Pengucapan Awam Ptd

Nyah sindrom sukar berubah -- PM: Tiada jalan mudah selesai masalah selain bangunkan diri sendiri Oleh FAUZI JAAFAR UTUSAN MALAYSIA PETALING JAYA 5 Mei - Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi meng ajak rakyat supaya berubah daripada sindrom `tahu-siapa' kepada `tahu-bagaimana' untuk menuju ke arah negara yang maju, berday a saing dan makmur. Walaupun tidak menjelaskan secara lanjut, Abdullah mahu penera pan `tahu-bagaimana' iaitu berdasarkan kepada kebolehan dan ke mahiran menjadi budaya rakyat Malaysia termasuk dalam mendap atkan projek dan peluang perniagaan. Perdana Menteri menegaskan sikap masyarakat negara ini yang s udah menjadi ``ketagih'' kerana terlalu bergantung kepada kerajaa n juga harus dinyahkan. Katanya, tiada cara mudah atau ajaib untuk menyelesaikan masala h itu selain daripada mahu membangunkan diri sendiri. ``Kita harus keluar daripada ``ketagihan'' yang menjadi darah dagi ng ini. Ia adalah lebih daripada soal kesanggupan daripada soal ke upayaan. Ia adalah mengenai soal mentaliti kita,'' katanya ketika b erucap pada majlis makan malam Kelab Harvard di sini malam ini. Ucapannya bertajuk ``Cabaran Sesebuah Negara Untuk Membang un''. Menurut Perdana Menteri, sindrom sukar berubah itu merupakan c abaran kepadanya kerana frasa `infrastruktur kelas pertama, ment aliti kelas ketiga' masih membelenggu pemikiran dan sikap rakyat negara ini. Sepatutnya, rakyat Malaysia harus berusaha berdikari dan melabur untuk menjadi yang terbaik berbanding pesaing mereka, atau men ambah nilai dalam keluaran dan perkhidmatan dan tidak menghara pkan kepada kerajaan semata-mata. ``Saya ingin tanya anda, adakah kerajaan boleh kekalkan kos untu k menyelenggara sikap yang ada ini untuk daya saing kita?. ``Jawapannya sudah tentu tidak,'' kata beliau, memandangkan den gan sumber-sumber perbendaharaan yang terhadtidak berbaloi unt uk menyimpan sikap buruk itu.

Dengan negara-negara lain menjadi lebih kompetitif dan inovatif, A bdullah berkata, ia akan lebih sukar untuk kekal dengan strategi itu bagi meningkatkan pendapatan. ``Kita juga tidak boleh berdaya saing di pasaran dunia menerusi su bsidi,'' kata beliau. Katanya, masyarakat yang mula ketagih kepada beberapa perkara yang tidak memberi faedah ini hanya akan menjejaskan usaha-usa ha kerajaan ke arah membangunkan negara. ``Sebagai rakyat, sebagai individu, kita masih belum punya sistem seperti berbudi bahasa dan nilai-nilai murni, tidak meninggalkan pe rangai buruk yang menyebabkan kita menjadi ketagih,'' katanya. Abdullah berkata, sikap begitu tidak perlu ada dalam masyarakat k erana ia boleh menjejaskan misi dan visi kerajaan selama ini. Perdana Menteri juga melahirkan harapan untuk melihat pembang unan perisian membabitkan pengetahuan, kemahiran dan nilai di d alam diri rakyat bagi meneruskan kesinambungan ekonomi negara. Kerajaan, katanya, kini giat untuk mengubah sikap rakyat untuk me nuju ke arah kejayaan, integriti dan tanggungjawab sosial. Pada akhir ucapannya Abdullah menekankan mengenai cabaran p erjalanan negara ini. ``Kita telah melalui persimpangan jalan yang kritikal... kita mungkin akan tergelincir dan terjatuh, tetapi jangan buat silap, kita akan sa mpai ke tujuannya. ``Saya ajak anda semua, setiap rakyat Malaysia, bersatu dan beke rja

First class infrastructure third class mentality Malaysia's distant 2020 vision By Ioannis Gatsiounis KUALA LUMPUR - The bell tolls in Malaysia in 2020, the deadline the United Malay s National Organization-led government has given itself to deliver the Southeast Asian country from developing- to developed-world status.

Former authoritarian leader Mahathir Mohamad launched the ambitious campaign in 1 991, which aimed broadly to create a progressive scientific society and position Malay sia as a regional hub for leading innovative technology companies. The stepping stone of that plan was the establishment of the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), unveiled in 1996 as Malaysia's answer to Silicon Valley, which includes a 728-hectare futuristic "intelligent garden" city known as Cyberjaya. The government project is expected

eventually to cost US$5.3 billion and usher Malaysia into the information age. Malaysia was arguably in a better position to take the leap than most developing count ries. After years of rapid manufacturing-led growth, its infrastructure was nearly worldclass. Regionally, the levels of the country's gross domestic product and education wer e higher than most of its neighbors'. Oil and gas production was providing handsome r evenues that could be used to spark technology-oriented spending. To Mahathir, the MSC and Cyberjaya, which in Malay translates to "cyber success", se emed a visionary, win-win proposition. Nowadays, nothing informs Malaysia's sense of success or failure more than the fate o f its high-tech sector. Yet it's becoming increasingly clear that the country's so-called 2 020 vision is fast falling out of focus. Malaysia now lags behind both China's and Indi a's science and technology sectors, and regional rivals Singapore and Thailand now att ract more foreign direct investment. Even Malaysia's political leaders have at times la mented the country's "first-class infrastructure, but third-class mentality". Nor has private-sector innovation taken off to the degree first envisaged by governmen t policymakers. To the contrary, the glaring lack of home-grown technology firms mea ns that holders of information and technology degrees currently make up about 20% of Malaysia's unemployed university graduates, who apparently lack the knowledge and s kills needed to compete in the global technology marketplace. When the government has tried to fill the private-sector gap, it has often missed the ma rk. The government's pet Information Communication Technology projects, including t he Smart School Project, the Worldwide Manufacturing Web and Borderless Marketin g Flagships, have all flopped because of mismanagement, overspending and poor exec ution, critics say. There are recent reports claiming that as many as 90% of state-led IC T startups have gone belly-up, according to Technopreneur Association of Malaysia pr esident Farith Rithaudeen. That poor record has been a drag on the entire science and technology sector, souring private-sector sentiment and drying up the venture-capital funding for other so-called t echnopreneurial pursuits, including the startup ICT ventures that should be leading the country up the value-added information-technology ladder.

Consider, for instance, the case of Sentinel Technology, a small Malaysia-based resear ch-and-development-oriented ICT firm. Mohamad Asendy, the startup's chief executiv e officer, said his company recently developed new anti-piracy software that he conten ds has the capacity to become a global market leader. The company even held discussions with Microsoft's Malaysia division, which accordi ng to Asendy was duly impressed with the innovation and encouraged Sentinel to divu lge how the technology works so that Microsoft technicians could test its effectiveness. Asendy said he preferred first to formalize legal protection for his firm's innovation, b ut he lacked the RM300,000 (US$81,500) he needed to apply for a US patent. The Mal aysian government offered him a RM50,000 grant, Asendy said, but in efforts to land t he additional funding needed for the requisite marketing, accounting and legal require ments to apply for the patent, he was frequently asked in exchange to give up a majorit y stake in the intellectual property. When he tried to obtain further government funding to patent his innovation, he was fi rst directed to the Internal Affairs Ministry, which after a long wait redirected him to th e Science, Technology and Innovation Ministry, he said. From there, he was told he w ould first have to get MSC status before he could apply for funding. The innovation, m any months later, still is not legally protected. Government hindrances The government is often at the root of Malaysia's innovation problems, scientific surve ys say. A Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, a worldwide research project to be release d soon that aims to describe and analyze entrepreneurship processes, recently surveyed 45 local ICT experts and 2,000 Malaysian nationals about the country's entrepreneurial environment. The study's results reflected poorly on the government's performance, claiming that its policies disfavor new firms, and that government bureaucracy and regulation and licen sing requirements impede new firms from expanding. It raised doubts about the gover nment's competence and effectiveness in supporting new and growing firms. The study singled out the lack of financial support, quality of education and training, and overall market openness as other main factors holding back Malaysian entrepreneurs. For all these discouragements, however, Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi's governme nt is not abandoning his predecessor's high-stakes, high-tech dream. In part, that's beca use it's impossible to brush the ambitious scheme under the rug. Wired with high-spee d fiber optics, the MSC spans a whopping 777 square kilometers. Moreover, the government has poured billions of dollars into the MSC's infrastructure and provided huge tax breaks to companies that have agreed to locate there. Meanwhil e, Abdullah, who on the whole has demonstrated a disdain for the profligate megaproje

cts favored by Mahathir, has nonetheless reaffirmed his government's commitment, so me say blindly, to all matters high-tech. For instance, the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-10), the country's recently minted econo mic-policy blueprint, allocates RM1.5 billion to technology-oriented schemes, a 40% i ncrease from the previous plan. One of the plan's main thrusts is "to raise the capacity for knowledge and innovation and nurture first-class mentality". The document is span gled with terms such as "knowledge-based", "science", "innovation" and "research and development". To be sure, there have been some bright spots on Malaysia's ICT horizon. In May, US t echnology giant Dell announced it would set up a technology and development center in Cyberjaya. The center will focus on various value-added projects, including softwar e design, and employ up to 1,000 workers. Narayanan Kanan, senior vice president of the development division of the Multimedi a Development Corp (MDeC), the agency tasked with overseeing and directing the M SC, said the Dell deal was a positive development - though he played down any sugge stion that such major foreign investments were out of the ordinary. About 1,500 compa nies currently have MSC status and as many as 10 new ICT-innovating companies are being added to the corridor's roster each week, he said. However, critics contend that Kanan's assessment is overly rosy and glosses over some of the hard-market realities looming over the MSC's long-term viability, which if not q uickly addressed could eventually spell doom for the entire multibillion-dollar enterpri se. They contend that many of the foreign MSC-registered companies have established centers here for basic distribution purposes rather than innovative pursuits. The country's ICT sector is suffering from various "market failures", including a sever e shortage of seed-funding and so-called angel investors, said Nazrin Hassan, an advis er to the Technopreneurs Association of Malaysia. Hassan contends there are about seven times as many venture capitalists providing star tup funding for technopreneurial ventures in neighboring Singapore. "In order to see gr owth in technopreneurs you have to take chances [with funding]. Many [Malaysian] te chnopreneurs have died off waiting for seed funding." Meanwhile, Malaysia's education system requires a serious overhaul to spur the sort of innovation needed to move Malaysia up the ICT value-added ladder. As in many Asian countries, the Malaysian school system emphasizes rote learning and quantitative rathe r than qualitative education, critics say. "We have not developed a capacity for lateral thinking," said Kuala Lumpur-based edu cationalist F R Bhupalan. "We have straitjacketed our students and not allowed them t o engage in meaningful analysis."

The situation is exacerbated by draconian legislation, such as the Universities and Uni versity Colleges Act, which requires incoming university students to take a pledge to t he government and bars them from joining political parties. Fear and feudalistic defere nce have long infected Malaysia's education system, experts say, and in turn the classr oom often punishes rather than rewards creative thinking and risk-taking. Nor has education funding always been well targeted. For instance, the government re cently invested RM300 million on a Smart School program for 80 schools, which broa dly aimed to center education on ICT. About 60% of the project's funding went toward hardware, and procurements were frequently smeared with allegations of mismanagem ent and misappropriation. "Many ICT contracts were awarded to the wrong people, some with no experience or r eputation, but with the right connections," said Chris Chan, chief executive officer of TMS, a Cyberjaya-based Internet company. "We have high tech visualized nicely - the implementation's been flawed." That raises hard questions about the viability of about 500 new education-oriented proj ects detailed in the Ninth Malaysian Plan. Changing tech tack The Badawi administration is reacting to the criticism. For instance, this year the gove rnment replaced MDeC's chief executive officer with industry insider Badlisham Ghaz ali, the previous director and general manager of Hewlett-Packard in Malaysia, who ha s more than 18 years of ICT-related work experience. Rumors abound that more key M DeC posts will be filled with industry players rather than crusty bureaucrats. If true, such moves could make a big difference, said Chan, who for one doesn't buy th e notion that Malaysia's small talent crop - its total population is a mere 24 million - po ses a major problem to becoming a global ICT leader. "You don't need that many people to produce positive change," Chan said. "Appointin g qualified, successful enterprisers rather than government appointees is a positive firs t step." Kanan acknowledged that the government is trying to change its old tack. Government policymakers have recently narrowed their previous broad focus down to six strategic ICT areas, including software and hardware design, creative multimedia contents, shar ed solutions and outsourcing, he said. The government intends to roll out the MSC to other areas of the country and offer ne w, juicier incentives to attract more multinational corporations, Chan said. MDeC communicates regularly with the Education Ministry concerning what kind of graduates the industry requires, Kanan said. The ministry declined to comment on wha t specific policy steps it has recently taken to encourage more creativity and innovatio

n among ICT students. Efforts to improve funding for startups, including three funds of undisclosed amounts pertaining to science, technology and innovation, have recently been established by th e government, but were hardly enough to create the critical mass of technology-oriente d ventures needed to realize the government's 2020 vision, Kanan said. But critics say most of the government's plans lack concrete details, suggesting that it i s paying lip service to the overwhelming need to change the venture's focus fundament ally. They suggest detailed plans for creating better linkages between local universities and the ICT industry. That would ensure curriculum meets industry standards and requ irements, allowing foreign investors easier access to strategic tie-ups with local firms a nd encouraging the government to invest in more locally produced ICT software and h ardware, which are all badly needed. Currently, the government accounts for about 80% of Malaysia's total annual ICT cons umption, the project's advocates note. And, they argue, Malaysia has in the past perfor med admirably with its back against the economic wall, particularly during the 1997-9 8 Asian financial crisis, which Malaysia handled its own way and arguably weathered better than its neighbors. Until now, a certain mix of talent, pragmatism and will power has enabled Malaysia to develop beyond expectations. Excelling in the ultra-competitive ICT industry, though, will likely require something extra, a formula Malaysia is still grasping for. But it's bec oming increasingly clear that the private sector, rather than the government, should be leading the country's ambitious drive into the brave, new global information age.

