გურამ თევზაძე - აღორძინების ეპოქის ფილოსოფია

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademia Georgian National Academy of Sciences

guram TevzaZe GURAM TEVZADZE

aRorZinebis epoqis filosofia (marsilio fiCinodan iakob boememde)

Philosophy of the Renaissance Era (From Marsilio Ficino to Jacob Boehme)

Tbilisi _ Tbilisi 2008 --

redaqtori

filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori Tengiz iremaZe

recenzentebi:

filosofiis mecnierebaTa kandidati nino fifia

filosofiis mecnierebaTa kandidati giorgi xeoSvili

Editor _ Doctor of Philosophy Tengiz Iremadze Reviewers:

Candidate of Philosophy Nino Pipia



Candidate of Philosophy Giorgi Kheoshvili

gamocema arakomerciulia am da sxva amgvari gamocemis SesaZleblobas avtori umadlis baton biZina ivaniSvils. Non _ profit publication The author is indebted to Mr. Bidzina Ivanishvili for the opportunity of issuing this and similar publications. © g. TevzaZe, 2008 gamomcemloba `nekeri~ ISBN 978-9941-404-13-9 --

sarCevi redaqtorisagan

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avtorisagan

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Sesavali _ Sua saukuneebis filosofia da aRorZinebis epoqis filosofia 11 Tavi I. florenciis platonuri akademia 15 1. marsilio fiCino 18 2. jovani piko dela mirandola 32 3. nikolo makiaveli da misi antiutopia 46 4. alamino rinuCini 58 Tavi II. padueli aristotelikosebi aRorZinebis epoqaSi 62 1. petre pomponaci 63 2. jakomo zabarela 72 Tavi III. skepticizmi aRorZinebis epoqaSi 1. Sarl de boviliusi 2. miSel monteni

74 74 84

Tavi IV. reformacia da renesansi germaniaSi 94 1. erazm roterdameli 94 2. martin luTeris msoflmxedveloba 104 3. Teofraste paracelsis filosofia 118 4. sebastian frankis filosofiuri Sexedulebani 135 5. valentin vaigeli 164 Tavi V. aRorZinebis epoqis dasasruli 198 1. bernandino telezio 198 2. ieronimo kardano 202 3. franCesko patrici 208 4. jordano bruno 213 5. tomazo kampanela 225 6. iakob boeme 232 aRorZinebis epoqis filosofia _ axali filosofiiis Sesavali 239 miTiTebuli literatura 243 pirTa saZiebeli 248 --

Contents From the editor

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From the author

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Introduction - Medieval Philosophy and Philosophy of Renaissance

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Chapter I. Platonic Renaissance in Florence 15 1. Marsili���������������� o Ficino 18 2. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 32 3. Nicolo Machiavelli and his Antiutopia 46 4. Alamanno Rinuccini 58 Chapter II. Paduan Aristotelianism in the Renaissance Era 1. Pietro Pomponazzi 2. Giacomo Zabarella

62 63 72

Chapter III. Skepticism in Renaissance Era 74 1. Charl de Bovilius 74 2. Michel de Montaigne 84 Chapter IV. Reformation and Renaissance in Germany 1. Erasmus of Rotterdam 2. The Worldview of Martin Luther 3. Theophrastus Paracelsus 4. Philosophical View of Sebastian Frank 5. Valentin Weigel

94 94 104 118 135 164

Chapter V. Way out of Renaissance Era 1. Bernardino Telesio 2. Geronimo Cardano 3. Francesco Patrizi 4. Giordano Bruno 5. Tommaso Campanella 6. Jacob Boehme

198 198 202 208 213 225 232

The Era of Renaissance - Introduction to the New Era

239

References

243

Index of Names

248

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redaqtorisagan winamdebare wigni evropuli azrovnebis umniSvne­ lovanesa da umdidres periods exeba. masSi aRorZinebis xanis (renesansis) filosofiis yvela mniSvnelovan mimarTulebasa Tu warmomadgenels saTanado adgili aqvs daTmobili _ prof. guram TevzaZe kvlevas iwyebs marsilio fiCinos azrovnebiT da amTavrebs iakob boemes qristianuli Teosofiis ganxilviT. axlave SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es wigni qarTuli filosofiis didi SenaZenia. qarTul filosofias aRorZinebis xanis filosofiuri azrovnebis aseTi safuZvliani ganxilva dRemde ar axsovs; winamdebare wigni sasargebloa renesansis kulturisa da azrovnebis SemswavlelTaTvis saerTod; is, uwinares yovlisa, xels Seuwyobs qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi gavrcelebuli Salva nucubiZis `renesansis Teoriis~ mkvlevrebs. am Teoriis kvleva xom saqarTveloSi xSirad iseTi gziT midioda, rasac, albaT, TviT S. nucubiZe ar isurvebda. arada, renesansis miseuli modeli Ria, gaxsnili iyo yoveli axali ZiebisTvis. `aRmosavluri renesansis~ miseuli Teoria mxolod im SemTxvevaSi darCeba aqtualuri, Tu misi mesveurni da mkvlevarni italiuri renesansis mdidari tradiciis WrilSi ganixilaven mas. swored aRorZinebis xanis italieli moazrovneebi qmnian im saazrovno horizonts, romlis gaTvaliswinebis gareSec `aRmosavluri renesansis~ Teoriis qarTveli mkvlevrebi sarwmuno Sedegebs ver miaRweven. winamdebare wigni zemoT aRniSnul problemaTa gadasaWrelad kargi megzuri SeiZleba aRmoCndes! ar SemiZlia ar aRvniSno am wignis kidev erTi Rirseba! vfiqrob, rom guram TevzaZis es gamokvleva _ mis sxva did SromebTan erTad _ kritikuli filosofiis mdidar da saukeTeso tradicias miekuTvneba. avtori ar Ralatobs --

Tavis umTavres princips _ aqac codnisa da rwmenis tolpirveladobis WrilSia warmodgenili aRorZinebis xanis didi moazrovneebis Teoriul mcdelobaTa av-kargi. swored renesansi sTavazobs g. TevzaZes Tavisi koncefciis gasamyareblad umdidres masalebs. xazi gausva codnisa da rwmenis tolpirveladobas _ es imas niSnavs, rom adamianuri codnis arsebiT Tvisebas swvde: is maradiul ganaxlebas eqvemdebareba da principulad axal WeSmaritebebs saWiroebs! rwmena aq didi stimulis momcemi SeiZleba iyos! guram TevzaZe amgvar xedvas metad sagulisxmo terminiT _ `sokratuli hegelianeloba~ _ aRniSnavs; iyo `sokratuli hegelianelobis~ mimdevari _ es imas niSnavs, rom yovelTvis axalsa da ucxos eZiebde; es ki, Tavis mxriv, kritikuli filosofiis umniSvnelovanes aspeqts, tolerantobis filosofias uyris safuZvels; es amasTanave isaa, rac, Cemi azriT, filosofiur kvlevas Rirebuls xdis da rac winamdebare wignis avtors qarTuli sauniversiteto filosofiis bevri, Zalian bevri warmomadgenlisagan ase mkafiod ganasxvavebs. dabolos, qarTvel mkiTxvels vurCev, rom es Zalian saWiro da sasargeblo wigni didi gulisxmierebiT waikiTxos. visac aRorZinebis xanis azrovnebis mier moniSnul gzebze xetiali uRirs, prof. guram TevzaZis am wignis wakiTxva did siamovnebas mianiWebs. es gansakuTrebiT Cvens axalgazrda Taobas exeba, romlisTvisac avtorma es wigni dawera da romelsac misi mzrunveli yuradReba arasdros moklebia. Tengiz iremaZe q. Tbilisi, 26 ivlisi, 2008 w.

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avtorisagan am naSromis ZiriTadi principebi gamoqveynda avtorTa jgufis wignSi „narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi` (Tb., 1993 w.), romelic damxmare saxelmZRvaneloa studentebisaTvis. es krebuli iyo ideologiuri diqtatisagan Tavisufali filosofiis istoriis Seqmnis erT-erTi pirveli cda, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis (1991 w.) Semdeg. ganvlili drois manZilze me ganvagrZobdi dasavleTis kulturis ganviTarebis am uaRresad mdidari da saintereso periodis kvlevas. SeZlebisdagvarad gaviTvaliswine axali gamokvlevebi, Sevecade am periodis moazrovneTa ZiriTadi principebis ukeT gamokveTas. davamate gamokvlevebi boviliusze, montenze, paracelsze, s. frankze, v. vaigelze da sxva. axali aspeqtiT damuSavda rigi problema, magram filosofiur-istoriuli koncefcia igive darCa, rac Cems sxva SromebSi („imanuel kanti`, Tb., 1974 w.; „antikuri filosofia`, Tb., 1995 w.; „Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoria`, Tb., 1996 w.; „XX saukunis filosofiis istoria`, Tb., 2002 w.) iyo gatarebuli. es koncefcia gulisxmobs codnisa da rwmenis tolpirveladobis princips. mas iracionalizmi da skepticizmi miaCnia gonebis TviTkritikis specifikur saxeebad; igi aRiarebs gonebis Zlierebis hegeliseul rwmenas, magram amasTanave kvlevis yoveli Sedegis sokrateseul Sefasebas iTxovs, rogorc Semdgomi kvlevis aucileblobis safuZvels _ rogorc axali, ufro Rrma WeSmaritebis kvlevis saWiroebis gacnobierebas. amas SeiZleba sokratuli hegelianeloba ewodos. vfiqrob, es araa xelovnuri gaerTianeba ori erTmaneTisagan didad gansxvavebuli filosofosisa, romelTagan pirveli amtkicebda, „me is vici, rom araferi ar vici`, xolo meore darwmunebuli iyo, rom absoluti adamianis gonebaSi aRwevs Tavis TviTSemecnebas. sokrate sulac ar iyo sakuTar Tavze dabali warmodgenis, magram miaCnda, rom adamianis yvelaze --

didi codnac ki arcodnaa absolutur WeSmaritebasTan SedarebiT. hegeli ki sulac ar Tvlida, rom igi yvela WeSmaritebas Caswvda da mis Semdeg sakacobrio mecnierebas da kulturas aRaraferi darCeba gasakeTebeli. mas mxolod imis pretenzia hqonda, rom Caswvda absoluturi WeSmaritebis logikur struqturas, rogorc im mizans, romelsac kacobrioba absoluturi WeSmaritebisaken mimaval usasrulo gzaze unda uaxlovdebodes. es, cxadia, sulac araa Tavmdabloba da mokrZalebuli ganacxadi; magram amis gamo ar unda CavTvaloT, rom hegels sakuTari Tavi absoluturi codnis mflobeli egona. dakvirvebuli istorikosis Tvali erTmaneTs dapirispirebul did filosofosebSi siRrmiseul msgavsebasac dainaxavs: mgonia, kants rom hegelis „logikis mecniereba` waekiTxa, didi neokantianeli paul natorpis msgavsad, ityoda: yvelaferSi veTanxmebi avtors _ adamianis gonebis absoluturobis garda. es araa sityvebis TamaSi, aramed dapirispirebulTa ganmsazRvrel safuZvelze miTiTeba. winamdebare saxiT es kursi pirvelad waekiTxa ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetis bakalavrebs.

guram TevzaZe q. Tbilisi, 21 ivlisi, 2008 weli

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From the author The basic principles of the present work were published as a product of collaborative effort in “Essays in the History of Philosophy” (Tbilisi, 1993), which still serves as an auxiliary textbook for students. In a politically independent Georgia (sovereignty was regained in 1991), this book represented one of the first attempts to create the History of Philosophy that is free from ideological dictatorship. Since then I continued the research of Renaissance, this extremely plentiful and enticing period of the development of the Occidental culture. I tried my best to take into account new treatises, attempted to better outline the basic principles of thinkers from this period. The researchs on Bovilius, Montaigne, Paracelsus, S. Frank, V. Weigel and others have been added. A number of problems were re-worked based on new aspects, but the philosophical and historical concepts remained same as manifested in my previous works (“Immanuel Kant”, 1974; “The Philosophy of Antiquity”, 1995; “The Philosophy of the Middle Ages”, 1996; “History of Philosophy of the XX Century”, 2002). These include the concept of the equal primace of Knowledge and Faith, considers Irrationalism and Skepticism as the specific reflections of the self-criticism of Mind, professes the Hegelian belief in the power of Mind, but also requires the Socratic evaluation of every result of any advance in research, as the foundation for the necessity of the future research, as the awareness of the necessity for the quest seeking a new, even deeper Truth. This approach can be defined as “Socratic Hegelianism”. In my opinion, it’s not an artificial unification of the two vastly different great philosophers, one of whom claimed, “I know that I know nothing”, while the other was confident that the Absolute can achieve its self-consciousness in the Human Mind. Socrates was by no means of a low opinion about himself, but did consider the Human Knowledge of any depth as the absence thereof compared to the Absolute Knowledge. Hegel did not think at all that he perceived every Truth, and that after him there was no work left for the Human Science and Culture. He only claimed to understand --

the logical structure of the Absolute Truth, and outlined it as a path to be followed by Humanity on the everlasting journey to the Absolute Truth. Naturally, this is hardly a modest and self-deprecating statement, but we should not conclude that Hegel perceived himself as the possessor of the Absolute Truth. An eye of an observant historian would detect in-depth similarities between the great philosopheradversaries: I think if Kant (1724-1804) were to read Hegel’s “The Science of Logic”, like the great neo-Kantian P. Natorp (1854-1924) he would say: I agree in everything with the author, except for the Absoluteness of Mind. This is not a word game, but rather outlining the defining basis of opposites. Such is the author’s approach to the thinkers of Renaissance. The contents of this book present the names of philosophers to whom these Principles are applicable. In given form this cours was first read within the BA Program Philosophy and Soucial Sciences of Ilia Chavchavadze State Universitety 2006. Guram Tevzadze Tbilisi, 21 Jule, 2008

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Sesavali - Sua saukuneebis filosofia da aRorZinebis epoqis filosofia XV-XVI saukuneebSi feodalur urTierTobaTa wiaRSi kapitalizmis Ca­saxvas Tan axlda axali msoflmxedvelobis warmoSobac. axali progresuli klasi qmnis sakuTari interesebis Sesabamis ideologias, cdilobs, Tavis samsaxurSi Caayenos xelovneba, literatura, mecniereba, filosofia, teqnika da sxva. burJuaziis aRmavlobas fexdafex misdevda mecnierebis giganturi aRorZineba. ganaxlda interesi astronomiis, meqanikis, fizikis, anatomiis, fiziologiisadmi. Tavisi samrewvelo warmoebis da vaWrobis gansaviTareblad burJuazias esaWiroeboda mecniereba, romelic gamoikvlevda fizikur sxeulTa Tvisebebs da bunebis ZalTa moqmedebis formebs. am dromde ki mecniereba, oficialurad, iyo eklesiis morCili msaxuri, romelsac neba ar hqonda sarwmunoebis mier dadebuli sazRvrebi gadaelaxa. am kuTxiT danaxuli, is yvelaferi iyo, garda mecnierebisa. axali mecniereba araoficialurad da oficialuradac aujanyda kaTolikur eklesias [nikolai koperniki (1473-1543), galileo galilei (15641642), ieronimo kardano (1501-1576) da sxvebi]. rogorc amboben, burJuazias es awyobda da miiRo kidec am ajanyebaSi monawileoba. Zveli samyaros winaaRmdeg brZola da axali centralizebuli saxelmwifos Seqmna evropis qveynebSi erTdroulad ar dawyebula, magram es procesi yvelgan erTi mimarTulebiT midioda. amas daemTxva TiTqmis daviwyebuli da Teologiis mier, garkveuli azriT, akrZaluli antikuri literaturisa da xelovnebis axali gacnoba. gabatonebul msoflmxedvelobaSi maxvilma gadainacvla da win wamoiwia oficialurad „miCqmalulma` Rirebulebebma: simdidrem, amqveyniuris mSvenierebam, morwmuneTa fizikurma Zalam da silamazem. cnobilia, rom kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi yoveli epoqis kultura gardamavalia. igi ganpirobebulia war- 11 -

suliT da amzadebs pirobebs momdevnosaTvis. magram aRorZinebis epoqa gansakuTrebiT imsaxurebs am saxels, radgan ori savsebiT Camoyalibebuli da gamokveTili kulturis, feodalizmis da kapitalizmis kulturaTa Sorisaa moqceuli. Sua saukuneebTan mTeli misi dapirispirebis miuxedavad, aRorZinebis epoqa mniSvnelovnadaa ganmsWvaluli misi miznebiTa da problematikiT; axal epoqasTan mTeli siaxlovis miuxedavad, gansxvaveba mainc arsebiTi rCeba. aRorZinebis kulturis specifikas ori didi kulturis swored es urTierTganmsWvalva qmnis. axali da Zveli aq isea gadaxlarTuli erTmaneTTan, rom formaluri SesaZlebloba iqmneba, es kultura mTlianad mivakuTvnoT Zvels (da misi ganviTarebis umaRles wertilad CavTvaloT), an axals (da misi ganviTarebis sawyisidan warmovadginoT). aman ganapiroba iseT TeoriaTa arseboba, romelnic saerTod uaryofen aRorZinebis xanis specifikuri kulturis arsebobas. amgvari midgomiT ara marto aRorZinebis kulturis specifika ikargeba, aramed momijnaveTa Taviseburebebis gamokveTac rTuldeba. es zogadi mimarTeba vrceldeba am kulturebis filosofiur SexedulebaTa urTierTdamokidebulebazec. aRorZinebis epoqis filosofia, romelic, saboloo jamSi, gansazRvravs am epoqis miznebs, Tavis damouki­debel Rirebulebas mxolod am epoqis ekonomikur da soci­alpolitikur viTarebebTan mWidro kavSirSi ganxilvisas amJRavnebs. es epoqa kompasis da didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqaa, romelmac Sua saukuneebis adamianis SezRuduli horizonti gaafarTova. am dros Tofis wamlis gamoyenebam raindTa ordenebis batonobas bolo mouRo. evropis Tavisufal qalaqebSi kapitalisturi wyobilebis sawyisebi Caisaxa. panTeisturi tendenciis mqone moZRvrebaTa safuZvelze, TandaTan meti yuradReba mieqceva amqveyniur, grZnobad sinamdviles. filosofiasa da mecnierebas - 12 -

ormagi WeSmari­tebis TeoriiT miniWebuli uflebebi aRar akmayofilebs da WeSmaritebis (rogorc dasabuTebuli codnis) erTaderT mesveurad acxadebs Tavs. kopernikis Teoria, Tundac hipoTezis saxiT warmodgenili, amis oficialuri ganacxadi iyo. yovelive aman Sua saukuneebis evropels SesaZlebloba misca axleburad Seexeda imisTvisac, rac mis garSemo iyo: Zveli romis nangrevebisTvis, xelovnebis gadarCenili ZeglebisTvis, platonis (428/27-348/47) da sxva filosofosTa xelnawerebisTvis. es axleburi xedva niSnavda Sua saukuneebis gadalaxvis dasawyiss. am periodis italiaSi yvela yvelaferSi antikurobas baZavda, magram Sua saukuneebs gamovlil evropas, qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis adamians, ar SeeZlo Tavisi aTaswliani warsulis xelaRebiT uaryofa. italieli xelovani, politikosi Tu filosofosi arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda antikurisagan. aq mibaZvis saxeliT axali iqmneboda. Sua saukuneebis dasasrulad da aRorZinebis dasawyisad Tu raime Tari­Ris dasaxeleba SeiZleba, esaa 1453 weli, rodesac Turqebma konstantinepoli daipyres. bizantieli swavlulebi gadarCenili berZnuli xelnaweriT ita­liaSi gaeSurnen da mxarSi amoudgnen aRorZinebisTvis mebrZolebs. 1453 wels, nikoloz kuzaneli (1401-1464) ukve Camoyalibebuli mecnieri da gavleniani filosofosi iyo. misi SeuzRudveli Semwynarebloba, romelic RmerTis neoplatonur gagebas emyareboda, SesaniSnav pirobebs qmnida florenciis neoplatonuri akademiis CamoyalibebisaTvis, sadac adamianis Rirsebis da daniSnulebis axali gageba savsebiT gamoikveTa. aq, axali epoqis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, agrZelebdnen im samuSaos, romelic Sua saukuneebSi e. w. eretikosebma „areopagitikis` problemebis damuSavebiT daiwyes. axali yovelTvis ZvelSi isaxeba. axali ideologiis momamzadebelni TavianT Teoriebs saxarebisa da bibliis - 13 -

interpretaciebze amyarebdnen. ada­mianSi TavisTavadi Rirebulebis danaxva, misi Zalebisadmi ndoba, misi sulieri da sxeulebrivi miswrafebebis harmoniulobis SesaZleblobebis rwmena aerTianebda uaRresad gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs. amitom miiRo am ideologiam saerTo saxeli _ humanizmi. roca am epoqas aRorZinebas uwodeben, igulisxmeba adamianisa da misi amqveyniuri saqmianobisaTvis im Rirebulebis xelaxali miniWeba, romelic antikurobas axasiaTebda da romelsac Sua saukuneebis religiuri msoflm­xedveloba, rogorc wesi, uaryofda. aRorZineba sxvadasxva kulturul regionSi sxadasxvagvarad mimdinareobda. dRes, Cvens mecnierebaSi, Salva nucubiZis (1888-1969) aRmosavleTis renesansis Teoriis safuZvelze, msjeloben ara marto qarTul renesansze, romelic XII s.-is dasasruls daiwyo, aramed, agreTve, somxur (XII-XII ss.), Cinur renesansze (VIII-XIV ss.) da a. S. magram renesansis klasikuri nimuSi mainc dasavleT evropis qveyanam, kerZod, italiam warmoadgina. aq aRorZinebis epoqis kulturam Tavisi ganviTarebis yvela safexuri ganvlo da moamzada axali filosofia _ burJuaziuli epoqis filosofia, romlis saTaveebTan frensis bekoni (1561-1626) da rene dekarti (1596-1650) dganan.

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Tavi I. florenciis platonuri akademia konstantinepoli 1453 wels aiRes Turqebma, magram misi dacema gacilebiT adre daiwyo. is jer kidev 1204 wels meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobis monawileebma daipyres da daarbies. marTalia, 1261 wels bizantielebma konstantinepoli daibrunes, magram, amasobaSi, xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi venecieli da genueli vaWrebi savsebiT gabatondnen. konstantinepoli ekonomikuradac sasikvdilod iyo ganwiruli. bizantieli mecnierebi saSvels sxva qveynebSi eZebdnen da italiaze akeTebdnen arCevans, sadac maTTvis saTayvano antikurobis kulti TandaTan sayovelTao xdeboda. dante aligieri (1265-1321) da franCesko petrarka (1304-1374), Sua saukuneebis uaryofasTan erTad, antikuri sibrZnis da RirebulebaTa aRdgenas cdilobdnen. axali orientiacia ufro naTeli xdeba jotos (1276-1332) da donatelos (1386-1466) qmnilebebSi, romelnic amqveyniur Rirebulebebs ganadideben. TeologiaSi es Toma aqvinelisa (daaxl. 1225-1274) da Tomisturad gagebuli aristoteles (384-322) erTmmarTvelobis moxsniT da platonis win wamoweviT gamoixata. aristoteles kritika xSirad iniRbeboda arabuli aristoteles uaryofiT. did filosofosTa Rirebulebebis oficialuri Sefaseba mocemuli iyo XIV s.-is mxatvris, franCesko trainis (XIV s.) freskaze, qalaq pizis wminda ekaterines eklesiaSi. suraTi XIV s.-is pirvel naxevars ekuTvnis. centrSi zis sqolastikis maswavlebeli Toma aqvineli, mis saxeSi erTiandeba rogorc zecidan momavali, iseve iqve mdgomi platonisa da aristoteles wignebisgan gamomdinare oqros sxivebi. platons `timaiosi~, xolo aristoteles `eTika~ uWiravs. Toma aq miCneulia zeciuri da miwieri sibrZnis erTianobad. mis muxlze mdebare misive naSromidan gamodian sxivebi, romelnic ecemian mis fexebTan Camwkrivebul qristian Teologebs. erTi sxivi ecema miwaze ganrTxmul Calmians. es averoesia (1126-1198), Tomas kritikiT damarcxebuli. - 15 -

franCesko trainim eklesiis dakveTa keTilsindisierad Seasrula. dantem ki, romelic axali epoqis sunTqvas grZnobda, averoesi `RvTaebriv komediaSi~ filosofosTa sapatio wreSi Caayena, romlis centrSi aristo­ telea, rogorc `mcodneTa maswavlebeli~. mis gverdiT platoni, sokrate (469-399) da a. S. aristotelesTan siaxlove aq Rirsebis sazomia. aristoteles upiratesoba filosofosTa Soris Suasaukuneobrivia. averoesis pativiscema ki Tavisufali azris niSania. aRorZinebis antidogmatur, Tavisufal xedvas gamoxatavs rafaelis (14831520) cnobili suraTi `aTenis skola~, sadac platoni da aristotele centrs qmnian, xolo sxva moazrovneebi maT garSemo arian ganlagebuli. aqac, iseve, rogorc trainis suraTSi, platons xelSi `timaiosi~ ukavia, aristoteles _ `eTika~. ioane petriws (XI-XII ss.) rom amgvari suraTi daexata, centrSi marto platoni iqneboda, „timaiosiT` xelSi. masTan uaxloesni iqnebodnen plotini (205-270), prokle (412-485) da aristotele. espaneli zRvaosnebis da italieli vaWrebis wyalobiT, SesaZlebeli Seiqmna msoflios yvela xalxis erT mTlianobad warmosaxva. borotebis neoplatonuri uaryofis idea karg safuZvels qmnida kuzanelis Semwynareblobis principis gavrcelebisaTvis. es principi mWidrod ukavSirdeboda adamianis mniSvnelobasa da Rirsebebis Sesaxeb axal Sexedulebas. am garemoSi warmoiSva da Camoyalibda platonis filosofiis safuZvelze mTeli sakacobrio kulturis erTianobis idea, romlis ganxorcieleba daisaxa miznad florenciis platonurma akademiam (1456). aRorZinebis epoqis moRvaweTa TvaliT danaxuli antikuroba yvelaze ukeT Seesabameboda am ideals. amitom iyo, rom italiis kulturis centrSi yvelaferSi berZnebs baZavdnen. Suasaukuneobrivi abstraqtuli avtoritaruli meTodis uaryofa gzas uxsnida rogorc eqsperimentul kvleva-Ziebas, ise kvlevis WeSmarit dialogurobas. ma- 16 -

gram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ramdenadac aq axali jer saTanadod gavrcelebuli ar iyo, xolo Zveli mTlad Zaladakarguli, es dialoguroba iqca antiTetikad, e. i. debulebis (Tezisis) meoresadmi (antiTezisadmi) dapirispirebad sinTezis gareSe da, mkacrad Tu vityviT, ekleqtikadac. Tavad aRorZinebis moRvaweni ar ufrTxodnen ekleqtikas, zogjer amayobdnen kidec amiT, radgan miaCndaT calmxrivi Suasaukuneobrivi dogmatizmis uaryofad, Semwynareblobisa da goniTi TanamSromlobis saukeTeso gamoxatulebad. aristoteles is gageba, romelic sqolastikaSi Camoyalibda, amgvari idealisTvis ar gamodgeboda. Tomam aristotele kaToliked, erTpirovnul avtoritetad aqcia. averoesma, maSindeli oficialuri azriT, aTeistad. aRorZinebas arc erTi gamoadgeboda da arc meore. amitom iyo, rom am epoqis mravali didi moazrovne sqolastikis winaaRmdeg brZolas aristoteles winaaRmdeg brZolis saxes aZlevda, sayrdens ki neoplatonizmSi xedavda. amitom iyo, rom bertran raseli (1872-1970) petrarkas da jovani bokaCos (1313-1375) sulierad aRorZinebis epoqas miakuTvnebda, Tumca isini XIV s.-Si cxovrobdnen (49,519). neoplatonizmi aRorZinebis msoflmxedvelobis saer­ To filosofiuri safuZveli iyo. florenciis platonur akademiaSi aseTi safuZveli neopla­tonurad ga­gebuli platoni gaxda. platonze maT miuTiTa bizantielma filosofosma georg gemistos pleTonma (1360-1452), romelmac italiur azrovnebasTan safuZvlianad daakavSira berZnuli ganaTleba. pleToni peleponesSi (mistraSi) aswavlida filosofias. 1438 wels italiaSi Cavida saeklesio krebaze, romlis mizani aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis qristianuli eklesiebis SeerTeba iyo. albaT, am mizanma daaaxlova igi axalgazrda kuzanelTan, romelsac pleTonma urCia berZnul wyaroebs gacnoboda. pleTons antikurobis aRorZineba bizantiis saxelmwifos gadarCenis - 17 -

erTaderT saSualebad miaCnda. man wamoayena universaluri religiis idea, romelSic qristianobisa da berZnuli warmarTobis safuZvelze yvela danarCeni gaerTiandeboda. pleToni aristoteles abralebda sqolastikis unayofobas da imasac, rom dasavleTis azrovneba moswyda tradicias: piTagoras (570-500), platons, neoplatonizms. pleTonma moaxerxa samSobloSi dabruneba da mistraSive xelmZRvanelobda skolas. misi Tayvaniscema berZnuli antikurobisadmi imdenad didi iyo, rom Tavis gamouqveynebel naSromebSi berZnuli miTologiis aRorZinebis moTxovnasac ki ayenebda. pleTonis wigni `kanonebi~, sadac zevsis msaxurebaa gaTvaliswinebuli, 1460 wels patriarq giorgi sqolaris (1494_1555) brZanebiT dawves. pleTonTan erTad, italiaSi Cavida misi mowafe basile besarioni (1404-1473). igi trapezunidan iyo. adre konstantinepolis patriarqad namyofi, basile besarioni pleTons eTanxmebida platonis moZRvrebis gagebaSi, magram mas Semdeg, rac kaTolicizmi aRiara da kardinali gaxda, aristoteles moZRvrebasTan Serigebas cdilobda. msgavsi gza sxva bizantielma moRvaweebmac gaiares.

