supplements in breakthrough pledge
Ipil ipil leaf meal as supplements to soybean and fish meal
•
Visit the International Aquafeed website
•
Contact the International Aquafeed Team
•
Subscribe to International Aquafeed
THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED INDUSTRY Member of the World Aquaculture Society, European Aquaculture Society, American Feed Industry Association and the International Aquafeed Association IAF0902.indd 1
12/03/2009 10:01
To purchase a paper copy of the magazine, or to subscribe to the paper edition please contact our Circulation and subscriptions manager on the link adove.
INFORMATION FOR ADVERTISERS - CLICK HERE
ADVERTISERS LINKS
ral and a binder. All the dry ingredients thoroughly mixed until homogenous then water and lipid were added roduce 3.0- 4.0mm diameter pellets ugh the wet-extrusion process. The ts were dried and stored at room erature conditions. wo experiments were conducted in -litre composite tanks for catfish and a. Flow-through water was applied for h and Tilapia experimental systems. The were arranged following a completely omised design (CRB) in three replicates each treatment. Each experiment was ed out over a two-month period.
result
n Catfish - Initial weight (Wi), final ht (Wf), weight gain (WG), daily weight DWG) and survival of fish fed different diets are presented in Table 2. urvival rate of fish in this experiwas significantly difference among ments.
Can tho University
urvival rate of fish fed MTOX+ diets higher than fish fed the control diet. urvival rate was noted the highest in percent MTOX+ diet (100 percent) ignificantly different from those of the rol treatment (91 percent)(P<0.05). herefore, diets did influence on fish val. After the 60-day feeding period, the ge body weight of fish fed 1.5 percent X+ diet was higher than fish fed the ercent MTOX+ diet and control diet. sh individual weights of 1.5 percent X + diet increased to 30.2–89.0g, which higher than fish fed the control diet . Weight gain was noted the highest in
1.5 percent MTOX + diet (58.8g). Daily weight gain (DWG) of fish also was the highest in treatment (0.98/day). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranged from 1.72-1.76. FCR of fish was the lowest in 1.5 percent MTOX + (1.72). Supplements 1.5 percent MTOX + improved FCR but there were no significantly different control treatments (P>0.05). Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) ranged from 1.58-1.62. This demonstrated 1.5 percent MTOX + diets were better utilisation of feed protein for fish tissues. On Tilapia - Initial weight (Wi), final weight (Wf), weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG), and survival of fish fed different test diets are presented in Table 4. Survival rate of fish fed MTOX + diets was higher than fish fed the control diet. Survival rate reached 89 percent for MTOX + diets and found significantly different from those of the control treatment (83 percent)(P>0.05).
Conclusion Prevention is the best strategy to avoid mould and mycotoxin contamination. H o w e v e r, moulds are naturally present at every stage of production. Diagnosis is complicated due to non-specific symptoms leading to important economic losses because of the time lapse between contamination exposure, development of symptoms and clinical expression. Assessment of the contamination level is important, but very difficult to determine because the concentration is not uniform in feed. A lack of knowledge still exist on the effects and synergy of the mycotoxins. However, the above study again proves that the introduction of MTOX + in aquafeeds, as natural prevention of mycotoxin, will help aqua farmers in limiting the detrimental impacts of mycotoxins on their operations.
MT.X+
•
Visit Olmix online
•
Email Olmix
is
the only
solution The mega adsorption power against mycotoxins
I N N OVAT I O N T R O U G H T H E P O W E R O F N AT U R E
March-april 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
12/03/2009 10:02
www.aquafeed.co.uk
PREVIOUS PAGE
www.aquafeed.co.uk
NEXT PAGE
Mycotoxins
by Dr Vu, Olmix Vietnam Technical Manager 14C12 Hoa Lan Street, Ward 2, Phu Nhuan District, Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam Tel: +84 83 517 2098 | Email: [email protected]
mineral and a binder. All the dry ingredients were thoroughly mixed until homogenous and then water and lipid were added to produce 3.0- 4.0mm diameter pellets through the wet-extrusion process. The pellets were dried and stored at room temperature conditions. Two experiments were conducted in 1000-litre composite tanks for catfish and Tilapia. Flow-through water was applied for catfish and Tilapia experimental systems. The tests were arranged following a completely randomised design (CRB) in three replicates for each treatment. Each experiment was carried out over a two-month period.