What

is the definition of a profession?

A profession is "a vocation requiring knowledge of some department of learning or science." A professional is one who follows "an occupation as a means of livelihood or gain," or one who is "engaged in one of the learned professions." Professionalism is exhibited by one of the "professional character, spirit or methods" or the "st anding, practice, or methods of a professional as distinguished from an amateur."

What are the major elements of any profession?

Philosophy Professions have their own philosophy, which must be articulated in both written and ora l form.

Body of Knowledge Professions must have a body of professional literature of research, study and comment.

Leaders or Philosophers Professions have, both historically and currently, those who write about and research th e profession. Leaders can be writers, doers, role models and those active in service.

Guidelines for Behavior Professions have codes, guidelines, creeds, oaths, commitment statements, belief state ments -- such as statements on ethics and professionalism.

Admission Requirements Professionals in many professions are licensed, certified, and have specific initial and ad vanced education, as well as requirements for ongoing education. In addition, many prof essions require both initial and ongoing testing for admission and maintaining members hip.

Other Many professions require support and/or professional development opportunities outsid e the work environment such as associations or professional organizations.

What is Professionalism? Click on each topic around the word professionalism before proceeding through the tutorial us ing the arrows. Criteria Expectations Education Characteristics

Characteristics Support

Responsibilities Competencies Issues

Professionals are considered experts. Professionals have a high degree of generalized and systemati c knowledge with a theoretical base.

The primary orientation of professionals is to their public and/or community interest. Professionals have a high degree of self-control of their behavi or and are governed by a code of ethics. The code of ethics is a statement of values. The code ensures a high quality of service. The code guarantees competency of membership, honor and i ntegrity.

The code is a direct expression of the professions' principles of service orientation.

The code emphasizes no personal gain and protection of the cl ient or patron.

The professional's system of rewards is primarily a set of s ymbols of work achievement.

There is a system of testing the competence of members. Competencies

Application of Theore Mastery of Theoret Capacity to Solve Pr tical Knowledge to Pr ical Knowledge oblems actice Ability to Create K Commitment to Conti Enthusiasm and Co nowledge as Well nuous Learning Abou mmitment to Clients as Possess It t the Profession Support

Professions have responsibilities to professionals. Professions create structures of subcultures for professionals.

Professions provide legal reinforcement for the activities of professionals. Professions strive to provide environments of public acceptance. Professions promote ethical practices. Professions define penalties for professionals who work against the tenets and practices of the profession Education

Becoming a professional involves... Unique training Formal education Achieving credentials Activity in continuing education opportunities Criteria Training

There is an extensive period of training, often after a combination of form al education, training and apprenticeship; usually in a higher education e nvironment.

Intellectualism

The intellectual component is dominant.

Autonomy

Professionals usually have autonomy in their work.

Judgement

Professionals are in a position, given their training and education, to use t heir own judgement in determining the appropriate approach to their clien ts or customers.

Independence

They can work independently and charge fees or they can be part of an o rganization.

Service

Their abilities can provide a valuable service to society and operate with li ttle or no self-interest.

Dedication

Professionals are dedicated to services and institutions.

Pride

They take pride in the quality of their work.

Membudayakan Integriti Dal am Perkhidmatan Awam Warga Perkhidmatan Awam! Pelbagai usaha, dasar dan program telah diperkenalkan oleh kerajaan untuk memper baiki sistem penyampaian perkhidmatan oleh kementerian, jabatan dan agensi-agens i kerajaan. Di antaranya ialah usaha-usaha mengemaskinikan undang-undang, peratu ran dan prosedur kerja bagi mengurangkan kerenah birokrasi dan meningkatkan ama lan dan penghayatan budaya kerja yang sihat berasaskan nilai-nilai murni, beretika d an berintegriti. Bagi mempercepatkan proses membudayakan integriti dalam masyar akat, terutamanya di kalangan anggota perkhidmatan awam, kerajaan telah melanca rkan Pelan Integriti Nasional (PIN), menubuhkan Institut Integriti Malaysia (IIM) dan ya ng mutakhir ialah memperkenalkan konsep Islam Hadhari. YAB Perdana Menteri, Dato’ Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi pernah menyeru kita denga n kata-katanya, “bekerjalah bersama saya, bukan untuk saya.” Ini bermakna, kepimpi nan YAB Perdana Menteri mengharapkan kita, kakitangan awam bekerja seikhlas dan sekuat beliau untuk rakyat dan negara. Kesungguhan pemimpin utama negara ini seh arusnya membawa kesan yang mendalam kepada perasaan dan fikiran kita, anggota perkhidmatan awam. Rayuan ini lahir daripada hati seorang pemimpin yang tulus da n ikhlas. Beliau benar-benar mahu menjadikan masyarakat Malaysia sebagai sebuah masyarakat yang mempunyai nilai moral dan etika yang dipaksikan dengan nilai keag amaan dan kerohanian yang utuh dan ditunjangi oleh budi pekerti yang luhur. Kita juga menyedari usaha membudayakan integriti bukanlah sesuatu yang mudah. I a memerlukan komitmen dan kesungguhan semua pihak. Ia melibatkan perubahan m inda dan penghijrahan cara hidup yang memerlukan tindakan secara terus menerus dan berulang-ulang. Untuk berubah, kita harus ‘membuka’ minda kita untuk menerim a sesuatu yang baru yang tentunya lebih baik. Selagi pemikiran kita tidak terbuka, tid ak sedia menerima yang baru, selagi itulah apa juga program yang diperkenalkan ole h kerajaan menjadi sia-sia. YAB Perdana Menteri juga pernah berkata “letih tidak wujud dalam kamus saya keran a apa yang saya lakukan adalah kerana Allah. Allahlah majikan saya. Saya suka beker ja untuk-Nya. Dan akhirnya kepada Allahlah saya dihadapkan.” Andainya warga perk hidmatan awam memahami dan menghayati kata-kata beliau itu, nescaya hasrat ker ajaan untuk menjadikan perkhidmatan awam Malaysia sebagai sebuah perkhidmatan awam yang bersih dan berintegriti ke arah membentuk sebuah negara yang cemerla ng, gemilang dan terbilang akan menjadi satu kenyataan. Ini seterusnya akan menin gkatkan martabat dan imej negara di persada antarabangsa. Marilah bersama-sama kita menyahut seruan YAB Perdana Menteri untuk mengembal ikan maruah negara di arena antarabangsa dengan membudayakan integriti dalam k ehidupan kita, terutama dalam hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pengurusan kewangan awam. Dr. Hj. Malek Shah bin Hj. Mohd Yusoff

Integriti, Akauntabiliti dan Legaliti Penjawat awam yang cemerlang dan berkualiti seharusnya mengetahui, mem

ahami, mengamalkan, menghayati dan menjiwai nilai-nilai integriti dan konse p akauntabiliti yang bersandarkan kepada kesahihan legaliti. Penjawat awam sama ada pegawai perakaunan atau Pegawai Pengawal hendaklah mengamal kan konsep akauntabiliti dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugas rasminya. Konsep akauntabiliti tidak akan dapat berfungsi dengan baik sekiranya pelaksanaan t ugas-tugas rasmi tersebut tidak digandingkan dengan kesahihan legaliti. Dalam pengurusan kewangan, konsep kesahihan legaliti bermaksud undang-u ndang, peraturan, prosedur dan tatacara kerja yang telah ditetapkan oleh pih ak-pihak berkuasa kewangan. Pelaksanaan kedua-kedua konsep ini dihiasi pul a dengan penghayatan konsep integriti yang mengandungi himpunan nilai-nil ai murni dan etika kerja organisasi. Gandingan ketiga-tiga konsep ini, iaitu akauntabiliti, legaliti dan integriti seca ra bersepadu akan melahirkan penjawat-penjawat awam yang jujur, amanah, berbudi mulia dan diyakini oleh masyarakat umum. Ketiadaan salah satu di a ntara tiga konsep tersebut, akan melemahkan kelancaran pelaksanaan pengu rusan kewangan yang seterusnya akan menjejaskan imej perkhidmatan awa m. Dasar Peningkatan Nilai Tidak kira apa tugas yang dilakukan, tidak kira apa jawatan yang disandang d an tidak kira di mana kita bertugas, seorang penjawat awam tidak dapat lari daripada tanggungjawab untuk melaksanakan tugas dengan penuh tanggung jawab, berakauntabiliti dan berintegriti. Pada asasnya untuk memenuhi tuntu tan tersebut, seseorang penjawat awam hendaklah memahami dan menghay ati empat perkara berikut: a) Rukun Negara; b) Teras Perkhidmatan Awam; c) Nilai dan Etika dalam Perkhidmatan Awam; dan d) Dasar-dasar awam, seperti Kepimpinan Teladan, Penerapan Nilai-nilai Islam dalam Perkhidmatan Awam, Bersih, Cekap dan Amanah, dan lain-lain. Rentetan peristiwa yang disiarkan dalam media masa pada tahun-tahun lalu dan berulang lagi pada tahun ini memperlihatkan bahawa ramai penjawat aw am yang mempunyai profesionalisme tanpa digandingkan bersama dengan k eunggulan peribadi, lambat-laun akan terjebak dan melibatkan diri dalam keskes pecah amanah, penipuan dan salah guna kuasa yang dilakukan secara lici k dan terancang. Hanya dengan kecekapan dan kepintaran pegawai-pegawai Polis Di Raja Malaysia serta komitmen sebilangan anggota masyarakat yang t ampil ke hadapan memberi maklumat kepada pihak berkuasa telah mengher et penjenayah ini ke muka pengadilan. Usaha-usaha melahirkan penjawat awam yang berkualiti, berkeunggulan peri badi di samping mempunyai keunggulan ikhtisas begitu giat dilaksanakan ole h Kerajaan dan perkhidmatan awam. islam dalam Pentadbiran, Program Pengurusan Kualiti Secara Menyeluruh, Pa nduan Perkhidmatan Cemerlang, Nilai dan Etika Perkhidmatan Awam, Tongga k Dua Belas dan yang terakhir iaitu Arahan YAB Perdana Menteri No. 1 Tahun 2000, Gerakan Pemantapan Keutuhan Sistem Pengurusan Pentadbiran Keraja an Malaysia, menunjukkan bahawa Kerajaan dan Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysi a begitu serius dalam usaha membentuk keunggulan peribadi penjawat awa m. Nila Setitik Rosak Susu Sebelanga

Pengurusan kewangan yang meliputi aktiviti penyediaan belanjawan, pungut an dan penerimaan hasil, perbelanjaan dan pembayaran, urusan sebut harga dan tender, penyediaan dan penyelenggaraan akaun sememangnya memerlu kan penjawat awam yang berkualiti dan berintegriti. Namun setelah sekian la ma Kerajaan dan perkhidmatan awam melaksanakan berbagai-bagai usaha u ntuk mewujudkan pengurusan kewangan yang teratur, cekap dan berakaunta biliti, masih juga terdapat sebilangan pegawai yang tidak menepati ciri-ciri pe njawat awam yang berkualiti. Mereka bukan sahaja tidak mematuhi Arahan Perbendaharaan dan peraturanperaturan kewangan dan perakaunan, malah mereka juga mengambil kesem patan untuk menipu orang awam. Perlakuan mereka yang segelintir inilah ya ng telah menjejaskan imej perkhidmatan awam secara keseluruhannya, ‘dise babkan nila setitik, rosak susu sebelanga’. Kelemahan dan penyelewengan ini digambarkan dalam laporan Ketua Audit N egara yang antara lain membangkitkan isu perbelanjaan melebihi peruntukan yang diluluskan, peralatan dibeli di luar peraturan kewangan, serta hasil yang dikutip tidak diakaun dan tidak dimasukkan ke dalam bank dalam tempoh ya ng sepatutnya. Kelemahan-kelemahan dalam pengurusan kewangan awam se perti ini jika berterusan dan masih lagi dinyatakan dalam laporan Ketua Audit Negara, bererti masih lagi terdapat penjawat awam yang terlibat dalam peng urusan kewangan, terdiri daripada mereka yang tidak menepati ciri-ciri penja wat awam yang berkualiti.