1. marsilio fiCino (1433-1499) platonisa da aristoteles moZRvrebaTa urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi gviani antikurobis da Sua saukuneebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iyo. aRorZinebis epoqaSi man gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. platonisa da aristoteles moZRvrebaTa dapirispirebis dros, qristianul qveynebSi, cxadia, upiratesobis kriteriumi iyo is, Tu rogor eguebodnen es moZRvrebebi qristianobas. islamis samyaroSi aseTive ideologiuri sazomi iyo „yuranTan` maTi SeTanxmebis SesaZlebloba. cnobili filologi, 1434 wels konstantinepolidan italiaSi gadasaxlebuli ioane argipopulo (1317-1473), - 18 -

romelic jer paduaSi berZnul enas da aristoteles filosofias aswavlida, Semdeg ki florenciaSi dasaxlda, amtkicebda, rom aristotelem ar icoda ideebis Sesaxeb platonis namdvili Teoria, xolo yvela sxva winaaRmdegoba maT Soris moCvenebiTia (69,III,179-280). paduas skola gulmodgined icavda aristoteles filosofias da mis primats yvela sxva moZRvrebaze. pleTonis mowafem, marsilio fiCinom, florenciaSi platonuri akademia daaarsa _ paduas skolis peripatetizmis sawinaaRmdegod. florencielebis mier „samSoblos mamad` wodebuli kozimo mediCis (1389-1464) daxmarebiT gaxsnil am akademias, romelSic platonis biustis win uqrobad enTo sanTeli, miznad hqonda mTeli sakacobrio kulturis sinTezi platonis moZRvrebis safuZvelze. kozimom 1462 wels marsilio fiCinos florenciis maxloblad karejos vila aCuqa. saCuqrad gadasca aseve mis biblioTekaSi arsebuli berZnuli xelnawerebis kodeqsi. fiCinos axlo megobari da mfarveli iyo lorenco mediCic (1449-1492). italiur renesansze SeuZlebelia laparaki evropaSi erT-erTi udidesi bankirTa ojaxis, mediCebis saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. am gvaris warmomadgenlebi ukve XIV s.-Si iqceven yuradRebas, rogorc filantropebi da xelovnebis mfarvelebi. am saqmianobis dasawyiss, iseve, rogorc ojaxis did simdidres jovani mediCis (1360-1429) saxels ukavSireben. kozimo mediCi misi Svili iyo. mis saxels ukavSirdeba evropaSi pirveli sajaro biblioTekis daarseba. kozimo ar iyo SemTxveviTi kaci akademiaSi. igi gonivrulad warmarTavda da afinansebda mis muSaobas. misi sityvebia: platonis moZRvrebis codnis gareSe aravin SeiZleba iyos kargi moqalaqe da kargi qristiani. jovanis STamomavloba TiTqmis ori saukunis manZilze inarCunebda gavlenas ara marto florenciasa da italiaSi, aramed mTel evropaSic. lorenco mediCis (kargi - 19 -

poetisa da platonuri akademiis disputebis monawilis) qaliSvili, maria (katerina) mediCi (1519-1589) safrangeTis dedofali da regentic gaxda. am gvaris TavgadasavalSi kargad Cans axali burJuaziuli epoqis specifika: isini xalxis interesebis saxeliT mividnen xelisuflebaSi, amave xalxis da saxelmwifos interesebis dacvis sababiT gaxdnen Semdeg tiranebi, romlebic imave xalxma gandevna savonarolas (1452-1498) meTaurobiT. amis Sedegad gabatonebulma anarqiam da masebis mdgomareobis gauaresebam, mediCebis dabruneba SesaZlebli gaxada 1512 wels. didi florencieli humanisti marsilio fiCino mRvdlad ekurTxa 1475 wels. platonis Targmna ki _ ramac italiur da, SeiZleba iTqvas, evropul humanizms, axali Sinaarsi misca _ fiCinom 1463 wels daiwyo da am saqmes oci weli moandoma. 1491 wels plotinis Targmani gamoaqveyna. manve gaacno Tanamemamuleebs prokle da dionise areopageli (VI s.). igi Segnebulad qmnida qristianobisaTvis saerTo sakacobrio filosofiur safuZvlebs. roca mRvdeli gaxda (Semdeg ki kanonikic), mas ar miuCnevia saWirod platoniT da astrologiiT Tavisi daintereseba daemala. igi bejiTad agrZelebda Tavisi gegmis ganxorcielebas, romlis mizani iyo, platonis moZRvrebis sauZvelze, filosofiis mier sakacobrio sibrZnis gaerTianeba. xalxi, albaT, gaicinebs mRvdelze, _ werda fiCino, _ romelsac sWirdeba astrologia. magram me sparsul, egviptur da qaldeur avtoritetebze damyarebiT vTvli, rom ciuri materiebiT daintereseba da safuZvliani Seswavla sWideba mRvdels. es misi principuli pozicia iyo, romlisTvisac ar gadauxvevia, Tumca yovelTvis emijneboda iseT astrologias da magias, romelic gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze acxadebda pretenzias da adamianis da RmerTis Tavisufali nebis princips angariSs ar uwevda. fiCino saerTod aRorZinebis axali kulturis safuZvlad adamianis nebis Tavisuflebas miiCnevda. ami- 20 -

tom ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom 1477 wels fiCinom mkacrad uaryo astrologebis pretenziebi, ciur sxeulebze dakvirvebiT, momavlis gaTvaliswinebis unarze: ra ician, ra moxdeba 10 wlis Semdeg, roca imasac ver gvetyvian, Tu ras gaakeTeben Tavad isini xval? mecnierebasTan dapirispirebuli astrologia misTvis yovelTvis miuRebeli iyo. imis mixedviT, Tu sazogadoebaSi magiis romeli gageba sWarbobda, icvleboda fiCinos pozicia. zogierT mkvlevars ukvirs, rom fiCino Tavis Tanamoazred miiCnevda pap siqstus IV (1414-1484), romelsac erTnairad swamda winaswarmetyvelebac da astrologiac; magram 1494 wels fiCino mis megobar anjelo policianos (1454-1494) werda, rom igi mtkiced uWers mxars jovani piko dela mirandolas (1463-1494) brZolas astrologebis winaaRmdeg da zizRiT ukuagdebs astrologebis crurwmenebs. fiCino platons miTiuri hermes trismegistosis („samgziT amaRlebulis`) memkvidred miiCnevda da Tavad hermesi egvipteli egona. platonis memkvidreobaze, rogorc sakacobrio kulturis centrze, warsuli msoflmxedvelobrivi naazrevis „mosargebad`, man kozimo mediCis miTiTebiT, Targmna e. w. „hermetuli korpusi` (xelnaweri kozimos biblioTekaSi aRmoCnda). fiCinos kacobriobis filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis gza warmoedgina, rogorc hermesidan platonze da aqedan qristes gamocxadebaze gadasvla. es aris igive, rac adamianis SesaZlebeli amaRlebis gza RmerTamde. filosofia da magia masTan mWidro kavSirSia. Tavis erT-erT yvelaze popularul naSromSi _ „codnis sami wigni` (1489) _ fiCino iZleva magiis renesansul da neoplatonur gagebas. kosmosi misTvis cocxali mTlianobaa, romelSic msoflio suli ukavSirdeba msoflio sxeuls. es aisaxeba yvela arsebulSi. adamianSi es erTianoba gacnobierebuli SeiZleba iyos. es saSualebas aZlevs adamians, saTanado meTodebis gamoyenebiT, marTos samyaros sagnebi - 21 -

da avides RmerTamde. kidev ufro didi gavlena hqonda fiCinos komentarebs platonis „nadimze` (1489), rac masTan warmodgenili iyo, rogorc siyvarulis platonuri Teoria. zogi mkvlevris azriT, italiuri aRorZineba, faqtobrivad, daiwyo fiCinos Tarmanebma da misma Sromam «siyvarulis Sesaxeb, anu platonis „nadimi`». siyvaruli man warmoadgina, rogorc samnairi mimarTeba: I. tolisa _ tolTan; II. qvemdgomisa _ zemdgomis mimarT; III. zemdgomisa _ qvemdgomisadmi. es ukanaskneli mimarTeba samyaros Semqmneli da maarsebeli siyvarulis saxea. RmerTis maZiebeli siyvaruli adamianisadmi, samyarosa da misi sagnebisadmi aris is, rac samyaros erTian mTelad kravs. aq Semodis siyvaruli, rogorc filosofiuri kategoria, romelic exmareba rwmenas, radgan ubralo daqvemdebareba araa sakmarisi. aqvea msjeloba miwier da zeciur siyvarulze. faqtobrivad fiCinos yvela Sroma am principebis safuZvelze msoflmxedvelobis dasabuTebis cdaa. am poziciis, ase vTqvaT, ideologiuri gamarTlebaa fiCinos komentarebi platonis „fedrosze`. misi azriT, siyvaruli, romelzedac saubaria platonTan, pavle mociqulTan da dionise areopagelTan, erTi da igivea, saxeldobr, esaa siyvaruli absoluturi mSvenierebisadmi, romelic aris RmerTi, anu absoluturi sikeTe. am pozicias platonisa da pavle mociqulis Sesaxeb petriwic iziarebda. rac Seexeba dionise areopagels, petriwi mas ar axsenebs, albaT, fiqrobda, rom am rols misive sakuTari „materialurisagan miuxebeli RmrTismetyveleba` Seasrulebda. es Teoria aucileblobiT moiTxovda filosofiur moZRvrebas sulis ukvdavebaze, rac fiCinom windaxedulad, ufro adre moamzada Tavisi wigniT „platonis Teologia`, romelic 1474 wels gamoqveynda (37,266). am fundamentur naSroms, romelic oTxi wignisagan Sedgeba, - 22 -

fiCinos saukeTeso naSromad miiCneven, rac platonis renesansuli aRorZinebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani safuZveli iyo. aRmosavluri sibrZnis kanonier memkvidred platonis miCneva da amgvarad gagebuli platonis qristianobasTan ara marto Tavsebadad, aramed misTvis didad sasargeblod warmoCena, istoriuladac da socialuradac progresuli saqme iyo. arsebobda mosazrebac, rom amgvari Serigebis Sedegi oqros xanis dabruneba iqneboda. zogierTi mkvlevari am saqmes „platonis evangelizacias` uwodebs. ontologiuri perspeqtividan gamomdinare, fiCino­ saTvis bibliuri, aseve platonuri RmerTi, rogorc yvela sagnis centri, aris sikeTe. amis gamo yvelaferi, rac arsebobs, razec SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom igi yofieria, aris mSvenieri. yvela sagani RmerTis raRacnairi gamovlinebaa, misi gamosxivebaa. arsebulis safexurebi, amdenad, sikeTis sxvadasxva safexurebia. esenia: goneba, suli, buneba, materia. amis dasabuTeba surs fiCinos platonis „nadimis` komentarebSi. „fedrosSi` fiCino im azrsac amoikiTxavs, rom adamianis gonebas aqvs simravleSi erTianobis da universumSi kerZos naxvis unari, rac SesaZleblobas aZlevs mas daiwyos gaxsenebis procesi. fiCino iziarebda Tavisi ufrosi Tanamedrovis, leon batista albertis (1404-1473) debulebas, rom adamiani dabadebulia imisaTvis, raTa gaxdes bednieri. Tumca fiCino adamianTa Soris gansxvavebas sulac ar uaryofda. misi azriT, gansjas (Verstand), rogorc Semecnebis organos, yvela adamiani flobs, rac Seexeba gonebas (ratio) igi cotas Tu xvdeba wilad. platonisa da aristoteles dapirispirebas, romliskenac SeiZleboda ebiZga adamianisTvis georgiu gemistos pleTonis cnobil pozicias, fiCino ar eTanxmeboda. igi misdevs platonisadmi aristoteles SeTanxmebis princips, magram platonis sruli upiratesobiT _ rogorc amas jer kidev boeciusi (480524) da Semdeg ioane petriwi amtkicebdnen. fiCinos daumTavrebeli darCa naSromi „platonisa - 23 -

da aristoteles Tanxmobis Sesaxeb`. am or did genioss Soris arsebiTi Tanxmobis sakiTxis kvlevas fiCinos mowafe, piko dela mirandola gaagrZelebs. marsilio fiCino ki mainc Tvlida, rom aristotele uaryofda adamianis individuri sulis ukvdavebas, rac misTvis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis nakli iyo. roca mkvlevrebs fiCinos SemecnebisTeoriuli mosazrebebi sistemuri saxiT undaT warmoadginon da maT gamaerTianebel safuZvels romelime dialogSi eZeben, rogorc wesi, platonis „Teetets` irCeven. magaliTad, aleqsei losevi (1895-1988) Tvlis, rom am dialogSi yvelaze koncentrirebuladaa mocemuli fiCinos Semecnebis Teoria. misi azriT, platoni aq sabolood angariSs usworebs calmxriv sensualizms da tradiciul miTologias (45,550). platoni aq asabuTebs, rom cnebaTa korelaturoba _ e. i. romelime maTganis gaazrebisaTvis misi „mewyvile` cnebis aucilebloba, da piriqiT _ codnis SeuZleblobaze ki ar miuTiTebs, aramed imaze, rom maT saerTo damakavSirebeli hyavT ideis saxiT, da is maTi safuZvelicaa. amis gareSe Cven araviTari codna ar gveqneboda, radgan arc Sexedulebis doneze miRebuli informacia (rom isini mxolod gamoricxaven erTmaneTs) da arc swori da ganmartebuli codna WeSmariteba ar iqneba. germaneli filosofosi burkhard moiziSi swored am dialogis komentarebSi xedavs fiCinos epistemologiis sistemis Taviseburebas. aq wamoweulia dialogSi dasmuli kiTxva: „ra aris Semecneba, rogorc aseTi?` (73). cnobilia, rom platoni am dialogsac iseve amTavrebs, rogorc sxvebs, e. i. mcdari Sexedulebis uaryofiT da WeSmaritebisaken gzis CvenebiT. dialogSi sokrate daiTanxmebs Teetets, rom codna araa arc is, risi CvenTvis Tavze moxveva unda SegrZnebebs, arc is, rasac swor Sexedulebas uwodeben da arc axsna swor SexedulebebTan - 24 -

kavSirSi, e. i. Cemi mcdeloba, vinmes swori warmodgena Sevuqmna. Cveni codna mxolod maSin iqneba namdvili, anu dasabuTebuli da yvelasTvis savaldebulo, Tu davadgenT sagnis specifikur, ganmasxvavebel niSans. magram konkretulad raa aseTi, sokrate arc aq ambobs. cxadia, zogadi principis (am SemTxvevaSi, ganmasxvavebeli niSnis dadgenis aucileblobaze miTiTeba), ufro konkretulad ar gamoiTqmeba; magram, roca amis Sesaxeb platons sayveduroben, igulisxmeba, rom igi (Tundac erT konkretul magaliTze mainc) ar uCvenebs am principis pozitiur gamoyenebas. am dialogis pozitiuri Sedegi, platonis azriT, isaa, rom momavali kvleva aq ukve miRweulis gamoyenebiT ufro myar safuZvels SeiZens da kvlevis nayofic ukeTesi iqneba. b. moiziSi eTanxmeba am gavrcelebul Sexedulebas, magram fiqrobs, rom fiCinos platonis am dialogis analizisas raRac meti da mniSvnelovani aqvs naTqvami. es meti italiuri renesansuli azrovnebis specifikas gamoxatavs. fiCinos Semecnebis Teoria, rom neoplatonuria, es imas niSnavs, rom aq miznadaa dasaxuli erTianobaSi gaviazroT platonic, aristotelec, hermes trismegistosic. am gegmis Sesabamisad, fiCino „Teetetis` Sua nawilSi platonis mier dasmul kiTxvas _ „ra aris Semecneba, rogorc aseTi?` _ konstruqciulad aviTarebs. amas b. moiziSi imaSi xedavs, rom fiCino Semecnebas ganixilavs Cveni sulis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli funqciebis mixedviT. eseni ki platonis da fiCinos triadisadmi cnobili midrekilebis Tanaxmad, samia: 1. suls aqvs aRmqmeli funqcia, romlis drosac is sxeulebriv grZnobebs iyenebs, rogorc xelsawyoebs, da gansxvavebulad aRqmuls raRac erTianobad akavSirebs. am erTianobas SeiZleba Tavad suli vuwodoT; anu suli gamodis, rogorc garkveuli idea, romlis mixedviTac SegrZnebebis mravalferovneba aRqmad Seikvreba. aq suli gamodis, ro- 25 -

gorc erT-erTi idea, romelic sxva ideebs Tavis sagnad aqcevs (rasac platoni „sofisteSi` aanalizebs); 2. sxva aspeqtia, roca suli raimes sxeulis da grZnobebis daxmarebiT ki ar iRebs, aramed Tavad Tavis Tavidan iazrebs. sulis am aspeqts ewodeba zogadi Sinaarsi, anu cnebebi. esenia, arsi da ararsi, identoba da ara identoba, erTi da mravali. am aspeqtiT danaxuli, sulis mier warmoebul Semecnebas ewodeba grZnobad STabeWdilebaTa da am zogadobaTa Sinaarsebs Soris kavSirebis damdgeni; 3. sxva aspeqtia Semecnebis Taviseburi, pragmatuli momenti. mis saWiroebaze axalgazrda platoni „fedonSi` msjelobda da mas xatovnad ziarebas (participacias) uwodebda, rogorc ideis mibaZvas. gviandel platonTan es mniSvnelovani cneba gaxda, romelic miuTiTebda, rom zogadi araa raime abstraqtuli zogadi, araa raRac fenomenebisagan mowyvetili hipostazirebuli idea (aristotele, rom sayvedurobda Tavis maswavlebels). platoni aq pirdapir ambobs da fiCinoc, rogorc neoplatonikosi, am Sinaarss wamoswevs, rom „zogadi yvelaSia`, simravleSia. zogadi eqspliciturad am simravlis yvela erTeulSia da suli mas raime sxviT, magaliTad, SegrZnebebiT ki ar aRiqvams da Seicnobs, aramed sakuTari TaviT. amitom suls am erTeulebSive SeuZlia dainaxos maTi warsulic, awmyoc da momavalic. fiCino darwmunebulia, rom es aristoteles namdvili poziciacaa, aseve plotinis, gviandeli da Sua platonizmisac. b. moiziSi am pozicias samarTlianad uwodebs „sinkretul epistemologias` (73,156). amgvarad gagebuli Semecneba, fiCinosaTvis saimedo gzaa RvTaebrivi sinamdvilisaken, romelzedac plotinma Tqva: „yovelive erTia`. amdenad, Semecneba „gza qvemoT` ki ar aris, rogorc es platonTan SeiZleboda gvefiqra, aramed „gza zemoT`. antikuri neoplatonizmis am cnebas fiCino SeuerTebs `RvTaebrivi wyalobis~ Toma aqvinelis mier xazgasmul cne- 26 -

bas, rogorc Semmecneblis warmatebisaTvis aucilebels. wyalobis aucileblobaze xazgasma ar SeiZleba fiCinos sinkretizmis marcxad anda naklad CaiTvalos, Tu realobisaTvis Tvalis gasworebas, anu adamianuri Semecnebis SesaZleblobebis sazRvrebis gaTvaliswinebas naklad ar CavTvliT. obieqturad Tu vimsjelebT, amgvar sazRvars gviandeli platonic uSvebda Tavisi dauwereli filosofiis TeoriiT. dionise areopagelma es savsebiT naTlad gamokveTa. Toma aqvinelic da fiCinoc misgan arian davalebulni. es is Sinaarsi iyo, romelic magiasTan fiCinos Semwynareblur damokidebulebas qristianobisaTvis misaRebs xdida. adamianuri Semecnebis SesaZleblobaTa gamTavisebeli, anu gamanamdvilebeli adamiani, imanuel kantis (1724-1804) sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, „wyalobis Rirsi` xdeba, morCilad dgeba absoluturis winaSe, wyalobis molodinSi da ara rogorc moZalade (Savi magiis mimdevris msgavsad), romelic moiTxovs wyalobas, rogorc damsaxurebuls da kuTvnils. aq arsebiTi siRrmiseuli erTianobis danaxva SeiZleba did Teologebs (dionise areopageli, Toma aqvineli da sxva) da did filosofosebs Soris (kanti, fridrix vilhelm Selingi (1775-1854), neokantianelebi). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es moTminebis Zala eyo fiCinos da bolomde neoplatonuri filosofiis erTguli darCa, rasac ver vityviT mis umniSvnelovanes da uaxloes mimdevarze, jovani piko dela mirandolaze. XI s. bizantiur renesansTan platonuri akademiis kavSirze miuTiTebs fiCinos mier miqel fselosis (1018 _ daaxl. 1078 an 1096) Targmna. fiCinos naSromebidan umTavresad miaCniaT _ `platonis Teologia sulis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb~ (1482). hans urs fon balTazari (1905-1988) Tvlis, rom platonis mTeli Teologia fiCinosTan sulis ukvdavebis mtkicebaze daiyvaneba (60,627), rac gadaWarbebaa. sulis ukvdaveba fiCinos sWirdeba axali adamianis koncefciis Sesaqmnelad da es koncefcia arasgziT ar - 27 -

daiyvaneba sulis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaze. platoni, fiCinos azriT, afuZnebs ara marto Teologias, aramed bunebismetyvelebasac. axalgazrdobaSi fiCino paduaSi aristoteles `nikomaxes eTikas~ da sxva Sromebs swavlobda da komentarebs urTavda. am Sromas is ar Tvlida unayofod. aristoteles Sromebi misTvis aris gza platonisaken. gza, misi azriT, ar SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes gzis mizans. peripatetikuli moZRvreba ar ewinaaRmdegeba platonizms. aristotele fizikosi, fiCinos rwmeniT, misdevs platonis nakvalevs. fiCino plotinis gansakuTrebul pativiscemas avlens. misi azriT, plotinma axsna platoni, iseve, rogorc qristem gamoacxada RmerTis sibrZne adamianebisaTvis. fiCinos platonizmi ufro neoplatonizmia. platonis ideebis Teoriis dafarul kvals eZebs igi rogorc bibliaSi, ise zoroastrizmSi, rogorc orfeosTan, ise hermes trismegistosTan. fiCino, SesaZloa maister ekhartis (1260-1328) ideebis gavleniT, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs RmerTis maZiebel siyvaruls samyarosadmi, rogorc arsebulis erTianobad Semkvrels da maarsebels. siyvaruli aq Semodis, rogorc filosofiuri kategoria, romelic Svelis rwmenas. es aucilebelia, radgan ubralod RmerTis morCileba da daqvemdebareba misadmi araa sakmarisi. didi mniSvneloba hqonda agreTve mis ganazrebebs miwieri da zeciuri siyvarulis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. am naSromis zegavlenis erT-erTi pirveli Sedegia leon ebreos (daaxl. 1460-1523) „dialogi siyvarulze`. igi iyo mose maimonides (1432-1535) cnobili kritikosis, portugaliidan gamoqceuli ebraelis, isaak abrabanelis (1432-1535) ufrosi vaJi. h. u. fon balTazaris azriT, leonis wignis warmatebam da gavlenam, Tavad fiCinos wignsac ki gadaaWarba. cnobili kaTolike Teologi, frederik koplstoni (1907-1994) ki am gavlenis sferos kidev ufro - 28 -

afarToebs _ am gavlenas xedavs didi germaneli swavlulis (laTinurisa da berZnulis didostatis), iohanes roixlinis (1455-1522) SromebSi. man Seitana germaniaSi ebraulis swavleba. igi piko dela mirandolas ideebs iziarebda, gatacebuli iyo neopiTagorelebis ricxvTa mistikiT da kabaliT. aRsaniSnavia, rom fiCino cdilobda platonizmis Serigebas qristianul aristotelizmTan, magram ara arabulTan. misi naSromis, `platonuri Teologiis~ XV wigni eZRvneba `averoistuli urCxulis~ uaryofas. aq xazgasmiTaa naxsenebi, rom averoesma berZnuli ar icoda da amitom sulac ar esmoda aristoteles WeSmariti azri. `urCxuli~ gonebis erTianobaze averoesis moZRvrebas ewodeba. am TeoriiT neba arc erT pirovnebas ar miewereba, auxsneli rCeba nebis da moqmedebis Tavisufleba. fiCino astrologiasac ki iSveliebs sulTa erTobis Teoriis uarsayofad. suli ar aris erTiani, radgan arsebobs saturnuli, marsianuli, iupiteruli da sxva sulebi. uariyofa gangebis averoistuli Teoriac. fiCinos gavlena misi Tanamedrove folosofosebiTa da TeologebiT ar Semoifargleboda. didi iyo misi avtoriteti xelovnebaSic. fiCinos Semoqmedebis Tanamedrove mkvlevari angela fosi werilSi „sferoTa musika _ fiCino da renesansuli harmonia` sandro botiCelis (1445-1510) cnobili suraTis _ „primadona` _ analiziT aCvenebs, rom botiCelis enigmaturi simbolizmis programa STagonebuli iyo neoplatonuri cnebebiT Sesaqmis harmoniis Sesaxeb, romelic aisaxeboda rogorc rva planetarul sferoze, aseve musikaluri oqtavis rva tonze. misi mtkicebiT, botiCelis vizualuri metafora sferoTa harmoniis Sesaxeb STagonebulia marsilio fiCino florencieliT, romelmac scada gaeerTianebina ca da miwa. amave aspeqtiT ixilavs botiCelis naxatebs verner baiervaltesi narkvevSi „marsilio fiCinos Teoria mSve- 29 -

