Pertolongan Cemas

PERTOLONGAN CEMAS (FIRST AID)

Disediakan oleh; Kpt. (KRS) SHAHARUDDIN OTHMAN

First Aid Unit

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PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

PENGENALAN

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PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

 Rawatan sementara waktu yang diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum tibanya bantuan perubatan.  Variasi nama: •First Aid •Bantu Mula •Pertolongan Cemas

PENGENALAN

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PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

OBJEKTIF

 Menyelamat nyawa  Mengelak mangsa cedera lebih serius  Mengurangkan kesakitan  Menguruskan pemindahan ke hospital

PENGENALAN

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PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

APA ITU KECEMASAN?

 Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang mengancam nyawa  Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera, kesakitan mangsa menjadi lebih serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin menyebabkan kematian

PENGENALAN

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PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

CIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMAT

 Bertanggungjawab  Berjiwa cekal, waras dan tenang  Mengamati prinsip keselamatan diri  Berpengetahuan dan berkeyakinan  Terlatih

PERALATAN

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PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

ISI ‘KOTAK FIRST AID’ 11) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)

Termometer Mangkuk Enamel Ubat Cium Asprin Panadol Ubat Melepuh Kain Pembalut Luka Kain Tekap Kapas Gunting

12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21)

Kain Kapas Pin Semat Elastoplast Ubat Luka Papan Tuap Kain Segitiga Ubat Cuci Mata Pembalut Berelastik Pembalut Pembebat Pembalut Terbuka Adesif Lekat Sendiri

PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

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

Pembebatan digunakan untuk menutup luka dan mengawal pendarahan. 

Pembalut dilakukan untuk membantu pembebatan.

PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

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PEMBEBATAN

PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

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JENIS KAIN PEMBALUT Pembalut Tiga Segi  Pembalut Lebar  Pembalut Kecil  Pembalut Gulung 

PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

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Pembalut Tiga Segi

PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

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Lipatan Tiga Segi

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

4.

? Ikatan ? Balutan ? Anduh

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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IKATAN Simpul Sila

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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JENIS BALUTAN LUKA  Luka Tangan  Luka Dada  Luka Bahu  Luka Peha  Luka Siku  Luka Lengan  Luka Lutut  Luka Jari

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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Balutan Luka Tangan

1

2

3

4

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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Balutan Luka Tangan

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IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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Balutan Luka Tangan 1

2

3

4

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Balutan Luka Dada

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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Luka di bahagian depan

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Balutan Luka Dada

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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Luka di bahagian belakang

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IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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Balutan Luka Bahu 1

2

3

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Balutan Luka Peha

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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1 2 3

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IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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Balutan Luka Siku 1 2

1

2

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IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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Balutan Luka Lutut

1

2

3

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IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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Balutan Luka Lengan

1

2

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Balutan Luka Jari

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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2

1

4

3

IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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JENIS ANDUH Anduh Besar  Anduh Kecil  Anduh Pergelangan Tangan  Anduh Menaik 

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IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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Anduh Besar 2

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1

4

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IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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Anduh Menaik 1

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3

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IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

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Pembalut Cincin 1

2

3

JENIS-JENIS LUKA 1) Luka Terhiris

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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2) Luka Terkoyak

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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3) Luka Tertikam / Tembus

Professionally coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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4) Luka Lebam

Professionally coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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5) Luka Kena Tembak

Professionally coordinates by:

CARA MENAHAN DARAH

CARA RAWATAN

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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6) Luka Kecil

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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CARA RAWATAN

Professionally coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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7) Luka di Perut

Professionally coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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8) Luka di Dada

Professionally coordinates by:

9) Pendarahan bahagian dalam Telinga

Professionally coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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PATUKAN ULAR

4.

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Di Malaysia terdapat 141 spesis ular, di mana 37 daripadanya adalah berbisa.

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Terbahagi kepada 21 Ular Laut dan 16 Ular Darat.

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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SIMPTOM / TANDA AWAL 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan. Terasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yang kena patuk. Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan. Pernafasan yang tercungap-cungap Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan. Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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BAHAYA 

Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada spesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan kedalaman patukkan.



Boleh membawa kepada maut.

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Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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SAIZ PATUKAN

Professionally coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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KESAN PATUKAN

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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TERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR

5.

 Terkelar,

terbakar dan melecur adalah sama keadaannya.  Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar melibatkan kecederaan yang lebih serius daripada melecur.

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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MELECUR DAN LEBAM Disebabkan terkena:  Air panas  Minyak panas  Wap panas

Simptom:  Kulit melecur dan kemerahan  Bahagian terbakar mengelembung dan bengkak dengan cepat  Sakit yang amat sangat

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CARA RAWATAN 1. 2.

3. 4.

Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk dan selesa. Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin, jam tangan, dll. Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan makanan. Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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CARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGAN 1

2

RENJATAN ELEKTRIK

6.

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Renjatan elektrik boleh menyebabkan maut, mungkin mereka yang cuba membantu turut menemui maut.

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL  

Matikan suis atau suis utama dan pastikan elektrik sudah terputus. Menggunakan penebat untuk menyelamatkan mangsa: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Gunakan galah yang panjang dan kering Kerusi kayu Tikar getah Kain sal (tuala yang kering) Plastik tebal Tali atau tali nylon yang kering

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CARA MENGALIH BAHAYA

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CARA RAWATAN Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas, pulihkan pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut.  Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.  Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan terbakar.  Segerakan mangsa ke hospital. 