NILAI DAN ETIKA PENJAWAT AWAM OBJEKTIF DI AKHIR SESI PESERTA DIHARAPKAN DAPAT: ‧ Menyatakan definisi nilai dan etika ‧ Menyatakan kepentingan nilai dan etika bagi penjawat awam serta rasionalnya dalam perkhidmatan awam ‧ Mengenal pasti perkara-perkara asa s yang berkaitan dengan nilai dan etika, iaitu teras perkhidmatan, nilai utama, sikap, amalan dan budaya ‧ Menghuraikan usaha-usaha ke arah pener apan nilai dan etika penjawat awam untuk meninggikan mutu perkhidmatan ISI KANDUNGAN ‧ Definisi nilai dan etika ‧ Kepentingan nilai dan etika bagi penjawat awam ‧ Rasional nilai dan et ika dalam Perkhidmatan Awam ISI KANDUNGAN etika -Teras perkhidmatan -Nilai utama (sambungan) ‧ Perkara-perkara asas dalam nilai dan - Nilai dan sikap serta amalan - Budaya - Tonggak 12 - Wawasan 2020 - R ukunegara

‧ Usaha-usaha ke arah penerapan nilai dan etika penjawat awam DEFINISI NILAI Sifat perilaku atau tingkahlaku Kepercayaan dan pengangan yang mem pengaruhi tingkahlaku seseorang Bertindak mengikut pemilihan yang ber asaskan nilai-nilai utama masyarakat. Ilmu, kebijaksanaan, keadilan, dan kesederhanaan merupakan nilai-nilai utama dalam masyarakat. Berga ntung kepada penerimaan dan penghayatannya Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara (1991), Nilai dan Etika Dalam Perkhidmata n Awam, Kuala Lumpur. DEFINISI ETIKA Satu set rujukan perilaku yang mesti dipatuhi Prinsip-prinsip moral yan g perlu dipatuhi Satu set tata perlakuan yang perlu diikuti dan ditaati Tanggungjawab dan akibat tingkahlaku seseorang atau profesion terhadap masyarakat. Berkewajipan memahami tanggungjawab terhadap peranan dan pe rilaku seseorang pekerja dalam Kerajaan. Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara (1991), Nilai dan Etika Dalam Perkhidmata n Awam, Kuala Lumpur. PENTINGNYA NILAI DAN ETIKA KERJA KUALITI SUMBER MANUSIA PENTING DALAM PEMBANGUNAN NEGARA MEMPUNYAI HUBUN GAN YANG ERAT DENGAN KECEMERLANG DAN KEJAYAAN NEGARA SENJATA UTAMA MENC APAI KECEMERLANGAN PERKHIDMATAN AWAM MATLAMAT ETIKA PERKHIDMATAN AWAM MENINGKATKAN PRESTASI PERKHIDMATAN DAN KUALITI PENGELUARAN MENGWUJUDKAN ANGGOTA YANG BERSIH, CEKAP, AMANAH DAN BERAKAUNTABILITI MELAHIRKAN ORGA NISASI YANG BERTANGGUNGJAWAB DAN DIYAKINI RAKYAT "QUALITY GOOD AND SERVICES BEGINS WITH A QUALITY MAN" "KITA PERLU BANGU NKAN MANUSIA DAHULU SEBELUM MELAHIRKAN PRODUK DAN PERKHIDMATAN" WAWASAN NEGARA MALAYSIA MENJADI SEBUAH NEGARA MAJU PADA TAHUN 2020. MAJ U DALAM MODEL DAN ACUAN SENDIRI TANGGUNGJAWAB SEKTOR PERKHIDMATAN AWAM DALAM MENJAYAKAN WAWASAN NEGARA SEKTOR PERKHIDMATAN AWAM BERTANGGUNGJAWAB MEMASTIKAN WAWASAN NEGARA TER CAPAI MELALUI PELAKSANAAN DASAR, PROGRAM, PROJEK, MEMBERI PERKHIDMATAN DAN PENGUATKUASA UNDANGUNDANG SEKTOR PERKHIDMATAN AWAM BERTANGGUNGJAWAB MENINGKATKAN KUALITI KEHIDUPA N DAN MENINGKATKAN PEMBANGUNAN NEGARA. TUGAS INI DILAKSANAKAN OLEH PENJ AWAT AWAM ATAU KAKITANGAN AWAM KEPENTINGAN NILAI DAN ETIKA BAGI PENJAWAT AWAM Pelaksanaan dasar-dasar kerajaan memerlukan orang/kakitangan yang cekap, jujur, amanah dan bertanggungjawab. Mencapai tahap yang tinggi dan mem punyai imej yang bersih supaya dapat mendukung pembangunan negara ke ar ah peningkatan kualiti penghidupan rakyatnya.

CIRI PENJAWAT AWAM YANG BERKUALITI KEUNGGULAN PERIBADI KOMPETENSI PROFESIONALISMA TINGGI +P-E PROFESIONALISME (P) +P+E -P-E -P+E RENDAH BERETIKA (E) TINGGI RASIONAL NILAI DAN ETIKA DALAM PERKHIDMATAN AWAM ‧ Menentukan arah dan memberikan makna kepada pemikiran, tindakan dan ti ngkahlaku anggota Perkhidmatan Awam (PA) bagi memenuhi tanggungjawab da n amanah mereka sebagai pekerja negara. Memberi penyatuan dan penyelara san di antara anggota-anggota PA sebagai institusi utama yang membuat s umbangan kepada pembangunan tamadun masyarakat. ‧ …… rasional nilai dan etika 3. Nilai dan etika PA merupakan standard mutlak bagi mendorong anggota PA berkhidmat dengan ikhlas dan berkesan. USAHA-USAHA KE ARAH PENERAPAN NILAI DAN ETIKA Langkah-langkah penerapan nilai dan etika yang telah diambil oleh keraj aan adalah: Panduan Perkhidmatan Cemerlang Penggunaan Kad Perakam Waktu Kempen 'Ber sih Cekap Amanah' Dasar Pandang ke Timur Penggunaan Tanda Nama Kepimpin an Melalui Teladan Penerapan Nilai-Nilai Islam Dalam Pentadbiran …… sambungan usaha Panel Memajukan Pentadbiran Awam Buku 'Etika Kerja Islam' Gerakan Buday a Kerja Cemerlang Pengurusan Kualiti dalam Perkhidmatan Awam Pekeliling Kemajuan Pentadbiran Awam Tonggak 12 Wawasan 2020 Rukunegara PERKARA-PERKARA ASAS DALAM NILAI DAN ETIKA ‧ Teras Perkhidmatan Awam: Berazam meninggikan mutu perkhidmatan Bekerja dengan penuh tanggungjawa b Berusaha mengikis sikap mementingkan diri Berkhidmat dengan penuh muh ibbah dan kemesraan Bekerja ke arah memajukan pemikiran rakyat dan pemb angunan negara Bekerjasama dalam membenteras kelemahan dan musuh-musuh negara Berpegang teguh kepada ajaran agama 2. Nilai-Nilai Utama dalam Perkhidmatan Awam ‧ Taat Setia ‧ Amanah, Bersih dan Jujur ‧ Bertanggungjawab ‧ Adil dan Sa

ksama ‧ Berkecuali – melaksanakan tugas tanpa membawa apa-apa bentuk pen garuh atau tekanan luar. ‧ Prestasi yang Cemerlang dan Berkualiti; perlu sentiasa meningkatkan kemahiran dan pengetahuan mengenai kerja. ….. Sambungan nilai-nilai utama ‧ Ketepatan masa ‧ Perkhidmatan Ramah dan Mesra ‧ Sikap Berjimat Cermat – mematuhi prosedur tertentu bagi menjimatkan penggunaan harta awam. ‧ S elain nilai-nilai tadi, penjawat awam juga perlu bersikap positif, resp onsif, berdayacipta dan ‘enterprising’ supaya PA dapat berganding bahu dengan sektor swasta untuk bersaing di arena antarabangsa. 3. Nilai, Sikap dan Amalan Anggota Dalam PA Penerapan ni lai -ni lai murni yang mement ingkan kecem erl angan kuali ti harus m el iput i pem iki ran serta ti ndakan sem ua indi vi du. Mel alui ni lai- ni lai i ndi vi du, maka sikap akan terj el ma melal ui pe rl akuan sepert i tingkahl aku, idea, respon dan sebagai nya. Perl akua n yang di bi asakan akan menj adi am al an. Oleh itu, perl u mengamal k an sikap yang muli a supaya dapat beker ja dal am suasana harm oni dan produkti f. 4. BUDAYA KERJA CEMERLANG Pewujudan budaya di dalam sesuatu kelompok manusia, organisasi atau mas yarakat bermula daripada kelakuan yang sama dan berulang-ulang oleh ang gota kumpulan tersebut. Tabiat yang berulang-ulang ini akan menjadi sif at (karakteristik) kumpulan atau masyarakat. Budaya Kerja Cemerlang yan g disarankan dalam PA bertujuan menyemai nilai-nilai murni dan positif serta etika kerja yang mulia dan ini dapat menjurus kepada peningkatan kualiti dan prestasi kerja. 5. Tonggak 12 Menjelaskan 12 peringatan perkhidmatan yang penting kepada penjawat awa m : Menghargai Masa Ketekunan Membawa Kejayaan Keseronokan Bekerja Kemu liaan Kesederhanaan Ketinggian Peribadi …… sambungan Tonggak Kekuatan Sifat Baik Hati Pengaruh Teladan Kewajipan Menjalankan Tugas K ebijaksanaan Berhemat Keutamaan Kesabaran Peningkatan Bakat Nikmat Menc ipta 12 Nilai dan Etika dalam PA 1. Nilai Peribadi Asas -Amanah, Berdedikasi,Ikhlas 2. Nilai Yang Mengut amakan Pelanggan -Berbudi mulia, bersabar, bertanggungjawab, Bersih, so pan santun, peramah bekerjasama, sederhana Berdisiplin,tekun 6. Nilai Keagamaan -Bersyukur, beriman bertaqwa Nilai dan Etika dalam Perkhidmatan Awam 3. Nilai Kepimpinan -Adil, berani syura 5. Nilai Produktiviti/ Kualiti -Produktiviti, Kualiti 4. Nilai-nilai Profesionalisme -Berilmu, kreativiti, inovasi, integriti, neutraliti, akauntabiliti, kejujuran intelektual, berkecuali

HUBUNGKAIT PERKARA ASAS DENGAN AKU JANJI PENJAWAT AWAM MESTI MEMAHAMI, MENGHAYATI DAN MEMATUHI AKU JANJI SEBAGAI ASAS KEPADA AMALAN NILAI DAN ETIKA DALAM PERKHIDMATAN AWAM SECARA BERAMAI-RAMAI MEMBACA IKRAR PERKHIDMATAN AWAM UNTUK MEMBAHARUI A ZAM DALAM MENINGKATKAN MUTU PERKHIDMATAN

PATRIOTISME Wawasan 2020 adalah suatu usaha untuk meletakan Malaysia supaya, `duduk sama rendah dan berdiri sama tinggi`, dengan negara lain seperti Jepun dan Amerika Syarikat. Justeru, kita perlu memiliki insan yang berjiwa b esar dan bersemangat patriotik. Usaha memupuk semangat patriotik dapat dilakukan melalui sukan dan permainan. Sukan dan permainan dapat membin a modal insan yang patriotik kerana berbangga sebagai rakyat Malaysia. Selain itu, kita diajar supaya menghormati raja dan pemimpin negara. Ki ta didik supaya menghormati lambang-lambang negara seperti bendera. Apa bila seseorang itu berjaya menjuarai kejohanan yang disertai dengan ban gganya mereka akan mengibar bendera. Mereka tidak rela kalah atau `berp utih mata` sebagaimana Nicol David apabila setiap kali berjaya secara t idak langsung semangat patriotik dapat dipupuk dalam kalangan ahli suka n yang merupakan antara modal insan semangat patriotik dan bersemangat setia negara. Sukan dan permainan dapat memupuk modal insan berpatrioti k dan bersemangat setia negara. Ahli sukan yang tulen, memiliki rasa ci nta akan bangsa dan negara. Selain itu, mereka sanggup membelakangkan k epentingan diri menjadi adat dalam permainan ada yang kalah ada yang me nang bak kata pepatah,` alang-alang menyeluk pekasan biar sampai ke pan gkal lengan`. Mereka menjadi berani untuk bertarung walaupun lawannya l ebih handal. Justeru, mereka berani mempertahankan kedaulatan bangsa da n negara. Jelaslah peranan sukan dalam membentuk semangat patriotik dal am kalangan rakyat Malaysia. Sukan dan permainan juga dapat melahirkan modal insan yang patriotik se rta bersemangat kekitaan. Acara sukan dan permainan seperti bola sepak, hok i dan ragbi adalah acara pasukan. Kalah menang bergantung kepada kuatny a semangat kekitaan yang ada dalam diri para pemain. Mereka perlu beker jasama dan tolong-menolong per persefahaman dan muafakat sebaliknya jik a bersikap seperti,` enau dalam belukar melepaskan pucuk masing-masing` sudah pasti sukar untuk menang. Sukan dan permainan amat penting dalam memupuk modal insan patriotik. Selain itu, sukan dan permainan juga dap at melahirkan modal insan patriotik yang berdisiplin. Ahli sukan yang b erjaya dan disegani. Mereka perlu memiliki disiplin yang tinggi, mereka perlu berakhlak dan berbudi pekerti mulia perlu mematuhi peraturan dan undang-undang pemainan amat penting untuk berkelakuan sopan, bertatasus ila dan berhemah tinggi. Contohnya Lee Chong Wei, pemain badminton nega ra Malaysia, yang begitu berjaya dalam sukan Badminton kenara memiliki disiplin yang tinggi. Sehubungan itu, yang berjiwa patriotik dan berpeg ang kepada,` biar putih tulang jangan putih mata`. Jatuh bangunnya sese buah negara amat berkait rapat dengan modal insannya. Menjadi tanggungj awab pemimpin hari ini.Menyemai semangat patriotik dalam kalangan rakya t khususnya generasi muda pewaris negara. Mereka perlu berusaha dan pro duktif mudah tabah menghadapi cabaran.Jika tiada wawasan 2020 akan ting gal menjadi ungkapan retorik dan sebuah fatamorgana di mayapada ini.