nierebaze platonizmis konteqstSi` (62,52). roca igi msjelobs platonis, plotinis da fiCinos ideebze miwieri da zeciuri veneras mimarTebis Sesaxeb (Sesabamisad, miwier da zeciur siyvarulze), aRniSnavs, rom misi ilustracia iyo ticianis (1477-1576) Sedevri _ „wminda da miwieri siyvaruli`, romelic romSi, borgezes vilaSi kedelze iyo daxatuli. didi mxatvari gadmoscems maT, rogorc erTi principis orgvari gamovlenis formas. fiCino Tvlida, rom ramdenadac adamianis suli midrekilia mSvenierebisaken da qmnis mSvenierebas, Tavad suls SeiZleba venera ewodos. am azris pirvelwyarod miTiTebulia plotinis VI „eneada`, sadac aRniSnulia, rom yoveli suli Tavad aris afrodite, romelsac romaelebi veneras uwodeben. Tavis moZRvrebas fiCino ayenebda, rogorc filosofiur religias, romelmac unda gadaarCinos qristianoba. miaCnda, rom neoplatonuri emanaciis Teoria Tanxmobadia qriatianobasTan. RmerTi, amtkicebda igi, erTjeradi aqtiT ki ar qmnis samyaros, aramed saTnoebiT, gamosxivebis darad. samyaroSi adamianis specialuri adgili imiTaa gansazRvruli, rom mas Semecnebis unari da nebis Tavisufleba aqvs. emanaciis tradiciuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, gamosxivebis daRmaval safexurebad fiCinosTan miCneulia zeciuri inteligencia (goneba), adamianuri suli, grZnobadi Tvisebriobani da materia. Semecnebis gza qvemodan zemoT amodis. yoveli zemo safexuri ufro wminda sarkea. materia absoluturad ganusazRvreli da uZravia. grZnobad TvisebriobaSi materia ukve garkveul formaSia mocemuli. adamianur sulSi ki koncentrirebulia universumis yoveli Tvisebrioba. masSi umaRlesicaa da umdablesic. amitom Tavisufali nebis mqone adamians orive mxriv SeuZlia svla. Tu is nivTebSi RmerTs Seiyvarebs, Semdeg RmerTSi nivTebis Seyvarebasac iswavlis. magram es gadawyvetileba TviT adamianma unda miiRos. - 30 -

es Semecnebis (rogorc Ziebis) procesia da mas adamianis gansja warmarTavs. Semecnebis sagnis da misi kvlevis mimarTulebis arCevisas is iRebs gadawyvetilebas. Tu es gadawyvetileba sworia, adamiani amaRldeba gonebamde, rogorc RmerTis xedvamde (visio). es Sedegi, amave dros, RvTis wyalobaa, es imas niSnavs, rom es aucilebeli procesi araa da mxolod Teoriul Semecnebaze (romelic gansjis sferoa) rodia damokidebuli. amdenad, fiCino ar daeTanxmeboda origenes (185-254) apokatastisis (sabolood RmerTSi yoveli Seqmnilis Serigebis) Teorias, romelic RmerTis sikeTidan gamomdinare ufro logikuri iyo da ufro zneobrivic. mas eTanxmebodnen grigol nazianzeli (daaxl. 330 _ daaxl. 390), grigol noseli (daaxl. 335 _ daaxl. 394), ioane skoti eriugena (810-877) da mravali sxva. fiCinosaTvis gansjis umaRlesi miRweva adamianis cnobierebis gonebis sferoSi Seyvana, anu adamianis Semmecnebeli gonebis amoqmedebaa. es sakiTxi Toma aqvinelsac ase esmoda da Tvlida, rom Tu amqveynad ara, miRma samyaroSi mainc miaRwevs amas adamiani. fiCino am azrs ar ewinaaRmdegeba, magram platonze damyarebiT fiqrobs, rom amqveynad Semmecnebel gonebas cota vinme Tu flobs, gansja ki yvela adamians aqvs (26,157). marTalia, RmerTisken svlis umaRlesi safexuri `RvTaebriv uvicobaSi~ RmerTTan Serwymaa, magram es ar gamoricxavs amqveyniuri siamovnebis da silamazis Rirebulebas. isini safexurebia misken, rogorc absoluturi Rirebulebisaken. fiCinos surs SeaTanxmos adamianis miwieri da RvTaebrivi daniSnulebani. orive es aspeqti adamianis Tavisufali nebis gadawyvetilebas emyareba. im dros gavrcelebuli astrologiuri moZRvrebis sapirispirod, fiCino Tvlis, rom adamianis cxovrebis gza winaswar gansazRvruli ar aris varskvlavTa mier. varskvlavebis Zala, amtkicebs fiCino, ver gadauRobavs adamians gzas RmerTisaken. adamianis Sesaxeb es - 31 -

Sexedulebani ganaviTara fiCinos mowafem da megobarma jovani piko dela mirandolam. fiCinos italiuri renesansis pirvel xmas (tenors) uwodebdnen. misi xma adreve axdenda zemoqmedebas sxva qveynebSic. ungreTis mefem, matias I (1443-1490), humanizmis damcvelma, sTxova fiCinos Tavis karze gadasvla. fiCino florenciis gareT ar gadioda, magram gaugzavna Tavisi mimdevari franCesko bandini (XV s.), romelic ramodenime weli darCa am saintereso saxelmwifo moRvawis da moazrovnis sasaxleSi.

2. jovani piko dela mirandola (1463-1494) sakacobrio kulturis universaluri sinTezis idea, romlis ganxorcielebasac florenciis platonuri akademia isaxavda miznad, yvelaze masStaburad gamovlinda farTo ganaTlebis da interesebis mqone axalgazrda graf mirandolasTan, romelic 21 wlisa Camovida paduidan florenciaSi da fiCinos daemowafa. paduaSi igi averoesis mimdevar ilia del medigosTan (1458-1493) swavlobda da averoesis garkveuli zegavlena bolomde SerCa. mas surda sakacobrio kulturis sxvadasxva sapirispiro mimarTulebebSi da, amdenad, sqolastikaSic enaxa dadebiTi momentebi. piko dela mirandolas ZiriTad naSroms _ „adamianis Rirsebis Sesaxeb` _ renesansis manifests uwodeben. Tavisi xanmokle moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi, sanam fiCinos ideebis erTguli rCeboda da sastik askets, savonarolas srulad ar daemorCileboda, mirandola amtkicebda, rom yvela adamiani Tavisufalia da Tavad qmnis bunebas sakuTari TavisaTvis; is fiqrobda, rom yvela kulturas Tavisi Seucvleli Rirebuleba aqvs. maTi sinTezi SesaZlebelia da saWiro. es maT Soris mSvidobis damyarebis safuZveli iqneba. igive azria gatarebuli mis - 32 -

mier Sesaqmis interpretatiaSi, romelsac „heptaplusi` (SviddRiuri) ewodeba. misTvis adamiani Tavisufalia sikeTisa da borotebas Soris arCevaSi. asarCevi ki Zalian bevria, radgan adamiani sinTezia zeciuris, ciuris da mTvarisqveSeTis. am komentarebSi vxvdebiT mirandolasTan sityvas da cnebas „homonkulusi`, romelic SemdgomSi Teofraste paracelsTan (1493-1541), iohan volfgang fon goeTesTan (1749-1832) da sxvebTan did yuradRebas miiqcevs. ramdenadac adamianSi yvelaferia, amdenad misi srulyofilebis doneebs, saTanado mcdelobis pirobebSi, sazRvari ara aqvs (TviT RmerTTan gatolebis CaTvliT). ramdenadac yvela adamianis buneba aseTia, da adamians evaleba arCevanis gakeTeba, amdenad yvela adamianma, da ara mxolod rCeulma, unda icodes filosofia. sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gaazrebis da gamoyenebis sxva saSualeba, mirandolas azriT, adamians ara aqvs. am safuZvelze amtkicebda mirandola, rom filosofiis gareSe adamiani adamiani araa. rac Seexeba magias, igi mas, iseve esmis, rogorc fiCinos esmoda _ rogorc bunebismecnierebis praqtikuli nawili. Zveli da gavleniani didgvarovanis ojaxis Svilma, jovani piko dela mirandolam, 14 wlisam miatova ojaxi. mamis didi qonebidan Tavisi wili or Zmas dautova, raTa srulad miscemoda mecnierul kvlevas. miznad saeklesio kariera hqonda da boloniis universitetSi wavida samarTlis Sesaswavlad. magram male filosofiis da Teologiis daufleba miiCnia ZiriTad saqmed. Svidi weli swavlobda italiisa da safrangeTis cnobil universitetebSi. did niWTan erTad, enebis Seswavlis saocar unars iyenebda da, renesansis saerTo miznis Tanaxmad, xelmZRvanelobda principiT „wyaroebisaken!`. pirvelwyaroebisaken am swrafvam maSin bevri nayalbevi xelnaweris Seqmna ganapiroba. isini advilad da did fasadac iyideboda. es epidemia mirandolasac Seexo. vinme TaRliTma - 33 -

mas, TiTqosda winaswarmetyveli ezras (VI-V ss.) SekveTiT gadawerili, ebrauli xelnawerebi mihyida. mirandola bevrs moeloda maTi Seswavlidan. ezras saxelTan bibliaSi dakavSirebulia rogorc ebraelebis babilonis tyveobidan dabrunebis xelmZRvaneloba _ artarqserqse I (465424) davalebiT _ dangreuli taZris aRdgena da moses wignebisaTvis (xuTwigneulis) dRevandeli saxis micema, aseve, ebraelTaTvis sxva rjulis adamianTan qorwinebis akrZalvac da sxva. mirandola Secdomas male mixvda. SeiZleba amanac misca biZgi mis kritikul damokidebulebas maSin Zalze gavrcelebuli literaturuli humanizmis pretenziebisadmi. cnobili humanisti ermolao barbaro (1454-1493), aristoteles mTargmneli, romelic mxolod berZnul klasikas Tvlida pativiscemis Rirsad, sayvedurobda mirandolas, rom man, berZnuli da laTinuri enebis mcodnem, waibilwa Tavi `barbarosebis kiTxviT~. ermolao barbarosebad Tvlida ara marto arabebs, aramed albert dids (1193/1205-1280), Toma aqvinels da maT mimdevrebsac. ermolao fiqrobda, rom is, rac maSin aristoteles saxeliT vrceldeboda, Tavad aristoteles rom enaxa, ver icnobda, Tu visi dawerili iyo. neoplatonizmis Zlieri nakadi Sua saukuneebis aristotelizSi, gansakuTrebiT arabulSi, amgvari sayveduris sababs namdvilad iZleoda. ermolao saeklesio aristokratias ekuTvnoda, pap inokenti XIII (1655-1724) ndobiT iyo aRWurvili. mirandolas cnobili sapasuxo werili damajereblad uCvenebs am axalgazrda moazrovnis poziciis maRal zneobriobas da misi xedvis siRrmesac. sakacobrio kulturis erTianobis saCveneblad dawera mirandolam Tavisi 900 Tezisi. Sua saukuneebSi uyvardaT aristoteles debulebis moSvelieba imis Taobaze, rom axalgazrda SeiZleba iyos brZeni, magram ara swavluli. ioane petriwic iyenebs am mosazrebas („vTqua Wabuki brZnad, aramed cnobilad arRa`). Tumca, - 34 -

adamianis moqceva myar sazRvrebSi ar SeiZleba _ ramdenadac adamiani RvTis xati da msgavsia, e. i. aqvs goneba da Tavisufali neba. axalgazrda mirandola brZenic iyo da uzarmazari codnis mflobelic. es mis mowinaaRmdegeebs borot ZalebTan kavSiris braldebis sababsac aZlevda. sibrZnis da asakis mimarTeba, Cans, marto aristoteles, petriwsa da albert dids ar awuxebda. am aspeqtiT aRorZinebis epoqaSi berZnuli miTologiis RmerTTa ierarqiasac gadaxedes. daisva kiTxva: ratomaa, rom RmerTTa Soris yvelaze umcrosi (Wabuki) merkuri sibrZnis simbolod iTvleba? sibrZne xom udidesia saTnoebaTa Soris? (25,324). ermolao barbarom mirandolas, paduidan florenciaSi gadasvlis gamo, aristoteles RalatSi dasdo brali. magram mirandolas paduis aristotelizmi ki ar uaruyvia, aramed sakacobrio sibrZneSi misi WeSmariti adgilis gaazreba surda. unda iTqvas, rom igi yvela puqtSi damajereblad uaryofs ermolaos braldebebs da kulturis ganviTarebis progresul gzaze miuTiTebs. mirandola Tvlis, rom igi paduidan florenciaSi gadavida, ara rogorc paduis moRalate, aramed, rogorc mzveravi. mas undoda enaxa, ra safuZveli aqvs aristotelikosTa da platonelTa mravalsaukunovan dapirispirebas da rogoria is platoni, romelsac paduaSi aswavlian. misi daskvna aseTi iyo: es dapirispireba, terminTa da sityvaTa gansxvavebul gagebas ufro emyareba, vidre am poziciaTa principul Sinaarss. „Serigebis Tavadma` mirandolam (ase uwodebdnen mas Tanamedroveebi) dainaxa, rom florenciis akademiaSi namdvil aristoteles platonTan araferi eqneboda sakamaTo. ermolao, _ werda mirandola yofil Tanamoazres, _ me vnaxulob platonTan homerosis stilis mSvenierebasac, romelic yoveldRiur metyvelebaze maRla dgas da im azrebsac, romelic mas aristotelesTan anaTesaveben. roca am or moazrovnes vadarebT, - 35 -

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini ramdenadac SeuTavsebeli Canan sityvebis doneze, imdenadve arsebiT TanxmobaSi arian erTmaneTTan. am werilis ganxilvisas, ar SeiZleba xazi ar gaesvas axalgazrda brZenis mier maSindel italiur humanizmidan gamomdinare usiamovno tendenciaze miTiTebas. esaa humanistebis aristokratizmi, maTi gamijvna ubralo moqalaqeebisgan, romelTac zemodan uyurebdnen. es gamoixateboda maT mier azris gamoTqmis formisaTvis, ase vTqvaT, filologiuri mxarisaTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis miniWebaSi _ SeiZleba iTqvas, mis ganzrax garTulebaSi. mirandola fiqrobda, rom es iyo Sinaarsis, azris damcireba. isini uaryofdnen azrs, Tu is saTanado filologiur formaSi ar iyo moqceuli da xelovnebis doneze ar iyo ayvanili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo erT-erTi gamoxatuleba SedgomSi cnobili debulebisa „xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis`. warmoSobiT, ganaTlebiT da rwmeniT aristokrati mirandola uaryofda ara marto kulturaTa daxarisxebas, aramed masisa da inteligenciis dapirispirebasac. igi ar uaryofda azris gadmocemis formis mniSvnelobas, magram TviTkmarad mainc Sinaarsi miaCnda. maRali literaturuli formis gareSe gamoTqmuli raime Sinaarsi, misi Rrma rwmeniT, mainc garkveuli Rirebulebis Secvelia, magram Tu adamiani Sinaarss ar flobs, igi saerTod adamianic ar aris. frangi mwerali da filosofosi, averoesisa da averoizmis cnobili specialisti ernst renani (1823-1892) mirandolas pozicias „brZnul ekleqtizms` uwodebda (50,VIII,42). magram roca sapirispiro SexedulebaTagan amorCevas (eklegos) safuZvlad Teoriulad da zneobrivad gamarTlebuli principi udevs, es ekleqtizmi ki araa, aramed dapirispirebulTa Soris saerTo safuZvlis danaxva, anu sinTezi. swored esaa „brZnuli ekleqtizmis` logikuri Sinaarsi. mas udavod miaCnia, rom Tu adamians gansakuTrebuli adgili aqvs samyaroSi, rac iudaiz- 36 -

mis da qristianobis moTxovnacaa, misi aucilebeli maxasiaTeblebi unda iyvnen azrovnebis da arCevanis sruli Tavisufleba. adamians ufleba aqvs nebismier avtoritetSi SeeWvdes da sakuTari pozicia daicvas. es exeba TviT eklesiis mamebis debulebebsac, romlebic savaldebulo dogmebaTaa miCneuli. rogorc ernst kasireri (1874-1945) samarTlianad SeniSnavs, mTeli pativiscemis miuxedavad, mirandola, arc platonisa da aristoteles gafetiSebis momxrea. mxolod es ori geniosi ar warmoadgens saerTod sakacobrio kulturas. mas arc saerTod antikuri filosofiisa da kulturis gafetiSeba surs. misTvis srulyofili mTeli mxolod sakacobrio kulturas SeiZleba ewodos, romelic ganuwyvetliv viTardeba, e. i. uaxlovdeba RmerTs. rac mTavaria, yvela epoqas da yvela kulturas Tavisi Seucvleli adgili da wona aqvs sakacobrio kulturaSi (44,249). es exeba rasebs, enebs, kulturebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mirandolam omi gamoucxada filologiuri kvleviT calmxriv gatacebas, romlis mixedviTac, Sinaarss Rirebuleba mxolod maSin eqneba, Tu igi Sesabamisi sityvakazmuli xelovnebis kanonebs daicavs. xazgasasmelia, rom mirandola platonsa da aristoteles Soris gansxvavebas ki ar uaryofs, aramed maT Soris Seurigebel dapirispirebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maT damoukidebeli mniSvnelobac ar eqnebodaT. es ki arsebiTia mirandolasaTvis. ara mxolod es udidesi geniosebi, aramed maTze mniSvnelovnad dabla mdgomni, Tundac mxolod maTi komentatorebi, mirandolas sakacobrio kulturisTvis saWirod miaCnia. isinic sakacobrio sibrZnis raRac nawils warmoaCenen. igi asaxelebs ioane duns skots (1265/66-1308), Toma aqvinels, avicenas (980-1037), al-farabis († 950) da sxvebs. Tavad origenec, Tavisi pelagianelobiT, romelic pap anastasius I (aRsaydr. 399) mier 399 wels eretikosad iqna gamocxadebuli (da romelsac mra- 37 -

vali iyenebda, magram miTiTebas ver bedavda), saWiroa filosofiisa da kulturisaTvis; saWiroa, raTa adamianis Tavisuflebis raoba gavigoT. mirandolas moswons origenes azri, rom RmerTis sikeTesTan SeuTavsebelia maradiuli sasjeli, rom ar SeiZleba sasrulo droSi usasrulo sasjelis damsaxureba. adamianis raobis gasagebad, aucilebelia, rom mas codvaSi Cavardnis unarTan erTad, codvis daZlevis maradiuli unaric hqondes. aq, cxadia, mirandola pavle mociquls emyareba, romelic xazs usvams adamianSi am ori sapirispiro SesaZlebobis Tanarsebobas. isini aucilebelia adamianis mier sakuTari Secdomis gacnobierebisa da sakuTari srulyofisaTvis, rogorc RmerTisaken maradiuli svlis SesaZlebloba. mirandolas azriT, adamianis Tavisufleba mdgomareobs Semoqmedebis uwyvet procesSi, romelic warmoadgens sakuTari Tavis Seqmnas da romelic arasdros ar wydeba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Jan pol sartrze (19051980) da maqs Selerzec (1874-1928). garkveuli azriT, maT SeiZleba sioren kirkegoric (1813-1855) mivaTvaloT. kirkegoris mixedviTac, RmerTs adamianisaTvis ar miucia arsebobis erTi romelime saxe. beRuras, cxens da a. S. yvelas garkveuli saxe aqvs, romlis Secvla maT ar SeuZliaT da, amdenad, misTvis pasuxismgebelni ar arian. amis gamo, maT RmerTisadmi sayveduris uflebac aqvT. adamiani ki Tavad irCevs Tavis adgils arsebulTa Soris da Tavis moralur saxesac. mirandolas idealSi gaerTianebulia antikurobis rwmena umaRlessa da srulyofilSi, anu RmerTSi, rogorc uZravSi da ucvlelSi. mirandolas damsaxureba ar SeiZleba daviyvanoT mxolod platonisa da aristoteles Serigebis cdaze. es mcdeloba xom boeciusidan dawyebuli mraval TeologTanaa aSkara. magaliTad, didi Turqi moazrovne al-farabi, ioane petriwi da sxva, sakmaod naTlad anviTarebdnen am princips. koplstoni xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, - 38 -

rom mirandola ar iyo arc ekleqtikosi, arc fanatikosi, arc antiaristotelikosi. vinc amas akeTebs, koplstonis azriT, maT aristotele ar waukiTxavs. arc mirandolas moucia amis safuZveli. metic, mirandolas mtkicebiT, aristotele WeSmaritebas gamoTqvams ufro naTlad, vidre platoni. mirandola arc antisqolastikosi iyo. fiCinosTan erTad, igi aqvinels „Cveni Teologiis brwyinvalebas` uwodebda. amgvari midgoma bunebrivia da misi saerTo gegmidan gamomdinareobs. pikosagan gansxvavebiT, Seurigebeli antiaristotelikosi iyo misi ZmisSvili, jovani franCesko dela mirandola (1469-1533), romelic aristoteles moZRvrebas qristianobasTan Seurigeblad Tvlida. misi naSromia „amqveyniuri sibrZnis amaoebis Sesaxeb`. igi savonarolas gavleniTaa dawerili da warmoadgens aristoteles uaryofas platonis poziciebidan. platonSi umcrosi mirandola amqveyniuri sibrZnis ususurobis damsabuTebels xedavda. mirandola 24 wlisa iyo, roca SesaZleblad CaTvala sakuTari sinkretuli sistema farTo msjelobis sagnad eqcia. florenciis gamgebeli mediCebis megobarma mirandolam gadawyvita Tavisi gavlena da qoneba TeologTa da filosofosTa msoflio kongresis mosawvevad gamoeyenebina. igi iwvevda yvela misTvis cnobil moazrovnes, xarjebs ki Tavad kisrulobda. kongresis Tema unda yofiliyo adamianuri codnis erTianobis da misi perspeqtivis problema. mirandolam sapaeqrod wamoayena 900 Tezisi, romelTac aerTianebda saTauri `yovelgvari Semecnebis Sesaxeb~. romis papi jer Tanaxma iyo am ideis, Semdeg ki, mirandolas mowinaaRmdegeTa waqezebiT, aRniSnuli Tezisebis Sesamowmeblad komisia gamohyo, romelmac 13 Tezisi eretikulad scno; magram mirandola ar daeTanxma komisias da Tavisi Tezisebis dacva daiwyo. amas Sedegad is mohyva, rom yvela Tezisi eretikulad iqna gamocxadebuli da kongresi aikrZala. am gamocdisaTvis kidevac - 39 -

rom gaeZlo, kongresis ideas sxva gadaulaxavi siZneleebi daxvdeboda. amgvari yovlismomcvleli Semwynareb­ lobis gansaxorcieleblad maSindeli epoqa mzad ar iyo. Tezisebis eretikulad cnobis Semdeg, mirandolas dapatimreba eloda. man gadawyvita safrangeTSi gascloda romis inkvizicias, magram gzaSi daapatimres. patimrobidan igi ixsna lorenco mediCim, romelmac daarwmuna papi, rom mirandolas Tezisebi arcTu ise saSiSi iyo eklesiisaTvis da Tavad misi pirovnebac imsaxurebda pativiscemas. mirandolas 900 Tezisidan 55 proklesagan iyo aRebuli. am TezisebSi, iseve, rogorc naSromSi „Tormeti wigni astrologTa winaaRmdeg~, uaryofili iyo mnaTobTa zemoqmedeba adamianis bedze, magram misaRebad iTvleboda magia, rogorc moZRvreba adamianis bunebaze aqtiuri zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb. magias mirandola, iseve, rogorc fiCino, amyarebda nivTebsa da bunebis Zalebis sayovelTao simpaTiis kanonze. astrologiis uaryofaSi mirandola ulrix cvinglisa (1484-1531) da iohan kepleris (1571-1630) winamorbedad iTvleba. mirandolasaTvis Semecnebis safexurebi gamoxataven ontologiur ierarqias. zeerTi, zearsi da zekeTili _ RmerTis Semecnebis safexurebi _ gamoricxaven misgan yovelive sxeulebrivsa da arasrulyofils, meore safexurze RmerTis srulyofileba Seimecneba, rogorc absoluturad erTaderTi realoba, romelic arafers ar hgavs. mesame safexurze am erTaderTis zearsobas da zekeTilobas gavigebT. amiT SevdivarT RvTaebrivi sinaTlidan RvTaebriv sibneleSi. rodesac am sinaTlis Seumecnebadobas da gamouTqmelobas SevignebT, avmaRldebiT umaRles meoTxe safexurze _ veziarebiT arcodnis codnas. is, rac konkretul saganTa Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT sinaTlea, RmerTis sakuTrivi arsebis Sesamecneblad sibnelea da arcodnaa. RmerTis am done- 40 -

ze Semecneba amqveyniuri netarebaa. xazgasasmelia is, rom misTvis sakmarisi araa Semecnebis bunebrivi msvleloba. es erTaderTi punqti rodia, sadac mirandola Teologias uTmobs. filosofias da saRvTo werils igi RmerTis sxvadasxvagvar gamovlinebad Tvlida _ maTi Tanxmoba saeWvod ar miaCnda. Tavisi axleburi moZRvreba adamianis Sesaxeb mirandolas, iseve, rogorc kuzanels, SeeZlo saRvTo werilze miTiTebiT daecva, sadac adamianis mier TviT angelosTa gankiTxvazea laparaki (korinTelTa, 1.6.3). `sityva adamianis Rirsebis Sesaxeb~ mirandolam mis mier dagegmili sayovelTao disputisaTvis dawera. aq saubaria imis Sesaxeb, rom adamiani mikrokosmosia, rom masSi aris rogorc miwieri (cxoveluri), aseve RvTaebrivi. arc erTi es elementi masSi gabatonebuli ar aris. RmerTma mas Tavisufali neba mianiWa da Tavad adamianzea damokidebuli Tavdapirveli gaurkveveli mdgomareobidan cxovelamde daeSveba, Tu RmerTamde amaRldeba. amdenad, adamiani Tavadaa sakuTari Tavis Semoqmedi. es aRorZinebis azrovnebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi monapovaria. misi safuZveli neoplatonizmis panTeisturi tendenciebia. es tendenciebi naTlad Cans mirandolas naSromSi _ `arsisa da erTis Sesaxeb~. aq igi, kuzanelis kvalad, aigivebs RmerTs da srulyofilebas samyaroSi, ise rom, sagani aRebuli mis srulyofilebaSi (rusTvelis (XII s.) sityvebiT _ „maT savsebaSi~) RmerTia. is, rac gansxvavebulia RmerTisagan, samyaroSi iwvevs dapirispirebas da brZolas _ rac, mirandolas azriT, negatiuri rodia. herakliteze (daaxl. 544 _ daaxl. 483) da empedokleze (daaxl. 490-430) damyarebiT, igi amtkicebs, rom amqveyniuri silamaze mxolod am gziT warmoiSveba. silamaze megobruli mtroba da Tanxmobadi ganxeTqilebaa. RmerTis Zalis gamovlineba isaa, rom ganxeTqilebas mudam sWarbobs Tanxmoba, xolo dapiri- 41 -

