Playground Hafiz
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Singapore Polytechnic
Industrial Engineering Designing a Playground with consideration to Ergonomics Principles Prepared for Lecturer Yap Chin Hooi
Prepared by Group 1 Mohammad Hafiz Bin Ariff Mohamed Fahmi Bin Tahar Rashidah Bte Rasidi Loh Jia Ming
Content Page 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Background 1.3 Methodology 1.4 Scope 2 The objective of designing the playground 2.1.1 Selection of equipment 2.1.2 Layout of the playground 3 The Playground parts 3.1 Surface at the playground 3.2 Sharp edges of equipment 3.3 Platforms 3.4 Step Platforms 3.5 Guardrails and protective barriers 3.6 Handrails 4 Playground equipments 4.1 Slides 4.2 Seesaw 4.3 Swings 4.4 Merry go round
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5-8 5 6 7 8
5 Conclusion
9
6 Reference
9
2
1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose The report aims to design a playground with consideration to ergonomics principles and anthropometric data. 1.2 Background According to the internet, in recent years, it is estimated that there were more than 156,000 injuries annually on public playgrounds across the country that required emergency room treatment. 1.3 Methodology This report is obtained through internet and research on ergonomics principles and playground safety. 1.4 Scope The report shows the objective of designing the playground, the playground parts, and the basic sketch of the playground and anthropometric data.
3
2 The objective of designing the playground. Most of the time, playgrounds are use by kids or children. Therefore, the objective of the design with consideration to ergonomics principles and anthropometric data is divided to two parts, 2.1.1 Selection of equipment It is important to know the age range of the children who will be using the playground. Playgrounds should be designed in scale with their sizes. 2.1.2 Layout of the playground Layout of equipment on the playground is important, to fully utilizes the space given. The playground layout have some factors, they are: 1. Accessibility 2. Age separation Playground to serve children of all ages, the layout should or the landscaping of the playground should show the difference areas for different age groups. 3. Conflicting activities Organize the layout into different section to prevent accidents or injuries caused by conflicting activity or children running. a) Physical activities should be separated from passive activities b) Heavy use of equipment need to be dispersed to avoid crowding in one area c) Moving equipment such as swings or merry go round should be located at the side or the corner of the playground d) Slide exits should be away from crowded area 4. Signage Guidance to supervisors for the appropriate age of equipment 5. Supervision They should be aware that not all of the equipments are appropriate for all children ages.
4
3 The Playground parts 3.1 Surface at the playground Rubber mats is used for the surface at the playground because it is able to absorb a shock to prevent a life-threatening injuries from falling 3.2 Sharp edges of equipment Cover it by plugs that cannot be removed or all corners should be rounded because it may cut children skin. 3.3 Platforms Platforms designs are totally or almost flat, small opening platforms for drainage, and able to minimize collection of debris 3.4 Step Platforms According to the internet, the difference in height between stepped platforms, • • •
Toddlers – 7 inches Preschool age – 12 inches School age – 18 inches
Since the maximum height for toddlers is 7 inches compare to the others, therefore the selected height for the design is 7 inches (178 mm) 1 inches = 25.4mm 3.5 Guardrails and protective barriers It is used to protect falls from higher platforms. It will be provided on elevated platforms, walkways, landings and transitional surfaces. 3.6 Handrails It is used to provide hand support and to steady the user. It has on both sides of the stairways, step ladders, regardless of height access. According to the internet, the space between handrails and the pathways: • • •
Toddlers – 15 to 20 inches Preschool and school age – 22 to 26 inches School age – 22 to 38 inches
Since the maximum for toddlers is 20 and the minimum for preschool and school age is 22, the selected space between handrails and pathways for design is 20 to 22 inches (508mm-965mm) 1 inches = 25.4mm 5
4 Playground equipments (anthropometric data) There are many types of equipments in the playground. 4.1 Slides
Figure 1, straight slide
Figure 1, straight slide. Slide platform • •
Toddlers - at least 19 inches deep Preschool age and school age – at least 14 inches
Slide chutes • • •
Toddler – average incline of a slide chute should not be more than 24 deg. Preschool and school age – average incline of a slide should not b more than 30 deg The end of the slide should have a maximum height of 12 inches (305mm) above the surface.1 inches = 25.4mm
Design selection Slide platform • • • • •
Selection depth for the slide platform is 19 inches (483mm). It is because; it must be at least 19 inches for toddlers. 1 inches = 25.4mm Horizontal At least as wide as slide chute Surrounded by guardrails or barriers Handholds to facilitate the transition from standing to sitting to prevent falls
Slide chutes • • •
Selected incline of a slide chute is 24 deg since maximum inline for toddler is 24 deg while 30 deg for preschool age and school age End of slide is 10 inches (254mm) 1 inches = 25.4mm Wide 12 inches (305mm)
6
4.2 Seesaw
Figure 3, typical seesaw Designing seesaw • • • • • • •
Shock absorbing material (tire) in the ground underneath the seats, or secured on the underside of the seats. Maximum incline angle is 25 deg. No footrest. The use zone is 6 feet from each of the outside edge of the seesaw. Handholds at each seating position for gripping won’t turn when grasped. Handholds should not protrude beyond the sides of the seat Seat is 200 mm wide
