الادراك علم نفس

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‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪه اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬

‫اﻻدراك‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺪرس‪:‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻗﺒﻠﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻻدراك‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻻدراك‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮات اﻻدراﻛﯿﮫ اﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻋﺎدﯾﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺑﻌﺪى‬ ‫‪ :١‬اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻘﺒﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮال اﻻول‪:‬ﺗﺨﯿﺮ اﻻﺟﺎﺑﮫ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺤﮫ‪:‬‬

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‫‪.١‬اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﮫ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﯿﮫ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺨﻠﻊ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ودﻻﻟﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻰ ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﮭﺎ او اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه اﻟﯿﮭﺎ ھﻰ‪.....‬‬ ‫اﻟﺬاﻛﺮه ‪-‬اﻻدراك ‪-‬اﻻﺣﺴﺎس ‪-‬اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه‬‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬‫‪.٢‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺮى اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ھﺬا اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﮫ داﺋﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻠﮫ ﻓﺎن‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‪......‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻻرﺿﯿﮫ‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎق‬‫اﻻﻏﻼق‬‫اﻟﺜﺒﺎت‬‫اﻟﻜﻞ اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﺟﺰاﺋﮫ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‪:‬ﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﮫ ﺻﺢ او ﻋﻼﻣﮫ ﺧﻄﺄ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ :١‬اﻻدراك ھﻮ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﮫ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺜﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫) (‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪:٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻐﻤﻮض اﻻدراﻛﻰ ﺗﺴﺎوى اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻻرﺿﯿﮫ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫) (‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮوز‪.‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫‪:٣‬اﻟﮭﻼوس ھﻰ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻓﻰ ادراك اﻟﻤﺜﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره ﯾﻨﺘﻤﻰ اﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫) (‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ وھﻮ ادراك ﻃﺒﯿﻌﻰ ﺳﻮى ﻟﺪى اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬ﻗﺎرن ﺑﯿﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‪ :‬رﺗﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﯿﮫ اﻟﺘﻰ ﯾﻤﺮ ﺑﮭﺎ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه‬ ‫اﻻدراك‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺴﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﺬاﻛﺮه‬ ‫‪ :٢‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻻدراك‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻻدراك‪:‬‬

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‫ھﻮ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﮫ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﯿﮫ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺨﻠﻊ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ودﻻﻟﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻰ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻻﺣﺴﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ او اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه اﻟﯿﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ :٣‬ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻻدراك‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪-١‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻜﻞ اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﺟﺰاﺋﮫ‪:‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻮد اﻟﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺪرﺳﮫ اﻟﺠﺸﻄﻠﺖ ﻓﻰ اﻻھﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺪراﺳﮫ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻻدراك وﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ اﻟﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﯿﻦ ﺗﻘﺮا ﻛﻠﻤﺘﻰ )ﺑﺎب ؛ أ ب( وھﻤﺎ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺘﺎن ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮوف ﻓﺎﻧﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺪرﻛﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺤﺮوف ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﮫ واﻧﻤﺎ ﻛﻮﺣﺪات ﻛﻠﯿﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻻﺳﺎس اﻣﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻻﺧﺮى ﻟﻼدراك‪.‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻻرﺿﯿﮫ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ اﻻدراك اﻟﻤﺜﯿﺮ ﻋﺎده ﻟﮫ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺑﺎرزه ﺗﺴﻤﻰ “اﻟﺸﻜﻞ” وﻣﺜﯿﺮات‬ ‫اﺧﺮى اﻗﻞ ﺑﺮوزا ﺗﺴﻤﻰ “اﻻرﺿﯿﮫ”‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻐﻤﻮض اﻻدراﻛﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫ان ﯾﺘﺴﺎوى اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻻرﺿﯿﮫ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﺮوز‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺛﺒﺎت اﻻدراك‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﺪرك اﻻﺷﯿﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﮭﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﮫ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ وﺷﻜﻠﮭﺎ وﻟﻮﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫رﻏﻢ اﻧﮭﺎ داﺋﻤﮫ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺪرﺟﮫ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻀﻮ اﻟﺤﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻻﻏﻼق‬ ‫ﯾﻤﯿﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻰ ادراك اﻟﻤﺜﯿﺮات ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﮭﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺪ اﻟﻔﺠﻮات اﻟﺘﻰ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ودﻻﻟﮫ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺴﯿﺎق‪:‬‬