spirebas erTianoba. mirandolas am mosazrebebma didi gavlena iqonies jordano brunos (1548-1600) panTeizmis Camoyalibebis procesSi. rac Seexeba mirandolas pozicias religiaTa Tanxmobisa da Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb, igi 100 wlis Semdeg gamoiyena frangma moazrovne Jan bodenma (1530-1596), xolo ufro gvian _ gothold efraim lesingma (1729-1781) „naTan brZenSi~. yovlismomcveli ekleqtikuri sinTezi, miuxedavad mravali sayuradRebo principisa, rogorc Cans, misi avtorisaTvisac ar iyo mTlad damajerebeli. 1490 wels igi eqceva cnobili fanatikosis savonarolas gavlenis qveS. mirandolas xelSewyobiT Cavida savonarola florenciaSi, romelic, rogorc amboben, male aaforiaqa da 1492 wlidan faqtiurad savsebiT daimorCila. savonarola moiTxovda axal morals, uaryofda fufunebas da saero xelovnebas. misi waqezebiT dawves petrarkas nawarmoebebi da daangries xelovnebis mravali Zegli. misi moTxovnebi TandaTan autaneli gaxda rogorc papisaTvis, aseve ubralo xalxisaTvisac, romelsac igi ZiriTadad eyrdnoboda. savonarola 1498 wels koconze dawves. filosofiis cnobili istorikosi karl forlenderi (1860-1928) mirandolas humanizmis ideebis moRalated Tvlis savonarolas mxardaWerisaTvis. magram momavlisaken mimavali gzis maZiebelma mirandolam, albaT, borjaTa aRviraxsnili fufunebiT da garyvnilebiT gulgatexilma, aseve sakuTari mecnieruli kvlevis SedegebSi SeeWvebulma, didi yoymanis Semdeg, savonarolas mier wamoyenebuli rigoristuli principi airCia. isic unda iTqvas, rom mirandola arc sakuTari cxovrebaSi gamoirCeoda didi zneobriobiT. savonarolas gavleniT, mirandola wvavs axalgazrdobaSi daweril satrfialo leqsebs, sasiyvarulo werilebs, inaniebs codvebs (erTxel, axalgazrda qali cxenze Semoisva da gaitaca. roca mdevrebi wamoewivnen, brZola gaumarTa. man - 42 -

da misma mxleblebma Tvrameti kaci mokles). mirandola umcrosi igonebda, rom igi xSirad xedavda am periodSi biZamiss, Tu rogor iSoltavda igi sakuTar Tavs, mas ki xSirad urCevda gamudmebiT ekiTxa biblia. Tavad bibliis ganmartebebs mihyo xeli. mis codvaTa Soris SeiZleba movixsenioT misi intimuri kavSiri fiCinos meore gamoCenil mowafesTan, SesaniSnav filologTan, karg poetTan (romelsac bokaCos da ludoviko ariostos (1474-1533) gverdiT moixseniebdnen), lorenco mediCis Svilebis aRmzrdelTan, policianosTan. renesansis mesveurebs Soris es ar iyo erTeuli movlena. adamianis pretenzia titanobaze da srul Tavisuflebaze, saxifaTo principia. mravali maTgani acnobierebs, rom titani RmerTTan brZolaSi yovelTvis marcxdeba. Tumca aRiarebiT, yvela ar aRiarebs amas (mag., nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527), romelic adamianis codvilianobisaTvis Tvalis gasworebas cdilobs da RirebulebaTa sazomad mxolod saxelmwifos keTildReoba miiCnia). mirandolas bedSi, titanizmis, rogorc msoflmxedvelobis, mcdarobis gacnobierebas vxedavT. asevea misi Zlevamosili megobris, lorenco mediCis bedSic. gadmocemiT lorenco brwyinvalem (1449-1492) sikvdilis win miiwvia savonarola da codvaTa miteveba sTxova. savonarolam sami piroba wauyena amisaTvis: I. monanieba, rogorc religiuri piroba; II. codvis gziT SeZenil qonebaze uaris Tqma; III. uaris Tqma florenciis mmarTvelobaze da demokratiuli mmarTvelobis daSveba, rac niSnavda savonarolasTvis Zalauflebis oficialurad gadacemas. amaze, rogorc politikur moTxovnaze, lorenco ar daTanxmda. savonarolam ar gaaTavisufla igi codvaTagan (30,78). savonarolam qalaqi masebze damyarebiT aiRo. florenciaSi respublikis damyareba ZiriTadad am faqtma ganapiroba. magram axalma mmarTvelobam verc wesrigi daamyara, verc zneoba gaaumjobesa da verc meurneobas - 43 -

gaugo rame. xalxi mas gadaudga. 1498 wels masebs araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar gauweviaT, roca savonarola papis brZanebiT CamoaxrCves. aRorZinebas italiaSi, am periodisaTvis, sul raRac ocdaaTi wlis istoria hqonda, magram ukve naTlad gamoCnda misi sidiadec da naklovanebanic. Teoriul doneze is yvelafris gaerTianebas, yvelaferSi sikeTis danaxvas cdilobda. magram Teoriuli debulebebi praqtikaSi SesaZlebel, magram gauTvaliswinebel da arasasurvel gamovlenas hpovebdnen. georg vilhelm fridrix hegeli (1770-1831) amtkicebda, rom yvela sityva Tavisi bunebiT zogadia. igi amaSi sityvis, rogorc adamianTa racionaluri komunikaciis saSualebas gulisxmobda da amas sityvis RvTaebriv bunebas uwodebda. magram saerTod istoriam da, gansakuTrebiT aRorZinebisam, gviCvena aqedan gamomdinare siZneleebi. sityvis zogadma bunebam misca saSualeba humanistebs qristianobis epikuresTan (342/341-271/270) Serigebis SesaZlebloba da saWiroeba daesabuTebinaT. aRorZinebis dawyebamde karga xniT adre, lorenco valam (1407-1457), romis papis mdivanma, am ideis mxardasaWerad, gamoaqveyna traqtati „siamovneba, rogorc WeSmariti sikeTe` (1531). magram, Tu epikure siamovnebiT da kmayofilebiT cxovrebisTvis, saTno da zneobrivi arsebobisaTvis yvelsa da purs savsebiT sakmarisad miiCnevda, vala amtkicebs, rom siamovnebiT da komfortulad cxovreba sulac ar ewinaaRmdegeba qristianobas; piriqiT, igi didi siqvelea. metic, komfortulad cxovreba bunebrivia da amitom RvTaebrivicaa (valasTvis, RmerTi igivea, rac buneba). aravis eeWveba, rom bunebrivi da gamarTlebulia TviTSenaxvis survili adamianis mier da siamovneba TviTSenaxvis saukeTeso saSualebaa. saqme isaa, rom uzneo siamovneba lorenco valasaTvis ar arsebobs. magram es debuleba xom WeSmariti morwmunis TviTgvemasTan erTad, sastik inkvizitorsac, borjebisa da mediCebis warmomadgenlebis siamovnebebsac - 44 -

amarTlebs? uazrobaa adamians umtkico, rac Sen gsiamovnebs, is sinamdvileSi siamovneba ar aris, Tu saxelmwifoSi amis samarTlebrivi sazRvrebi araa dadgenili. piko dela mirandolam siamovnebis orive gagebis Sedegebi gamoscada. mainc ver darwmunda Tavisi arCevanis sisworeSi. am axalgazrda genioss rom dascloda, Tavisi filosofiis ZiriTadi principis (adamiani mudam Tavisufalia da mudam SeuZlia airCios) Tanaxmad, cxovrebis sazrisis axali SesaZleblobebis Ziebas ganagrZobda, e. i. maradiuli wrebrunvis gzas gaagrZelebda. rogorc kasireri aRniSnavs, savonarolas arc erTi adamianis sulisaTvis ar ubrZolia ise sijiutiT, mondomebiT da vnebiT, rogorc mirandolas sulisaTvis da am brZolaSi mas darCa gamarjveba (16,71). jovani piko dela mirandolas bedi italiaSi renesansuli kulturis pirveli didi tragediaa. qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis saintereso iqneba imis aRniSvna, rom mirandolas memkvidreobis umniSvnelovanesi da saerTo-sakacobrio Rirebulebis Sinaarsi ilia WavWavaZem (1837-1907), 1888 wels, `iveriaSi~ kargad gaacno Tavis mkiTxvels. ganixilavda ra aRorZinebis epoqas, ilia werda: `am saukunem axali TvaliT miaxeda kacobrioba adamianis Rirsebazed da imis arsebobis saganzeda. humanizmis moZRvreba imaSi mdgomareobso, ambobs erTi mwerali, rom adamiani Sehxarodes cxovrebas, elinebr sixarulis TvaliT uyurebdes, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kacis adamianuri Rirseba Rrmad pativcemuli iyos da ara-nakleb Rrmadve Canerguli rwmena gvqondes, rom yoveli Rone da niWi adamianis bunebisa aucileblad saWiroa ganviTarebul da warmatebul iqnas erTianad da gamouklebliv. es pativiscema adamianis Rirsebisa daiwera Tavis droSazed humanobis moZRvrebam da es moZRvreba garkveviT gamoTqva maSin erTma italielma humanistma pikodela mirandolam 1486 welsa. am pikos sityviT, ai ras ubrZanebs - 45 -

RmerTi pirvels kacs adamsa: «me SenTvis, adamo, araviTari samudamo bina da sadguri ar momicia, araviTari samudamod ucvalebeli saqme ar amiCenia es imisTvis, rom saca Sen giamos iq icxovro, rac gindodes is saqme aiCino. me Sen arc sasikvdilod gamiCenixar, arc ukvdavad daminiSvnixar. es imitom, rom Sen TviTon iyo Senis Tavis mkeTebeli da iseTi saxe miiRo, rogoric Sen TiTona gsurs. Sen SegiZlian pirutyvamdinac Zirs Camoxvide da angelozamdinac ze axvide.» kacma rom Caixedos am striqonebSi, da masTan unaric hqondes gamosarkvevi gamoarkvios da dasanaxi dainaxos, CvenTan erTad ityvis, rom amazed martivad da amazed naTlad Znelia kacma gamoTqvas-Ra, rogorc arsebobis sagani, isec adamianis Rirseba~.

3. nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) da misi antiutopia Sua saukuneebis wiaRSi didxans mwifdeboda axali msoflmxedveloba. es procesi gamoixata paduis universitetSi gabatonebul aristotelizmSi, aseve pleTonis da misi mowafeebis mcdelobaSi platonis safuZvelze berZnuli miTologiis aRorZinebisa, kuzanelis mier „ganswavluli arcodnis` da „dapirispirebulTa erTianobis`, aseve usasrulobis kategoriis axlebur gagebaSi, maTematikis gamoyenebiT, humanizmis gabatonebaSi evropul kulturaSi (gansakuTrebiT, italieli filologebis wyalobiT). yvelafer amas daemata saerTod qristianuli samyaros didi kraxi _ konstantinepolis aReba TurqeTis sulTan mahmud II mier 1453 wels. muslimanur samyaroSi es aRqmuli iqna, rogorc 1099 wels jvarosnebis mier ierusalimis aRebis sapasuxo qmedeba. Tanac am aqtis ideologiur gamarTlebasac Seecadnen, TiTqos TurqTa tomebma sakuTari, Zveli berZnebis mier mitacebuli samSoblo daibrunes. erT-erT sabuTad homerosis (XII s.-dan - 46 -

VII s.-mde Zv. w.) „iliadazec` miuTiTebdnen. italiisa da xmelTaSua zRvis sxva saxelmwifoebi savaWro gzebze gabatonebis uSualo mogebiT dabrmavebulni, bizantiis daxmarebis magier, xelsac uwyobdnen am katastrofas. mas Semdeg, rac aRorZinebam, rogorc axali da ufro maRali Rirebulebis epoqis momzadebis da dasawyisis saxeli daisakuTra kacobriobis kulturaSi, sxvadasxva regionul kulturaSi istoriulad ganxorcielebulma siaxleebma met-naklebad dasabuTebuli pretenzia ganacxades am Rirsebaze. rogorc cnobilia, bizantiis kulturaSi xuT renesanss asaxeleben. Salva nucubiZis aRmosavluri renesansis gamoZaxilis saxiT wamoayenes somxur, azerbaijanul, rusul da Cinur renesansTa Teoriebi. am Ziebebisas mravali mniSvnelovani istoriul-kulturuli viTareba gairkva, riTac renesansis Rirebuleba, misi Sinaganoba sakacobrio kulturisaTvis ufro naTlad gamoikveTa. renesansis cnebis Sesatyvisi realobebis Ziebisas, rogorc wesi, florenciis platonur akademias mimarTaven. marsilio fiCinos mier platonis sxva SromebTan erTad, „saxelmwifos` laTinuri Targmani, utopiuri saxelmwifos Teoriebis [Tomas mori (1478-1535), tomazo kampanela (1568-1639) da sxva] garda, saxelmwifos antiutopiuri Teoriebis Seqmnis stimuladac iqca. ase daiwyo axali, ase vTqvaT, Seulamazebeli realobis analizis filosofia. am axali politikis filosofiis mamamTavari iyo maSindeli italiis cnobili saxelmwifo moRvawe, mwerali da istorikosi nikolo makiaveli. misi ZiriTadi Sromebia: „mTavari` (daiwera 1513 w., gamoica _ 1532 w.), „ganazrebani` (1527), „omis xelovneba` (1519/1520), „florenciis istoria` (8 wignad. 1520-1525 ww.), „dialogi enis Sesaxeb` (1514), komedia „mandragora` (1518) da sxva. misi cxovrebis pirveli naxevari Zalze saintereso, - 47 -

magram, amave dros, qveynisaTvis tragikuli movlenebiT aRiniSna. makiaveli, mediCebis gvaris batonobisas, opozicionerTa rigebSi iyo da raime saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis imedi arc hqonia. kidev ufro damZimda misTvis, da saerTod italiisaTvis, viTareba, roca 1594 wels, mediCebis gandevnis Semdeg, florencias daepatrona adgilobrivi dominikelTa monastris winamZRvari, sastiki asketi savonarola. igi erTnairi SeurigeblobiT ebrZoda, rogorc mediCebs, ise romis paps. orives amqveyniuri RirebulebebiT da fufunebiT gatacebaSi sdebda brals, raSic savsebiT marTali iyo, magram Tavad misma fanatizmmac didi ubedureba moutana qveyanas. man rigi mniSvnelovani xelovnebis nawarmoebi sajarod daawvevina. iseTi atmosfero Seqmna, rom TviT botiCeli da miqelanjelo buonaroti (1475-1564) cdilobdnen, maT qmnilebebSi ufro gamokveTili yofiliyo religiuri suli. savonarola kategoriulad moiTxovda eklesiis reformas da pirvandeli qristianobis idealebiT cxovrebas. misi gaZleba male arc sasuliero da arc saero xelisuflebas ar SeeZlo. xalxis farTo masebsac, romlebic Tavdapirvelad upirobod uWerdnen mas mxars da gaabatones kidec, aRar moswondaT misi gaumarTlebeli sisatike da radikalizmi. sxva saSinel RonisZiebaTa Soris man SemoiRo mosaxleobis kontrolis axali saxe: bavSvebs aiZulebda jaSuSobas mSoblebis zneobis Taobaze. es meTodi mogvianebiT Jan kalvinma (1509-1564) gamoiyena JenevaSi. 1597 wels savonarola rom neoplatonikosebs akritikebda, marto ZagebiT ar kmayofildeboda. Tavis traqtatSi „mecnierebaTa nawilebi da maTi Rirseba` (gamoica 1534 w.) igi miuTiTebda, rom viTomc platonis erTguli filosofosebi, politikosebi da xelovanni ar aqceven yuradRebas platonis aSkara uaryofiT damokidebulebas sagmiro da erotikuli xelovnebisadmi. platoni xom Tavad homerosis gaZevebasac moiTxovda Tavisi idealuri saxelmwifodan. - 48 -

savonarola eklesiidan gankveTes, papi aleqsandre borjas (1431-1503) mcdelobiT. erTi wlis Semdeg ki sikvdiliT dasajes. amave 1498 wels makiavelis SesTavazes, mniSvnelovani Tanamdeboba mTavrobaSi (e. w. aTTa kolegiis mdivnoba). igi florenciis saSinao, sagareo da saomari viTarebebis kuratori iyo. am mniSvnelovan postze man didi praqtikuli gamocdileba SeiZina. rogorc Cans, igi erTguli respublikeli iyo da respublikis dacemis Semdeg, roca mediCebma dabruneba SesZles, makiavelim Tavisi posti dakarga. es iyo 1512 wels; igi gadaasaxles sakuTar mamulSi. erTi wlis Semdeg daamTavra man Tavisi cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi saqme _ dawera „mTavari`. makiavelim igi miuZRvna lorenco brwyinvales SviliSvils, lorenco mediCis, rogorc patiebis Taviseburi Txovna da misi mzadyofna samsaxurisaTvis. axalgazrda mediCis es wigni ar waukiTxavs da arc misi avtorisadmi gamouCenia raime yuradReba. es saerTod didi dapirispirebebis periodi iyo. ara marto Zvelsa da axals Soris, aramed axlisaTvis mebrZolTa Sorisac: erazm roterdamelsa (1466-1536) da martin luTers (1483-1546), Tomas morsa da henri VIII (1491-1547), luTersa da sebastian franks (1499-1542), savonarolasa da mediCebs, saerTod, internacionalizmsa da nacionalizms Soris. makiavelim Tavisi Teoriis miznad daisaxa realur saxelmwifoSi moqmedi konkretuli adamianebis namdvili miznebisa da SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT moenaxa qmediTi gza Zlieri saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad. erT raimeSi igi savsebiT eTanxmeboda platons: saxelmwifos interesebs pirovnebis interesebTan mimarTebaSi sruli upiratesoba aqvs. imaSic eTanxmeboda, rom adamiani saxelmwifos gareSe ver icxovrebs adamianurad. es ki niSnavs icxovro sxva adamianebis gverdiT da mainc SeinarCuno sakuTari pirovnuloba, SegeZlos sakuTari interesebis - 49 -

raRacnairi ganxorcieleba. rac Seexeba pirovnebis namdvil mamoZravebels, amaSi makiaveli platonisagan principulad gansxvavebul poziciaze idga. misTvis ueWveli iyo, rom pirovnebis da istoriis mamoZravebeli Zala aris sakuTrebis SeZena da SeZenilis dacva da gadideba. platonisaTvis adamianuri arseboba niSnavda zneobriv arsebobas. makiaveli ki darwmunebuli iyo, rom saxelmwifos interesebi, principulad ufro maRla dganan, vidre Tundac zneoba, tradicia Tu religia. xolo imas, Tu rogoria es interesebi, amis gansazRvris sruli ufleba aqvs saxelmwifos meTaurs. mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, Tu ra gziT moxvdeba igi saxelmwifos saTaveSi. makiavelis ar awuxebs ara marto saxelmwifos meTauris zneobrivi saxe, aramed arc misi mimarTeba moqmed samarTalTan. arc maTi sisastike da garyvnileba awuxebs. Tumca Zalian kargad icis, ra aris kargi da ra cudi. piradadac ar iyo midrekili cudisa da sisastikisaken. igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom eqimiviT iqceva, romelic mxolod imas adgens, Tu ra gaaZlierebs mis pacients (saxelmwifos). igi rCevasac aZlevs garewars, Tu rogor gamoiyenos sisatike Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad. „rogor iyeneben sisatikes _ avad Tu kargad? (Tuki borotebis mimarT SeiZleba iTqvas _ „kargado`) _ maSin roca erTxel mimarTaven mas, rogorc Tavdacvis aucilebel saSualebas, Semdeg ki, xels iReben masze da mxolod imas cdiloben, rac SeiZleba meti sargebloba moutanon Tavis qveSemdgomT. avad iyeneben maSin, roca Tavdapirvelad mxolod nawilobriv avlenen sisastikes, Semdeg ki, droTa ganmavlobaSi, TandaTan zrdian... aqedan gamomdinare, ama Tu im saxelmwifos xelSi Cagdebisas dampyrobelma erTbaSad, erTi dakvriT, unda gamoiCinos mTeli sisastike, raTa Semdeg yoveldRiurad ar dasWirdes misi gamoyeneba da amrigad SesZlos xalxis daSoSmineba da qvelmoqmedebis wyalobiT misi gulis mogeba`. makiavelis rCevani exeba daqirave- 50 -

buli jaris da maTi meTaurebis (kondotiorebis) morCilebaSi yolas, rTul situaciebSi umciresi borotebis amorCevas, kariskacebis gonebrivi unarebis mixedviT arCevas, pirmoTneTa gamocnobas da sxvas (30,I,194-5). rogorc yvela mniSvnelovan moazrovnes, makiavelisac hyavda winamorbedebi da mimdevrebi. aseTebi mravalia, magram evropuli azrovnebis istoriaSi misi adgilis gamosakveTad, upriania or moazrovneze miTiTeba: warsulidan aseTia platoni, momdevno periodis moazrovneTagan _ fridrix nicSe (1844-1900). platonis „saxelmwifos` I da II wignebSi samarTlianobis sakiTxia ganxiluli. rogorc platonis dialogTa umravlesobaSi, aqac platonis pozicias sokrate gadmoscems. igi amtkicebs, rom samarTlianoba, rogorc sikeTe, TavisTavadi Rirebulebaa da sjobs usamarTlod daisajo, vodre sxvis mimarT usamarTlod moiqce. sofisti Trazimaxe (daaxl. 459-400) ki umtkicebs sokrates, rom samarTliania is, rac ZlierisaTvisaa sasargeblo („saxelmwifo`, 243 d). sokrate advilad uCvenebs, rom Trazimaxes ar esmis, Tu ras niSnavs Zlieri, rogorc aseTi. man arc is icis, raa es samarTlianoba, aris Tu ara igi sikeTe. magaliTad, krivSi gamarjvebuli, cxadia, Zlieria da misTvis sasargebloa saqonlis xorcis Wama. aris es samarTlianoba anda sikeTe? sofisti xedavs siZneles, magram ukan ar ixevs, sokrate mainc aiZulebs es aRiaros. makiaveli ki cdilobs daamtkicos, rom cxadia, kargia, roca adamiani Sinaganad zneobrivia, magram Tu es zneobrioba konkretul viTarebaSi saxelmwifos interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba, mis Rirebulebas mniSvneloba ara aqvs. nebismieri usamarTloba da mzakvroba gamarTlebulia. xolo im sakiTxs, marTla ewinaaRmdegeba es saxelmwifos interesebs Tu ara, gadawyvets saxelmwifos meTauri. Tavad saxelmwifos SesaZlebel formebs Soris makiavelis umjobesad demokratiuli respublika miaCnia, ma- 51 -

gram mis aucileblobas ar icavs. makiavelis ar awuxebda arc udanaSaulobis da arc, miT umetes, moralurobis prezumfcia. igi realisti iyo da gamodioda ara iqidan, Tu rogor unda moiqcnen adamianebi, aramed iqidan, Tu rogor iqcevian isini da ra miznebi aqvT maT sinamdvileSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ras acxadeben Tavis miznad. zogi mkvlevris azriT, makiavelis „mTavarisaTvis` SeiZleboda gvewodebina: „rogor unda gaxde diqtatori da SeinarCuno es mdgomareoba.` saxelmwifos raobis principebis dasdgenad, makiaveli cdilobda, bunebismetyvelTaTvis miebaZa, e. i. mxolod garegani gamocdilebis monacemebs damyareboda, am faqtebis analiziT daedgina wesebi. iseve, rogorc maTi saerTo aucilebloba, maTi ucvleli kanoni. rogorc, magaliTad, Semdeg galileim dakvirvebis monacemebis ganzogadebiT daadgina materiis mudmivobis kanoni. Tumca gamocdilebis monacemebi vercerT SemTxvevaSi ver iqneba kanonis sayovelTaobis garantia, makiaveli mainc imedovnebda, rom ueWveli da uryevi kanonebi daadgina adamianis da misi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, is, rom yoveli cocxali ibadeba, viTardeba da kvdeba. miuxedavad adamianisaTvis am debulebis mTeli ueWvelobisa, Cven mis sayovelTaobasa da aucileblobas verasgziT ver davasabuTebT. igi maRali donis hipoTezaa, romlis saboloo safuZveli mainc Cveni rwmenaa. aseve saalbaTo daSvebaa makiavelis meore principi: adamianis buneba yvelgan da yovelTvis erTi da igivea. maT yvela epoqaSi erTnairi miznebi da vnebani amoZraveben. amitom gasuli sazogadoebebis gamocdilebis gamoyeneba samarTliania da sasargeblo. makiavelim, marTlac, kargad gamoiyena, mis mier Zveli romis imperiis istoriis analizi. igi emyareboda titus liviusis (daaxl. Zv. w. 59 _ ax. w. 17) 142 wigniani „romis istoriis` SemorCenili nawilebidan pirveli 10 wignis analizs. kidev erTi debuleba, romelic makiavelis - 52 -

wamowyebuli saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovania da garkveuli garantiaa misi daskvnebis qmediTobisaTvis: yoveli realuri adamiani kargicaa da cudic, magram adamianis qcevebidan misi politikuri orientaciis gasagebad, umjobesia, isini miviCnioT TavisTavad cudebad. am mizniT, makiaveli dabejiTebiT amtkicebs, rom „adamianebi mzakvrebi arian da Tu ar aiZuleb, rom iyvnen keTilni, isini aucileblad borotebad iqcevian`. amgvari iZulebis saSualebas mxolod saxelmwifo iZleva. rogorc aRiniSna, nebismieri mcdelobis miuxedavad, yvela empiristi mainc gamocdilebis, e. i. empiriis gareT gadis. Sesabamisad, makiavelis mier wamoyenebuli zemoaRniSnuli principebic gamocdilebisTvis miRmurs emyarebian. yvelaze metad es Cans mis mier sazogadoebis progresis arsebobis principis wamoyenebaSi. cxadia, veraviTari gamocdilebiT ver damtkicdeba is debuleba, rom adamianTa nebismieri boroti da mzakvruli moqmedeba, saboloo jamSi, mainc progresis samsaxurSi Cadgeba, e. i., rom kacobrioba midis araTavisuflebidan Tavisuflebisaken da sisastikidan humanizmisaken. aseTi daSveba mxolod petitio principii, e. i. sasurvelis ukve dasabuTebulad miCneva, SeiZleba iyos. makiavelis, platonis msgavsad, miaCnda, rom kerZo sakuTrebis, Zalian mdidrebis da Zalian Raribebis arseboba, saxelmwifos stabilurobis mteria. igi ajanyebebs da mmarTvelobis formaTa cvlilebebs iwvevs saxelmwifoSi. is sasurvelad saSualo fenebs miiCnevs, magram „mTavarSi` saxelmwifos meTauris postze erT-erTi yvelaze mdidari da garewari adamiani, Cezare borja (1475-1527) miiCnia samagaliTod. kidev erTi ZiriTadi debuleba, romelsac makiaveli icavda, aris is, rom adamianis neba Tavisufalia. misi Tavisufali nebis gadawyvetilebis Sedegebic, saboloo jamSi, aucileblad progress emsaxureba. makiavelis mim- 53 -

devari ingliseli filosofosis Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) terminebiT rom vTqvaT, adamianebi im mdgomareobidan gamosvlis ZiebaSi, romelsac ewodeba „brZola yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg`, sakuTari Tavisufali nebiT iReben gadawyvetilebas samSvidobo xelSekrulebis sasargeblod. isini am dros sulac ar xelmZRvanelobdnen zneobrivi kanonebiT, magram Sedegi iyo progresuli da zneobrivic _ saxelmwifos warmoSoba. amrigad, bedma boroteba sikeTis samsaxurSi Caayena. aq bunebrivad wamoiWreba sakiTxebi: ra roli aqvs am saqmeSi Tavisufal nebas? xom ar aris adamiani ubralo iaraRi sakuTari bedis gadawyvetisas? makiaveli cdilobs, rom rogorme moawesrigos es sakiTxi. mas ar unda bedis saerTo ganmsazRvreli rolis uaryofa, magram icis, rom adamiani yvela Rirsebas dakargavs, Tu mas Tavisufali neba ar eqna. igi irwmuneba, rom adamianebi uZlurebi ar arian bedis (fortunas) winaaRmdeg. rogorc paracelss, masac SesaZleblad miaCnia adamianis nebis zemoqmedeba sakuTar istoriaze. igi sakmaod uxeSad, magram gasagebad gamoTqvams Tavis azrs: fortuna qalia, da Tu ginda kargad iyo masTan, igi unda cemo da apanRuro. (paracelsi ki planetebze Cveni nebis ZaliT zemoqmedebaze, maT dasjaze msjelobda). makiavelim, cxadia, icis, rom saxelmwifoSi kamaTis da dapirispirebis acilebis ori gza arsebobs: samarTlebrivad mowesrigebuli qceva da Zalmomreoba. zogadad rom aviRoT, pirvels iyeneben adamianebi, meores _ mxecebi. ramdenadac pirveli yovelTvis sasurvel Sedegs ver iZleva, adamianebi iZulebulni arian Zalmomreobis gzas daadgnen. rac Seexeba saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobas, aq makiavelis isic ar surs, rom maT Soris gulrwfeli da zneobrivi urTierToba sasurvel idealad mainc CaTvalos. igi darwmunebulia, rom saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierToba, saboloo jamSi, mxolod SiSveli Zaladobaa. - 54 -

iohan eduard erdmanis (1805-1892) azriT, diplomatad dabadebul da gazrdil makiavelis eyo Zala qveyanas gamotydomoda imaSi, rasac yvela drois diplomati, mxolod Tavisi qceviT amJRavnebda. makiavelis eWvic ar epareboda imaSi, rom saxelmwifos meTauris ganusazRvreli uflebebi mavans SeiZleba usamarTlod gamoeyenebina. Tavadac xom sanimuSod miiCnia borjebis yvelaze saxelgatexili gvaris, yvelaze saxelgatexili warmomadgeneli _ Cezare borja. evropis istoriaSi es erT-erTi yvelaze uzneo adamiani iyo pap aleqsandre VI Svili da feraris mxaris hercogi qalis, lukrecia borjas Zma. cnobilia, rom Cezare borja araviTari demokrati ar iyo da arc zneobriv principebs Tvlida pativiscemis Rirsad. amis iluzia arc makiavelis hqonia, magram maSindeli italiis daqucmacebulobis da Sida omebis gadamlaxavi gaerTianebisaTvis es pirovneba CaTvala saimedo kandidatad. albaT, saWiroa, Tanamedrove mkiTxvelma gaacnobieros, ras niSnavda borjebis gvaris wevroba, raTa makiavelis arCevanis riskis xarisxi gasagebi gaxdes. es imis gagebaSic dagvexmareba, Tu ra sibinZuridan amoizarda (anda masTan erTad izrdeboda) aRorZinebis diadi xelovneba da diadi ideebi. leonardo da vinCi (1452-1519) Cezare borjasTan muSaobda samxedro inJinrad. garyvnili da codvili xelisufalni ukveTavdnen rafaels da miqelanjelos im qmnilebebs, romlebic msoflio kulturis siamayes warmoadgenen. makiavelim Zalian kargad icoda am ojaxis saqmeebi, magram mainc amarTlebda. metic, aqebda kidec aleqsandres da Cezares saqciels. maT marcxs ki gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxveviTi garemoebebiT xsnida, Tumca Tavad iseT Secdomebze miuTiTebda, romelic amgvar brZolaSi Cabmul adamianebs ar unda mosvlodaT. rogorc losevi Tavis „aRorZinebis esTetikaSi` (45,139) gadmogvcems: am ojaxis meTauri papi aleqsandre - 55 -