7
4.3 Swings Figure 4, swings.
Figure 4.1, designing swings.
Figure 4.2, designing swings. Designing swings • • • • • • • •
Zone is away from other equipment to prevent children running into the path of moving swings Hardware is used to secure suspending elements to the swing seat and to the supporting structure, eliminate of removing materials without the use of tools. Not to be attach to composite structure Seats design is only one user at any time Seats are made of lightweight rubber No sharp edges on the seats and around it Wide 12 inches (305mm) 12 inches high (305mm) from surface
8
4.5 Merry go round
Figure 5, merry go round Designing merry go round • • • • • •
Not used for toddlers Platform height 14 inches (356mm) from the protective surface No openings on the platform Handgrips should not extend beyond the perimeter of the platform No sharp edges and on the rotating platform and around it Eliminate up and down motion.
9
5 Conclusions From this report we conclude that the importance of designing a playground with consideration of ergonomics with anthropometric data, the importance of designing a playground priority with safety, the importance of selecting the correct equipments and parts of the playground for the age range of the children who will be using the playground, and playgrounds should be designed in scale with their sizes.
6 References Information search on designing playground with consideration with ergonomics Type of information source Internet Detail of source http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/325.pdf
10
Playground Sketches
11
Industrial Engineering Designing a Playground with consideration to Ergonomics Principles Prepared for Lecturer Yap Chin Hooi
Prepared by Group 1 Mohammad Hafiz Bin Ariff Mohamed Fahmi Bin Tahar Rashidah Bte Rasidi Loh Jia Ming
Content Page 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Background 1.3 Methodology 1.4 Scope 2 The objective of designing the playground 2.1.1 Selection of equipment 2.1.2 Layout of the playground 3 The Playground parts 3.1 Surface at the playground 3.2 Sharp edges of equipment 3.3 Platforms 3.4 Step Platforms 3.5 Guardrails and protective barriers 3.6 Handrails 4 Playground equipments 4.1 Slides 4.2 Seesaw 4.3 Swings 4.4 Merry go round
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5-8 5 6 7 8
5 Conclusion
9
6 Reference
9
2
1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose The report aims to design a playground with consideration to ergonomics principles and anthropometric data. 1.2 Background According to the internet, in recent years, it is estimated that there were more than 156,000 injuries annually on public playgrounds across the country that required emergency room treatment. 1.3 Methodology This report is obtained through internet and research on ergonomics principles and playground safety. 1.4 Scope The report shows the objective of designing the playground, the playground parts, and the basic sketch of the playground and anthropometric data.
3
2 The objective of designing the playground. Most of the time, playgrounds are use by kids or children. Therefore, the objective of the design with consideration to ergonomics principles and anthropometric data is divided to two parts, 2.1.1 Selection of equipment It is important to know the age range of the children who will be using the playground. Playgrounds should be designed in scale with their sizes. 2.1.2 Layout of the playground Layout of equipment on the playground is important, to fully utilizes the space given. The playground layout have some factors, they are: 1. Accessibility 2. Age separation Playground to serve children of all ages, the layout should or the landscaping of the playground should show the difference areas for different age groups. 3. Conflicting activities Organize the layout into different section to prevent accidents or injuries caused by conflicting activity or children running. a) Physical activities should be separated from passive activities b) Heavy use of equipment need to be dispersed to avoid crowding in one area c) Moving equipment such as swings or merry go round should be located at the side or the corner of the playground d) Slide exits should be away from crowded area 4. Signage Guidance to supervisors for the appropriate age of equipment 5. Supervision They should be aware that not all of the equipments are appropriate for all children ages.
