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Experiment 6: Heat Effects
Calorimetry
Tef – equilibrium temperature Ti – initial temperature of calorimeter Tm – initial temperature of a metal
cm = −
(cv mv + cw mw )(Teq − Ti ) mm (Teq − Ti ) J
Insulation – no heat exchange between the environment
Aluminum: cal = 910 kg ∙ °C = Cv Water: 𝑐𝑤 = 4130
J kg ∙ °C
𝑄 = ∑ 𝑄1 = 0 Q – total heat
Activity 2: Heat of Fusion of Water
Heat gain = Heat loss
Q = 0 = Qv + Qw + Qmelt +Qice
Changing temperature: 𝑄 = 𝑐𝑚 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )
= cvmv (Teq – Ti) + cwmw (Teq – Ti) + miceLf + cwmice (Teq – Ti)
c – specific heat of an object m – mass
Qmelt – melting Qice – heating up melted ice
T – temperature + Changing phase: 𝑄 = mL − L – latent heat – amount of heat for the heat undergoing phase change
𝐿𝑓 = −
(cv mv +cw mw )(Teq −Ti )+cw mice (Teq −O°C) mice
Accepted Value of Lf = 334 𝑥103
J kg ∙ °C
Activity 3: Thermal Expansion Activity 1: Specific Heat of a Metal
∆L = e = ∝ Lo (Tf − To )
Q = 0 = Qv + Qw + Qm
∝ −coefficient of linear expansion
= CvMv ( Teq – Ti) + CwCm (Teq- Ti) + CmWm (Teq-Tm)
Accepted value of ∝𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 = 2.4 𝑥10−5
1 °𝐶
Experiment 7: Velocity of Sound
Activity 1: Resonating Air Column
Activity 3: Speed of Sound in Solids
Average node-to-node distance: d = ⋌air = 2d Speed of Sound
Frequency (f) =
v = f⋌f
⋌rod = z ⦁ l 1
vth ⋌air
f – frequency in H2 = s
Experimetal value of vrod = f ⦁⋌rod
Theoretical Speed
Theoretical value of vrod = √
vth = 331
m s
+ 0.6
m s∙ °C
∙T
T – room temperature in °C
Activity 2: Speed of Sound υ=
2L ∆t
v=
L ∙2 ∆t
y = 7 x 1010 Pa S = 2.7 x 103
=
L 1 ∆t 2
kg m2
Percent Error: % Error =
Experimental Speed
γ s
| Experimental−Accepted | Accepted
x 100
L r
Experiment 9: Light Phenomena
Activity 1: Index of Refraction of Glass A.
Snell’s Law of Refraction na ⦁ sin𝜃a = nb ⦁ sin 𝜃b 𝑠𝑖𝑛θa
𝑛𝑏 = 𝑛𝑎 (sin θb)
B. Percent Difference % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
Theoretical Values:
θe−θa θe+θa 2
∙ 100
nair = 1.000 nglass = 1.5
Computed Lateral Displacement 𝑑 = 𝐿 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ a (1 −
Percent Error: % Error =
| Experimental−Accepted | Accepted
x 100
𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠θa ) 𝑛𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠θb
Experiment 10: Study of Lenses
Activity 1:
Activity 3: Computed First Image from First Lens 𝑞1 =
Thin Lens Equation: 1 𝑓
1
1
1 1 1 − 𝑓1 𝑝1
Computed Distance of First Image from Second Lens P2 = 75 cm – p1 –q1
=𝑝+𝑞
f– field length p – object distance q – image distance
Magnification: 𝑞 𝑝
𝑚= − =
ℎ𝑞 ℎ𝑝
Activity 2: Image Description
Real (seen on screen), Virtual (look through the lenses) or no image Inverted or Upright Magnified, Same Size or Diminished
Computed Distance of Final Image from Second Lens 𝑞2 =