VI borja Tavis TavSi aerTianebda, pativmoyvareobas, angarebas da garyvnilebas, brwyinvale unarebTan da energiasTan. igi vaWrobda TanamdebobebiT, wyalobebiT, codvaTa mitevebiT. mis dros arc erTi kardinali ar daniSnula didi fulis gadaxdis gareSe. Tanamedroveebi imasac gvauwyeben, rom igi cxovrobda Tavis qaliSvil lukreciasTan, romelic aseve Tavisi Zmis, Cezare borjas sayvareli iyo. gaurkveveli darCa, am lukreciam bavSvi Tavisi mamisagan Soba Tu Zmisgan. es qali, politikuri Tu dinastiuri mosazrebebiT, oTxjer gaaTxoves. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTebi marto borjebi ar iyvnen. gabatonebul fenebSi msxverplni, iseve, rogorc maTi jalaTni, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs hgavdnen. amgvar sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi makiaveli mainc fiqrobs, rom evropuli civilizaciis da evropuli adamianis gadarCena SesaZlebelia da am miznisaTvis yvela saSualeba kargia. msgavsi problemis winaSe idga nicSe. dainaxa ra evropuli civilizaciis, misi azriT, totalurad yalbi safuZveli, gabatonebuli nihilizmis dasaZlevad nicSem gacilebiT radikaluri saSualeba CaTvala saWirod: kerZod, Tanamedrove adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis daZleva da zekacad qceva. makiavelis da nicSes bevri aqvT saerTo. esaa adamianis egoisturi sawyisis wamoweva, Zalauflebis neba, feminizmis miznebis negatiuri Sefaseba. orives saerTo mtrebi hyavs: erTia, adamianis gaidialeba da meore, adamianze xelis Caqneva. orivesTvis evropuli civilizaciis istoria siyalbis istoriaa, magram makiavelisaTvis istoria mainc progress emorCileba. nicSesTvis ki ueWvelia maradiuli gameoreba igivesi. makiaveli ar moiTxovs misi Tanamedrove adamianis arsebiT cvlilebas. nicSes azriT, es aucilebelia, magram urTulesi procesia saWiro am cvlilebisaTvis (mag., lomis moTamaSe bavSvad qceva, rogorc gza zekacisaken. saWiroa, aseve, saxelmwifos gauqmeba). - 56 -

nicSe adamianis zekacad qcevas SesaZleblad Tvlis da elodeba mas, rogorc didi xnis avdris Semdeg gamodarebas. makiaveli adamianis SesaZlebel progresul gardaqmnaSi mniSvnelovan rols utovebs beds (fortunas). Tumca adamianis Tavisuflebaze uaris Tqma arasgziT ar surs. adamianis zekacad qcevas igi ar elodeba. am aspeqtiT makiaveli ufro axlos dgas kantTan. Tumca isic cnobilia, rom kants makiaveli ar uyvarda. makiaveli da kanti orive pavle mociqulis princips emyarebodnen, rom adamianSi yovelTvis aris sikeTisa da borotebis brZola. ragind Zala dakargos borotebam, igi adamianSi arasdros ar qreba, kaci zekaci verasodes ver gaxdeba, usasrulod ki SeiZleba miuaxlovdes mas. makiavelis italiis gaerTianeba surda da amitom saxelmwifo interesebs pirovnebis uflebebze da interesebze udavo upiratesobas aniWebda. misi Tanamedrove hugo grociusi (1583-1645) _ saerTaSorisi samarTlis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli _ saxelmwifoze maRla samarTals ayenebda. igi gaerTianebul da Zlier savaWro saxelmwifoSi _ holandiaSi cxovrobda da sxva problemebi awuxebda. es misi ZiriTadi Sromebis saTaurebidanac Cans: „Tavisufali zRva`, „omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb`. makiavelis mravali kritikosi hyavda, magram TanamedroveTagan mis mTavar naklze erazm roterdamelma miuTiTa. 1516 wels, roca imperatorma karlos V (1500_1558) erazmi sasaxleSi miiwvia, erazmma dawera wigni „qristiani Tavadis aRzrda`. saTaurSive „qristianis` xazgasma erazmis mier sami wliT adre daweril makiavelis „mTavarze` miniSneba iyo. erazmis principi iyo: ganaTlebis da aRzrdis arc erTi forma araa imaze Rirebuli, romelic aswavlis, Tu rogor unda marTo zneobrivad.

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4. alamino rinuCini (1426-1499) aRorZinebis epoqis idealebis bairaxtari _ florenciis respublika _ XV s.-Si saocrad mdidari, mravalferovani politikuri da inteleqtualuri cxovrebis arena iyo. florenciam sasurvel stumrebad miiRo bizantiidan devnili filosofosebi, Teologebi da filologebi. 1456 wels lorenco mediCis wyalobiT da monawileobiT florenciis platonuri akademia daarsda. am akademiis keTilismyofeli gavlena male gaxda cnobili da aRiarebuli. florenciis inteleqtualebi, marTalia, erTmniSvnelovnad iyvnen mimarTuli berZnuli da romauli antikurobisaken, magram es kultura sulac ar iyo erTganzomilebiani da masSi bevri ram iyo amosarCevi. Tundac yvelaze gavrcelebuli neoplatonizmi rigi gansxvavebuli da zogjer dapirispirebuli interpretaciis saSualebas iZleoda. n. makiavelim, rogorc davinaxeT, platonis „respublikaSi` warmodgenil TrazimaxesTan erTad Zveli istorikosebi airCia sakuTari socialuri Teoriis dasafuZneblad; misma umcrosma Tanamedrovem, cnobilma florencielma moazrovnem da politikurma moRvawem, rinuCinim ki ciceroni (Zv. w. 106 _ ax. w. 43) da mis mier warmodgenili stoelTa filosofia CaTvala sakuTari socialuri Teoriis, „samoqalaqo humanizmis` saukeTeso sayrdenad. am pozicias bevri iziarebda (qristoforo landino (1424-1504), policiano da sxva). es iyo Zveli romauli principebis aRorZinebis cda: sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis piradulze maRla dayeneba. rinuCini warmatebuli florencieli vaWrebis Zvel da gavlenian gvars ekuTvnoda, romlis wevrebi XV s.Si mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen florenciis respublikis samoqalaqo da inteleqtualur cxovrebaSi. ciceronis da misi saxiT stoelTa filosofiis sanimu- 58 -

Sod miCneva imaze miuTiTebs, rom rinuCinis ar surda samarTliani saxelmwifo wyobileba, platonisa da T. moris msgavsad, mxolod utopiurad mieCniaT. magram arc is miaCnda sworad, rom realuri samoqalaqo cxovreba, makiavelis msgavsad, mxolod Sav ferebSi daenaxa, anu moralis principebi da samoqalaqo cxovrebis humanizmi SeuTavseblad mieCnia. stouri filosofiis mier zneobrivi cxovrebis centris gadatana adamianis sulier samyaroSi da, Sesabamis pirobebSi, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi misi danergvisaTvis mzadyofnis moTxovnis principi kargad gamoxatavda rinuCinisa da misi Tanamoazreebis mier arCeul mesame, saSualo gzas. mas „samoqalaqo humanizmsac` uwodeben. am humanizmis kredo SeiZleboda ase gamogvexata: yvelaferi gaakeTe sakuTari inteleqtualuri da zneobrivi srulyofisaTvis; mudam mzad iyavi emsaxuro Seni qveynis keTildReobas, Tundac es sicocxlis fasad dagijdes; magram Tu Sens qveyanas ar surs Seni samsaxuri da Seni msxverpli, ganze gadeqi da gaagrZele sakuTari Tavis srulyofa, im imediT, rom roca iqneba, dasWirdebi Sens qveyanas. am kredoSi Zneli dasanaxi araa Tavad a. rinuCinis faqtiuri cxovrebis gzis amokiTxva. misi „dialogi Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb`, romelic tipuri renesansuli dialogis nimuSia, mogviTxrobs rinuCinis saxelovan winaprebze da imazec, rom igi dasawyisSi mxurvaled uWerda mxars lorenco mediCis da mis gegmebs. mas maRali Tanamdebobebic ekava: respublikis erT-erTi priori iyo (1460), mogvianebiT e. w. rvaTa kolegiis wevri (1472), Semdeg romis papTan lorenco mediCis piradi warmomadgeneli. mas Semdeg, rac mis erTgulebaSi lorencom eWvi Seitana, yvela Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufles. alamino gaecala dedaqalaqs da CauRrmavda Tavis samecniero muSaobas. amis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo wigni „dialogi Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb` (23,98). rinuCinis moRvaweobis periodSi florenciaSi Rire­ - 59 -

bulebaTa cvlileba da axlis Camoyalibeba swrafad xdeboda. lorenco mediCi, mas Semdeg, rac florenciis faqtiuri erTmmarTveli gaxda, fiqrobda, rom am mdgomareobis oficialuri dakanoneba ufro waadgeboda qveyanas. am gziT mavali es udavod niWieri poeti, farTo filosofiuri ganaTlebis da interesebis adamiani TandaTan tirani xdeba. Tavisuflebismoyvare florencielebi amas Znelad eguebodnen. 1478 wels xdeba gavleniani florencieli bankiri pacis ajanyeba lorencos winaaRmdeg. is adreve gamomJRavnda da SedarebiT advilad Caaqres, magram brZolaSi daiRupa lorencos Zma _ juliano mediCi (daaxl. 1520-1588). es kargad gamoiyena lorencom Tavisi miznebis gasaxorcieleblad. paci mediCebis metoqe bankirTa saxlis warmomadgeneli iyo, magram SeTqmuleba imitom daiwyo, rom xalxis mniSvnelovani nawili ukve lorencos gadaudga. Tavis traqtatSi rinuCini erTmniSvnelovnad uWers mxars SeTqmulebas. didi xnis Semdeg, 1494 wels, roca savonarolas TaosnobiT mediCebi gandevnes florenciidan, rinuCini Tavis matianeSi wers: Tavisufali respublikisaTvis es gakveTili unda iyos raTa moqalaqeTagan aravis mieces ufleba sxvebze imdenad amaRldes, rom sxvebis Tanabrad ar daemorCilos kanonebs. Tavisuflebis gageba rinuCinisTan rom ciceronulia, es romaeli stoelis mier Tavisuflebis gagebis ubralo gaxsenebiTac naTelia: Tavisufleba aris saxelmwifos kanonTa da CveulebaTa farglebSi damoukidebeli cxovrebis SesaZlebloba. rinuCinis es esmis respublikis kanonTa azriT, romelTac xalxi adgens da mis mieraa dakanonebuli. sxvagvarad gaugebari iqneboda mis mier pacis SeTqmulebis mxardaWera da savonarolas momxreTagan mediCebis gandevnis gamarTleba. roca am sakiTxs exebian, istorikosebs uyvarT im faqtis gaxseneba, rom romSi aTvalwunebuli da devnili savonarola lorenco - 60 -

mediCim, marsilio fiCinos TxovniT, miiwvia florenciaSi. lorencos magaliTze kidev erTxel gamarTlda aristoteles mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom erTmmarTveloba saxelmwifosTvis yvelaze kargi formaa, magram, radgan aseTi pirovneba ar moiZebneba, umjobesia aristokratiuli respublika, romlis xelisufleba Taviseburi koleqtiuri pirovneba iqneba. mediCis magaliTis aseTive amxsnelia kantis mosazreba, roca man mefe filosofosis platoniseuli idea daiwuna, imis gamo, rom mefis SeuzRudveli Zalaufleba, adre Tu gvian, Tavs iCens, rogorc Tavisufal azrovnebasTan Seurigebeli.

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Tavi II. padueli aristotelikosebi aRorZinebis epoqaSi zemo italiis patara qalaqi padua, rogorc maudis mrewvelobis centri, ukve XII s.-Si Tavisufal qalaqad gvevlineba. 1405 wlidan igi vaWrobis gacilebiT ufro did centrs, venecias daemorCila. Tavisufali qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli opoziciuri suli paduas didxans SerCa. es qalaqi dResac amayobs Zveli universitetiT da observatoriiT, evropaSi uZvelesi botanikuri baRiT, aqvea mantenias da jotos freskebi, donatelos cnobili qandakeba _ gatemalata. Sua saukuneebSi da aRorZinebis epoqaSi paduis siamaye misi universiteti iyo. sayovelTao yuradRebas igi XIV s.-Si iqcevs, rogorc averoistuli aristotelizmis kera, romelic oficialuri msoflmxedvelobisadmi opoziciiT gamoirCeoda. mogvianebiT paduas universitetma Taviseburi gza airCia Sua saukuneebis uarsayofad. is Seecada WeSmariti aristotele aeRorZinebina. am mizniT averoistuli aristotelizms daupirispira aleqsandristuli aristotelizmi. es imas niSnavs, rom isini emyarebodnen aleqsandre afrodisielis (daaxl. 200 w. Zv. w.) mier aristoteles interpretacias, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevdnen mis bunebismetyvelur Sromebs. aristotelikosTa ori mowinaaRmdege partia erTmaneTs ejibreboda aristotelizmisadmi erTgulebaSi. am mxriv gamoirCeodnen averoesis interpretaciis mimdevrebi. isini ukve dromoWmuli arabuli sqolastikis, kerZod ki, averoesis principebs TavgamodebiT icavdnen, rac mowinave adamianebis (mag., petrarkas) zizRsa da dacinvas iwvevda. averoistuli aristotelizmis umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgeneli iyo gaetano tieneli (1387-1465). man paduaSi leqciebis kiTxva 1436 wels daiwyo da SeZlo averoizmis Seryeuli avtoriteti gaeZlierebina. gaetano ar iyo originaluri moazrovne. igi cdilobda, aristo- 62 -

teles moZRvreba sulis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb qristianul TeologiasTan Seeguebina. misi leqciebis uamravi aslia SemorCenili evropis sxvadasxva qveynebSi. oratoruli xelovneba, sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba da didi qoneba gaetanom averoistuli aristotelizmis aRsadgenad gamoiyena. specialistebis SefasebiT, saukunis bolomde paduasa da boloniaSi averoesis avtoriteti dauZleveli darCa. 1480 wels venecielma qalma kasandra fedelem (daaxl. 1465-1558) paduaSi warmatebiT daicva disertacia, romelic averoistul Tezisebs emyareboda. averoistebi kritikaze maRla mdgomad Tvlidnen Tavs. Cveulebriv, am universitetSi leqtori oponentis TandaswrebiT kiTxulobda leqcias; nikoleto verniasi (1420-1499) 1471 wlidan 1495 wlebamde Tavisufali iyo amgvari kritikosisagan. rogorc renani aRniSnavs, 1495 wels ukmayofilo studentTa dasamSvideblad verniass oponentad dauniSnes axalgazrda filosofosi petre pomponaci (1462-1525), romelic aleqsandre afrodisielis mier gagebul aristoteles amjobinebda averoesiseuls.

1. petre pomponaci (1462-1524) qarTveli filosofosi ioane petriwi aleqsandre afrodisiels aristoteles filosofiis materialist komentatorad Tvlida. amdenad, Teologiis miznebisaTvis nakleb gamosadegad. magram dasavleTSi misi gavlena didi iyo. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis paduis universitetze, sadac mas averoesis winaaRmdeg iyenebdnen, rogorc dasavluri kulturis warmomadgenels. ori saxis WeSmaritebis Teoriis (mecnierulis da rwmeniTis) gavrcelebis Semdeg, meti SesaZlebloba Seiqmna am didi komentatoris mosazrebani bunebismecnieruli meTodis specifikasTan daekavSirebinaT. amisaTvis aucilebeli iyo mkvlevars „meore - 63 -

WeSmaritebis`, saxeldobr bibliaSi mocemulis da mecnierulad dausabuTebadis, upirobo upiratesoba eRiarebina. aman SesaZlebeli gaxada is, rom aleqsandre afrodisielis materialisturi da aTeisturi mosazrebani naTlad asaxuliyo paduis universitetis umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenlis, pietro pomponacis moRvaweobaSi, riTac paduis aristotelizmis istoriaSi axali era daiwyo. pomponaci ar iyo damonebuli romelime mis mier sakvlevad arCeul filosofoss _ aristotele iqneboda igi, averoesi Tu Tavad platoni. axalma gamokvlevebma kidev ufro ganamtkices tradiciuli azri pomponacis, rogorc originaluri da gabeduli filosofosis Sesaxeb. igi aristotelesac, averoessac, afrodisielsac, Tavad platonsac kritikulad iyenebda, sakuTari ZiriTadi principis dasasabuTeblad. pomponaci, kuzanelis da fiCinos msgavsad, zogadadamianuri Semecnebis principebs eZebda da maT msgavsad am Semecnebis struqturis, sazRvrebis da Rirebulebis Semecneba surda. saboloo jamSi, isic im miznisaken midioda, romelic platonis udidesma qristianma komentatorma, dionise areopagelma warmoaCina. udidess, filosofiis istorikosTa Soris, hegels, Tavis „leqciebSi filosofiis istoriaze`, ar gamoparvia pomponacis originaloba. paduis universitetSi pomponacis dros, manamdec da mis Semdegac aristotelizmi iyo gabatonebuli; hegelis azriT, pomponacis aristotelikosic ar SeiZleba vuwodoT. igi iyenebda aristotelesac, averoessac da aleqsandre afrodisielsac sakuTari poziciis (adamianis suli mokvdavia) dasacavad. igi amtkicebda, rom adamianis sulis is „nawilebi`, romelTac mcenareul da grZnobad suls uwodeben, mokvdavia. adamiani ukvdavebas mxolod azrovnebiT da gonebiT eziareba. ukvdaveba ki pomponacis savsebiT axleburad esmis. esaa adamianTa mexsierebaSi, kulturaSi arsebobis gagrZeleba. es azrebi gamoTqmulia mis wignSi „sulis ukvdavebis - 64 -

Sesaxeb` (1513). es, cxadia, paduaSic SeamCnies da romSic. wigni dawyevles. Tavad pomponaci inkviziciis komisiam gamoiZaxa. pomponaci orgvari WeSmaritebis Teorias amoefara. man aRniSna, rom saxarebis principebi mecnierul azrovnebas ewinaaRmdegeba, magram mas, rogorc qristians, gulwrfelad swams es principebi. inkvizitorebisaTvis es damajerebeli ar iyo, magram pomponacis kardinalTa Sorisac aRmoaCnda mfarvelebi da igi sasjels gadaurCa. unda aRiniSnos, rom inkviziciac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da sxvadasxva drosac sxvadasxvanairad iqceoda. luCilio vaninis (1585-1619) da galileis gasamarTlebani amis sakmarisi sabuTia. renani amtkicebs, rom paduis skolaSi pomponacis misvliT axali era iwyeba. paduelebi problematikiTac evropuli renesansis Tanamedroveebi gaxdnen. pomponacim uaryo paduelTa filosofiis savsebiT uwyinari metafizika, romlis gabeduleba zogad frazebs ar scildeboda. man miukerZoebeli kvlevis da gabeduli kamaTis sagnad aqcia adamianis sulis ukvdavebis, adamianis sulis personulobis, misi Tavisuflebis da sxva sakiTxebi. Tavdapirvelad aristoteles da averoesis principTa farglebSi myofma, pomponacim SeZlo axalgazrda msmenelebis daintereseba da maTi saSualebiT am tradiciuli universitetis orientaciis Secvla. axali aspeqtiT aZlierebs koplstoni pomponacis originalobis momxreTa argumentebs. igi miuTiTebs pomponacis mier Tomistebis saintereso kritikaze da, aseve (rac Zalze mniSvnelovania), adamianis zneobrivi gadawyvetilebis da qmedebis sulis ukvdavebis sasargeblo argumentad gamoyenebis umarTebulobaze. pomponacis aleqsandristobas koplstoni ase azus­ tebs: mas ainteresebda ufro aristoteluri elementebi afrodisielTan, vidre afrodisielis mier aristoteles doqtrinis sakuTari interpretacia (66,III,222). misi mizani - 65 -

iyo, aristoteles gawmenda araaristoteluri elementebisagan. igive amoZravebda mas averoesis winaaRmdeg, radgan igi aristoteles damaxinjebad miaCnda. igive mizani hqonda mas Tomistebis kritikisas. Tavis naSromSi „sulis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb`, ganixilavs ra aristoteles azrs sulis, rogorc formis, anu sxeulis enteleqiis Sesaxeb, pomponaci ebrZvis Tomistebs, romlebic amtkiceben, rom adamianis suli bunebrivad gamoeyofa sxeuls da ukvdavia. pomponacisaTvis adamianis suli rogorc Tavis grZnobad, ise racionalur moqmedebaSi damokidebulia sxeulze. mas Tavad aristoteledan mohyavda empiriuli faqtebi, anda, Tu isini sakmarisi ar iyvnen, aristoteles msgavsad sabuTebs empiriaSi eZebda. igi eTanxmeba aristoteles, rom adamianis mTeli codna empiriidan warmoiSoba, da rom inteleqts yovelTvis sWirdeba mis dasaufleblad warmosaxva, anu fantazia. aq igi hegelis fenomenologiis dasawyisSi wamoyenebuli debulebis Tavisebur anticipacias (winaswarwvdomas) axdens, romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianis gonebam icis sakuTari Tavi mxolod raRac sakuTari Tavisagan gansxvavebulis codniT. misi azriT, es cxovelebSic vlindeba sakuTari TviTcnobierebis (da sakuTari gvaris), rogorc sxvebisagan gansxvavebulis, fiqsirebiT. sxeuli rom ar hqondes, cxoveli amas ver mixvdeboda, adamiani, cxovelisgan gansxvavebis miuxedavad, mainc damokidebulia sulis sxeulTan kavSirze. Cveni inteleqti arc sxeulebrivia da arc raime raodenobrivi, magram es kidev ar amtkicebs, rom mas sxeulisagan gamoyofa da ise arseboba SeuZlia. sxva sityvebiT Tu vityviT, suls, rogorc sxeulis formas, misgan damoukidebeli arseboba ar gaaCnia. pomponaci fiqrobs, rom Tomistebs, romlebic yovel wams aristoteleze miuTiTeben, arc amaSi aqvT garkveuli pozicia. sulis ukvdavebis dasasabuTeblad, pomponacis azriT, unda dasabuTdes, jer erTi _ is, rom rom Cvens - 66 -

inteleqts SeuZlia faqtebs miRma gasvla (transcendireba); da meore _ unda dasabuTdes, rom Cveni inteleqti sxeulisagan damoukidebelia codnis masalis mopovebaSi. am ori debulebidan pomponacisTvis pirveli dasabuTebadia, meore _ ara. rac mTavaria, pomponaci darwmunebulia, rom misi koncefcia Zirs ar uTxris moralurobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi uaryofs saiqioSi zneobrivi amqveyniuri qmedebis mniSvnelobas (mag., codvaTa Semsubuqebis azriT). pomponaci savsebiT samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom es ar amcirebs zneobrivi qcevis Rirebulebas. moraluri qmedeba TviTkmaria. Tu igi namdvilad aseTia, maSin igi arc garedan da arc sxva samyaroSi elodeba jildos. jer kidev sokratesganaa cnobili, rom zneobrivi qmedeba Tavadaa jildo imisaTvis, vinc mas axorcielebs da adamiani amis mets ar unda eZebdes Tavisi zneobrivi moqmedebisaTvis. sakuTari empirizmis erTguli pomponaci, naSromSi „gansxeulebisaTvis`, cdilobs bunebrivad axsnas saswaulebi da moCvenebani. iyenebs astrologiasac da ciklur Teoriasac, magram sulis ukvdavebis Teoriul sabuTs versad poulobs; Tumca, irwmuneba, rom qristianad rCeba, radgan miuxedavad argumentebis ararsebobisa, CvenTvis cnobilia gamocxadeba _ e. i. suli ukvdavia. arc amjerad daujeres pomponacis da V lateranis krebam misi es Sromac dawyevla. yovelive aRniSnuli sakmarisze meti safuZveli iyo imisaTvis, rom padueli aristotelizmis cnobil mkvlevars, martin l. pains 1986 wels gamoqveynebuli Tavisi naSromisaTvis ewodebina „pietro pomponaci _ renesansis radikaluri filosofosi` (85). kidev ufro STambeWdavad warmoaCens pomponacis kvlevis Sedegebs b. moiziSi Tavis narkvevSi „epistemologia humanizmSi: marsilio fiCino, pietro pomponaci da nikoloz kuzaneli`, romelic 1995 wels gamoica „frai- 67 -