4
3 The Playground parts 3.1 Surface at the playground Rubber mats is used for the surface at the playground because it is able to absorb a shock to prevent a life-threatening injuries from falling 3.2 Sharp edges of equipment Cover it by plugs that cannot be removed or all corners should be rounded because it may cut children skin. 3.3 Platforms Platforms designs are totally or almost flat, small opening platforms for drainage, and able to minimize collection of debris 3.4 Step Platforms According to the internet, the difference in height between stepped platforms, • • •
Toddlers – 7 inches Preschool age – 12 inches School age – 18 inches
Since the maximum height for toddlers is 7 inches compare to the others, therefore the selected height for the design is 7 inches (178 mm) 1 inches = 25.4mm 3.5 Guardrails and protective barriers It is used to protect falls from higher platforms. It will be provided on elevated platforms, walkways, landings and transitional surfaces. 3.6 Handrails It is used to provide hand support and to steady the user. It has on both sides of the stairways, step ladders, regardless of height access. According to the internet, the space between handrails and the pathways: • • •
Toddlers – 15 to 20 inches Preschool and school age – 22 to 26 inches School age – 22 to 38 inches
Since the maximum for toddlers is 20 and the minimum for preschool and school age is 22, the selected space between handrails and pathways for design is 20 to 22 inches (508mm-965mm) 1 inches = 25.4mm 5
4 Playground equipments (anthropometric data) There are many types of equipments in the playground. 4.1 Slides
Figure 1, straight slide
Figure 1, straight slide. Slide platform • •
Toddlers - at least 19 inches deep Preschool age and school age – at least 14 inches
Slide chutes • • •
Toddler – average incline of a slide chute should not be more than 24 deg. Preschool and school age – average incline of a slide should not b more than 30 deg The end of the slide should have a maximum height of 12 inches (305mm) above the surface.1 inches = 25.4mm
Design selection Slide platform • • • • •
Selection depth for the slide platform is 19 inches (483mm). It is because; it must be at least 19 inches for toddlers. 1 inches = 25.4mm Horizontal At least as wide as slide chute Surrounded by guardrails or barriers Handholds to facilitate the transition from standing to sitting to prevent falls
Slide chutes • • •
Selected incline of a slide chute is 24 deg since maximum inline for toddler is 24 deg while 30 deg for preschool age and school age End of slide is 10 inches (254mm) 1 inches = 25.4mm Wide 12 inches (305mm)
6
4.2 Seesaw
Figure 3, typical seesaw Designing seesaw • • • • • • •
Shock absorbing material (tire) in the ground underneath the seats, or secured on the underside of the seats. Maximum incline angle is 25 deg. No footrest. The use zone is 6 feet from each of the outside edge of the seesaw. Handholds at each seating position for gripping won’t turn when grasped. Handholds should not protrude beyond the sides of the seat Seat is 200 mm wide
7
4.3 Swings Figure 4, swings.
Figure 4.1, designing swings.
Figure 4.2, designing swings. Designing swings • • • • • • • •
Zone is away from other equipment to prevent children running into the path of moving swings Hardware is used to secure suspending elements to the swing seat and to the supporting structure, eliminate of removing materials without the use of tools. Not to be attach to composite structure Seats design is only one user at any time Seats are made of lightweight rubber No sharp edges on the seats and around it Wide 12 inches (305mm) 12 inches high (305mm) from surface
8
4.5 Merry go round
Figure 5, merry go round Designing merry go round • • • • • •
Not used for toddlers Platform height 14 inches (356mm) from the protective surface No openings on the platform Handgrips should not extend beyond the perimeter of the platform No sharp edges and on the rotating platform and around it Eliminate up and down motion.
9
5 Conclusions From this report we conclude that the importance of designing a playground with consideration of ergonomics with anthropometric data, the importance of designing a playground priority with safety, the importance of selecting the correct equipments and parts of the playground for the age range of the children who will be using the playground, and playgrounds should be designed in scale with their sizes.
6 References Information search on designing playground with consideration with ergonomics Type of information source Internet Detail of source http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/325.pdf
10
Playground Sketches
11
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