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THE EFFICIENCY OF POMELO (Citrus maxima) PEEL AS A NATURAL OIL SPILL REMEDIATION AGENT

Researchers: Crystalen Barcela Alejandra Soliven

Mr. Jason O. Salvadora Subject Teacher

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I Introduction Nowadays, oil spill is one of the most serious pollutants that have negative effects on the ecosystem and marine life. Environmentalists face major challenges in the treatment of spills and in developing an alternative product with low cost. Among all different sorbents, agriculture waste is preferred as an oil cleanup technology due to its biodegradation and buoyancy. Environment friendly absorbents for oil spill cleanup have become popular over the last few years like natural fibers such as cotton, wheat straws etc. Fruit peel waste (FPW) is abundantly available from the agricultural and food processing industry and has been studied in recent past as an absorbent. FPW has a

great potential in waste water treatment due to its

abundant and cheap availability.

Pomelo peel (PP), as one of

the well-known agricultural wastes, is cost-effective and environmental friendly. This study will investigate the effectiveness of pomelo peel, a substitutional material from agricultural wastes as a natural oil spill remediation agent.

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Statement of the Problem

General Problems: The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of pomelo peel as a natural oil spill remediation agent.

Specific Problems: To test the effectiveness of Pomelo Peel as natural oil spill

remediation in terms of: a) Amount of oil absorbed b) Duration of time of absorption

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Scopes and Delimitations Scopes Our study aims to investigate the effectiveness of pomelo peel, a substitutional material from agricultural wastes as a natural oil spill remediation agent. The extent of the area of our study is to test the effectiveness of (PP)in terms of amount of oil absorb and the duration of time of absorption. We will use pomelo peel because it is an agricultural waste and has been studied in recent past as an absorbent. The outer part of the peel will be separated from the inner, spongy one, and the latter will be utilized.

Delimitations The limitations of our study is, it only remove the oil from seawater specifically the oil in the water surface. It does not cover the removal of the toxic chemicals/ contaminants in the water itself.

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Theoretical Framework Density is defined as mass per unit volume. means weight per unit volume. per cubic centimeter. be in what units?

Weight density

In c.g.s. units, density is in grams

The weight density (seldom used here) would In English engineering practice, it is

customary to specify the weight density; for fresh water this is about 62 lb/ft3.

Specific Gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water, or it is the ratio of the weight of a body to the weight of an equal volume of water.

Since the density

of water is very close to one gram/cm3 at ordinary temperatures, density and specific gravity are numerically equal in c.g.s. units. (Specific gravity, however, does not have dimensions).

Archimedes’ Principle (which is derivable from mechanics) states that a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.

Consider now a body which sinks in water.

If its “true”

weight in air is Wa, while its apparent weight is Ww when it is

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hung from the balance by a thread, but submerged in water, then its buoyancy is (Wa -Ww).

This buoyancy is due to a volume of

water equal to the volume of the submerged solid

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Conceptual Paradigm

1.Preparation of the materials.

Investigate the effectiveness of pomelo peel as a natural oil spill remediation.

2. Collection and preparation of the pomelo peel. 3. Drying of the pomelo peel.

Pomelo peel as an effective oil spill remediation.

4. Making of the two set-up. 5. Administering of the product. 6. Measuring of the oil absorbed. 7.Data collection.

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm

The input of this study comprises the effectiveness of pomelo peel as a natural oil spill remediation, determine the absorption capacity of the pomelo peel and the duration of the absorption. The

process

includes

the

methods

and

procedures

in

investigating the effectiveness of the pomelo peel as natural oil spill remediation agent, compare the pomelo peel from commercially available

product in terms of the capacity and duration of

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absorption. Observations and data will be gathered and presented through statistical analysis specifically One-way Anova. The output of our study is to know the efficiency of the pomelo peel as a natural oil spill remediation.

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Assumptions This study has an alternative hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the results among the two set-ups. The researchers expect that the experimental treatment given the pomelo peel as an oil absorbent will be as effective, or much more effective than the commercially available oil spill absorber.

Hypothesis Ho:

There

among H1 :

is

no

significant

difference

in

the

results

the two set-up. There

is

significant

difference

the two set-up.