burgis filosofiisa da Teologiis JurnalSi` (73,152172). b. moiziSi aviTarebs painis kvlevis Sedegebs. masac miaCnia, rom pomponaci erT-erTi yvelaze Tanmimdevruli empiristia, romelic cdilobda neoplatonizmis da averoizmis, aseve tradiciuli aristotelizmis gadaWarbebuli spekulaciis acilebas. igi, aristoteles naturfilosofiidan amosuli, akritikebda aristoteles metafizikas. amtkicebda, rom Semecnebis raoba mxolod aristoteles sabunebismetyvelo Sromebidan SeiZleba gavigoT (magram ara misi ubralo gameorebiT). unda davemyaroT bunebrivi gansjis (ratio) aristoteliseul gagebas da Tanmimdevrulad gavataroT aristoteles naturfilosofiaSi mocemuli principi, romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianuri Semecnebis amxsneli mxolod warmodgenis cneba SeiZleba iyos. mas centraluri funqcia eniWeba. es azri bolode Tanmimdevrulad unda miviyvanoT, Tumca amisaTvis Tavad aristoteles daskvnebis winaaRmdeg dagvWirdeba wasvla. amis magaliTia, stagirelis mier imis mtkiceba, rom warmodgenas, marTalia, didi mniSvneloba aqvs SemecnebaSi, magram igi yoveli Semecnebis safuZvlad ar gamodgeba, radgan warmodgenas SecdomaSi SevyavarT da mas sxvisgan unda kontroli. pomponacis filosofiis centraluri punqtis gamoyofis Semdeg, b. moiziSs SesaZleblad miaCnia am moazrovnis mimarTeba gamokveTos warsulis da mis Tanamedrove moazrovneebTan: „pomponacis azriT, cdebodnen platonic da fiCinoc, radgan miaCndaT, rom warmodgena aucilebeli araa SemecnebisaTvis. cdeboda averoesi, radgan dauSva, rom SesaZlebeli da moqmedi inteleqtebis erTianoba aris maradiuli substancia da, amdenad, igi transcendenturia SemecnebisaTvis. magram Toma aqvinelic cdeboda, radgan igi warmodgenas, erTi mxriv, aucileblad Tvlida, Semecnebis procesisaTvis, meore mxriv, Semmecnebel suls miiCnevda savsebiT umateriod da, amdenad, aucileblad - 68 -

ukvdavad, rac, pomponacis azriT, Teoriis winaaRmdegobaze miuTiTebs` (iqve, 161). platonidan moyolebuli, araerTi moazrovne miiCnevda, rom, marTalia, warmodgena Semecnebis procesSi unda gamoiyeno, magram mas Semdeg, rac materialurisgan ganTavisuldeba, sulma warmodgena unda moicilos. am moazrovneebisagan gansxvavebiT, pomponaci yvelgan mtkiced icavs debulebas, rom yoveli Semecneba warmodgenazea damokidebuli. es asea, radganac, suli arasodesaa savsebiT imaterialuri, vinaidan mas yovelTvis aqvs mimarTeba sagnebTan da, amdenad, materiasTan. aqedanaa misi mokvdavobac. am safuZvelze pomponacis aleqsandre afrodisielis epigonad miiCnevdnen, magram mas afrodisieli (b. moiziSis mtkicebiT) originalSi arasdros waukiTxavs da mis Sesaxeb mxolod buridanis (daaxl. 1295 -1358) Sromebidan icoda. buridani ki amtkicebda, rom, aleqsandres azriT, inteleqtma sakuTari Tavi materiidan Seiqmna, e. i. materia aris inteleqtis fundamenti (subjectum). Tu asea, inteleqti ara mxolod materiazea mimarTuli, aramed Tavadaa materialuri. amis gamoa, rom kritika, romelsac pomponaci aleqsandres sawinaaRmdegod mimarTavs, mxolod buridanis Sromebs exeba (iqve, 163). xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom pomponacisaTvis adamianis suli imitomaa mokvdavi, rom raRaca zomiT mudam materialurzea mimarTuli. materialuris es aucilebloba pomponacisaTvis sulis wminda idealobis uaryofas niSnavs, radgan, misi azriT, wminda idealobisTvis korelati ar SeiZleba materialuri sagani iyos. Tumca, amave logikiT, pomponacis unda daeSva, rom wminda materialuric (petriwis terminiT Tu vityviT, idealurisgan „miuxebeli`) ar SeiZleba arsebobdes, vinaidan, neoplatonuri da religiuri moZRvrebebis mixedviT, materialurs yovelTvis aqvs mimarTeba, an aracnobierTan, an cnobierTan, an idealurTan. pomponaci uazrobas - 69 -

uwodebs RmerTSi sulTa erTobis averoistul Teorias, romelsac, rogorc igi aRniSnavda, araferi aqvs saerTo aristotelesTan da romelic, amitom, wminda Toma aqvinelma gaakritika. pomponacis mowafe neapoleli simon porta (†1555) averoistebs abralebda Semecnebis dayvanas mogonebaze. mis mier averoizmis kritika renans samarTlianad agonebs lokis mier dekartis TanSobili ideebis kritikas. simon portac erTgulad icavda maswavleblis moZRvrebas adamianis sulis mokvdavobis Sesaxeb Tavis SromebSi: „bunebis saganTa principebi` da „adamianis suli da goneba`. Tu imasac gavixsenebT, rom pomponacim adamianis moraluri qmedebis „TviTmizezobis` faqtze miTiTebiT individuri sulis ukvdavebis damcvelebs transcendenturTan damakavSirebeli mniSvnelovani argumenti Seuryia, gasagebi gaxdeba is didi Zalisxmeva, romelic wlebis manZilze sWirdeboda mis dasacavad romis paps leo X (1475-1521). sayuradReboa, rom pomponaci saswauls adamianis aRgznebuli fantaziiT da eklesiis msaxurTa mier maTi yalbi interpretaciiT xsnis. Cven araviTari safuZveli ara gvaqvs pomponacis mier codnas dapirispirebuli rwmenis principis wamoweva mxolod misi materializmis da aTeizmis gadarCenis da inkviziciis SiSiT avxsnaT. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom am mkvlevars gacnobierebuli hqonda ra mecnieruli Semecnebis sazRvrebi, gulwrfelad gaecnobierebina rwmenis faqtoris mniSvneloba, rogorc adamianis bunebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtisa, radgan mxolod mecnieruli kvlevis safuZvelze ver aageb optimistur msoflmxedvelobas, rac ase sasurvelia yoveli adamianisaTvis. filosofosma icis, rom wmindanis Zvlebi iseve uZluria, rogorc ZaRlis, _ werda pomponaci. magram Tu sruli rwmeniT mivmarTavT maT, isini marTlac moaxdenen saswauls. amave poziciidan uaryofda igi locvis, rogorc transcendenturTan da- 70 -

makavSireblis mniSvnelobas. magram, rogorc qristians, wers pomponaci, mas yvelaferi es swams da WeSmaritad miaCnia. ase gagebuli ornairi WeSmaritebis Teoria Zalian awyobdaT mecnierebs, magram sul ufro autaneli xdeboda oficialuri eklesiisaTvis. pomponaci da misi mowafeebi averoistebis sapirispirod empirizms avi­Tareben, misi `wminda dafis~ TeoriiT da nominalizmiT. suli aristotele­saTvis, misi azriT, sxva araferia Tu ara sxeulis forma (enteleqia). sxeulis sikvdili ki formis daSlaa, e. i. sulis sikvdilicaa. ukvdavebaze mxolod imdenad SeiZleba laparaki, ramdenadac adamianis suli gansxvavdeba cxovelisagan, ramdenadac mas Semecnebisa da logikis azrovnebis unari aqvs. magram es ukvdavebac amqveyniurobiT ifargleba. amiT adamianis Rirseba ar ikargeba, radgan misi daniSnuleba amqveyniuria. filosofosma qvelmoqmedeba ar unda daukavSiros rwmenas. faqtia, rom sam did religias (iudaizms, qristianobas, mahmadianobas) igi sxvada­sxvagvarad esmis da amitom darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ori maTgani mainc mcdaria. RmerTi pomponacisaTvis Tavisufalia anTropomorfuli warmodgenebi­sagan da mis TeoriaSi materialuri samyaros kanonzomierebis upirovno gamoxatulebad iqca. samyaroSi arsebuli boroteba miCneulia SefardebiTad, romelic mTelis srulyofilebas emsaxureba. is, rac calke aRebuli borotebad gveCveneba, mTlianobaSi danaxuli samarTlianoba aRmoCndeba. samyaros srulyofileba moiTxovs amgvar gansxvavebebsa da dapirispirebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom es Sexedulebebi ormagi WeSmaritebisa da mistikis formaSi iyo gaxveuli, mainc gabatonebulma eklesiam mas averoistuli aristotelizmi arCia. papma leo X averoist nifuss (daaxl. 14731538/45) daavala pomponacis uaryofa. magram paps arc averoizmis gaZliereba surda. man pomponaci ar daaneba - 71 -

inkvizitorebs dasawvavad, Tavis Tavze aiRo misi gamosworeba. pomponacim dawera naSromi Tavisi Sexedulebebis gasamarTleblad da averoistebis winaaRmdeg.

2. jakomo zabarela (1533-1589) jakomo zabarela pomponacis yvelaze mniSvne­lovani mowafe iyo. mis oponentad paduis universitetSi vxedavT franc pikolominis (1520-1604), romelic averoesis Sexedulebebs icavda. magram maTi brZola simZafres kargavs, radgan am periodSi aleqsandristebma da averoistebma mravali saerTo naxes aleqsandre afrodisielTan da averoesTan. zabarela averoess xSirad iyenebda, rogorc aristoteles, ise aleqsandre afrodisielis debulebaTa gasagebad. igi gamoyofda averoess sxva arabi filosofosebisagan, mkacrad akritikebda avicenas. averoesTan TanxmobiT, igi fiqrobda, rom absoluturi arsebis aucilebloba ar amtkicebs RmerTis arsebobas. TavisTavad amgvari arsebuli SeiZleboda yofiliyo ca. magram ramdenadac ca moZravia, igi ar SeiZleba iyos arsebulTa Soris pirveli. amrigad, aristoteles Tvalsazrisi uZravi mamoZraveblis Sesaxeb RmerTis arsebobis erTaderT sabuTad iTvleba. fsiqologiaSi zabarela mkacrad ebrZvis averoistebs, Tumca asxvavebs averoesis da misi mimdevrebis Sexedulebebs. averoistebis azriT, goneba sxva araferia Tu ara mesaWe gemze, amdenad, maT Soris aucilebeli kavSiri ar aris (yovel SemTxvevaSi, mesaWisaTvis). sinamdvileSi ki goneba aris forma, romelic aformebs adamians, aqcevs mas imad, rac is aris. maT Soris ganuyofeli kavSiria. gonebasa da, saerTod, adamianis suls SeiZleba `sxeulis sisrule` vuwodoT. zabarela Tavis Sexedulebebs icavda saeklesio avtoritetebze miTiTebiT. gansakuTrebiT xSirad igi Toma aqvinels iyenebda. - 72 -

sulisa da sxeulis kavSiris sakuTari Sexedulebebis gasamarTleblad mas SeeZlo agreTve II s.-is qristianuli apologetikis warmomadgenels, tatiane asiriels (110180) dayrdnoboda, romelic amtkicebda, rom `suli aris sxeulis kavSiri`, e. i. is, rac sxeulis, rogorc materialuris, nawilebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. paduis filosofiurma skolam xeli Seuwyo aRorZinebis epoqis bunebis­metyveluri da aTeisturi Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas, magram aristoteles avtoritetis gaabsoluturebam am skolis zogi warmomadgeneli sul ufro daupirispira axali epoqis mecnierebis mesveurebs, romelnic kvleva-ZiebaSi avtoritetisagan srul Tavisuflebas moiTxovdnen da afarToebdnen arsebuli codnis farglebs, e. i. xSirad imas aRmoaCendnen da asabuTebdnen, rac aristoteles naSromebSi ar gvxvdeboda. paduis skolis am warmomadgenlebisaTvis ki adamianuri codnis SesaZleblobani aristoteles Sromebis SinaarsiT amoiwureboda. maTTvis ZalaSi rCeboda Sua saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli debuleba: „buneba axsna aristotelem, aristotele axsna averoesma`.

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Tavi III. skepticizmi aRorZinebis epoqaSi 1. Sarl de boviliusi (1470-1553) frangi Teologi da filosofosi Sarl de boviliusi, aRorZinebis epoqis msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovnebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts wamoswevs. igi ar ahyolia luTerisa da kalvinis reformaciis ukiduresobebs. boviliusi (zogi swers bovili, zogic _ boveli) cdilobda axali drois filosofiisa da mecnierebis moTxovnebTan Seeguebina kaTolikuri eklesiis moZRvreba. am mxriv igi erazm roterdamelis xazis gamgrZelebelia, Tumca erazmisnairi simZafriT ar akritikebs kaTolicizms. SeiZleba am pasiurobis gamo iyo, rom misi Sromebi didi xniT daviwyebas mieca. mose gogiberiZe (1897-1949) boviliuss kuzanelis mowafes da mniSvnelovan maTematikoss uwodebs, xolo kasireri, romelmac pirvelma wamoswia am moazrovnis mniSvneloba, boviliuss imdenad uaxloebs germanuli da, amave dros, saerTo-evropuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis magistralur xazs, rom hegelis filosofiis centraluri amocanis winaswarWvretasac miawers. amgvar amocanad ki mas, savsebiT samarTlianad, miaCnia gonis cvalebadobis mTavar miznad subieqtis substanciad gadaqcevis Cveneba. boviliusi, marTalia, franguladac aqveynebda Tavis Sromebs, magram erTaderT enad, romelic namdvilad Sesaferisia seriozuli kvlevis Sedegebis gadmosacemad, laTinuri miaCnda. am aspeqtiTac igi, sxva Tanamedrove moazrovneTagan, yvelaze ufro erazm roterdamels uaxlovdeba. SeiZleba amitomac iyo, rom maSindeli sazogadoebis or dapirispirebul mxareTagan, orive misi ukmayofilo darCa: rogorc tradiciis xelSeuxeblobis damcvelebi, ise axali franguli kulturis, frangul enaze ganviTarebis momxreebi. magram boviliuss erazmisode- 74 -

na popularoba da gavlena ar hqonia. igi orive mxarem daiviwya. rogorc misi rusi mkvlevari oleg kudriavcevi aRniSnavs, Sarl de bovili (ase wers igi boviliusis saxels) mxolod XX s.-is ocdaaTian wlebSi gaixsenes. 1943 wels misi Sromis italiuri Targmani gamovida, xolo 1982 wels _ fragulad gamoica. misi ZiriTadi naSromi „brZenis Sesaxeb` 1996 wels gamoica. mas uamravi narkvevi ekuTvnis da isini problemaTa farTo speqtrs moicavs: «mamao Cvenos ganmarteba dionise arepagelis „zeciuri ierarqiis mixedviT`» (1511), „praqtikuli geometria` (1512), „bunebismetyvelebis pirvelsafuZvlebis Sesaxeb _ aT wignad` (1512), „aRTqmis, nebis Tavisuflebis da locvis gansxvavebul saxeTa Sesaxeb` (1529), „oTxi wigni uflis vnebaTa Sesaxeb` (1533), „sami dialogi sulis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb` (1552) da sxva. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rwmenisa da codnis mimarTebis sakiTxi boviliusis kvlevis ZiriTadi Temaa. boviliusi yovelTvis cdilobs codnasa da rwmenas Soris dapirispireba uaryos. 1504 wels specialuri narkvevic gamoaqveyna am sakiTxze. mas ukve sakmao gamocdileba hqonda filosofiuri da Teologiuri kvlevisa. magram, sakuTari poziciis sabolood Sejamebamde, gadawyvita, Semoeara mTeli evropa, sxvadasxva qveynis filosofosTa da TeologTa naSromebi gaeTvaliswinebina. niderlandebSi igi ekhartis cnobili mimdevris iohanes ruisbrekis (1294-1384) Sromebs gaecno, espaneTSi _ cnobili sqolastikosis, raimond lulis (1235-1315) memkvidreobas. romSi maSin mimdinare Teologiur disputebSi monawileobda, karga xans muSaobda mediCebis mdidar biblioTekaSi da sxva. 1511 wels, samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, gamodis boviliusis naSromTa krebuli, romelic Seicavs mis umniSvnelovanes narkvevs _ „brZenis Sesaxeb`. aqvea Sromebi gnoseologiis da logikis Sesaxeb, aseve narkvevi RvTismetyvelebisadmi maTematikis miyenebis - 75 -

Sesaxeb, ganazrebani RvTaebrivi winaswarmetyvelebis da saRvTismetyvelo daskvnebis Sesaxeb. „brZenis Sesaxeb` boviliusis memkvidreobaSi umniSvnelovanesad iTvleba. brZenis, rogorc saxelmwifos mmarTvelis, Tu cxovrebis sazrisis maswavleblis da, amave dros, sakuTari cxovrebiT Tavisi moZRvrebis nimuSis saxe TiTqmis yvela qveynis miTologiis aucilebeli nawilia. berZnul filosofiaSi igi miTologiidan gadavida da berZnulma gonma aqac uCvena Tavisi gamorCeuloba: delfos samisnoze warwerili cnobili sityvebi „Seican Tavi Seni` swored im brZenTa gadawyvetilebiT gaCnda, romelTa Soris ukve aRiarebuli filosofosebic iTvlebodnen. swored brZenTa da filosofosTa saerTo gadawyvetilebiT moaTavses delfos samisnoSi Svidi brZenis Sroma. platonis mier Tavis „protagoraSi` moTxrobili es ambavi berZnul kulturaSi filosofiaSi miTosis gadasvlis optimalur SesaZleblobaze miuTiTebs. momdevno xanis mwerlebTan, brZeni, rogorc wesi, profesiuli filosofosis da adamianebisaTvis sanimuSo wesiT mcxovrebs aerTianebda. brZeni, stoelTa moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, konkretuli adamianis saxiT arsebul RmerTs uigivdeboda. Sua saukuneebis literaturasa da TeologiaSi brZenis ideals platonis „saxelmwifos` gavlena etyoba (mag., avgustinesTan (354-430), al-farabisTan da sxvebTan). aRorZinebis epoqaSi marsilio fiCinos mier platonis Targmanis Semdeg, utopiuri (aseve, antiutopiuri) saxelmwifoTa modelebi gaCnda. boviliusis „brZenis Sesaxeb` am tipis naSromebs miekuTvneba. brZeni, rogorc mas boviliusi warmoadgens, araa RmerTTan mebrZoli titani. Tumca boviliusi, brZenis saqmis didi mniSvnelobis saCveneblad, mas promeTes adarebs. misi azriT, promeTem RmerTTa sacxovrisSi cecxlze ukeTesi veraferi naxa. amitomac cecxli moitaca adamianebisaTvis. amiT man WeSmariti sicocxle da - 76 -

SemoqmedebiToba STabera adamianebs. brZenmac, boviliusis azriT, aseve unda SeaRwios sibrZnis umaRles caSi da moitacos sibrZnis ukaSkaSesi cecxli, e. i. goneba. es Sedareba misTvis sibrZnes samyaros uZiriTades sawyisebTan akavSirebs. goneba Tavisi bunebiT cecxlis msgavsia. saerTod bunebam oTxi Svili Seqmna: arsi (yofna), sicocxle, SegrZneba da goneba. oTxive adamianSi Sedis, magram sakuTari SesaZleblobebis realizaciis saSualebas adamians goneba aZlevs. brZeni am sawyisis yvelaze sruli ganxorcielebaa adamianSi. amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rogorc promeTem Seqmna, aseve brZenic qmnis adamians. am azriT, imeorebda boviliusi stoelTa cnobil debulebas, rom „brZeni dedamiwaze meore RmerTia. misi Zala codnaa. codniT amaRldeba igi bedisweraze. igi zizRiT uyurebs fortunas da sulac ar eSinia misi`. iseve, rogorc stoelebi, boviliusic Tvlis, rom didi codna brZens SesaZleblobas aZlevs bunebis Sesabamisad icxovros da iyos, bunebis msgavsad, Semoqmedi, Tu TanaSemoqmedi. aqedan gasagebia, rom brZeni sulac ar emorCileba SegrZnebebs, romlebic mxolod zedapirulad, faqtobrivad ki damaxinjebulad warmogvidgenen bunebis moTxovnebs. mas, vinc Tavis cxovrebaSi SegrZnebebiT xelmZRvanelobs, boviliusi, brZenis sapirispirod, sulels uwodebs. brZenis bunebaSi srul TanxmobaSia azrovneba da neba. amis gamo brZeni yvelafers Tavisuflad akeTebs. am naSromis erT-erTi Tavia „nadiroba brZenze`. igi kuzanelis erT mTavar naSroms _ „nadiroba sibrZneze` _ marto saTauriT rodi gvagonebs. brZenis gansakuTrebuli unaria, boviliusis azriT, erTiani (sinoptikuri) xedviT moicvas da ase Seafasos yvelaferi. „brZenis Sesaxeb` naSromi naTlad aCvenebs ara marto kuzanelis da platonuri akademiis wamyvani moazrovneebis gavlenas, aramed Suasaukuneobrivi msoflmxedvelobis tipuri warmomadgenlebisac, magaliTad, areopagelisas. - 77 -

rogorc aRiniSna, bunebaSi arsebuli oTxi saxis arsebobidan, boviliusis azriT, adamiani oTxives Seicavs Tavis TavSi. arcerTi maTgani araa mxolod materialuri. yoveli materialuri sagnis materias raRacnairad miRebuli aqvs specifikuri forma. TiToeuls Tavisi garkveuli forma da arseboba aqvT sivrceSi. Tumca maTi mniSvneloba im arsebis bunebaSi, romelsac adamiani ewodeba, sxvadasxvagvaria. esenia: ubralod arseboba, magaliTad, oden fizikuri arseboba, rac axasiaTebs, vTqvaT, qvas (igive SeiZleba iTqvas, nebismier araorganuli bunebis Semadgenel konkretul viTarebaze, qviSa iqneba es, talaxi Tu sxva); gansxvavebul sferos Seadgenen arsebulni, romelTac fizikur arsebobasTan erTad, gaaCniaT is, rasac sicocxles vuwodebT (mag., xe, an mcenaris yoveli saxe); mesame sferos qmnian is arsebulni, romelTac aRniSnul TvisebebTan erTad gaaCniaT SegrZnebis unaric (mag., nebismieri saxis cxoveli); meoTxe saxis sferos Sesaqmnelad saWiroa aRniSnul Tvisebebs daematos is, rasac goneba ewodeba. rogorc vxedavT, calke, sxvaTa Tanarsebobis gareSe yofna, mxolod fizikur arsebobas gaaCnia. arsebobis am oTx wess boviliusi akavSirebs antikurobidan cnobil oTx elementTan (wyalTan, miwasTan, haerTan, cecxlTan). adamianis goneba, misi azriT, cecxls ukavSirdeba. arsebobis sami danarCeni saxe Taviseburi mosamzadebelia gonebis Sesaqmnelad. dedabunebam warmoSva isini, rogorc Tavisi qaliSvilebi, magram gonebas gansakuTrebuli adgili miuCina da gansakuTrebuli Rirseba mianiWa. goneba umSvenieresi da ubrZenesia, msgavsi da tolic dedabunebisa. boviliusis azriT, dedabunebam sxva qaliSvilebic mas daumorCila, radgan maT sakuTari Tavis batonoba ar SeuZliaT. is, rom bunebam, mxolod meoTxe safexurze gaaCina adamiani, boviliusisaTvis SemTxveviTi rodia. es arsebiTia adamianis struqturis Sesaqmnelad. Tu didi berZeni eqimi - 78 -

da moazrovne hipokrate (460-377) yvelgan da yvelaferSi ricxvi 7-is Zalis gamovlinebas xedavda, boviliusi cdilobs dagvarwmunos, rom yvelaferi ricxvi 4-is Zalas gviCvenebs. magaliTad, adamianis ganviTarebis cvalebadobas oTx etapad yofs: bavSvi saSoSi, ZuZuTa bavSvi, xel-fexis daxmarebiT mxoxavi bavSvi da sakuTar fexebze mdgari adamiani. oTxadaa gayofili masTan sinaTlis gza mzidan dedamiwis centramde. am sferoebSi ganalagebs igi yvelafers, rac moazrebadia. aqac dionise areopagelis, bonaventuras (1221-1274) da sxvaTa sinaTlis metafizikis gavlenis danaxva Zneli araa. emanaciis oTx safexurs boviliusi ase warmoadgens: (1) naTlis sfero; (2) misgan gamomdinare sinaTlis sfero; (3) Crdilis, rogorc sinaTlis kvalis sfero; (4) wyvdiadis, rogorc naTlis aryofnis, e. i. ararsebobis sfero. es meoTxe sfero iwyeba maSin, roca naTeli Seejaxeba miwas, romelic gaumWvirvalea. aq qreba naTeli, radgan igi veRar aformebs miwas, rogorc gaumWvirvals. am sferoTa raobaze cota meti gvecodineba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maTSi arsebulTa Taviseburebebs. es, amave dros, RirebulebiTi danawilebacaa: RmerTi naTelSia, angelozebi _ sinaTleSi. adamians Crdilis sferoSi aqvs miCenili adgili. wyvdiadis sferoSi ki moqceuli arian gonebis armqone cxovelebi. naTlis mxolod ori forma arsebobs _ sinaTle da Crdili, rogorc sinaTlis kvali. amitom gonebas, rogorc RvTaebriv codnas, mxolod am sferoSi arsebulni SeiZleba eziaron, e. i. mxolod adamianebi da cxovelebi. am azrs masTan, metaforulad, asec vxvdebiT: angelozebi Wvreten RmerTs, ase vTqvaT, caSi; adamianebi, TiTqos, RrublebSi xedaven igives, cxoveli ki mxolod imas, rasac miwa gveubneba maT Sesaxeb. oTxi elementis da ganviTarebaSi oTxi safexuris wamoweva aRorZinebaSi sokratemdelebze gansakuTrebul orientacias miuTiTebs, magram ar unda vifiqroT, rom - 79 -

manamde sqolastikosebi maT ar iyenebdnen. naTlis emanaciis oTx safexurze msjelobda 1437 wels gardacvlili cnobili espaneli Teologi raimund sabundeli (†1437). am gvars zogjer weren, rogorc sadunskis, aseve _ sebonds, xan ki _ sabunds. magram yvela, germaneli filosofosi osvald kiulpes (1862-1915) msgavsad, xazs usvams imas, rom am Teologma Semoitana saocrad swrafad gavrcelebuli termini: „bunebrivi Teologia` (Theologia naturalis). mis sapirispirod gaCnda, rogorc „racionaluri Teologia`, aseve „transcendentaluri Teologia`. am moazrovnes frangi mwerali, politikosi da filosofosi miSel montenic (1533-1592) iyenebs, rogorc Tavisi kritikis sanimuSo obieqts. boviliusTan aSkaraa warmosaxvis unarisa da SegrZnebebis gaigiveba. misi azriT, isini ver gvawvdian imas, rac Cvengan damoukidebel sinamdvileSia. es aRorZinebaSi is xazia, romelic axal filosofiaSi, fr. bekonTan, warmosaxvas mecnieruli kvlevidan gaa­ Zevebs da mxolod xelovnebis sferosaTvis gamosadegad cnobs. boviliusis azriT, orive _ warmosaxvis unaric da SegrZnebebic _ adamianis materialuri Tvalia da mas wlebis simZimiT daCaCanakebul da dedamiwaze qvedazidul moxucs agoneben, romelsac sul ufro aviwdeba da veRarc aRiqvams im unaTles mzes, romelic yvelafris mizezia. aseT mdgomareobaSi adamianebi emsgavsebian pirutyvebs. es ukanasknelni, maTi mimarTebiT bunebasTan, romlis nawilic isini arian, veraviTar codnas ver iReben uflis Sesaxeb, maT arc sakuTari Tavi ician da arc sakuTari Semoqmedi. maTze pirdapiri azriT unda gavigoT sityvebi: miwisagan warmoiSvnen da miwadve iqcevian, anu qrebian. boviliusis SromebSi naTelia gavlena fiCinos da mirandolas moZRvrebisa adamianze. adamians, rogorc gonebis (da SesaZleblobaSi sibrZnis) mflobels, SeuZlia Tavad airCios Tavis unarTagan is, romelic - 80 -