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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PATAH & TERSELIUH  Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak .  Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku disebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau tidak langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang tinggi, tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih, tembakan atau perlanggaran dan sebagainya.

7.

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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JENIS-JENIS PATAH

1

Patah tebu

2

Patah kayu muda

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JENIS-JENIS PATAH

3

Patah riuk

4

Patah melarat

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SIMPTOM  Lebam dan bengkak  Anggota tidak dapat digerakkan  Terluka atau berubah bentuk  Tajam/berbonjol pada kulit  Sakit

CARA RAWATAN

BLANKET LIFT: Preparation

CARA RAWATAN

BLANKET LIFT: Rolling On

CARA RAWATAN

BLANKET LIFT: Lifting

TERCEKIK

8.

JENIS KEMALANGAN & CARA RAWATAN

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LEMAS DI AIR

9.

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RAWATAN  Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti, periksa pernafasan dan nadi.  Periksa tahap kesedaran, buka salur pernafasan.  Jika perlu lakukan CPR.

KERACUNAN

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Apa-apa bahan jika dimasukkan ke dalam kuantiti yang mencukupi boleh mengakibatkan kemudaratan.

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PUNCA KERACUNAN  Mulut – makan, minum  Paru-paru – sedut gas/asap  Suntikan – gigitan, patukan, jarum  Kulit – semburan racun perosak

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RAWATAN 1. Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat. 2. Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat. 3. Kesan melecur pada mulut – beri minum air atau susu sedikit demi sedikit. 4. Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma. 5. Jika tidak sedar – lakukan ‘primary survey’.

PEMULIHAN

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PERNAFASAN

TEKNIK-TEKNIK

3

Melalui cara: 1. Resusitasi secara hembusan (mulut ke mulut) 2. Resusitasi secara tekanan (kardio-pulmonari) 3. Holger Nielson

1

Holger Neilson

PEMULIHAN

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PERNAFASAN

2

Holger Neilson

PEMULIHAN

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PERNAFASAN

Rescue Breathing 

Is a way of breathing air into an unconscious victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.

CPR (on adults & large children) (see handout)

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Giving chest compressions.   

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Position the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the breast bone, right between the nipples. Position left hand on top of the right hand. Position shoulders directly over the hands and push straight down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 – 2 inches.

15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths. 

After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.

RICE Treatment 

Rest 

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Ice 

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Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.

Compression 

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For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe injuries.

Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too tight!

Elevation 

Raise the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling and drain blood and fluid from the area.

AED (Automated External Defibrillator)



What is an automated external defibrillator (AED)? An AED is a device about the size of a laptop computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for any abnormalities and, if necessary, directs the rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to the victim. This shock, called defibrillation, may help the heart to reestablish an effective rhythm of its own.

AED (Automated External Defibrillator)



How does an AED work? An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on, the rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once applied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim's heart rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the machine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer to stand clear of the victim and to press the shock button.

AED (Automated External Defibrillator)

AED’s are required to be in most large public buildings.  Such as malls, schools, and stadiums. 

Splints A material or device used to protect and immobilize a body part.  A splint should be used only if it can be applied without hurting the victim.  Two Types of Splints 

Soft splints are made from blankets, towels, sheets, or bandages.  Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers or boards. 

Appling Splints… Attempt to splint the injury in the position you find it.  Make sure it is not too tight!  On Fractured Bones 

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Must include the joint above and below the injured bone.

On Injured Joints 

Must include the bone above and below the injured joint.

Slings Is a wide piece of cloth looped under an inured arm for support.  Example: Triangular Bandage 

Treatments for Common Injuries

Types Bleeding Wounds 

Bruise 

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Incision 

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Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under the skin. Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a razor, scissors, broken glass.

Laceration 

Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of the skin.

Types Bleeding Wounds 

Abrasion 



Avulsion 

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AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping away the skin. Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated or completely torn away from the body.

Puncture  

Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument or projectile pierces the skin. The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.

Controlling Bleeding 

What is the procedure for controlling bleeding that we covered last class?

Shock Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the body tissues.  Signs of shock include…rapid, shallow breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.  What is the treatment for shock that we covered last class? 

Fractures Is a break or crack in a bone.  Two Types 

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Open Fracture  There

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Closed Fracture  There

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is also a break in the skin. is no break in the skin.

Treatment 

Treat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury, apply ice.

Dislocations Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.  Treatment 

Splint above and below the dislocated joint, apply a cold compress.  Never try and set a dislocation! 

Sprains and Strains Sprain – is an injury to the ligaments, tendons, and soft tissue around a joint caused by undue stretching.  Strain – is an overstretching of muscles and/or tendons.  Treatment – Apply the RICE treatment. 

Weather Related Injuries 

Heat Cramps – are painful muscle spasms in the legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through sweating. 

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Treatment – have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.

Heat Exhaustion – is extreme tiredness due to the body’s inability to regulate its temperature. 

Treatment – have victim lie down with feet elevated in a cool, shaded area; give cool water to drink.

Weather Related Injuries 

Heat Stroke – is an overheating of the body that is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so that the body cannot regulate its temperature. 

Treatment – have victim lie in cool, wet towels or sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits, and groin.

Weather Related Injuries 

Frostbite – is the freezing of body parts, often the tissues of the extremities. 



Treatment – do not attempt rewarming; handle the affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.

Hypothermia – is a reduction of the body temperature so that it is lower than normal. 

Treatment – move the victim to a warm environment; remove any wet clothing; cover their head with blankets.