The result On Catfish - Initial weight (Wi), final weight (Wf), weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG) and survival of fish fed different test diets are presented in Table 2. Survival rate of fish in this experiment was significantly difference among treatments.
M
ycotoxins are presented worldwide and affect up to 25 percent of the world’s agricultural crops.
survival rate (%)
Mycotoxins are diverse group of the toxic secondary metabolites produced by the moulds. They are of significant important when it comes to field productivity (decreasing nutrient content) and animal production (detrimental effects on reproduction, growth rate and immune status). While the effect of the mycotoxins is well known in most terrestrial animals, their impact on aquaculture species has not been studied as extensively.
The increased cost and limited availability of feed raw material over recent years, particularly fishmeal and fish oils for aquaculture diets, has resulted in replacements being sought, such as plant protein, cereal grain and oil seeds. It is the very high risk of mycotoxin contamination from these feed material sources – and in particular cereal and oil seeds – that can be infected with moulds during crop growth, harvest and unsuitable environmental conditions during storage that lead the production of mycotoxin. Mould growth and mycotoxins production need different environmental conditions, but both can be found all along the food production chain, traced to storage practices and also to faulty feeding conditions. To limit the level of contamination in feed, several strategies have been proposed including field inter vention, decontamination, storage management,
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 09
Conclusion
etc. If it is possible to entirely avoid exposure to fungi all along the food chain.
Prevention Combining pillared clay and other natural ingredients in formulations Olmix has developed a range of commercial product (based on Montmorillonite, seaweed extracted; yeast cell wall and diatomaceous earth) in its MTOX+ for inclusion in animal and aquaculture feeds to improve performance and prevent mycotoxins effects. A study to evaluate the impact of MTOX+ supplementation in diets was conducted in catfish (Pangasiamonodon hypophthalmus) and tilapia on 2008 by Professors Hien and Tu at the College of Aquaculture in Can Tho, Vietnam.
Material and methods Healthy catfish fingerling (initial weight: 30.15±0.25g) and tilapia (initial weight: 6.97±0.05g) were selected for the tests. Three iso-nitrogenous (35 percent crude protein) and isoenergetic diets were formulated using computer-based method. Two test diets were adding 0.5 percent and 1.5 percent MTOX+ and control diet without MTOX+. Diet composition including fishmeal soybean meal, rice bran, cassava meal, vitamin,
1.5 percent MTOX + diet (58.8g). Daily weight gain (DWG) of fish also was the highest in treatment (0.98/day). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranged from 1.72-1.76. FCR of fish was the lowest in 1.5 percent MTOX + (1.72). Supplements 1.5 percent MTOX + improved FCR but there were no significantly different control treatments (P>0.05). Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) ranged from 1.58-1.62. This demonstrated 1.5 percent MTOX + diets were better utilisation of feed protein for fish tissues. On Tilapia - Initial weight (Wi), final weight (Wf), weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG), and survival of fish fed different test diets are presented in Table 4. Survival rate of fish fed MTOX + diets was higher than fish fed the control diet. Survival rate reached 89 percent for MTOX + diets and found significantly different from those of the control treatment (83 percent)(P>0.05).
Can tho University
Survival rate of fish fed MTOX+ diets was higher than fish fed the control diet. Survival rate was noted the highest in 1.5 percent MTOX+ diet (100 percent) and significantly different from those of the control treatment (91 percent)(P<0.05). Therefore, diets did influence on fish survival. After the 60-day feeding period, the average body weight of fish fed 1.5 percent MTOX+ diet was higher than fish fed the 0.5 percent MTOX+ diet and control diet. Fish individual weights of 1.5 percent MTOX + diet increased to 30.2–89.0g, which was higher than fish fed the control diet 83.4g. Weight gain was noted the highest in
Prevention is the best strategy to avoid mould and mycotoxin contamination. H o w e v e r, moulds are naturally present at every stage of production. Diagnosis is complicated due to non-specific symptoms leading to important economic losses because of the time lapse between contamination exposure, development of symptoms and clinical expression. Assessment of the contamination level is important, but very difficult to determine because the concentration is not uniform in feed. A lack of knowledge still exist on the effects and synergy of the mycotoxins. However, the above study again proves that the introduction of MTOX + in aquafeeds, as natural prevention of mycotoxin, will help aqua farmers in limiting the detrimental impacts of mycotoxins on their operations.