1 1 1 − 𝑓2 𝑝2
Calorimetry
Tef – equilibrium temperature Ti – initial temperature of calorimeter Tm – initial temperature of a metal
cm = −
(cv mv + cw mw )(Teq − Ti ) mm (Teq − Ti ) J
Insulation – no heat exchange between the environment
Aluminum: cal = 910 kg ∙ °C = Cv Water: 𝑐𝑤 = 4130
J kg ∙ °C
𝑄 = ∑ 𝑄1 = 0 Q – total heat
Activity 2: Heat of Fusion of Water
Heat gain = Heat loss
Q = 0 = Qv + Qw + Qmelt +Qice
Changing temperature: 𝑄 = 𝑐𝑚 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )
= cvmv (Teq – Ti) + cwmw (Teq – Ti) + miceLf + cwmice (Teq – Ti)
c – specific heat of an object m – mass
Qmelt – melting Qice – heating up melted ice
T – temperature + Changing phase: 𝑄 = mL − L – latent heat – amount of heat for the heat undergoing phase change
𝐿𝑓 = −
(cv mv +cw mw )(Teq −Ti )+cw mice (Teq −O°C) mice
Accepted Value of Lf = 334 𝑥103
J kg ∙ °C
Activity 3: Thermal Expansion Activity 1: Specific Heat of a Metal
∆L = e = ∝ Lo (Tf − To )
Q = 0 = Qv + Qw + Qm
∝ −coefficient of linear expansion
= CvMv ( Teq – Ti) + CwCm (Teq- Ti) + CmWm (Teq-Tm)
Accepted value of ∝𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 = 2.4 𝑥10−5
1 °𝐶
Experiment 7: Velocity of Sound
Activity 1: Resonating Air Column
Activity 3: Speed of Sound in Solids
Average node-to-node distance: d = ⋌air = 2d Speed of Sound
Frequency (f) =
v = f⋌f
⋌rod = z ⦁ l 1
vth ⋌air
f – frequency in H2 = s
Experimetal value of vrod = f ⦁⋌rod
Theoretical Speed
Theoretical value of vrod = √
vth = 331
m s
+ 0.6
m s∙ °C
∙T
T – room temperature in °C
Activity 2: Speed of Sound υ=
2L ∆t
v=
L ∙2 ∆t
y = 7 x 1010 Pa S = 2.7 x 103
=
L 1 ∆t 2
kg m2
Percent Error: % Error =
Experimental Speed
γ s
| Experimental−Accepted | Accepted
x 100
L r
Experiment 9: Light Phenomena
Activity 1: Index of Refraction of Glass A.
Snell’s Law of Refraction na ⦁ sin𝜃a = nb ⦁ sin 𝜃b 𝑠𝑖𝑛θa
𝑛𝑏 = 𝑛𝑎 (sin θb)
B. Percent Difference % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
Theoretical Values:
θe−θa θe+θa 2
∙ 100
nair = 1.000 nglass = 1.5
Computed Lateral Displacement 𝑑 = 𝐿 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ a (1 −
Percent Error: % Error =
| Experimental−Accepted | Accepted
x 100
𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠θa ) 𝑛𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠θb
Experiment 10: Study of Lenses
Activity 1:
Activity 3: Computed First Image from First Lens 𝑞1 =
Thin Lens Equation: 1 𝑓
1
1
1 1 1 − 𝑓1 𝑝1
Computed Distance of First Image from Second Lens P2 = 75 cm – p1 –q1
=𝑝+𝑞
f– field length p – object distance q – image distance
Magnification: 𝑞 𝑝
𝑚= − =
ℎ𝑞 ℎ𝑝
Activity 2: Image Description
Real (seen on screen), Virtual (look through the lenses) or no image Inverted or Upright Magnified, Same Size or Diminished
Computed Distance of Final Image from Second Lens 𝑞2 =
1 1 1 − 𝑓2 𝑝2
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