Tourism Tourism is travel for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes or the pr ovision of services to support this leisure travel. The World Tourism Organiza tion defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their u sual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated fro m within the place visited". Tourism has become a popular global leisure acti vity. In 2006, there were over 846 million international tourist arrivals. Tourism is vital for many countries such as Egypt, Thailand and many island nations such as Fiji, due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and t he opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These se rvice industries include transportation services such as cruise ships and taxis, accommoda tion such as hotels and entertainment venues, and other hospitality industry services such as resorts.

Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or manage ment of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and com puter hardware." IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely retrieve information. Today, the term information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of com puting and technology, and the term is more recognizable than ever before. The informati on technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals perfor m a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex comput er networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database an d software design, as well as the management and administration of entire systems. When computer and communications technologies are combined, the result is informatio n technology, or "infotech". Information Technology (IT) is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminat e information. Presumably, when speaking of Information Technology (IT) as a whole, it is noted that the use of computers and information are associated.

PC-based ICT A PC (personal computer) connected to the Internet has become a vital tool for communic ating, during the past few decades since its proliferation among the masses. However, wh ile this mode of ICT has achieved much, it has its limitations in the context of the world a t large.

Achievements The Internet - The Internet has opened up many opportunities, from finding out informat ion, conducting communications globally, e.g. through e-mail, voice mail, e-commerce or generally just having fun through on line chats or instant messaging. One often wonders: How did people manage before the time of the Internet? How much harder was it for peo ple to communicate and find out information they need, quickly and easily? A PC connect ed to the Internet whether through a dialup connection, broadband or Wi-Fi has indeed m ade it a facile act for many peoples. Teaching - PC--Internet based ICT is currently used within the English school curriculum. This kind of ICT (amongst others) is now seen as a core subject that is taught in some pri mary and secondary schools. The major advantage to this development is ICT has becom e a transferable subject. Computers or interactive whiteboards are now used across most s chool subjects as well as innovative schools using more technology like PDA's, Mobile (c ell) phones and some games consoles. The interaction created by the use of this ICT mak es lessons much more effective and allow children to learn in a way that they enjoy.[2]. R ecent initiatives such as the One Laptop Per Child program are contributing to this develo pment.

Communications - Apart from Internet a PC allows communication of information throu gh Compact Discs, pen drives, printers, whether laser or inkjet, flash memory cards and e xchange of information within a local network through LAN. As communications scholar s Gasher and Lorimer articulated "We depend on technology for our communications wit h others-whether they are just a house or two away or halfway around the world. In the se cond half of the twentieth century it became almost impossible to live without a televisio n in our homes, much less without a telephone, and now we can hardly live without perso nal computers through which we gain Internet access and send and receive e-mail. The re alty of new communications technology is that anyone is able to get in touch with anyone else, anywhere, at any time, for very little money-at least in the developed world." (Gashe r and Lorimer, Communications Technology and Society: Theory and Practice) Work rel ated aspects As well as benefiting school students to gather information for assignments, PC based ICT is often used in other jobs such as in the police, within libraries, in offices or even shops. It has also emerged as a source of employment in many emerging economi es through Business process outsourcing or Knowledge process outsourcing from compan ies in the developed world. People now have the chance to conduct remote logon, in whic h they can access their work computers (For example in an office) from home. This has o pened up many more opportunities for those that struggle to find time to leave their house to go to work, so they can now just work from home.

Limitations Previous information communication technologies have penetrated deep into the society a nd hence are often very cost effective; teachers in developing countries often use no more than a blackboard and chalk to pass on information about any subject to the students. Prin ted papers in the form of books, magazines or newspapers have become a part of daily ro utine of any educated citizen, as are broadcast media such as radio and television. The ph otocopy machine is widely used by students to access information from books they canno t afford to buy. The cost of a PC connected to the Internet is often prohibitive in developi ng countries. Power needs, physical space and connectivity issues are also factors that ad d to the challenge of getting these technologies to take root in developing countries. Limit ations of PC-Internet based ICT are: Bandwidth - The time taken to access a particular piece of information on the Internet de pends on the bandwidth available to the user at that time. Often, it takes several minutes, using an economical connection, to download a piece of information. Thus a user may ha ve to spend substantial time before s/he finds the information s/he seeks. Language - At present most of the information available on the Internet is in English, a li miting factor at the very least. Text/voice - Most information on the Internet requires action by the user as opposed to th e passive nature of television and radio. As most of the Internet's information is textual, th e user must be able to read it. Even more passive forms of Internet information such as vi deo-sharing Websites require action (and reading) by the viewer for navigation. Disruptive software - Internet users are often susceptible to computer viruses. Commerci al anti-virus software is often prohibitively priced. Thin client technology is a small, but g rowing alternative.

Participation - Social networks and increased user-managed information stores have em erged in the early part of this century. Increased interaction between the content (whether it be delivered via Internet, television or radio) is leading to an information revolution. Security - Internet safety is an issue that impacts every online user from small children to international corporations. When ABC went into public service broadcasting online in the early 1990s, the safety of their users was its top priority. The internet is an equalizer in th at every user is vulnerable and in a sense, all at the same level. The emergence of weblog s, Internet forums and wikis is often grouped under the new technology umbrella term We b 2.0, and has helped to usher in a greater level of global participation.

Development ICT can become a revolutionary vehicle in developing countries, provided technological i nnovations emerge on the following lines. Local content in local languages The need of the hour is to enable the intelligentsia to dev elop information sources that are exclusively for fulfilling the needs of local communities. The content on the Internet that can fulfil these conditions is minuscule at present. Condi tions have to emerge in which people are enthused to contribute towards the development of information databases that is exclusively disseminated through local networks, in lang uages/dialects that are popular in the region. The various modes of ICT may need to be in tegrated with one another, so that a meaningful volume of information can be generated i n the minimum possible time.

Future This section may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (June 2008) The ICT may not survive in its present form for long. Sooner than later developing countr ies would get over the PC mania prevalent now in the developed world, unless there is a r emarkable change in the economy of owning a PC. Any technology that requires the mass es to own a PC, in its present form, to access information is unlikely to be successful in th e foreseeable future. Possibilities appear to exist, however, in the mobile phone technolog y, which is fast becoming very affordable by the masses, is voice based and can be integr ated with the Information Technology at the server end of a computer network. For exam ple, in the field of education [3] [4]people can ask question through a mobile phone, a dat abase of answers to such questions can be generated using the technologies used currentl y in Wikipedia and call centers and the text in these databases could be converted into voi ce, by developing text to voice technologies in the various Indian languages. The person s eeking information can be informed when the answer is available and better answers soug ht based on his/her feedback. The emerging 3G and 4G mobile phone technologies can in deed facilitate such developments. An alternative technology could be to integrate the mo bile phone with the television screen, so that visual information can be viewed easily. Sim ilarly, there is a possibility for developing interactive radio, on the lines of interactive TV. TOURISM

Although many of us have been "tourists" at some point in our lives, defining what tourism actually is can be difficult. Tourism is the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usua l environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or other purposes. Tourism is a dynamic and competitive industry that requires the ability to constantly adapt to customer s' changing needs and desires, as the customer’s satisfaction, safety and enjoyment are particularly the f ocus of tourism businesses.

Types Tourism encompasses: Outbound Tourism Outbound tourism is what you may be most familiar with. It involves the business of people going fro m British Columbia to other provinces, territories or countries. For example, going to Hawaii in Februa ry is considered outbound tourism. Inbound Tourism BC competes in a global market to attract tourists from the United States, Japan, Germany and many ot her countries. We also implement marketing campaigns aimed at attracting travellers from other parts o f Canada. The tourists coming to BC from other places are called inbound tourists.

Sectors The tourism industry is divided into five different sectors: Accommodation Food and Beverage Services Recreation and Entertainment Transportation Travel Services The diversity of these five sectors shows that the career options in the tourism industry are unlimited. Depending on your interests and skills, you can work indoors or out, nine to five or midnight to noon. You can work in an office, an airport or out of your home. You can have one career in the winter and an other in the summer. In short, you can make your career fit the lifestyle you want.

TOURISM PROSPECTS AND THE WAY FORWARD Projected Tourist Arrivals and Receipts For Malaysia (2005-2010) According to the UN World Tourism Organisation, international arrivals worldwide will rea ch 1.0 billion by 2010. Of this, 80 percent is expected to be intra-regional tourists. The E ast Asia and Pacific region is expected to receive 200 million travelers. In spite of compe tition from other countries for tourist revenue, the Malaysian tourism sector is expected t o benefit from the growth of international travel. With the Visit Malaysian Campaign, Malaysia’s’ arrivals are expected to breach the 20 mi llion threshold in 2007 and reach 24.6 million by 2010, with tourism receipts close to RM 60 billion or US$17billion. Tourism Products To enhance the distinct appeal of Malaysian tourism products and services, the Govern ment continues to promote the country’s traditional advantages such as the following: i) Eco-tourism; ii) Agro tourism and Homestay Program; iii) Heritage tourism; iv) Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions (MICE); v) Shopping destination; vi) Sports and recreational tourism; vii) Education tourism; viii) Health and wellness tourism (bird-watching, diving, mountaineering etc.); ix) Marine Tourism (Cruise, Yachting, etc); and x) Malaysia My Second Home. Constraints Faced by Malaysian Tourism Among some of the constraints faced by Malaysia tourism industry are the following : i) State departments and local authorities lack the necessary manpower and financial res ources to maintain tourism products, facilities, infrastructure and services. ii) Lack of travel industry-specific support; that is, more than 80% of travel-related compa nies can be classified under small-medium enterprises (SMEs).

iii) Poor business performance due to weak business skill enhancement support and ster eotyped business tactics of price-cutting. iv) General profile & attitude, which includes lack of qualified and high quality manpo wer, entrepreneurs who lack focus and sometimes conduct travel business as a s econdary activity and the lack of leadership for continuous improvements. v) Strategic Thrusts for the Tourism Industry The Ministry of Tourism will continue to examine its regulations, procedures, methods of operations so that these will be streamlined to reduce bureaucracy and increase efficien cy so as to facilitate hassle-free entry for all tourists as well as to promote greater access ibility and connectivity into and within Malaysia. To promote Malaysia as top-of-the-mind and desirable holiday destination, the following would have to be done: i) More aggressive and focused promotion and marketing campaign by capitalizing on th e success of Malaysia Truly Asia brand; ii) Consistently develop sub-brands that meet the demands of overseas markets; and iii) Close public-private sector collaboration and initiatives. iv) Efforts will be made to increase the market shares of the medium and long-haul markets and reduce dependence on ASEAN markets and exploit the full potential of new tourism segments. This will include catering to the varying needs and demands of different touris t market segments, ranging from budget tourists to more affluent lifestyle tourists. The VMY 2007 campaign will continue to be implemented to capitalize on the country’s 5 0th year of nationhood. Malaysia will continue to adopt a pro-business attitude and work with other government agencies to establish a more conducive environment for the growth of the industry. To ac hieve this, we would need to constantly engage with the industry players to create a con ductive environment for the private sector to play a leading role. One of the key strategic thrust of the 9th plan is to help businesses grow within the spirit of Malaysia Inc. by providing incentives to encourage the private sector to play a more d ominant role in developing the country. The other Strategic Thrusts will focus on: i) Developing Malaysia into a tourism country through the campaign Malaysia Welcomes the World; ii) Accelerating the development of domestic tourism by exploiting the emergence of low cost carriers in the region; v) Improving research and tourism planning capability with the implementation of the Tou rism Satellite Account; and vi) Ensuring the comfort, security and the well being of tourists. Conclusion Tourism is big business in Malaysia. Efforts will be intensified towards :

i) Realising the industry’s full potential in generating growth in economy, income & emplo yment; ii) Positioning Malaysia as a leading global destination; iii) Promoting domestic tourism; and iv) Upgrading & developing products, infrastructure, facilities & services v)

ASEAN TOURISM: CONFRONTING THE CHALLENGE

I wish to thank the ASEAN Tourism Association, the ASEAN National Tourism Organizations, an d the Philippine Host Committee of the ASEAN Tourism Forum for asking the ASEAN SecretaryGeneral to join you in the ASEAIN Tourism Conference. For the past seventeen years, the ASEA N Tourism Forum has been an important highlight of the ASEAN year, and the ASEAN Secretaria t welcomes the opportunity to take part in it. This occasion is especially valuable this year, first, because trends in the past few years have clear ly pointed to the rising importance of the tourism industry to ASEAN and its economies and, seco ndly, because developments in the past few months have, presented entirely new challenges to the industry, as well as to ASEAN itself. I need, not tell you about the general importance of tourism to the economy of each of our nations, to the regional economy and to the global economy. That would be preaching to the converted. What I will do is highlight certain indicators pointing to the growing importance of tourism, partic ularly for Southeast Asia and particularly at this time, and what ASEAN is doing about it. We are all aware of the importance of the travel and tourism industry to nations and peoples. We a ll know the remarkably quick returns that the industry produces for an economy. We also know ho w extensively and rapidly the benefits of tourism spread not only within the industry itself but also to many other sectors of the economy -- light industry, construction, transportation, communicatio ns, all kinds of services. Tourism is particularly good in creating many jobs both within itself and i n other sectors on which it has an impact. If we are careful, the tourism industry can be a blessing for the environment, as, more and more, the long-term profitability of the industry depends on the conservation of the environment. I need not elaborate on these considerations. You know them better than I do. I will just cite a few facts underscoring the importance of tourism to the global economy and to the economics of Sout heast Asia. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, in 1997, travel and tourism accounted for 10. 7 percent, or US$3.3 trillion, of the world's gross domestic product and 11.8 percent, or US$801 b illion, of total investment. The industry provided one out of nine jobs. By 2007, the industry is exp ected to contribute 10.9 percent, or US$4 trillion, of the global GDP 11 percent, or US$1.6 trillion, of total investment, and 121.5 million additional jobs. Those are pretty big numbers.