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in

the

results

among

Definition of Terms Oil spill- An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually given to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may occur on land. Biodegradation- Biodegradation is the process by which organic substances are broken down into smaller compounds by enzymes produced by living microbial organisms in biochemical processes. Buoyancy- the tendency of a body to float or to rise when submerged in a fluid. Efficacy- the quality of being successful in producing an intended result; effectiveness. Remediation- the action of remedying something, in particular or reversing or stopping environmental damage. Oil Spill Absorbent Pad - are pads and booms that can be quickly deployed for spill response. Pomelo- the pomelo Citrus maxima is the largest citrus fruit from the Rutaceae family. Peel- the outer covering or rind of a fruit or vegetable.

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II Review of Related Literature and Studies On

the

study

entitled” An

environmentally

friendly

carbon

aerogels derived from waste pomelo peels for the removal of organic pollutants/oils.” a novel family of biomass-based carbon aerogels was fabricated through the hydrothermal carbonization, freezedrying and pyrolysis process using waste pomelo peels as the precursors. In this study, it was found out that the carbon aerogels derived from waste pomelo peels had excellent sorption ability for a variety of organic pollutants/oils and the sorption ability dropped slightly as the calcination temperature increased. In addition, the sorbent could be easily regenerated by simple physical treatments and kept a high sorption rate after five sorption-regeneration cycles (Lin Zhu et al.).

As stated by Wenbo Chaia et al., (2015) based on pomelo peel (PP), two new kinds of oil sorbents were prepared by using acetic anhydride and styrene. AP and SP has a better oil sorption capacity than that of RP for diesel and lubricating oil, also SP had better oil sorption capacity than AP. The results of this study indicated that AP and SP, especially SP could be used as the substitute for non-biodegradable oil sorption materials. 11

On the study of Guangyu Shi et al., (2019) oil/water separation is a field of high significance as it might efficiently resolve the

contamination

of

industrial

oily

wastewater

and

other

oil/water pollution. In this paper, an environmentally-friendly hydrophobic

aerogel

with

high

porosity

and

low

density

was

successfully synthesized with renewable pomelo peels (PPs) as precursors. Typically, a series of sponge aerogels (HPSA-0, HPSA1 and HPSA-2) were facilely prepared via high-speed dispersion, freeze-drying

and

silanization

with

methyltrimethoxysilane.

Indeed, the physical properties of aerogel such as density and pore diameter could be tailored by different additives (filter paper fibre and polyvinyl alcohol). Hence, their physico-chemical properties including internal morphology and chemical structure were

characterized

in

detail

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller,

X-ray

by

Fourier

transform

diffraction,

infrared,

scanning

electron

microscope, Thermal gravimetric analyzer (TG) etc. Moreover, the adsorption

capacity

was

further

determined

and

the

results

revealed that the PP-based aerogels presented excellent adsorption performance for a wide range of oil products and/or organic solvents

(crude

oil

49.8

g

g−1,

soya

bean

oil

62.3

g

g−1,

chloroform 71.3 g g−1 etc.). The corresponding cyclic tests showed the absorption capacity decreased slightly from 94.66% to 93.82% after 10 consecutive cycles, indicating a high recyclability.

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In related study of Junchen Zou et al., (2015) magnetic pomelo peel

(MPP)

with

high

oil

sorption

capacity

was

prepared

by

solvothermal method. The characteristics of MPP were manifested by FTIR, SEM, XRD, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium of diesel from aqueous solution on MPP were studied in a batch process. The kinetic studies showed good correlation

coefficients

for

the

pseudo-second-order

kinetic

model, and the equilibrium process was well described by the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum sorption capacity of MPP was 27.98 g/g for diesel at 30°C. The results in this study indicated that MPP was an attractive candidate for removing oil from aqueous solutions.

On the other study of Junchen Zou et al., (2014) pomelo peel (PP), was tested for its ability to remove spilled oil from simulated seawater. The experiments were conducted to evaluate the oil sorption capacities of PP modified by fatty acids (oleic acid and stearic acid). The effects of temperature, salinity, and oscillation frequency on the oil sorption capacity of the PP were studied in simulated seawater. It was found that the oil sorption capacity

of

the

PP

was

greatly

enhanced

by

the

surface

modification. The results showed that the PP modified by oleic 13

acid had better oil sorption capacity than that treated with stearic acid. The sorption kinetics of unmodified and modified PP were well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results indicated that PP was an attractive candidate for removing oily pollutants from seawater.