March-april 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
MT.X+
is
the only
solution The mega adsorption power against mycotoxins
I N N OVAT I O N T R O U G H T H E P O W E R O F N AT U R E
PREVIOUS PAGE
NEXT PAGE
LINKS
This digital re-print is part of the March | April 2009 edition of International Aquafeed magazine. Content from the magazine is available to view free-of-charge, both as a full online magazine on our website, and as an archive of individual features on the docstoc website. Please click here to view our other publications on www.docstoc.com.
• See the full issue
VO L U M E 1 2 I S S U E 2 2 0 0 9
The use of dietary acidifiers in salmonid nutrition Adding value to feathermeal Extruders Benefits of using Extruders to process aquatic feed
Functional aquafeeds: Dietary supplements in breakthrough pledge
Ipil ipil leaf meal as supplements to soybean and fish meal
•
Visit the International Aquafeed website
•
Contact the International Aquafeed Team
•
Subscribe to International Aquafeed
THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED INDUSTRY Member of the World Aquaculture Society, European Aquaculture Society, American Feed Industry Association and the International Aquafeed Association IAF0902.indd 1
12/03/2009 10:01
To purchase a paper copy of the magazine, or to subscribe to the paper edition please contact our Circulation and subscriptions manager on the link adove.
INFORMATION FOR ADVERTISERS - CLICK HERE
ADVERTISERS LINKS
ral and a binder. All the dry ingredients thoroughly mixed until homogenous then water and lipid were added roduce 3.0- 4.0mm diameter pellets ugh the wet-extrusion process. The ts were dried and stored at room erature conditions. wo experiments were conducted in -litre composite tanks for catfish and a. Flow-through water was applied for h and Tilapia experimental systems. The were arranged following a completely omised design (CRB) in three replicates each treatment. Each experiment was ed out over a two-month period.
result
n Catfish - Initial weight (Wi), final ht (Wf), weight gain (WG), daily weight DWG) and survival of fish fed different diets are presented in Table 2. urvival rate of fish in this experiwas significantly difference among ments.
Can tho University
urvival rate of fish fed MTOX+ diets higher than fish fed the control diet. urvival rate was noted the highest in percent MTOX+ diet (100 percent) ignificantly different from those of the rol treatment (91 percent)(P<0.05). herefore, diets did influence on fish val. After the 60-day feeding period, the ge body weight of fish fed 1.5 percent X+ diet was higher than fish fed the ercent MTOX+ diet and control diet. sh individual weights of 1.5 percent X + diet increased to 30.2–89.0g, which higher than fish fed the control diet . Weight gain was noted the highest in
1.5 percent MTOX + diet (58.8g). Daily weight gain (DWG) of fish also was the highest in treatment (0.98/day). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranged from 1.72-1.76. FCR of fish was the lowest in 1.5 percent MTOX + (1.72). Supplements 1.5 percent MTOX + improved FCR but there were no significantly different control treatments (P>0.05). Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) ranged from 1.58-1.62. This demonstrated 1.5 percent MTOX + diets were better utilisation of feed protein for fish tissues. On Tilapia - Initial weight (Wi), final weight (Wf), weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG), and survival of fish fed different test diets are presented in Table 4. Survival rate of fish fed MTOX + diets was higher than fish fed the control diet. Survival rate reached 89 percent for MTOX + diets and found significantly different from those of the control treatment (83 percent)(P>0.05).
Conclusion Prevention is the best strategy to avoid mould and mycotoxin contamination. H o w e v e r, moulds are naturally present at every stage of production. Diagnosis is complicated due to non-specific symptoms leading to important economic losses because of the time lapse between contamination exposure, development of symptoms and clinical expression. Assessment of the contamination level is important, but very difficult to determine because the concentration is not uniform in feed. A lack of knowledge still exist on the effects and synergy of the mycotoxins. However, the above study again proves that the introduction of MTOX + in aquafeeds, as natural prevention of mycotoxin, will help aqua farmers in limiting the detrimental impacts of mycotoxins on their operations.
MT.X+
•
Visit Olmix online
•
Email Olmix
is
the only
solution The mega adsorption power against mycotoxins
I N N OVAT I O N T R O U G H T H E P O W E R O F N AT U R E
March-april 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
12/03/2009 10:02
www.aquafeed.co.uk
PREVIOUS PAGE
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