The World Tourism Organization forecasts that the Asia-Pacific region will increase its share of th e travel market from 15 percent in 1995 to 22.5 percent in 2010, when 229 million tourists are exp ected to visit the area. The number of travelers by air in the Asia-Pacific is expected to hit 200 mill ion by 2000 and 398 million by 2010, three-and-a-half times the 1993 figure. Looking at the Southeast Asian picture, in 1995, ASEAN as a whole, as it was then constituted, ra nked fifth among the world's tourist destinations, behind only France, Spain, the United States and Italy, with Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia individually figuring among the top thirty destinations. If anything, tourism has gained further importance in ASEAN's economy. In 1996, tourism accoun ted for 4.4 percent of ASEAN's total gross domestic product, as compared to its 2.4 percent share i n 1985. 9.1 percent of ASEAN exports can be attributed to tourism, as against 6.9 percent in 1985. According to the WTTC, 26.1 million workers in ASEAN occupied travel-related jobs in 1997, 9. 2 percent of the total work force. The Economist Intelligence Unit predicts that tourist arrivals in the original five members of ASE AN alone will rise from 22.8 million in 1998 to 36.8 million in 2000 and 46.9 million in 2005. There are many more figures that paint a rosy future for ASEAN's travel and tourism industry, but you get the picture. However, I do not know whether and how much the WTO the WTTC and the EIU have revised or will revise their forecasts as a result of the currency depreciations and other sources of financial u ncertainty that have shaken the region since July. The estimates could, as a result of these develop ments, be revised downward; but, then again, our tourism industry may do much better than expec ted, if we learn our lessons, band together to overcome our common adversity, and seize the oppor tunities that it presents. Obviously, travel to ASEAN countries has become less expensive in terms of the United States do llar or of most European currencies. However, this advantage is offset to the extent of the foreignexchange component of tourist facilities and services - international airfare, expatriate salaries, im ported materials, foreign financing, and so on. Moreover, travel may be discouraged by the false i mage of instability and disarray that the currency turmoil has engendered in some markets. The to urism and travel industry, for its own sake as well as for the country's, must cooperate within itself and with Government agencies and other business sectors, to straighten out this misimpression am ong would-be travelers. The core attractions of the ASEAN countries, after all, remain and endure -- old civilizations, rich cultures, friendly and hospitable people, marvelous customs, heart-warming traditions, luxurious a ccommodations, up-to-date and convenient facilities, punctilious service, fabulous resorts, fantasti c wildlife. The expansion last year of ASEAN's membership from seven to nine has further enriched our dive rsity, heightened the richness of our traditions, enlarged the dimensions of our history, confirmed t he friendliness and hospitality of our people -- and multiplied our tourist attractions. Mandalay, Bagan and the Kyaikhtiyo Pagoda, as well as Yangon, in Myanmar, Luang Prabang, the Plain of Jars and Champassak in Laos, and, of course, Angkor Wat in Cambodia, which should so on become our tenth member, easily come to mind. These are part of the Jewels of the Mekong to urism program, now inevitably associated with the ASEAN Mekong Basin Development Cooperat ion project. The Mekong Basin project, approved at the fifth ASEAN summit in Bangkok two yea rs ago, was given further impetus by ASEAN's leaders at their second informal summit in Kuala L umpur less than a month ago, with affirmations support from the leaders of China, Japan and the Republic of Korea. As in the northern growth triangle among the continuous areas of Indonesia, M

alaysia and Thailand and the Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN Gr owth Area, tourism takes a central role in the ASEAN Mekong Basin Development Cooperation p roject. With the older ASEAN members helping to develop the tourism Potential of the newer one s, the addition of the ancient civilizations and cultures and the magnificent sites of Cambodia, Lao s and Myanmar would strengthen ASEAN immensely as a single tourist destination. All would be nefit. It is now for us in ASEAN to make that extra effort to promote our enduring qualities and attractio ns -- and the other advantages that we have just gained -- while straightening out any bad images which some people outside ASEAN may have ascribed to us of late. At the same time, more than ever before, the tourism industry is faced with the challenge of bringi ng in the foreign exchange necessary to shore up our countries' currencies. In this sense, tourism's role is critical. Certainly, the challenges the industry faces are many. ASEAN itself has taken them up. Yesterday, ASEAN's Ministers of Tourism met formally for the first time, in a demonstration of th eir common resolve to give ASEAN cooperation in tourism top-level direction, guidance, impetus and strength. They manifested their collective will to address together the concerns of the ASEAN tourism indu stry. They expressed their common determination to ensure that ASEAN cooperation in tourism be comes closer by the year, that it remains responsive to the needs of both the industry and the com munity as a whole, and that tourism's benefits are equitably shared. The Ministers signed a "Ministerial Understanding" that embodies their collective resolve, will an d determination to achieve their common objectives. These objectives are to market the ASEAN r egion as a single tourist destination, to encourage investments in tourism, to develop tourism man power, to ensure that tourism Is environmentally sustainable, and to facilitate intra-ASEAN travel. They approved a Plan of Action which sets forth eminently practical steps to achieve these objecti ves. I need not detail these here, as I am sure you are familiar with them by now. On the occasion of the second ASEAN informal summit in mid-December, the ASEAN Economic Ministers signed the protocol launching the implementation of the initial package of offers made u nder the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services. It is in the tourism sector -- and only in that sector -- that all ASEAN countries submitted offers for liberalization. This demonstrates, as nothin g else can, the resolve of our member-governments to push forward with cooperation in tourism. Less than a month ago, ASEAN's leaders Gathered together in their second informal summit. At th e end of their meeting, they issued ASEAN Vision 2020, a joint statement of what they expect of ASEAN in the year 2020. Among the things that stand out in that statement is the strong emphasis that our leaders place on the need to conserve the environment in our region. They call strongly fo r "fully established mechanisms for sustainable development to ensure the protection of the regio n's environment, the sustainability of its natural resources, and the high quality of life of its people s." They envision "agreed rules of behaviour and cooperative measures to deal with problems that can be met only on a regional scale, including environmental pollution and degradation ...." They make explicit the linkage between development and the environment, attaching the word "sustaina ble" and the concept of sustainability to almost every mention of development or growth, stressing that development and growth must be sustainable as well as equitable. In their Plan of Action, issued yesterday, our Ministers of Tourism have set for themselves the obj ective of ensuring that "tourism is environmentally sustainable," recognizing that tourism can surv ive only if the environment is preserved. This is entirely consistent with and proceeds directly fro

m our leaders' conviction that economic development cannot be sustained if it comes at the cost of the degradation of the environment. Another outstanding element in ASEAN Vision 2020 is the kind of ASEAN community that our le aders envision twenty-two years hence. In brief, our leaders see ASEAN in 2020 as being made up of societies that are open and caring, democratic and humane, pluralistic and participatory, blessed by social justice and the rule of law. What do such societies and such an ASEAN have to do with tourism? What our leaders envision for ASEAN are essentially the conditions for a stable society and a stab le region, and stability is the first requirement of a thriving tourism industry. Our leaders also foresee an ASEAN community that is increasingly cohesive and has an ever-stron ger sense of identity, a community that is open to the rest of the world. What better way is there to build an ASEAN community that is open to all than to strengthen the tourism industry? After all, t ourism is all about contact among people; in ASEAN's case, contact among the peoples of ASEA N themselves and between them and people from around the world. Finally, our leaders, in their vision statement, place great value on the close collaboration between government and business, declaring their resolve to "reinforce the role of the business sector as th e engine of growth." This kind of collaboration -- with private enterprise providing the dynamism and government the appropriate conditions .. is what the ASEAN Tourism Forum is all about. As we observe ASEAN's thirtieth year, we would do well to reflect both on tourism's vital role in ASEAN's larger purposes and on the benefits that the ASEAN tourism and travel industry will der ive from the attainment of those larger purposes. Just as tourism's contribution to the building of an ASEAN community is indispensable, a resurge nt stable and cohesive ASEAN is very much in the tourism industry's interests. 1.4 Malaysia's Population and Growth Rate

Malaysia's population base is as follows: Malaysia's population includes in addition to 15.274 mill people in Peninsula Malaysia, 1. 583 and 1.744 mill people from Sabah and Sarawak respectively. This puts Malaysia's po pulation at 18.601 million as of 1992. The crude birth rate in 1992 is estimated at 27.7; the crude death rate at 4.6 giving a crude rate of natural increase per thousand in the population of 23.1 i.e. a 2.31% population gro wth rate.

ENVIRONMENT 1.5 Malaysia's Economy and Economic Growth Rates Malaysia's GDP grew by 13.3% and GNP by 13.8% in 1992 (current prices); or GDP gr ew by 8.5% and GNP by 8.9% in 1992 (constant prices). Malaysia's per capita GNP growth rate (current prices) in 1992 was 11.2% and stands at US$ 3022/capita (at current prices). The Exchange Rate is RM 2.5472 = 1 US$.

IMPACT OF POPULATION & ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ASSOCIATED POLICIES ON MALAYSIA'S NATURAL RESOURCE BASE 2.1 Competition for Land Resources Urbanization and Loss of Agricultural Land Malaysia's fast growing population and industrialization of the economy from that based on commodities is causing the rural population to migrate to the towns and cities. In the r ural villages in Peninsula Malaysia it is common to find those only within the age groups of 0-15 years and above 50 years i.e. with almost all the youths and working age adults h aving migrated to the townships and cities. This has caused a severe shortage in the rural work force pool available to work Malaysi a's oil palm and rubber plantations. As a result, Malaysian plantations have had to resort t o importing Indonesian and Bangladeshi labour. However, this does not appear to have all eviated the problem significantly as plantation jobs are only a stepping stone to manual w ork in the more financially rewarding construction sector in the cities. The net effect of this strong pace of urbanization / urban migration in the last two to thre e decades (now almost complete), is that the cities are forced to expand at very fast rates and this has stretched the infrastructure of the major cities. Plantation land of which there is no more available in the peninsula, is rapidly being converted for use by industry and f or residential purposes. In fact it is now common to find plantation companies having lan d development / construction subsidiaries who effect the change in land use. Such large scale conversion of land out of agriculture / plantation has resulted in some of the country's best land (from an agro-climatic standpoint) to be lost for agricultural produ ction. For example, the rapid development in the southern state of Johor which has the be st rainfall pattern for oil palm production, has led to a decrease in the states productive oil palm hectarage. However, the plantation companies have begun opening new land areas in the east Mala

ysian states of Sabah and Sarawak (in the island of Borneo) where land is more abundant. However, as population is quite sparse in these states, the plantations would have to resor t to importing labour from Indonesia (particularly Kalimantan). 2.2 Competition for Water Resources As Malaysia is situated close to the equator thus largely experiencing rainfall throughout t he calendar year, water is not a major limitation to agri output per se. The average annual rainfall is about 2,420 mm/yr in the peninsular, 2,630 mm/yr in Sabah and 3850 mm/yr in Sarawak. However, the annual rainfall is more than 4,000 mm/yr the in mountainous are as of Sarawak, and more than 3,000 mm/yr in the northern half of Peninsular Malaysia an d the coastal areas of Sabah and Sarawak. Only in the very northern parts of the peninsul a is rainfall in a few months quite low for minimal agricultural productivity levels i.e. wh ere rainfall is less than 150mm/month for 2 or more months. Even so, sufficient water is a vailable for the cultivation of the less water demanding crops such as rubber. Freshwater is used for domestic and industrial water supply, irrigation, hydropower, fishe ries /aquaculture, mining, and recreation. The estimated domestic and industrial water demand of 1.3 billion m3 in 1980 is project ed to reach 4.8 billion m3 by the year 2000. Irrigation water demand is expected to increa se from 7.4 billion m3 in 1980 to 10.4 billion m3 by the year 2000. In relation to the above demand for water, it should be noted that the annual rainfall is ab out 990 billion m3. Out of this, 360 billion m3 evaporates or transpires into the atmosphe re. A further 566 billion m3 forms surface run-off whilst the remaining 64 million m3 co nstitutes groundwater recharge. Thus human competition for water resources in not likel y to impact significantly on the environment or agriculture's resource base in the foreseea ble future. 2.3 Industrialization and Competition for Land & Water The rapid industrialization of the economy in the last decade has led to rapid urban expa nsion and usage of agricultural land on the outskirts of the cities. However, as water is relatively plentiful, the industrialization of the economy has not im posed any limitations on agricultures' use of this resource. 2.4 Encroachment on Fragile Ecosystems The unavailability of land for new plantation development in Peninsula Malaysia has led to peat areas being cultivated with oil palm and to a much lesser degree, with pineapples. The development of intercity road systems and highways has sometimes necessitated that

routes pass through natural forest reserves. Currently in the planning / proposal stage is a upland highway linking the 3 hill resorts in the peninsula - Genting Highlands, Fraser’s H ill and Cameron Highlands. This upland road is to cut across the central hill range which i s under virgin forest to connect the resorts. It is expected that by its construction, upland l and would be opened for agricultural production. Environmental groups in Malaysia have opposed its development on the grounds that it would lead to excessive soil erosion and l oss of the natural tropical forest. In July 1995, a landslide on the Genting Highland slopes led to the deaths of over 20 peo ple traveling to the hilltop resort. This disaster was attributed to rainfall water being retain ed / absorbed by shallow topsoil’s on the hills which caused the topsoil to turn into a mud flow. Following this incident, the government plans to reconsider the upland highway pro ject. Another project also being proposed is a highway linking Serdang to Puchong in the outs kirts of KL that would run through a state forest reserve. Urban expansion has recently (since 1990) begun to encroach on the more hilly areas of t he capital and has led to the building of high rise condominium apartments on rather stee p slopes. The 1993 collapse of the Highland Towers apartments that was located at the ba se of a hill whose sides were cut without satisfactory retention walls resulted in the death of over 48 people. The disaster was attributed to clearing of the vegetation in the upper hi llslopes, water accumulation within the hill, and the blockage of drainage channels.