ZiriTadi da sxva danarCeni unarebis ganmsazRvreli iqneba. mas SeuZlia ubralod iyos, qvis msgavsad, da sxva SesaZleblobebi ar gamoiyenos, magram SeuZlia adamianis saxelis Rirsi gaxdes da yvela Tavisi SesaZlebloba azrovnebis miznebs dauqvemdebaros; rogorc akademiis winamorbedebi, raimond sabundeli da kuzaneli Tvlidnen, adamiani SeiZleba mxeci gaxdes da SeiZleba RmerTic iyos, anda angelozi. vfiqrob, gasagebia, risi Tqma surda am moazrovnes: qvis, anda cxovelis arsebobis wesis arCeva ukve gulisxmobs adamianSi azrovnebis arsebobas da arCevanis Tavisuflebas. italiuri renesansis warmomadgenlebis msgavsad, Tavisufali arCevanis unari specifikuri Tviseba ki aris, magram TavisTavad upiratesobad ar iTvleba, radgan adamians SeuZlia mxecze dabla daeSvas. boviliusisaTvis es unari iyo saocari ufskruli adamianis gonebisaTvis, romlis winaSe, faqtobrivad, sakuTar uZlurebas moaweres xeli, rogorc bernar klervoelma (1090-1153), ise Toma aqvinelma. boviliusis azriT, adamiani mudam dgas am ufskrulis winaSe, magram igi adamianis saxels mxolod maSin imsaxurebs, Tu maTSi azrovneba, rogorc goneba, aris dazesTavebuli. Tumca, mkacrad Tu vityviT, sakiTxavia, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia qristians, dauSvas gonebisa da zneobisagan savsebiT daclili adamianis arseboba. aseTi daSveba mxolod sakiTxis mniSvnelobis naTelsayofi xerxi iyo. arc boviliusi da arc fiCino amas ar uSvebdnen, radgan Tavisufali nebis arseboba, e. i. amorCevis SesaZlebloba, ukve gulisxmobs adamianSi arsebobis sxva wesTa Sesaxeb cnobierebis qonas. boviliuss yvelaferi es imisaTvis unda, rom dagvarwmunos: namdvili adamiani, mxolod ganaTlebuli adamiania (studiosus homo), brZenia, romelic swored amis gamo zneobrivad cxovrobs. amgvari adamiania namdvili mikrokosmosi da, SeiZleba iTqvas, partnioria makrokosmosisa. - 81 -

isini Sinagan erTianobasac amJRavneben. rogorc adamianSia suli da sxeuli da mTavari ki sulia, aseve mikrokosmosi sulia samyarosi. igi ise mniSvnelovania samyarosaTvis, rom SeiZleba iTqvas: mis gareSe samyaros SeiZleba ararsi vuwodoT. samyaros WeSmariti suli brZeni adamiania. oriveni erTdroulad (mikro- da makrokosmosi) maqsimumicaa da minimumic. erTi materialurad Seicavs yovelives adamianis (rogorc mikrokosmosis) CaTvliT, meore _ Tavis gonebaSi Seicavs yovelives. roca boviliusi ambobs, rom adamiani samyaros sulia, es misTvis imas niSnavs, rom brZen adamianSi samyaro sakuTar Tavs imecnebs da, amdenad, flobs sakuTar Tavs. brZenis gonebaSi samyaro sakuTar Tavs xedavs, rogorc sarkeSi. brZeni samyaros bunebrivi sarkea (16,609). rogorc kasireri ganmartavs, adamiani ubralo Tvali da sarke ki araa samyarosi, romelic mis gareT arsebuli sagnebis ubralod amsaxvelia, aramed saganTa saxeebis sakuTar TavSi Semoqmedi da makonstruirebelic. is, rasac Semdeg, germanuli reformaciis gviandeli warmomadgeneli, luTerze gulgatexili germaneli protestanti mRvdeli, valentin vaigeli (1533-1588), bunebaSi arsebuli sagnis, Cvens mier ara ubralod asaxvis, aramed proeqtirebis (windagdebis) Sesaxeb ityvis, boviliusis poziciis Sinaarss kargad gamoxatavs. brZeni adamiani, ufro zustad, misi goneba, cnobiereba, Seicavs Tavis TavSi, platonis ideebis msgavsad, im arsebiTs, rac yovel arsebulSia. magaliTad, magidaSi _ magidoba, cxenSi _ cxenoba da a. S. marTalia, vaigeli platons ar axsenebs, magram platonis ideaTa Teoriis gavlena masTanac naTelia. am azriTaa brZeni adamiani samyaros kvintesencia. igi samyaros msajuli da mbrZanebelia da, amave dros, masze mzrunvelic. brZens Tavis TavSive aqvs gasaRebi, rogorc samyaros, ise sakuTari Tavis. - 82 -

yvelaferi es TanxmobSia paracelsTanac da bibliasTanac. magram, ramdenadac boviliusi paracelss miRma neoplatonur tradiciasac swvdeba, miaCnia, rom brZens, romelic Tavis Tavsac, samyarosac da RmerTsac imecnebs, SeuZlia samyarosTan erTad sawyiss daubrundes. sawyisi ki RmerTia. amrigad, adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis gadarCena, samyaros gadarCenacaa. didi gadaWarbeba ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom boviliusi amzadebs im pozicias, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis adamianis bibliur da paracelsiseuli gagebis gaerTianebas iohan gotlib fixtes (1766-1814) anTropologiasTan. boviliusi, albaT, pirvelia evropul azrovnebaSi, romelic, erazmis miznis Sesabamisad, Tavis moZRvrebaSi „brZenis Sesaxeb`, Sua saukuneebis qristianuli da evropuli aRorZinebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis moZRvrebis wamoyenebiT, safuZvels umzadebs saerTo evropul msoflmxedvelobas, rac, unda iTqvas, sadReiso da samomavlo amocanaa. Tavis traqtats „brZenis Sesaxeb` boviliusi dionise areopagelis am sityvebiT amTavrebs: codniT ganaTlebuli adamiani aris bunebrivi adamianis sinaTle da brwyinvaleba, romlis wyalobiTac, adamianis Wkua, romelic Tavdapirvelad sibneleSi imyofeboda, mivida yovelives naTelyofamde da codnamde, rogorc dionise areopageli gvaswavlis „zeciur ierarqiaSi`. „adamiano, codnisa da maZiebeli gulis mqonev, iswrafe maRla, Seican naTelTa mama, romlisganac gamodis da dasawyiss iRebs yoveli naTeli. da nurasdros gacvli mas imaze, rac ar arsebobs`. dionise areopageli boviliusis mTavar naSromSi „brZenis Sesaxeb`, SeiZleba iTqvas, kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maorientirebelia. mis sityvebs vxvdebiT SesavalSive, sadac damowmebulia „saRmrToTa saxelTaTvis` imis Taobaze, rom codna aerTianebs TavisSi Semmecnebels da Sesamecnebels, xolo ucodinaroba ki TiSavs maT. - 83 -

2. miSel monteni (1533-1592) SesaniSnavi frangi mwerali, sazogado moRvawe da moazrovne, skeptikosi miSel monteni safrangeTSi aRorZinebis specifikis yvelaze naTeli gamomxatvelia. Suasaukuneebrivi msoflmxedvelobis upirobo batonobidan ganTavisuflebis dasawyisidanve, rac antikuri humanizmis gavrcelebas emTxveva, bunebrivad dadga sakiTxi, adamianTa Tanacxovrebis, axali wesrigis SesaZlebeli saxeebis Taobaze. germanuli da Sveicaruli reformaciis mier kaTolicizmis dogmebisadmi axali dogmebis dapirispirebam es sakiTxi kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxada _ Tundac imitom, rom dasavleT evropis qveynebSi kaTolicizmis poziciebi, marTalia, Sesustda, magram mainc sakmaod Zlieri darCa. amgvar viTarebaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxureben is moazrovneebi, romlebic arsebul, mkveTri dapirispirebis da yovelives gadafasebis periodSi, cdiloben zeklasobrivi da zogadadamianuri poziciebidan adamianis cxovrebis axali wesis arCevisas, SeZlebisdagvarad srulad gaiTvaliswinon, rogorc warsulis da awmyos, ise awmyoSi mkveTrad dapirispirebul poziciaTa Soris SesaZlebeli Tavsebadi Sinaarsi. amgvari ram daZabulobas amcirebda sazogadoebaSi da mSvidobiani Tanarsebobis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. aman mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba is, rom safrangeTis mniSvnelovani sameurneo da kulturuli centris qalaq bordos moqalaqe, keTili bunebis adamiani, romelsac qoneba saSualebas aZlevda didi dro daeTmo mogzaurobebisa da dakvirvebebisaTvis, am qalaqis meri gaxda da TanamedroveTa mogonebebis Tanaxmad, „rogorc reformaciis, ise kontrreformaciis liderTa mrCeveli iyo` (37,505). montenma literaturaSi, narkvevis, romanis, moTxrobis gverdiT, daamkvidra avtoris poziciis gamoxatvis axali forma _ esei. es saxeli aRniSnavs momcro - 84 -

zomis nawarmoebs, romelsac Sesabamis dargSi dasrulebulobaze da yovlismomcvelobaze pretenzia ar aqvs, magram SedarebiT adekvaturad gamoxatavs avtoris realur mimarTebas, bunebisa Tu sazogadoebis ama Tu im aspeqtisadmi. mTlianobaSi erTi avtoris eseebi, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs avseben da garkveul erTianobas warmoadgenen, tradiciuli sistemebisagan gansxvavebuls. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom monteni skeptikosi iyo, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es misi miznisaTvis gamoxatvis adekvatur formas warmoadgenda. qarTulad igi SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc „mcdeloba`, anda „werili`; magram axal filosofiaSi avtoris Sexedulebis am saxiT gamoTqmis saWiroebis gacnobierebis gamo, esei, didi winaaRmdegobis gareSe, kidev erTi internacionaluri franguli sityva gaxda. „stenfordis filosofiur leqsikonSi` (2006) es aspeqti kargadaa gamoTqmuli: „uwyinari ambebis safariT, montenma filosofiaSi humanistur revolucias miaRwia`. Tavad montenis meTods rom mivyveT, e. i. yoveli viTarebis gansxvavebuli aspeqtebis mixedviT Tavisufali ganazreba ganvaxorcieloT, nicSes Sefasebac unda gavixsenoT. igi montens zogjer keTilganwyobilad ixsenebs, radgan Tavadac iyenebda erTi da igives gansxvavebuli Sefasebebis uflebianobis princips, rac, rogorc cnobilia, karneades (daaxl. 213 _ daaxl. 129) izosTeniis (sapirispiro mtkicebulebaTa tolZalovnebis) meTodidan modis. montens da sxva skeptikosebs yovelive es diqtatisagan Tavis daRwevis, ufro zustad ki, erTmniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebaze pasuxismgeblobisagan Tavis dasaRwevad undodaT. cnobilia, rom nicSes skeptikosebi ar uyvars da, sabolood, arc montens indobs. masac gabedulebis deficits abralebs. es nicSesaTvis seriozuli avadmyofobaa, magram iseTi, romelzec avadmyofia pasuxismgebeli. igi amoefareba Zvel formulas _ „ra vici me?` _ raTa gadawyvetileba ar miiRos. Tavisive meTodis erTguli - 85 -

monteni, albaT, upasuxebda, rom amgvar Sefasebasac aqvs arsebobis ufleba, magram SesaZlebelia sxvagvaradac SevafasoT es pozicia. Tu miukerZoebeli viqnebiT, unda iTqvas, rom skeptikosis TavSekavebac gadawyvetilebis erT-erTi saxea, da zogjer didi gabeduleba unda, rom dapirispirebulTagan arc erTis mxareze ar dadge, radgan amiT erTis magier SeiZleba ori mteri gaiCino. miSel de montenis ZiriTadi naSromi „eseebi` dResac inarCuneben mecnierul damajereblobas da mxatvrul Rirebulebas. monteni safrangeTSi gaaznaurebuli burJuaziis saukeTeso warmomadgenelia. montenis winaprebs mxolod fuliT ar miuRiaT keTilSobilis wodeba. mama safrangeTis mefis, francisk I (1494-1547) armiaSi ibrZoda italiaSi imperator karlos V winaaRmdeg. safrangeTSi dabrunda mtkice gadawyvetilebiT, rom samSobloSi Seetana italiuri daxvewili kultura. es saqme sakuTari ojaxidan daiwyo. antikur-romaul vilas stilze gadaakeTa Tavis mamulSi cixe-simagre. mamam Svils, italiuri kultura misTvis Sinagani rom gaexada, dauqirava germaneli maswavlebeli, romelic bavSvs mxolod laTinurad elaparakeboda. patara miSeli skolamde laTinurad laparakobda da virgiliuss, ovidiuss da horaciuss kiTxulobda. 6 wlis monteni bordos humanistur kolejSi miabares. niWierma da didad ganTlebulma axalgazrdam male daimsaxura TanamemamuleTa pativiscema, rogorc mecnierTa Soris, ise sasaxleSi. orjer iyo arCeuli qalaq bordos merad (Tavad mefe sTxovda montens, uari ar eTqva am postze). 37 wlis monteni pensiaze gadis da brundeba mamis cixe-simagreSi, sadac SesaniSnavi biblioTeka hqonda. aq sakuTar Tavs da Tavis Tanamedrove samyaros aanalizebda, mis mier ukve mopovebuli didi codnis safuZvelze. cdilobda, rac SeiZleba gulwrfelad da obieqturad warmoedgina sakuTari principebi. rogorc hans ioahim Stiorigi aRniSnavs, es iyo mzadeba - 86 -

sikvdilisaTvis, magram ara saiqio netarebis dasamsaxureblad (monteni xom skeptikosi iyo?!), aramed sakacobrio samsjavros winaSe warsadgomad. es iyo arseboba iluziebis gareSe da mainc Rirebulebis danaxva am samyaroSi, rac SesaZleblobas aZlevda mas moralis da sikeTis gulwrfeli msaxuri yofiliyo (89,632). 1576 wels, 43 wlis monteni, Tavis biblioTekaSi gaecno Zveli berZeni skeptikosis seqst empirikosis (200250) Sromebs, ramac mas Soki mohgvara. aq man dasabuTebuli saxiT naxa is, rac mis Ziebebs warmarTavda. man piradi medalioni gamoaWedvina da masze cnobili skeptikuri principi amoakveTina: „epoxe` (Tavs vikaveb). aseve gaaformebina cnobili skeptikuri kiTxva: „ra vici me?` (im azriT, rom WeSmariti codna adamians ar SeiZleba hqondes). skeptikuri TavSekaveba montenisaTvis ar niSnavda umoqmedobisaken mowodebas, aramed uars _ TavisTavadi sinamdvilis Semecnebis, Tu asaxvis imedze. garda amisa, monteni, kampanelasa da dekartisagan gansxvavebiT, ar cdilobda skepticizmis gadalaxvas. skepticizmi, misTvis petitio principii iyo, romelic sakmao asparezs stovebs adamianis aqtivobisaTvis. h. u. fon balTazaris TqmiT, es aris sofistebis cnobili principis („yvela sagnis sazomi adamiania`) SezRudva istoriuli da socialuri viTarebebiT (60,632). aq ki adamians mcire Zala da pasuxismgebloba rodi aqvs. adamiani iZulebulia Rirebulebis sazomi sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT airCios. montenmac gaakeTa arCevani: safuZvlad antikuri skepticizmi airCia, magram pirovnebis aqtiurobis dasafuZneblad antikurobidanve moiSvelia epikureizmi da stoicizmi. es ar iyo moulodneli im epoqaSi. montenis umcrosma Tanamedrovem, iustus lipsiusma (1547-1606) „stoicizmis fiziologiis` (e. i. stoicizmis bunebismetyvelebis) avtorma, antikuri stoicizmi wamoswia. es ori moZRvreba, epikurelobasTan - 87 -

erTad, romelsac aseve gamouCndnen gavleniani momxreebi, magaliTad, cnobili frangi filosofosi, epikureli pier gasendi (1592-1655), sakmaod advilad poulobda aristotelesadmi undoblad ganwyobil TanamedroveebSi saerTos. monteni, sakuTari poziciis meti damajereblobisaTvis, efeqtur xerxs mimarTavs. igi Targmnis im dros cnobil, espaneli Teologis, raimond sabundelis naSroms „bunebrivi Teologia, anu wigni kreaturebze`. albert Stiokli (1823-1895) Tavis „Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoriaSi`, calke ganixilavs sabundelis naazrevs, romelic, misi azriT, mTlianad iziarebda lulis moZRvrebas. igi uSvebs ori toluflebiani wignis arsebobas: bunebis wignis da wminda werilis. pirveli maTganidan umaRlesi WeSmaritebis amokiTxva SesaZlebelia mxolod kvlevisa da dasabuTebis gziT. saRmrTo wignebSi igive WeSmariteba mocemulia kategoriuli formiT, romelic avtoritets emyareba da ara dasabuTebas. bunebis wignis Seswavla Sesavalia gamocxadebis taZarSi. sabundeli darwmunebuli iyo, rom kaTolikuri qristianobis Sinaarss uryevad daasabuTebda. amasTanave igi xazs usvams, rom adamianuri goneba amas ver SesZles gamocxadebis gareSe. amitom es Teosofiuri racionalizmia: gamocxadeba bunebis kvlevis Sedegebs uryev damajereblobas aZlevs; e. i. Sesavali TeologiaSi sabuTdeba imiT, rasTanac is mivida _ gamocxadebis SinaarsiT. aq Taviseburi winaTgrZnobaa dekartis meTodisa, romlis Tanaxmadac, RmerTis keTiloba aris maTematikis utyuarobis sayrdeni. Tumca dekarti fiqrobda, rom avtoritets esec (anu RvTis keTiloba) ar unda emyarebodes. amitom man anselm kenterberielis (1033-1109) dasabuTeba Taviseburad gamoiyena. montenma sabundeli Targmna, rogorc ukiduresi sqolastikuri racionalizmis gamomxatveli da, amdenad, sasinji qva sakuTari skeptikuri poziciis upiratesobis - 88 -

saCveneblad. mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom es esei moculobiTac mis yvela sxva eseze didia da misi mniSvnelobac gansakuTrebulia montenis gasagebad. sebondis apologia, anu dacva imaze miuTiTebs, rom miuxedavad am sqolastikosis ukiduresobebisa, miuxedavad RmerTis arsebobis Sesaxeb misi daskvnebis sisustisa, misi ZiriTadi debulebebi sxva sqolastikosebze met sayvedurs ar imsaxureben, manam, sanam misi sapirispiro (aseve sqolastikuri debulebebis) damajerebeli dasabuTeba ar iarsebebs. amis Semdeg iwyebs monteni sakuTari skeptikuri poziciis dalagebas. es pozicia seqst empirikosisa da ciceronis memkvidreobas emyareba. naTqvamidan gasagebi unda iyos, rom e. w. renesansuli titanizmi, romlis erTerT Sedegs makiaveli da borjebi warmoadgendnen, frangul aRorZinebaSi ar gvxvdeba. montenis skepticizmis Tavisebureba isaa, rom igi ar midis agnosticizmamde, rogorc amas skepticizmis Sinagani logika moiTxovs. skepticizms igi iyenebs nebismier sferoSi adamianuri Semecnebis absoluturobaze pretenziis uarsayofad, aseve sakuTari msjelobebis RirebulebaTa Sesamowmeblad. amis Semdeg ki, adamianis aqtivobis da imediani cxovrebis dasafuZneblad iyenebs epikureizmsa da stoicizms. montenis moZRvreba aris anTropologia, romlis analizis ZiriTadi sagania misi sakuTari meoba da sakuTari mdidari gamocdileba. igi aravis axvevs Tavs Tavis Sexedulebebs, magram sasargeblod Tvlis gaacnos sxvebs sakuTari mosazrebani, imedi aqvs, rom sxvebic bevr rameSi daeTanxmebian, radgan igi cdilobda maqsimalurad obieqturi yofiliyo da sakuTar TavSi zogadadamianuric daenaxa (15,39). montenis skeptikosobas aravin eWvobs, magram sxvadasxva epoqa da sxvadasxva mkvlevari sxvadasxvanairad afasebda misi memkvidreobis arss da mis gavlenas rogorc Tanamedroveobaze, ise momdevno epoqebze. magali- 89 -

Tad, hegeli, Tavis „leqciebSi filosofiis istoriaze`, montens, mis mimdevar pier Sarons (1541-1603), aseve makiavelis SesaniSnav adamianebs uwodebs, magram, radgan isini tradiciuli ontologiis problemebs ar amuSavebdnen da saR adamianur sazrisTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs aanalizebdnen, maT cxovrebis filosofiis warmomadgenlebad Tvlis. isini ufro saerTo ganaTlebis sistemaSi imsaxureben adgils da ara sakuTriv filosofiis istoriaSi. gogiberiZe Tavis „filosofiis istoriaSi` (1941) ase ajamebs montenis filosofiur pozicias da mis rols frangul kulturaSi: „montenis Semparavi skepticizmi da azris advili konstruqciiT gonebis damakmayofilebeli weris manera dRemde ver mouSorebia Tavidan frangul literaturul da filosofiur publicistikas. filosofiurad RirsSesaniSnavi axali ram montens kacobriobisaTvis ar uTqvams. man antikuri pironizmi ganaaxla, gamoawyo igi franguli civilizaciis msubuq kostumSi da momavali burJuaziis gemovnebasa da zereled msjavrmdebel gansjas Seuqmna msjelobis sakuTari stili da tradicia. adamiani ubeduria imiTo, gvaswavlis Cveni skeptikosi, rom darwmunebuli dadis, TiTqos WeSmariti codna Tan dahqondes. monteni ki eubneba adamians, rom mas ar aqvs araviTari codna; codnisa da WeSmaritebis gamonaxva arc mis grZnobas da arc mis gonebas ar SeuZlia. adamianis Sinagani da garegani qveyana, orive Tvalaxvevisa da sicruis nimuSia. Semecneba daeZebs, ver naxulobs da mis mier SeTxzuls obieqtur WeSmaritebad acxadebs [...] erTaderT pozitiur saqmed montens miaCnia senekadan (daaxl. 4 Zv. w. _ 65 ax. w.) nasesxebi ataraqsiis principi da bunebisadmi adamianis daqvemdebarebis moTxovna, gaWirvebaze amaRleba da miRweuliT sulieri kmayofileba` (4,III,375). qarTveli mkvlevris ZiriTadi sayveduri montenis mimarT isaa, rom igi meryevi aRmoCnda poli- 90 -

tikisa da religiis sakiTxebis analizisas da man reformacias mxolod imitom gamoucxada omi, rom igi socialur aRviraxsnilobas Tavisufal gasaqans aZlevs (iqve, 395). imave, 1941 wels, moskovSi gamosuli „filosofiis istoriis` meore tomis avtorebi ufro Semwynarebelni arian montenis mimarT. aq montens umadlian brZolas religiis winaaRmdeg. amas moiTxovda ideologia! rogorc cnobilia, sabWoTa mkvlevrebi saerTod maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen frang ganmanaTleblebs da maT winamorbedebs, swored religiis kritikisa da skepticizmisaTvis. isini Seuferxeblad iTargmnebodnen, iqneboda es pol anri holbaxi (1723-1789), etien bono de kondiliaki (1715-1780) Tu sxva. montenis „eseebis` Semoklebuli Targmani ki tradiciiT gadmoecaT (gamoqveynda peterburgSi 1891 w.). 1941 wlis rusul „filosofiis istoriaSi` gazviadebulia montenis brZola Teologiis winaaRmdeg. wamoweulia mis mier aristoteles, rogorc dogmatikosis da sqolastikosis kritika. gogiberiZis qarTveli oponenti, sergi danelia (1888-1963) montenis Sesaxeb TiTqos mis azrs iziarebs, roca aRniSnavs, rom montenis Tanaxmad, zneobrivi Sefasebis msjelobebSi araviTari kanonzomiereba ar arsebobs (41,211). koplstoni Tavisi filosofiis istoriis III tomSi, arsebiTad, iseve afasebs montens, rogorc gogiberiZe. igi miuTiTebs, rom, montenis azriT, adamianis inteleqts ar SeuZlia relativizms daaRwios Tavi, ar SeuZlia daadginos absoluturi WeSmariteba. monteni Tvlis, rom religiis arsebas qmnis moraluri cnobiereba da bunebis morCileba (69,III,228). albaT, sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom gogiberiZe da, mogvianebiT, koplstoni saerTo wyaroze, fridrix iubervegis (1826-1871) „filosofiis istoriaze` miuTiTeben. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro axali poziciaa warmodgenili helmut flasaris redaqciiT bazelSi 1994 wels gamocemuli „filosofiis istoriis - 91 -

narkvevebis` IV tomis II wignSi. aq aRniSnulia, rom „montenis skepticizmi naTlad emyareba pironis (daaxl. 365 _ daaxl. 275) naazrevs da frangul klasikaSi pironizmi stoasa da aristotelizmis gverdiT warmoadgens antikurobis erT-erT did filosofiur mimarTulebas` (gv. 755). amave tomis pirvel wignSi, aRniSnulia montenis Rrma interesi epikuresadmi, rom igi, Tavisi skepticizmisagan gamomdinare, midis epikuresTan. sadavo araa, rom monteni gansakuTrebiT afasebs epikures eTikur Sexedulebebs, eTanxmeba, agreTve, epikures moTxovnas politikaSi Caurevlobis Sesaxeb. montenis skepticizmma mravali moazrovne daarwmuna, rogorc safrangeTSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT. maT Soris, upirveles yovlisa, asaxeleben mis megobar mRvdels, pier Sarons. mas adre eWvic ki ar epareboda kaTolikuri qristianobis WeSmaritebaSi. es pozicia asaxulia mis SromaSi _ „sami WeSmariteba yvela aTeistis, kerpTayvanismcemlis, ebraelis, mahmadianis, eretikosisa da sqizmatikosis winaaRmdeg` (1593). Svidi wlis Semdeg daweril naSromSi _ „sibrZnis Sesaxeb` _ Saronma miiRo montenis skepticizmi, Tumca ueWveli darCa misTvis, rom adamians aqvs TviTcnobiereba, romelic, Tavis ganuyofel Sinaarsad udavod gulisxmobs Cveni Tavisufali nebis arsebobas. es ki, Tavis mxriv, aucileblad niSnavs moralur sakiTxebSi adamianis damoukideblobis aRiarebas da raimes ueWvelobiT dadgenis unars. montenis pironul skepticizms sxva mimdevrebic gamouCndnen. maT Soris gamoirCeoda portugalieli eqimi, pier sanCesi (1552-1622), romelic faqtobrivad frangul kulturas ekuTvnoda. igi cdilobda daesabuTebina, rom Cven ara marto gare (garegan gamocdilebaSi mocemul) sagnebze ar SeiZleba gvqondes sando codna, aramed sakuTari Tavis Sesaxebac. Tumca Cveni arseboba Cven ueWvelobiT mogvecema. sanCesi amtkicebs, rom is, rasac Cven - 92 -

codnas vuwodebT, mxolod miaxloebiTi codna SeiZleba iyos sagnebis Sesaxeb. es ki mainc imaze metia, risi mocemac aristoteles silogistikas SeuZlia. pier sanCesi daibada da gaizarda safrangeTSi. igi montenis naTesavi iyo. eqimis xarisxi miiRo monpelieSi. erT xans tuluzis universitetis profesori iyo. misi ori ZiriTadi debulebidan, erTi cnobili sofisti gorgias (daaxl. 483-375) memkvidreobidanaa aRebuli („araferi araa Secnobili`), xolo meore _ sokrates cnobili principis modificirebaa („me isic ki ar vici, vici Tu ara raime`). sanCesi aristoteles Semecnebis Teoriis sastiki winaaRmdegia. is fiqrobs, rom _ raki raimes codna misi mizezis codnas niSnavs, mizezis mizezis Ziebas ki aucileblad mivyevarT ususrulo regresSi _ raimes codnis SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia. sanCess ar aviwydeba, rom maTematikur codnas aucileblobas miaweren, magram es sakuTari poziciis naklad ar miaCnia, radgan es codna, Tu zustad vityviT, mxolod hipoTeturi bunebis SeiZleba iyos, e. i. mxolod „Tu da maSin`-is farglebSi aqvs Zala. es ki Cvengan damoukidebeli sagnis Sesaxeb obieqtur, anu namdvil codnas ver mogvcems. aseTi codna mxolod RmerTs SeiZleba hqondes da ara adamians. aRniSnaven, rom termini „mecnieruli codna` pirvelad sanCesma gamoiyena. cnobilia, rom sanCesis skepticizmma gavlena moaxdina frangi filosofosis, gasendis zomier skepticizmze.