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‫ﯾﻤﯿﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻰ ادراك ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﯿﺮ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﯿﺮات اﻻﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﮫ او‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﺣﺒﮫ او ﺗﻠﺤﻘﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﻓﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﺧﺒﺮات اﻟﻤﺪرك اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﮫ واﻟﺪاﻓﻌﯿﮫ‪.‬‬

‫‪:٤‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺨﺒﺮات اﻻدراﻛﯿﮫ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﮫ‬ ‫‪-١‬اﻟﺨﺪاع اﻻدراﻛﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ھﻮ ﺳﻮء ﺗﺎوﯾﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﯿﺮات ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرھﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻰ اﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻮ ادراك ﺣﺴﻰ ﺧﺎﻃﻰ او ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻮﻇﺎھﺮه ﻧﻔﺴﯿﮫ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯿﮫ ﯾﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس‪.‬‬

‫‪-٢‬اﻟﮭﻼوس‪:‬‬ ‫ھﻰ اﺿﻄﺮﺑﺎت ﺳﻠﻮﻛﯿﮫ ﯾﺪرك ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺜﯿﺮات ﻻ وﺟﻮد ﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﻼوس ﺑﺼﺮﯾﮫ او ﺳﻤﻌﯿﮫ او ﻟﻤﺴﯿﮫ وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وھﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺬھﺎن)اﻟﻤﺮض اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻰ(‪.‬‬

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‫‪:٥‬اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺒﻌﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال اﻻول‪:‬ﻋﺮف اﻟﻤﻔﺎھﯿﻢ اﻻﺗﯿﮫ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-١‬اﻻدراك‪.......................................................‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬اﻟﻐﻤﻮض اﻻدراﻛﻰ‪...........................................‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬اﻟﺨﺪاع اﻻدراﻛﻰ‪..............................................‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬اﻟﮭﻼوس‪......................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‪:‬ﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﮫ ﺻﺢ اوﺧﻄﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻻدراك ھﻮ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﮫ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﯿﮫ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺨﻠﻊ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ودﻻﻟﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫) (‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻰ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻻﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻐﻤﻮض اﻻدراﻛﻰ ﻋﺪم ﺗﺴﺎوى اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻻرﺿﯿﮫ‬ ‫) (‬ ‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﺮوز‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﮭﻼوس ھﻰ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻓﻰ ادراك اﻟﻤﺜﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره ﯾﻨﺘﻤﻰ اﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫) (‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ وھﻮ ادراﻛﻄﺒﯿﻌﻰ ﻟﺪى اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬وﺿﺢ ﻣﺪى اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-١‬اﻟﻐﻤﻮض اﻻدراﻛﻰ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻻرﺿﯿﮫ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬اﻟﺨﺪاع اﻻدراﻛﻰ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺑﺮھﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺎﺗﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-١‬ﯾﺪرك اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﮫ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت ﻛﺎﻣﻠﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬ﯾﻤﯿﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻰ ادراك ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﯿﺮ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﯿﺮات اﻻﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﮫ او ﺗﺼﺎﺣﺒﮫ او ﺗﻠﺤﻘﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‪:‬ﻗﺎرﻧﻰ ﺑﯿﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﺪاع اﻻدراﻛﻰ و اﻟﮭﻼوس‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ ) ﻃﺒﯿﻌﮫ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻰ اﻟﯿﮫ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ ( ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻧﺘﮭﻰ اﻟﺪرس‬

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