3

IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL & NON-AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON MALAYSIA'S AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE BASE & ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Surface Runoff, Floods & Sedimentation Sedimentation by clearing of large tracts of land either for plantation development, road construction or urban expansion is a major cause of flash floods as rivers are quickly cho ked under the intense tropical rainstorms experienced in Malaysia. Inundation damages townships, villages and annual croplands particularly along stretche s of rivers. The recorded maximum flood damage area in Peninsular Malaysia stands at 1 5,300 km2 with 2.5 million people being affected; 2,700 km2 in Sabah with 82,000 peopl e affected; and 111,000 km2 in Sarawak with 134,000 people affected. In toto, flood pro ne areas amounted to 29,000 km2 in 1982. The average flood damage per year has been estimated to be approximately M$ 100 million. (JICA, 1982). However, it is not easy to e stimate what proportion of this is directly due to agricultural and/or industrial activities p er se.

Note that although surface runoff seems to be abundant, there is often a water deficit in re gions with major water demand due to the fact that there is a wide variation in rainfall ov er time and space. Surface runoff becomes very low in the dry season while it is mostly running to waste du ring the wetter months. Average annual runoff is about 147 billion m3 in Peninsular Mal aysia, 113 billion m3 in Sabah and 306 billion m3 in Sarawak. Floods generally occur du ring the northeast monsoon and the southeast monsoon period in the southern part in Sept ember and in the northern part of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia in October. The clearing of land particularly through opening of jungle land under the Malaysian cli mate-vegetation ecosystems leads to marked changes in the hydrological balance. It has b een estimated that during storms, runoff from catchments with plantation crops (oil palm and rubber) during a period of 13 months was twice that of a similar area under jungle, w hile the low flows were halved (Daniel & Kulasingam, 1974). Tang et al (1979) showed t hat in an extensive study area in Kelantan, sediment yield under undisturbed forest condit ions was 100 m3/km2/year. This increased to 300m3/km2/year when 30-40% of the catch ment was under logging and dramatically rose to 2500 m3/km2/year when the entire catc hment was mechanically logged. 3.2 Erosion & Soil Fertility Since in Malaysia agricultural activities are predominantly (area wise) plantation based, t he discussion here will be centered on soil fertility and erosion caused by plantation activi ties. The establishment of a plantation from forested or cleared areas often involves modificat ions to the terrain (for example terracing) in addition to the establishment of estate roads and drainage systems. This results in considerable soil disturbance and loss of relatively n utrient rich top soil - already very thin in a tropical forest environment. Note that tropical soils (oxisols and ultisols) are relatively poor nutritionally compared to the soils of tempe rate climes. This erosion thus caused is accentuated by the practice of burning all felled tr ees. Annual soil loss in oil palm estates can be as high as 14.9 tonnes/Ha/yr in areas of av erage slope of 9% (4.5 degrees). Greater soil loss occurs during clear cutting operations b efore the establishment of a stable cover crop following replanting. Ling et al (1979) sho wed that within a period of one year after land clearing, total soil loss was only 10-11 ton s/Ha whereas under bare soil conditions, losses of 79 tons/Ha were recorded - see table b elow. If natural forest on slopes less than 2 degrees is cleared and converted to plantation, the erosion rate will be between 400 to 900 tons/km2 (or 4 to 9 tons/Ha), except for Sarawak, which has a rate of 1,600 tons/km2 (or 16 tons/Ha). Note that if natural forest on slopes l ess than 6 degrees is destroyed, the erosion rate will increase to between 1000 to 3000 ton s/km2 (or 10 to 30 tons/Ha). (Slope: 45degrees = 100%).

Because of the increase in soil water loads during the immaturity period of the new planti ngs, and thus in erosion rates, natural forest buffer zones alongside water bodies to act as silt traps and as a water catchment area is being recommended, as has the stacking of fell ed vegetation (without burning). Furthermore, legume cover crops could be established to quickly increase transpiration rates. The plantation practice of planting nitrogen fixing covers (legumes) also results in a consi derable buildup of organic matter and a reconstitution of the lost top soil. Furthermore, it has been made illegal under the country's environmental laws to burn felled vegetation (o r other materials) in the open. As such, agricultural practices has changed in recent years t o accept a "No-Burn" policy - i.e. felled/cleared vegetation is allowed to rot and allow for nutrient recycling (in spite of the extra expense this entails). As oil palm (planted on over 2.5 million Ha) is a heavy nutrient demanding crop requirin g about 7 kg of fertilizers per palm (135 palms/Ha) or approx 1 ton of fertilizer per Ha, th ere is a considerable amount of soluble fertilizers lost through leaching and/or runoff. Sin ce, nitrogen is an important input (0.5 - 0.7 kg N/palm), nitrate losses are believed to be q uite high. However, as phosphorus inputs are largely in the form of the partially soluble R ock Phosphate, phosphate contamination of water ways is not expected to be very signific ant in as much as algae growth is stimulated and the BOD/ COD quality parameters of th e water worsens. As a case reference, the mean annual nutrient loss from an oil palm plantation in the Lin ggi River Basin was estimated to be 132 tons Nitrogen and 43 tons Phosphorus. Nutritional Impact of Forest Removal and Oil Palm Plantation Establishment Nutrient cycling in the natural forest system is closed i.e. without any leakages; abscised l eaves falling to the forest floor and decomposing, followed by the released nutrients bein g reabsorbed by the roots of the standing trees. Since the humic rich top soil is where mos t of the nutrients are held in the whole soil profile, any losses of the top soil would lead to

marked leakage of nutrients from the whole nutrient cycle. The conversion of the forest to oil palm causes such a change in the nutrient cycle with le akages being introduced in the form of nutrients exported in the FFB's harvested, and in a ccelerated leaching and runoff of nutrients as the top soil is lost. However the planting the legume cover crops can effectively reconstitute the top soil. In an oil palm planting, nutrients are supplied / recycled to the palms from the base soil r eserves, the addition of fertilizers, and from that recycled when the base fronds are prune d and left to decompose in the field. Nutrients are however lost from the system through FFB harvest exported and through leaching / runoff. To maintain the nutrient balance of the oil palm so as to maintain maximum productivity levels, the following has to be done:- the amount of nutrients exported through harvested FFB has to be replaced b y fertilizers, - the amount of nutrients lost through leaching & runoff has to be replaced by fertilizers, - the amount of nutrients immobilized by the palms has to be replaced by fertilizers if soil reserve s of the nutrient in question is low or marginal, - corrective fertilizer application should be done if the nutrient status of the palms is less than opti mal (as indicated by foliar analysis).

Rubber (and cocoa), although cultivated on a significantly large scale, does not require ve ry heavy fertilizer inputs as that required by the oil palm, and as such the impacts on the e nvironment from nutrient losses is not as serious. 3.3 Water Pollution & Chemical Residues Siltation has reduced the discharge capacity of many rivers in the Peninsula, particularly in the west coast thus reducing the rivers ability to dilute out polluting materials. Most of the major rivers are silty. Although the control of other kinds of pollution has been quite s uccessful, soil erosion and river siltation remains a critical problem. Increases in BOD of more than 5 mg/l is on the rise in many rivers in both west and east Malaysia. High conce ntrations of suspended solids in some rivers (i.e. more than 500 mg/l) are caused by loggi ng and forest clearing activities, road and building construction etc. Under the 1991 Annual River Water Quality Monitoring Program by DOE, 87 major river s were monitored and a total of 2967 samples from 555 monitoring sites were collected. In 1991, the river water quality in general was found to be in a deteriorating state compar ed with 1990. Although the number of very polluted rivers had decreased from 7 in 1990 to 6 in 1991, a number of the previously clean rivers had become slightly polluted. The si x very polluted rivers are Sg. Sepang, Sg. Duyung, Sg. Buloh, Sg. Kelang, Sg. Ibai and S g. Juru. Of the remaining 81 rivers, 44 were found to be slightly polluted and 37 rivers cle an. All polluted rivers were found to be in Peninsular Malaysia, whereas the majority of rive rs in Sabah were clean with the exception of 2 being slightly polluted. Rivers in Sarawak had shown a gradual decline towards 'slightly polluted' i.e. from 5 out of 20 rivers in 199 0 to 8 rivers in 1991. The deterioration of water quality had also been observed in a 5-year trend (1986-1991). Ammoniacal nitrogen had shown a deterioration rate of 1.95% in 1991, which had increa sed from 1.23% in 1990. Suspended solids had also increased its deterioration rate from 0.69 % in 1990 to 1.72% in 1991. However, BOD had improved slightly from 0.21% in 1990 to 0. 11 % in 1991. From this it can be inferred that major contributors to river pollution in the urban areas o f Malaysia in 1991 were sewage and animal wastes, with silt ranking second in the line. From 1991 monitored data, greater number of non-compliances of heavy metals were ind icated by river situated in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, due to more extensive la nd use and industrialization. An assessment of water pollution using the community structure and species distribution of diatoms by Nather Khan (1990) revealed that the number and species variation reduce d drastically at grossly polluted stations.

Examples / Incidences: Early in January 199 1, a local newspaper (NST, 1991) reported the contamination of t he Durian Tunggal dam in Malacca with toxic effluents from a rubber factory. The se mi treated effluents were accidentally discharged into the Malacca River which feeds t he public water supply reservoir. Sources of pollution in the Johor River basin occur especially in the upper reaches of t he estuary. The principle contaminants comprise ammonia, nitrate and iron. The tow nships of Bandar Tenggara and Kota Tinggi form major contributors due to the absenc e of adequate sewerage and drainage systems. Other sources include biodegradable ef fluents from rubber factories and oil palm mills, domestic and industrial effluents and surface runoff. Pollution sources in the Sungai Selangor and Sungai Langat basins, include sewage an d sullage, mining discharges containing heavy loads of suspended matter and rubber a nd oil palm mill effluents that contain high concentrations of non- biodegradable and organic and inorganic impurities. There are also numerous factories and processing pl ants for detergents, oils, dyes etc. in these basins. In February 1992, pollution from nearby housing estates destroyed the fish fauna in, t he Taman Jaya lake in Petaling Jaya (NST, 1992). Pollution also caused the death of t housands of fish that composed the biota of the Shah Alam lake. It was speculated tha t the pollutants from nearby restaurants had seeped into the lakes.

{- Conservation of Water Quality Conservation of water quality is achieved, in part, by the reduction of pollution loads disc harged into the river systems. The self-purification mechanism of a river is considered inadequate if the BOD concentra tion in the river is more than 5 mg/liter. Odour occurs if its concentration is more than 11 0 mg/liter. Pretreatment becomes necessary if the BOD concentration in raw water reach es levels higher than 2 mg/liter and 5 mg/liter for domestic water and industrial water res pectively. For organic pollution abatement, improvements in the purification system of ef fluents from palm oil mills, rubber factories and sewage treatment systems becomes a pre requisite. Intake for domestic (drinking) purpose should be upstream of river stretches. } The main sources of waterway pollution are discussed below.

3.3.1 AGRICULTURAL EFFLUENTS The main traditional sources of single source water pollution in the rural areas has been t he effluents spilt into water ways (rivers) by the oil palm mills and rubber processing fact ories. (Non-point water pollution by agricultural activities is mainly from leaching/runoff of fertilizers used in the oil palm and rubber plantations). The palm oil mills and the rubber processing industries are the two major agro-industries which produce and discharge enormous amounts of wastes into water courses. Untreated or treated effluents from both facilities are discharged into streams/rivers.

a. Palm Oil Mill The effluent generated from palm oil mills creates a major impact on the environment, if proper care is not taken in treating the effluent prior to discharging. The most significant impact on water quality is imposed by the discharge of effluent into water bodies. The av erage BOD of the effluent produced from a palm oil mill is 22,000 mg/litre and the volu me of effluent produced from processing 1 ton of FFB is 1.4m3 (1400 liters). On this ba sis, the BOD/ton FFB produced is 30 kg. For a 20 ton FFB/hour mill operating an 8 hour shift a day, the daily BOD effluent discharge would thus be 4800 kg/8-hr shift or 9600 kg /16-hr shift. This amount of discharge will have a significant impact on the quality of low volume and slow moving / stagnant water bodies if not treated prior to release into the en vironment. The population equivalent of the waste generated (900 kg BOD/day) is 0.2 mi llion people. However, in the more recent years, appropriate mitigating measures have be en instituted and certain standards have to be followed as per requirement of the Dept of Environment (DOE) with respect to the quality and rate of the effluent discharged into wa ter courses. Note that the processing of oil palm FFB requires high amounts of water con sumption and this is sourced from nearby rivers. The water consumption by a 20-25 ton/h our or higher capacity palm oil mills for processing the FFB's ranges from 1.5 to 2.0 m3/t on FFB. Thus an oil palm mill is required to invest in an appropriate effluent treatment system, an d is encouraged to dispose of all solid wastes (fiber, shell and empty fruit bunches) which have high calorific and agronomic value without burning i.e. by recycling. The control of smoke emissions from the mill is also now necessary. Untreated effluents from palm oil mills have a high BOD (about 22,000mg/1). In 1980, t here were 133 palm oil mills in Peninsular Malaysia, 10 palm oil mills in Sabah and 4 pal m oil mills in Sarawak. In 1980, the DOE reported that 63 mills had applied biological 'tr eatment and oxidation pond systems, 39 mills disposed off their effluents on to land and 2 mills used chemical treatment systems. b. Rubber Processing Factories The major raw material inputs in rubber processing are cup lumps, tree laces, sheet cuttin

gs, latex and rubber sheets. In addition, various chemicals are used at different stages of p rocessing. For example, ammonia is used as a latex preservative /anticoagulant; DAHP is used to free magnesium and act as a stabilizer, while lauric acid, formic acid and sulphuri c acids are used as coagulants. Effluent from rubber and latex processing factories include wash water, small amounts o f uncoagulated latex and serum containing small quantities of protein, carbohydrates, lipi ds, carotenoids, salts etc. Since large amounts of acid are used in the processing, the efflu ent is usually acidic and contains high proportions of total suspended solids and dissolved solid, and nitrogen. In 1980, there were 206 rubber factories in Peninsular Malaysia, 3 rubber factories in Sa bah and 3 rubber factories in Sarawak with processing capacities of higher than 5 tons/da y, producing conventional grades of Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) and Latex Conce ntrate. The BOD concentration in untreated effluent was 1500 mg/l for the former and 23 40 mg/l for the latter (JICA, 1982).