State of the Art The reviewed related studies described Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel as one of the well-known agricultural wastes, is costeffective and environmentally friendly. It was tested as an oil sorbent and some studies used it as a precursors in absorbing the oil

and

treated

it

with

chemicals

to

increase

the

rate

of

absorption. Our study is unique because they mostly use chemicals that may affect the marine life in the process of treating the oil spill. They used raw pomelo peel without applying any method to absorb the oil. This study will focus on the capacity of the pomelo peel in absorbing the oil spill without any additives but we will apply a method that will increase the rate of absorption.

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III Research Design

Research

Design

and

Treatment

The Static Group Design is

applicable

in

the

study. Two

groups will be used but only one will be given the experimental treatment.

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

TREATMENT

CONTROLLED GROUP

OBSERVATION

OBSERVATION

Figure 2. Research Design and Treatment

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Procedures

PREPARATION OF THE MATERIALS

MEASURING OF THE OIL ABSORBED

COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF THE POMELO PEEL

ADMINISTERING OF THE PRODUCT

DATA COLLECTION

Figure 3. Methodology

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DRYING OF THE POMELO PEEL

MAKING OF THE TWO SET-UP

Preparation

of

Gather will

be

needed

the and

utilized are

Materials prepare in

this

all

of

study.

the Pomelo Peel (PP),

the The

materials primary

which

material

2L of crude oil, basin,

commercially available oil spill sorbent, weighing scale ,and sea water.

Collection

and

Preparation

of

the

Pomelo Peel

Since the pomelo peel is an agricultural waste, we are going to ask some pomelo vendors to give us pomelo peel. After collecting, the outer part of the peel will be separated from the inner, spongy one.

Drying of the Pomelo Peel The Pomelo Peel will be placed under the sun and will be left until it is fully dried. It will later on be cut out to a certain size following the dimensions of the commercially available oil spill sorbent.

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Making of the Set-up There will be two basin and both will be given the same amount of seawater and crude oil. The first set-up will be the experimental set-up and the other will be the controlled set-up.

Administering

of

the

Product

The pomelo peel will be weighed according to the mass of the commercially available oil spill absorbent. The purpose is to be able to put the exact amount of both products which aim to remove 1L of crude oil in the sea water set-up. Then, both the pomelo peel and the commercially available oil spill absorbent will be placed on the set-up on the same time and timer will be set to determine the duration of time of each of the products’ absorption.

Measuring of the oil absorbed The two products (the pomelo peel and commercially available oil spill absorbent)will be weighed once more after applying the treatment to determine the oil which was absorbed by both.

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Data Collection Table 1. Duration of time of absorption Duration of time Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

AVERAGE

Experimental setup(PP) Controlled setup(Commercially available oil spill absorbent)

This table will show the two sets of data presenting the result of using pomelo peel (experimental set-up) and the commercially available oil spill absorbent (controlled set-up). For each set-up, the table will show results of three trials indicating the time it took for each set-up to absorb the oil spilled in the water.

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Table 2. Mass Of The Product Before And After The Experimentation Experimental

Controlled set-

set-up(PP)

up(Commercially available oil spill absorbent)

Mass(Before the Experimentation)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 AVERAGE

Mass(After the Experimentation)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 AVERAGE

This table will show the masses of the experimental set up and controlled groups’ materials utilized. Three trials will be done for each and the average of those will be seen in the table as well.

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Data

Analysis To analyze the data, we will use One-way Anova to

investigate the effectiveness of the pomelo peel.

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References

1.

Lin Zhu et al., (2016). An environmentally friendly carbon

aerogels derived from waste pomelo peels for the removal of organic pollutants/oils. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.12.033

2.

Wenbo Chaia et al., (2015). Pomelo peel modified with

acetic anhydride and styrene as new sorbents for removal of oil pollution. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.060

3.

Guangyu Shi et al., (2019). Controllable synthesis of

pomelo peel-based aerogel and its application in adsorption of oil/organic pollutants. Retrieved from: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.181823

4.

Junchen Zou et al., (2015). Magnetic pomelo peel as a new

absorption material for oil-polluted water. 22

Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2015.104995 8

5.

Junchen Zou et al., (2014). Sorption of oil from simulated

seawater by fatty acid-modified pomelo peel. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271874192_Sorption_of _oil_from_simulated_seawater by_fatty_acidmodified_pomelo_peel

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