3.3.2 INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS The recent rapid industrialization of Malaysia's economy has led to the construction of a l arge number of factories without the necessary waste treatment facilities being built. This has resulted in a number of incidents of which the biggest scare was caused by the dumpi ng in early 1995 of large amounts of Potassium Cyanide on the coast of Tioman Island - a popular island beach resort. The incident led to the death of many fishes in the area and af fected the livelihood of a number of fishermen. The Government had however planned the construction of a waste treatment facility for t oxic and hazardous wastes and a private company / consortium was given the go ahead to build it in the state of Negri Sembilan. However, the company involved has delayed its co nstruction much to the annoyance of the Malaysian Govt. 3.3.3 COASTAL & MARINE WATER POLLUTION: Coastal / Marine and Freshwater Ships passing through the heavily used Straits of Malacca have often been caught desludg ing and fined heavily by the DOE under recently strengthened enforcement. Incidences of freshwater pollution (other than from sedimentation and non-point nutrient runoff/leaching and mill/factories) has been reported from time to time mainly to recreati on lakes near residential areas. However, these incidents are more "accidental" in nature a nd occur sporadically. 3.3.4 LIVESTOCK POLLUTION As animal husbandry is not a major activity in Malaysia, pollution from such activities is of relative unimportance although where pig farms are located, contamination of water w ays with urine and silage leachates is often quite severe (although over a very small area). The discharges waste water contains high BOD, COD, suspended solids and ammoniacal nitrogen. -

Wastewater Treatment Systems in Factories & Mines

Effluent characteristics of manufacturing industries vary according to the production proc ess. A survey by the DOE in 1978 revealed that out of 45 factories in Perai and Butterwo rth, 26 factories had no purification system and no data was available for 9 factories. Onl y 10 factories had some purification facilities which are regarded to be pretreatment syste ms only.

In 1980, DOE surveyed 110 factories in Peninsular Malaysia. Only 28 had purification s ystem, 55 factories had no treatment facilities and no information was available from the remaining 13. There were 889 tin mines in Peninsular Malaysia in 1980. They constitute the major sour ce of sediments due to overflow of water from tailing areas and collapse of mining bund during heavy rainfall/flood. The Mining Enactment constitutes that the allowable quantit y of suspended solids in mining effluents into a river is 11,400 ppm, but the Inspector of Mines guideline value is 5,700 ppm. 3.4 Atmospheric Pollution The burning of land under shifting cultivation practices in Borneo (both the Malaysian an d I'sian sections of Borneo) has often resulted in a prolonged haze occurring over the Mal aysian peninsula, and in severe cases (such as in 1994), also over Singapore and large are as of Sumatra and Java in Indonesia. This cross border pollution occurs mainly during the dry season when shifting cultivation practices in Kalimantan (Indonesia) cause peat / coal / forest areas to catch fire and smoke for months. As KL is situated in the Klang Valley, th e dust / haze often overhangs until there is sufficient wind / rainfall to clear it during this t imes. In 1994, the forest fires in Indonesia started in August and spread during the transitional monsoon period in September and October which later caused widespread haze in the reg ion. Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore were blanketed with the haze for nearly 2 months resulting in poor visibility, frequent flight rescheduling, an increase in asthma and other respiratory disease cases and affected the photosynthesis process of plants due to lo w light levels. Note that East Kalimantan and South Sumatra are covered with peat soils a nd underground coal formations which could easily aggravate fires once exposed to sunli ght as a result of slash-and-burn activities carried out by nomadic communities (New Stra its Times June 4 1995). Industrial pollution still takes place although not as blatantly as before as DOE enforcem ent powers have been strengthened. Irresponsible factories often emit their smoke emissio ns at night to avoid detection although DOE is taking steps to control the situation. Urban pollution other than that originating from factories is mainly caused by vehicular tr affic. The use of catalytic converters is not yet mandatory by law and vehicular pollution is currently controlled sporadically by traffic policemen. The main vehicle types responsi ble for smoke pollution are trucks/lorries, buses and other heavy vehicles. With the major urban centres becoming choked with traffic, Malaysian road users are often directly subje cted to exhaust fumes. Note that car sales continue to increase at very high rates under the current favourable economic climate.

4. CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND RESOURCE COMPETITION ON MALAYSIA'S AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT 4.1 Annual, Perennial & Agroforestry Cropping Although it is generally acknowledged and accepted that land degradation limits the prod uctivity of agricultural land, the quantum is difficult to estimate as the relationships betwe en the various agro-climatic factors on yield of many crops are not completely understoo d. For example, there is no clear cut research findings to indicate that a certain level of er osion on plantation land has caused a drop in yields to a quantifiable extent. Note that air pollution as yet has shown no evidence of affecting crop output. Of more significance on the quantitative output of Peninsula Malaysia's agro-economic a ctivities is the constraint imposed by urban and industrial competition for land in the Peni nsula. Thus any increase in crop output would have to come from increase in productivity through more intensified use of inputs. The highest financial returns that can currently be generated from land used for agricultur e is currently about RM 4,000 to 7,000 /Ha/year - and this is achievable when using the la nd for oil palm cultivation only. No other crop cultivatable on such a large scale can curre ntly match the returns of oil palm. Based on this financial returns over a 25 year crop lifet ime, the value of the land would be about RM 20,000 to 30,000/Ha (assuming a 12% disc ount rate). As long as there are other non-agricultural uses for the land that exceeds the above mone tary return levels, there is going to be economic pressures for agricultural land to be conv erted out of agriculture use. However, note that in E. Malaysia, where there is no severe land shortage, output can be increased through bringing new (forested or deforested) land into cultivation. 4.2 Livestock The output of livestock is small in Malaysia and is generally not affected by pollution. 4.3 Fisheries Water pollution (freshwater or coastal) poses a threat to the output of this sector and has t o be guarded against. The 1995 potassium cyanide scare in Tioman Island is a reminder o f what could happen if preventive measures are not taken.

5. IMPACTS OF GOVERNMENT'S AGRICULTURE & ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON AGRICULTURES' RESOURCE BASE 5.1 Malaysia's Environmental Policies Environmental Policies In 1974, the Environmental Quality Act was legislated and amended in 1985. It encompas ses the prevention, abatement, control of pollution and enhancement of the quality of the environment. The Department of Environment (DOE) is the government agency charged with enforcing the Act. However, enforcement of the act really began when EIA procedur es were introduced on April 1 1988 and made a mandatory requirement for particular proj ects or "prescribed activities". Such activities include agriculture (of or more than 500 H a), drainage and irrigation, land reclamation, fisheries, forestry, housing, industry, infrastr ucture, airports, ports, mining, petroleum, dams and man-made lakes, power generation, q uarries, railways, transportation, resort and recreational development, waste treatment an d disposal, and water supply. These legislation lay down procedures and restrictions to ensure orderly use of Malaysi a's natural resources. They were all aimed at minimizing adverse impacts to the environm ent by control of runoff, sedimentation of rivers etc. There are several deficiencies in som e of these acts, but these do not appear as important as enforcing the existing legislation. 5.2 Implementation & Enforcement At present, institutional problems such as too many agencies with specific and overlappi ng functions are involved in many aspects of the management of water, soil and other nat ural resources. For example, Logging / Deforestation monitoring and control comes under the purview o f the Forestry Dept (DOF) while Water Management comes under the Drainage and Irriga tion Dept (DID). While Air Pollution control comes under the jurisdiction of the DOE, should air pollution arise from land clearing activities, an overlap with the Forestry Dept (DOF) or Agricultur e Dept (DOA) occurs. Thus as no single agency has the responsibility or the resources to cope with the comple x interrelationships that take place in the "environment", the solution may have to rely on effective coordination between the agencies concerned. Non-point pollution such as sedi mentation, erosion, nutrient leaching/runoff, excessive water loads causing surface wash/ flooding are basically due to disturbance of the watershed. However recently, the enforcement capabilities of the various agencies have been beefed up and cooperation between the agencies is slowly improving. This has partly arisen from

increased public awareness of the importance maintaining a "balanced" eco-system, espec ially after the various disasters attributed to environmental degradation in recent times.

5.3 Effect of Malaysia's Agriculture & Environmental Policies on Agricultural Productivity Malaysia's Agriculture Policy has recently begun to shift away from individual farming s ystems towards corporate cultivations systems to benefit from economies of scale, more e fficient management, better integration with downstream industries etc. It is hoped that th is would lead to higher productivity and more efficient use of the countries' natural resour ces - particularly land and water. Note that a major factor driving this policy shift is the sc arcity of rural labour in the face of rapidly rising incomes obtainable in the urban settings. The countries' Environmental Policies affect agriculture mainly in so far as it specifies th at a "no-burn" system be followed at replanting and where effluent treatment facilities be installed at palm oil mills and rubber factories. As crop output and inputs such as fertilizers are freely traded and are not subsidized (or s ubject to import tariffs), agricultural production polices has not led by and large, to any gr eat extent, to misallocation of resources or to uneconomic production of commodities in t he country. 5.4

New Agriculture & Environmental Policies

Other than the shift away from individual farming systems towards corporate cultivation s systems, there is not expected to be a radically new agriculture policy in the country. However, environmental policies are expected to be tightened with more intensified moni toring of lands and the river and coastal ecosystems. Furthermore, development projects would have to comply with increasingly stringent environmental guidelines. A proposal by Malaysia to draw up a joint strategy with Indonesia and other ASEAN me mber countries to overcome transboundary air pollution has recently been received favora bly. So far this has led to the suggestion to set up an ASEAN fire fighting team to control forest fires in the region. Other than this there is as yet almost no effective control measur es to combat transboundary air pollution on a coordinated scale between the various ASE AN member countries. Malaysia has also taken steps to control the desludging activities of ships passing throug h the Straits of Malacca on the west coast as well as on the east cost. Foreign registered v essels have been detained and fined for polluting Malaysia's coastal waters in the recent p

ast. 5.5 Expected Environmental Constraints on Agricultural Development There are currently no expectations of additional environmental constraints being impose d on Agricultural Development in the country.

6. CONCLUSION Since the introduction of EIA procedures in 1988, there have been seven detailed reports on projects. The EIA's were on the Tioxide plant in Terengganu, the Linggiu Dam in Joho r, Malayan Titanium in Perak, Sungai Buloh Township in Selangor, Penang Hill Develop ment, the Central Industrial Waste Treatment and Disposal Facility in Bukit Nenas, and th e Kuala Lumpur International Airport at Sepang. Thus far, only the Penang Hill Develop ment project was cancelled based on its EIA report. In 1995, the EIA reports on the proposed Bakun Hydroelectric Project in Sarawak was rel eased. Billed as the largest hydroelectric project in SE Asia, one which will flood an area of the size of Singapore, the impacts on the state's land and environmental resource base c an only be significant. To create the body of water on Sungai Balui 37km upstream of Bel aga, about 70,000 Ha of forest and cultivated fields would need to be submerged - reduci ng the states land area that can be used for agriculture. This would be the major source of impacts - both environmentally and socially. Before the area is flooded, some 50 million cubic meters of vegetation would have to be removed with all timbers being first logged, processed and sold. The EIA report revealed that flooding and removal / burning of such a huge amount of biomass would cause unavoidable significant impacts, even with rigoro us environmental protection efforts. For example, the study revealed that forest biomass r emoval and construction of the reservoir would increase the sediment yield from the pres ent 30 million tons to between 35 and 55 million tons. It also predicted that large scale la nd clearing would change the microclimate of the area, cause some air pollution, loss of b iodiversity and loss of traditional lifestyle of local inhabitants. The above are only examples of issues faced by Malaysia in the recent past. This country report has attempted to present the current agro-environment situation in Ma laysia especially as it relates to the various natural resource constraints posed to agricultu re by both the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors in the country. Most of the quantit ative information presented here were culled from publications and technical papers but t he report also includes some of the everyday issues that have arisen in local newspapers i n recent years and that are of importance to the average Malaysian. Like the above issues that Malaysia has faced recently, there are many complex issues stil l remaining for policy planners in the trade-offs between quantifiable economic benefits g ained from natural resource utilization (or abuse) and the unquantifiable costs (or benefits) from doing so. For example, Malaysia has an agreement with Singapore to sell the island state with a specified quantum of water for 100 years. To fulfill this agreement Malaysia would have to divert water from some of its rivers and/or build dams which would in turn

require that their catchment areas be left relatively undisturbed for 100 years. As demand for these catchment lands for other uses / economic activities builds, on what basis are lan d-use and land pricing issues to be resolved? It is hoped that the information in this report can contribute in some small way to answer ing such questions that will be increasingly raised in the future. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Human resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the man agement of an organization's most valued assets - the people working there who individua lly and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business.[1] Th e terms "human resource management" and "human resources" (HR) have largely replace d the term "personnel management" as a description of the processes involved in managin g people in organizations.[1] Its features include: Personnel administration Personnel management Manpower management Industrial management[2]HYPERLINK \l "cite_note-2" [3] But these traditional expressions are becoming less common for the theoretical discipline. Sometimes even industrial relations and employee relations are confusingly listed as syno nyms,[4] although these normally refer to the relationship between management and wor kers and the behavior of workers in companies. The theoretical discipline is based primarily on the assumption that employees are individ uals with varying goals and needs, and as such should not be thought of as basic business resources, such as trucks and filing cabinets. The field takes a positive view of workers, a ssuming that virtually all wish to contribute to the enterprise productively, and that the m ain obstacles to their endeavors are lack of knowledge, insufficient training, and failures o f process. HRM is seen by practitioners in the field as a more innovative view of workplace manage ment than the traditional approach. Its techniques force the managers of an enterprise to e xpress their goals with specificity so that they can be understood and undertaken by the w orkforce, and to provide the resources needed for them to successfully accomplish their a ssignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly practiced, are expressive of the go als and operating practices of the enterprise overall. HRM is also seen by many to have a key role in risk reduction within organisations.[5] The goal of human resource management is to help an organization to meet strategic goal s by attracting, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The key word here perhaps is "fit", i.e. a HRM approach seeks to ensure a fit between the manage ment of an organization's employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company (Miller, 1989).

The basic premise of the academic theory of HRM is that humans are not machines, there fore we need to have an interdisciplinary examination of people in the workplace. Fields such as psychology, industrial engineering, industrial, Legal/Paralegal Studies and organi zational psychology, industrial relations, sociology, and critical theories: postmodernism, post-structuralism play a major role. Many colleges and universities offer bachelor and m aster degrees in Human Resources Management.

Human resources is a term with which many organizations describe the combination of t raditionally administrative personnel functions with performance, Employee Relations an d resource planning. The field draws upon concepts developed in Industrial/Organization al Psychology. Human resources has at least two related interpretations depending on con text. The original usage derives from political economy and economics, where it was trad itionally called labor, one of four factors of production. The more common usage within c orporations and businesses refers to the individuals within the firm, and to the portion of t he firm's organization that deals with hiring, firing, training, and other personnel issues. T his article addresses both definitions. The objective of Human Resources is to maximize the return on investment from the orga nization's human capital and minimize financial risk. It is the responsibility of human res ource managers to conduct these activities in an effective, legal, fair, and consistent mann er. Human resource management serves these key functions: 1. Selection 2. Training and Development 3. Performance Evaluation and Management 4. Promotions 5. Redundancy 6. Industrial and Employee Relations 7. Record keeping of all personal data. 8. Compensation, pensions, bonuses etc in liaison with Payroll 9. Confidential advice to internal 'customers' in relation to problems at work 10. Career development

[edit] Human resources Modern analysis emphasizes that human beings are not "commodities" or "resources", bu t are creative and social beings in a productive enterprise. The 2000 revision of ISO 9001 in contrast requires to identify the processes, their sequence and interaction, and to define and communicate responsibilities and authorities. In general, heavily unionized nations su ch as France and Germany have adopted and encouraged such job descriptions especially within trade unions. One view of this trend is that a strong social consensus on political e conomy and a good social welfare system facilitates labor mobility and tends to make the entire economy more productive, as labor can move from one enterprise to another with li

ttle controversy or difficulty in adapting. An important controversy regarding labor mobility illustrates the broader philosophical is sue with usage of the phrase "human resources": governments of developing nations ofte n regard developed nations that encourage immigration or "guest workers" as appropriati ng human capital that is rightfully part of the developing nation and required to further its growth as a civilization. They argue that this appropriation is similar to colonial commodi ty fiat wherein a colonizing European power would define an arbitrary price for natural re sources, extracting which diminished national natural capital. The debate regarding "human resources" versus human capital thus in many ways echoes the debate regarding natural resources versus natural capital. Over time the United Nation s have come to more generally support the developing nations' point of view, and have re quested significant offsetting "foreign aid" contributions so that a developing nation losin g human capital does not lose the capacity to continue to train new people in trades, profe ssions, and the arts. An extreme version of this view is that historical inequities such as African slavery must be compensated by current developed nations, which benefited from stolen "human resou rces" as they were developing. This is an extremely controversial view, but it echoes the g eneral theme of converting human capital to "human resources" and thus greatly diminish ing its value to the host society, i.e. "Africa", as it is put to narrow imitative use as "labor" in the using society. In a series of reports of the UN Secretary-General to the General Assembly over the last d ecade [e.g. A/56/162 (2001)], a broad inter sectoral approach to developing human resour cefulness has been outlined as a priority for socio-economic development and particularly anti-poverty strategies. This calls for strategic and integrated public policies, for example in education, health, and employment sectors that promote occupational skills, knowledg e and performance enhancement. In the very narrow context of corporate "human resources", there is a contrasting pull to r eflect and require workplace diversity that echoes the diversity of a global customer base. Foreign language and culture skills, ingenuity, humor, and careful listening, are examples of traits that such programs typically require. It would appear that these evidence a gener al shift to the human capital point of view, and an acknowledgment that human beings do contribute much more to a productive enterprise than "work": they bring their character, t heir ethics, their creativity, their social connections, and in some cases even their pets and children, and alter the character of a workplace. The term corporate culture is used to char acterize such processes. The traditional but extremely narrow context of hiring, firing, and job description is consi dered a 20th century anachronism. Most corporate organizations that compete in the mod ern global economy have adopted a view of human capital that mirrors the modern conse nsus as above. Some of these, in turn, deprecate the term "human resources" as useless. In general the abstractions of macro-economics treat it this way - as it characterizes no m echanisms to represent choice or ingenuity. So one interpretation is that "firm-specific hu man capital" as defined in macro-economics is the modern and correct definition of "hum an resources" - and that this is inadequate to represent the contributions of "human resour

ces" in any modern theory of political economy.

INTERNAL SECURITIES OBJECTIVES ‧ To uphold, preserve and enhance public security and order in the face of any form of threat; ‧ To increase the effectiveness of enforcement of public order and national security; ‧ To intensify efforts to prevent the supply, distribution and abuse of drugs; ‧ To enhance the effectiveness of prevention and treatment of drug addiction, and rehabilitation of drug addicts; ‧ To ensure that sentencing and detention of offenders are carried out safely; ‧ To increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation programmes for offenders; ‧ To increase public involvement as civil defence volunteers in the search and rescue of disaster victims; ‧ To monitor and carry out enforcement with regard to printing and distribution of publications; ‧ To ensure the authenticity of the Quran and prevent deviationist text; and ‧ To ensure that all departments and divisions are functioning effectively and efficiently. FUNCTIONS ‧ To formulate and implement policies pertaining to public security and order; ‧ To enforce laws relating to public security and order; ‧ To prevent the supply, distribution and abuse of drugs; ‧ To plan and implement prevention, treatment and rehabilitation programmes for drug addiction; ‧ To detain offenders who have been sentenced; ‧ To prepare and implement integrated rehabilitation programmes for offenders; ‧ To carry out rescue and supervision of disaster victims; ‧ To provide emergency aid and social services; ‧ To issue publication permits and printing press licences; ‧ To study and analyse printed materials; ‧ To check and determine the authenticity of published Quranic texts and related materials; ‧ To establish relations and cooperation on the international front in aspects of security, and ‧ To plan, implement and monitor supporting activities for the divisions and departments. MISSION To preserve the sovereignty of the law for public order and national security VISION Taking the helm of national security and public order CORE VALUES The Ministry of Internal Security aims to achieve a high level of public confidence through core values shared by all its staff. The values inculcated in the staff are:

Integrity – to carry out their duties with sincerity and trustworthiness Innovation – to be more proactive by applying current technology; and Professionalism – to provide high-performance service consistent with work ethics emphasising credibi lity, confidentiality and efficiency. STRATEGIC THRUSTS Strategic thrusts have been formulated to ensure that the ministry performs in line with its vision, missi on and objectives. They represent the principles which underline every programme that is planned. The characteristics of these thrusts are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Strategic values; Broad strategies; Uniqueness to the organisation; Comprehensiveness; Integration; and Competitiveness.

STRATEGIC THRUST 1 The public is responsible and sensitive towards national security Objectives ‧ To increase public awareness and knowledge about national security and public order; and ‧ To increase the involvement of the public and the community in security matters. Implications ‧ The public will live in a peaceful and safe environment, and ‧ The people’s quality of life will improve. STRATEGIC THRUST 2 Improve and consolidate the service delivery system Objectives ‧ To enhance the quality of the public service delivery system ‧ To increase the effectiveness of law enforcement and prevention/rehabilitation programmes ‧ To streamline and improve treatment and rehabilitation methods; and ‧ To preserve the safety of the people and property in the event of disasters. Implications ‧ The public is satisfied and enjoys quality services; and ‧ Public perception and trust in service providers will be heightened.

STRATEGIC THRUST 3 Cooperation and smart partnership with agencies and primary security bodies, central agencies, instituti ons, non-governmental organisations and international bodies Objective ‧ To intensify strategic and smart partnerships with government and non-governmental bodies within and outside the country Implications ‧ The ministry will be more effective in implementing its strategies and action plans; and ‧ Improved cooperation from partners in local and overseas security agencies. STRATEGIC THRUST 4 Strong coordination and internal cooperation Objectives ‧ To enhance enforcement of acts/laws/regulations relating to national security and public order; and ‧ To introduce and develop quality management. Implications ‧ The ministry will be more effective in implementing its strategies and action plans; and ‧ Reduced overlap in scope of work and information gathering. STRATEGIC THRUST 5 Sharing of noble values Objectives ‧ To reinforce noble values, integrity and professionalism among staff of the divisions/departments/ag encies in the ministry; and ‧ To increase understanding of the ministry staff of the importance of preserving national security and public order. Implication ‧ Change of mindset, knowledge and expertise of the ministry based on noble values internalised at al l levels. STRATEGIC THRUST 6 Development of capacity and competence Objectives ‧ To enhance development of competitive human capital; and ‧ To increase the competence level of ministry staff. Implications ‧ Endless opportunities for career development and leadership for ministry staff; and

‧

High-performing staff will receive official recognition and remuneration.

CLIENT’S CHARTER To ensure that all policies relating to public security and order are coordinated, updated and imp lemented fully To ensure that enforcement of the laws relating to public security and order is constantly steppe d up To streamline the administrative machinery and national security system so as to be efficient an d effective at all times for the protection of the society against all forms of criminal and social t hreats To forge cooperation and smart partnerships with security agencies and bodies, central agencies, institutions, non-governmental and international organisations To ensure that Malaysia’s interests in security matters on the international front are upheld in lin e with national policies and laws To strengthen the ICT system based on the application of current technology to meet clients’ re quirements To process applications for security clearance, licences and permits carefully and within the stip ulated time frame To create a comfortable environment that is conducive for interaction with clients To provide a high performance service consistent with work ethics that underline integrity, effi ciency and client-friendliness To ensure that public complaints are managed quickly, correctly and effectively Strategies of the Ministry The ministry has devised five strategies after considering the main roles of the five divisions/departme nts/agencies within it. 1. Public security and order ‧ To uphold, maintain and increase public security and order in the face of any form of threat; and ‧ To enhance enforcement of public order and national security. 2. Anti-drugs ‧ To step up efforts to prevent drug supply, distribution and abuse; and

‧

To enhance preventive measures, treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts.

3. Rehabilitation and sentencing ‧ To ensure that sentencing and detention of offenders are carried out safely; and ‧ To increase effectiveness of rehabilitation programmes for offenders. 4. Crisis management ‧ To enhance management of crisis, disasters and rescue operations; and ‧ To increase public involvement as civil defence volunteers in the search and rescue of disaster victi ms. 5. Control of publications and Quranic text ‧ To monitor and carry out enforcement with regard to printing and distribution of publications; and ‧ To ensure that the printed Quran and related materials are authentic to prevent deviationist text. SERVICES Stakeholders Stakeholders are individuals or organisations which have interests in the core services of the ministry. They include the following: ‧ Prime Minister ‧ Deputy Prime Minister ‧ Minister, Deputy Ministers and Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Internal Security ‧ Cabinet ‧ Parliament ‧ Chief Secretary to the Government ‧ National Security Council ‧ Central agencies; and ‧ Secretary-General of the Ministry of Internal Security Clients/Target Group The ministry’s clients or target group is the party that is on the receiving end of its services (the benefic iary) and is categorised as the following: government agencies, the community and the business/private sector. Relationship between Divisions/Departments/Agencies of the Ministry As a ministry with several departments/agencies within it, apart from the inter-division relationship, the re are relationships among the departments/agencies in the running of the ministry. The divisions steer and coordinate the core responsibilities of the ministry to uphold the sovereignty of the law for the pres ervation of public order and national security.