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Tavi IV. reformacia da renesansi germaniaSi Sua saukuneebSi germaniaSi Zlieri safuZveli Seiqmna imisaTvis, rasac aRorZineba anu renesansi hqvia. maister ekhartidan modis rogorc kuzanelis filosofia, romelic italiuri renesansis (magram ara germanulis) erTerTi safuZveli iyo, ise luTeris da misi mimdevrebis naazrevi. germaniaSi italiuri humanizmis gavlena roixlinis da erazm roterdamelis naazrevis saxiT Sevida. maT luTeris reformacia moamzades. erazmisa da luTeris dapirispireba, erTi mxriv, reformaciis da humanizmis gansxvavebis maCvenebelia, meore mxriv _ germaniaSi renesansis specifikisa.

1. erazm roterdameli (1466-1536) erazm roterdameli evropuli humanizmis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgenelia. gamoCenili italieli filologis da humanistis lorenco valas mimdevari. piko dela mirandolas mowafe iohanes roixlinTan da germanuli humanizmis did warmomadgenel, cnobil poet ulrix fon hutenTan (1488-1523) erTad, man safuZvlianad Searyia kaTolicizmis zneobrivi avtoriteti ara marto germaniaSi, aramed mTel evropaSi. erazms cnobilma holandielma moazrovnem ioanes huizingam (1872-1945), gaxmaurebuli wignis, „homo ludens`-is avtorma, Tavis naSromSi „erazmi da reformaciis epoqa` (1924), „evropis istoriaSi Tanamedrove gagebiT pirveli inteleqtuali` uwoda. sayovelTaodaa cnobili, Tu rogori dartyma miayena romis eklesiis avtoritets lorenco valam, roca, damajerebeli filologiuri analizis safuZvelze, uCvena, rom e. w. „konstantines sigeli` yalbia. imperatoris am naboZvaris safuZvelze, papebi saero xelisuflebazec - 94 -

acxadebdnen pretenzias. aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo imis damtkiceba, rom qristianuli rwmenis simbolo, romelic tolZalovani samebis erTarsebobas gamoxatavs, gviandeli formulaa da mociqulebi mas ar icnobdnen. titus liviusis wignebis SesaniSnavi analiziT, lorenco valam nikolo makiavelis moumzada niadagi, xolo gasendis ki im debulebaTa dacviT, rom „yvela adamiani siamovnebisaken miiswrafis`, rom „siamovneba aris WeSmariti sikeTe`. lorenco valas saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli Zvel stoelTa cnobili principis _ „buneba da RmerTi identuria` _ aRorZineba. rac Seexeba roixlins, man Tavisi gaxmaurebuli wigniT _ „kabalisturi xelovneba` (1494) _ undoblobis atmosfero Seqmna maSin Zalze gavrcelebuli magiisa da astrologiisaTvis. swored roixlinis wridan gamovida sqolastikuri ganaTlebis erT-erTi yvelaze mwvave kritika _ „bneli adamianebis werilebi` (1517). am krebulis erT-erTi avtori iyo Tavad roixlini, papis winaaRmdeg brZolis aucileblobis dauRalavi agitatori. erazm roterdameli, dezideriusi _ aseTi fsevdonimi airCia, Tavisi dabadebis adgilis mixedviT, germanelma gerhard gerhardsma, kaTolike mRdvlis ukanono Svilma. sasurveli (deziderii) ojaxisaTvis namdvilad ar iyo da amitom mamis saxlSi ar izrdeboda. garkveul yuradRebas mama mainc iCenda misadmi. sibejiTisa da niWis wyalobiT es Cia da garegnul momxibvlelobas moklebuli bavSvi gaxda maSindeli evropis yvelaze gavleniani moazrovne, romelsac rCevas ekiTxebodnen da megobrobas sTavazobdnen Tavadebi, kardinalebi, mefeebi, papebi. Zlierni ama qveynisani, iseve, rogorc gamoCenili mecnierebi, amayobdnen imiT, rom erazmisagan miiRes werili. maSindel evropaSi laTinuri enis sayovelTaoba sasuliero da saero saqmianobaSi, saSualebas iZleoda in- 95 -

teleqtualTa sruliad evropuli TanamSrolobisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, evropuli humanizmis warmomadgenlebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevdnen am enis SesaZleblobebis warmoCenas. marto erazmi ar fiqrobda, rom sazogadoebaSi adamianis adgili warmoSobiT ki ar ganisazRvreba, aramed ganaTlebiT. igulisxmeboda, rom es laTinuri enis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. laTinuris Semdeg, did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen berZnulisa da ebraulis codnas, magram ganaTlebis safuZvlad maTi moTxovna aravis ufiqria. axali evropis mowodeba „wyaroebisaken!` axal da didmniSvnelovan datvirTvas aZlevda naTargmni teqstebis filologiur kvlevas da analizs. msoflmxedvelobrivi problemebis kritikul ganazrebas udavod Seuwyo xeli qristefore kolumbis (1451-1506) mier 1492 wels amerikis aRmoCenam. aRmoCnda materiki da xalxi, romelic bibliaSi naxsenebic ar iyo. arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom laTinuri enisa da filologiuri ganaTlebis safuZvelze warmodgenili Tanasworoba sazogadoebaSi, marTalia, rogorc aRiarebuli faqti, didi mniSvnelobisa iyo, magram arsebiTad ama qveynis ZlierTa keTilganwyobasa da Tavmomwoneobas emyareboda, romelic maT xasiaTze iyo damokidebuli. konfliqtur situaciaSi naTlad gamoCndeboda xolme, rom mTavari mainc sazogadoebis tradiciul ierarqiaSi dakavebuli adgilia. amis kargi magaliTi iyo inglisis ganaTlebuli mefe henri VIII (romelsac, rogorc humanists, erazmi Zalian aqebda) da misi kidev ufro ganaTlebuli lord kancleris, „utopiis` avtoris, Tomas moris urTierToba. oriveni erazmis garSemo gaerTianebul humanistTa wres ekuTvnodnen, magram, roca mori realur politikaSi daupirispirda Tavis mefes, am ukanasknelma mas Tavi mohkveTa. erazmi, rogorc Cans, amgvar faqtebSi SemTxveviTobas xedavda da ara aucileblobis gamovlenas. igi sicocxlis bolomde eloliaveboda Tavis ideas: - 96 -

laTinuri enis safuZvelze, enisa, romelic mTeli evropis ganaTlebis da rwmenis saerTo ena iyo, humanisturi miznebis erTgulebiT, gadaelaxa saxelmwifoTa Soris dapirispirebani da axali, ufro maRali samecniero, politikuri da socialuri mimarTebebisaTvis Caeyara safuZveli. erazmi Tavis samuSao oTaxidan uyurebda evropas. vinc aqedan Canda, ZiriTadad, misi adresatebi iyvnen. eseni, maSindeli sazogadoebis elita, konkretul sakiTxebSi uTanxmoebaTa miuxedavad, mainc Tanaxmani iyvnen qristianuli, maTi azriT, erTaderTi WeSmariti zneobrivi moZRvrebis safuZvelze gaerTianebuliyvnen. 1516 wels erazmma dawera wigni: „qristiani xelmwifis aRzrda`. rogorc cnobilia, makiavelim, romelic, erazmisagan gansxvavebiT, marTlac kargad icnobda realur cxovrebas, sami wliT adre daasrula Tavisi „mTavari`. makiaveli yvelaze maRla ayenebda nacionalur interess. mas realurad sxvagvari interesebis qmediToba ver warmoedgina. es wigni sakmaod gvian gamoica, magram erazmi rom mis Sinaarss icnobda, Cans ara marto wignis mTeli Sinaarsidan, aramed miZRvnidanac: „sibrZnis araviTari saxe araa imaze maRali, romelic aswavlis mTavars, Tu rogor unda marTos zneobrivad`. erazmis mxolod Sromebi ki ara, aramed, ubralod, megobrebisadmi miwerili baraTebi, anda vinme gasaWirSi myofi adamianis werilobiTi nugeSi, saxelmZRvanelos saxiT vrceldeboda mTel evropaSi, magram mainc, yvelaze cnobili mis mier 1509 wels gamocemuli Sroma _ „sisulelis qeba` _ gaxda. 1534 wels es naSromi s. frankma germanulad Targmna. es iseTi mkacri kritika iyo maSindeli sazogadoebis mmarTveli fenebis (feodalebis da samRvdeloebis) uvicobisa da amoralizmisa, rom zogs ubiZga eTqva: erazmi luTeris ideebiT iyo gatacebulio. sinamdvileSi ki, am dros, luTeri 26 wlis ucnobi beri, aRtacebuli mkiTx- 97 -

veli Tu iqneboda misi. erazmis aRniSnul naSromSi qalbatoni sisulele amtkicebs, rom mas didi (udidesi Tu ara) mniSvneloba aqvs amqveyniur cxovrebaSi. mis gareSe arafers ar eqneboda arc saRi azri da arc lazaTi. mas udavod miaCnia, rom sisulele da sibrZne ganuyrelni arian da gadadian erTmaneTSi. es naSromi frangi enciklopedistis, deni didros (1713-1784) cnobili naSromis, „ramos Zmiswulis` winamorbedia. 1509 wels daiwera erazmis kidev erTi cnobili naSromi _ „damcveli` („hiperaspisi`. daibeWda 1511 wels). dacvas saWiroebda zneoba da qristianoba, romlebic erazmisaTvis Sinaganad igiveobrivi Sinaarsisani iyvnen. es ki, rogorc cnobilia, sulac ar Seefereboda kaTolikuri qristianobis realur Sinaarss. erazmma es, cxadia, kargad icoda, magram mainc sasurvelad da SesaZleblad miaCnda evoluciuri gziT progresis miRweva. realurad arsebuli kaTolikuri qristianobis kritikas isaxavda miznad erazmis mier „axali aRTqmis` axali laTinuri Targmani. Targmani Sesrulebuli iyo berZnulidan, darTuli hqonda mniSvnelovani komentarebi. specialistebi erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom am naSromis Semdeg SeuZlebeli iyo luTerisTana reformatorebi ar gamoCeniliyvnen. metic, isini Tvlian, rom es Targmani da komentarebi Tamamad SeiZleba SevadaroT luTeris cnobil 95 Teziss, romliTac man mTeli kaTolikuri samyaros da, upirveles yovlisa, romis paps, aSkara brZolis garda, sxva gamosavali ar dautova. magram erazmi yovelive amas sTavazobda mkiTxvels, rogorc Tavis mosazrebas, igi yvelas sTxovda dafiqrebuliyvnen mis mier naTlad dasmul aucilebel problemebze. erazmis gasagebad aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom, roca erazmi papis instituts akritikebda, igi akritikebda cud paps, anda cud kardinals da samagali- 98 -

Tod miaCnda am institutis sxva warmomadgenlebi (mravali maTgani misi piradi megobari iyo). amdenad, erazms ufleba hqonda eTqva, rom luTers misgan gansxvavebuli araferi uTqvams, magram Tqva sxva toniT da sxva mimarTebiT, ramac reformacia gamoiwvia. amitom ambobdnen, rom erazmma dado kvercxi, romelic luTerma gamoCekao. erazmi azustebda: me qaTmis kvercxi davde, luTerma ki sxva jiSis frinveli gamoCeka. isic unda iTqvas, rom am dros erazmis mdgomareobac ar iyo usafrTxo. trientSi saeklesio sabWom igi daswyevla, rogorc „usircxvilo eretikosi`, misi „sisulelis qeba` akrZalul wignTa siaSi aRmoCnda. kargi da cudi mmarTvelis es dapirispireba ZvelisZvelia da, zogjer, mmarTvelobis arsebuli formis dacvis moxerxebuli saSualebaa. magram, amave dros, igi saSualebas iZleva, ase vTqvaT, legalurad, yvelasTvis naTeli gaxado, arsebulis uazroba. erazmma es meTodi airCia. gansxvavebul gzas daadgnen erazmis wris wevri, didi ingliseli humanisti, inglisis lord kancleri Tomas mori da erazmis madlieri mowafe fransua rable (1494-1553). Tomas mori ar Semoifargla arsebulis kritikiT da misi uaryofis aucileblobis mtkicebiT (magram arasgziT revoluciis gziT). man gamoiyena marsilio fiCinos mier laTinurad Targmnili platonis „saxelmwifo` da misi modernizebuli varianti warmoadgina, rogorc iseTi wyoba, romelsac warmatebiT SeuZlia Secvalos arsebuli saxelmwifos formebi. Tanac Seecada eCvenebina is ekonomikuri da socialuri principebi, romlebic amgvari wyobilebis ganxorcielebas SesaZlebels gaxdidnen. morma sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi Tanamdebobebis gavliT lord kancleris Tansamdebobas miaRwia. magram mas bedma isic uCvena, rom axal klass, burJuazias, namdvili Zalauflebis mopovebamde bevri aklda. mori sikvdiliT dasaja inglisis mefe henri VIII, romelic erazmisa da mo- 99 -

ris Tanamoazred iTvleboda evropul humanizmSi. moris bedi gadawyvita iman, rom mas, erazmis msgavsad, zogadsakacobrio mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, ar surda, inglisuri eklesia romisas gamoyofoda, rasac, anselmis droidan dawyebuli, mravali ingliseli cdilobda. romis mier kenterberiis episkoposad daniSnuli anselmi xom orjer gaaZeves inglisidan! inglisuri eklesiis meTaurad henri VIII miCnevis mowinaaRmdege mori sikvdiliT dasajes da iq cezare-papizmi damyarda. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom mori Tavidanve damoukidebel politikas atarebda, rogorc burJuaziis warmomadgeneli parlamentSi. 1504 wels parlamentarma Tomas morma mefe henri VII (1457-1509) ar misca neba axali gadasaxadebi SemoeRo. axalma mefem, henri VIII, romelic ekekluceboda humanistebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, aiZula mori kancleri gamxdariyo. Tanac sindisis Tavisufleba aRuTqva (66,537). konfliqtis mizezi ki is gaxda, rom mefes meore colad ana boleinis (1507-1536) SerTva surda, romis eklesiam ki pirvelTan ganqorwinebis neba ar misca. kaTolikurma eklesiam mors ar dauviwya damsaxureba. 1887 wels netarad miiCnies, xolo 1935 wels wmindanad. inglisurma burJuaziam ki oliver kromvelis (1599-1658) dros, 1649 wels, mefe karlos I (1600-1649) sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana da sisruleSi moiyvana. Tomas moris „utopia` ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: pirvel nawilSi mori, rogorc ekonomisti, politikosi da sociologi, naTlad uCvenebs inglisSi xalxTa farTo masebis autanel mdgomareobas, romelic TandaTan uaresdeboda. meore nawilSi uCvenebs imas, Tu riTi SeiZleba Seicvalos amgvari autaneli mdgomareoba. wigns ewodeba „utopia, anu oqros wignaki, sasargeblo da amdenadve gasarTobi saukeTeso saxelmwifo wyobisa da kunZuli utopiis Sesaxeb`. aq humanisti Jil egidiusi esaubreba mezRvaurs, romelic amerigo vespuCis (1454-1512) pirveli eqspedi- 100 -

ciis monawiled acxadebs Tavs, mis mier (kunZul taprobanze) nanaxi ucnauri saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. iq araa kerZo sakuTreba, yvela Tanasworia, Sroma yvelasaTvis savaldebuloa, morali, Tanamdebobebi arCeviTia. Sromis Sedegebi nawildeba mosaxleobaSi moTxovnilebis mixedviT. ar arsebobs sikvdiliT dasja. igi Secvlilia monobiT. mTeli maTi keTildReoba damokidebulia Sromaze da mecnierul miRwevebze. naTelia, rom aq bevria saerTo platonTan. umTavresi ki isaa, rom orivesTan kerZo sakuTreba iTvleba saxelmwifos yvela naklovanebis mizezad. ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebelia is, rom moris utopiaSi yvela adamians aqvs ojaxi, rogorc saxelmwifos safuZveli. mkvlevrebi „utopiaSi` antikuri da momdevno epoqebis solidur codnas xedaven. aq igulisxmeba avgustines „RvTis qalaqi`, berZeni satirikosis, lukianes (125-180) memkvidreoba, amerigo vespuCis Sromebi, erazm roterdameli. Tomas mors, garda „utopiisa`, ekuTvnis, saintereso narkvevi _ „cxovreba ioane pikusi, mirandolas grafisa`, „riCard III istoria`, romelic Seqspirma gamoiyena Tavisi dramisaTvis da sxva. utopiuri (kampanela, fr. bekoni da sxva) da antiutopiuri (n. makiaveli da sxva) literaturis fonze, gancalkevebiT dgas erazmis Rirseuli mowafe, yofili franciskaneli beri, eqimi, erT-erTi udidesi frangi humanisti, „gargantua da pantagruelis` (1532) saxelganTqmuli avtori fransua rable. gansxvavebiT erazmisagan, rable, luTeris msgavsad, xalxur salaparako enas mimarTavs; masebisaTvis gasagebad dascinis arsebul wyobilebas da Cvevebs; icavs ganaTlebis da aRzrdis axal ideals. ganaTleba realur cxovrebas unda emsaxurebodes. ar unda azepirebinebdnen teqstebs Tavidan bolomde da bolodan dasawyisamde, azris raimenairi gagebis gareSe. swavleba ki ise unda warim- 101 -

arTos, rom mas sasjelis SiSi ki ar warmarTavdes, aramed sasiamovno procesad iqces, swavlisa da TamaSis gonivruli monacvleobiT. am mxriv, rable, zogi aspeqtiT, JanJak rusoze (1712-1778) ufro progresulia. Tavisi sityva Tqva rablem utopiuri proeqtebis Sesaxebac. oRond, misi utopia erTi monastriT Semoifargleba: esaa Telemis monasteri „gargantua da pantagruelis` I wignSi aRwerili. am monasterSi yvelaferi sikeTea, uzarmazari simdidre, religiuri Tavisuflebac (saerTod ar aris eklesia), arc kerZo sakuTrebaa, sadac, rogorc kote baqraZe (1898-1970) aRniSnavs, „Tavisufalia ara calkeuli adamiani, aramed mTeli sazogadoeba`. magram rables gamanadgurebeli ironia ar indobs arc axlobel da arc Sorebel Tanamoazreebs. TelemSi araa savaldebulo Sroma. ris da vis xarjze arseboben da visi wyalobiT? _ esec garkveulia: gargantuias didsulovnebiT! ufro met eWvebs aRZravs is, rom aq progresi ukavSirdeba mcenare kanafis fsiqikaze zemoqmedebis Tvisebas da misi ukeTesi saxeobebis aRmoCenas. rables Telemi, SeiZleba iTqvas, raRac sakarnavalo centrs ufro hgavs. moris utopia, iseve, rogorc platonis „saxelmwifo`, imis cdaa, rom uCvenon erT qveyanaSi komunizmis aSenebis SesaZlebloba. im dros, roca garemocva megobruli araa da omebic mosalodnelia, e. i. maTTvis mzadebacaa saWiro. cnobilia, rom es sakiTxi arsebiTi gaxda sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis 30-iani wlebidan da dadebiTad pasuxobdnen masze. sabWoeTis am periods exmianeba moris azri imis Taobaze, rom taprobanze oqro ar fasobda da iq sapirfareSoebs akeTeben oqrosagan [aseTi iyo vladimer leninis (1870-1924) dapireba]. moris utopia araa agebuli socialur viTarebis gauTvaliswineblad. rogorc sociologi da politikosi, igi uCvenebs, rom inglisSi farTo masebis gaRatakeba swrafi tempiT mimdinareobda. matylis warmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis glexTa meurneobe- 102 -

bi gaanadgures da saZovrebad aqcies (amas gamoxatavda gamoTqma „cxvarma SeWama adamiani`). sazogadoebis progresi moris „utopiaSi` mecnierebis winsvlas emyareba. es xdis SesaZlebels eqvssaaTian samuSao dRes, fulis ararsebobas, Zlier jars da maRali donis SeiaraRebas. koplstoni aRniSnavs, rom mori pirveli iyo, vinc religiuri tolerantoba saxelmwifo principad aqcia. tolerantoba vrceldeboda yvelaze, visac RmerTis arseboba da sulis ukvdaveba swamda (sulerTia, ra saxiT). magram es ar vrceldeboda aTeistebze. taprobanze sikvdiliT dasja ar arsebobs. vinc aseT sasjels imsaxurebs, mas monad aqceven. unda iTqvas, rom, gansxvavebiT platonis „saxelmwifosagan`, sadac monebi ar arseboben, iq monebis didi raodenobaa (TiToeul ojaxze ori monaa miwerili). Tu zustad vityviT, savsebiT axali arc erazms uTqvams raime. igi gulmodgined da Tanmimdevrulad icavda antikuri humanizmidan momdinare ideebs. magram udavoa, rom saWiro dros Zveli saWiro azrebis gaxsenebas da maTi sikeTis damajerebel Cvenebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. erazmi Tvlida, rom es ideebi WeSmaritad gagebuli qristianobis igiveobrivia. mas, albaT, SemTxveviT ar uTqvams (igi xom mainc episkoposi iyo!): „wmindao sokrate!` misTvis es iyo renesansis namdvili Sinaarsi, e. i. misi saxiT (da ara saerTod) humanizmi da renesansi erTmaneTs emTxveoda. igi imedovnebda, rom antikuri humanizmi bunebrivad Seezrdeboda qristes mier naqadageb zneobriobas. amitom cdilobda erazmi antikurobis aRorZinebas Sua saukuneebis ukiduresobaTa gareSe. misi humanizmi internacionaluri iyo. am mimarTebaSi mniSvneloba aqvs imis aRniSvnasac, rom erazms arc Zveli aRTqma uyvarda da arc Zveli ebrauli ena. Zveli aRTqmis humanizmi mas saeWvod miaCnda da ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo gverds uvlida mas, gansxvavebiT luTerisagan, romelic am enas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda. - 103 -

2. martin luTeris (1483-1546) msoflmxedveloba filosofiis istorias zogjer uxdeba yuradReba miaqcios im adamianTa msoflmxedvelobas, romelTac, marTalia, axali filosofiuri principi ar wamouyenebiaT, arc Zveli principebis originaluri filosofiuri dasabuTeba mouciaT, magram maTi saqmis da naazrevis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, saTanadod, verc maTi da momdevno epoqebis suliskveTebas gavigebT. amgvari moazrovneebi adamianis daniSnulebis im aspeqts aqceven yuradRebas, romelic aravisTvis ucxo ar aris, TiTqos yvelas mier igulisxmeba, magram konkretul momentSi misi wamoweva xalxis cxovrebaSi yvelafers axal Sinaarss aZlevs, kulturis yvela sferos warmomadgenels axleburad daanaxebs mis daniSnulebas. amgvari ram, Cveulebriv, maSin xdeba xolme, roca qveynis cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sfero CixSia Sesuli, roca Zvel saxelmZRvanelo princips Zala daukargavs, Sinaganad gamofitula, magram arsebobas ganagrZobs mxolod garegan Zalaze dayrdnobiT, anda imitom, rom ukeTes Secvlel princips ver xedaven. aseTi situacia iyo germaniaSi XVI s.-is dasawyisSi. germania emorCileboda romis paps da kaizers. orive ucxo Zala iyo misTvis. sakuTari saxe germanias ar hqonda _ arc politikurad da arc religiurad. es garemoeba xels uwyobda nacionaluri TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebas. es germaniaSi axalgazrda burJuaziis gamoCenas mohyva. es procesi sakmaod adre daiwyo. cnobilia kuzanelis mogzauroba germaniaSi, romis eklesiiT ukmayofiloTa dasaSoSmineblad. es misia marcxiT damTavrda. kuzanelis sikvdilidan reformaciamde gavlili dro am nacionaluri TviTSegnebis zrdis dro iyo, rac Seesabameboda, rogorc nacionaluri burJuaziis, ise germanel TavadTa interesebs. italia, romis papis meTaurobiT, mCagvrel saxelmwi- 104 -

fod gamodioda. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom roca leonadro da vinCi, miqelanjelo, rafaeli da sxvebi adamianis Zalisa da Rirsebis sadidebel saxeebs qmnidnen, maTi Tanamedrove didi niderlandeli mxatvris hieronime bosxisaTvis (daaxl. 1450-1516) cxovreba saSinelebebiT iyo savse, saidanac gamosavals igi ver xedavda. amiT aixsneba isic, rom 1510 wels romSi myof martin luTerze, anda, ufro adre, erazm roterdamelze, petres grandiozuli taZris mSereblobas romSi, sasikeTo reaqcia ar gamouwvevia, iseve rogorc renesansis diad mxatvrobas. germaniaSi xalxis yoveli fena ukmayofilo iyo. cnobili germaneli filosofosi vilhelm dilTai (1833-1911) Tavis fundamentur gamokvlevaSi „adamianis gageba da analizi me-15-e da me-16-e saukuneebSi` (1882) werda: `luTerma TavisSi gaaerTiana opoziciis yvela moTxovna`. luTerma wamoayena konkretuli pirovnebis RmerTTan uSualo mimarTebis SesaZleblobis da samarTlianobis principi. am safuZvelze uariyofoda kaTolikuri qristianobis, rogorc RmerTTan mimarTebaSi aucilebeli mosaSualis saWiroeba. es niSnavda germaniis ganTavisuflebas romis eklesiis religiuri da kulturuli batonobisagan. amave dros es iyo pirovnebis Rirsebis dafuZneba, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi individuri SemoqmedebisaTvis gzis oficialuri gaxsna. niSandoblivia, rom 1517 wels, roca mTel germaniaSi luTeris 95 Tezisis mier gamowveuli qariSxali boboqrobda, didma germanelma mxatvarma albrext diurerma (1471-1528) am misTvis ucnob axalgazrda bers usasyidlod gaugzavna zogi Tavisi naxati. luTeris principebis gamarTleba da misi saqmis didi mniSvnelobis gageba SeiZleba mxolod maSindeli germaniis specifikuri pirobebidan. mxolod amis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba gavigoT, Tu rogor moxda, rom ada- 105 -

mianSi Tavisufali nebis arsebobis uaryofa da damsabuTebeli gonebis Rirebulebis ugulebelyofa gagebul iqna rogorc adamianis Tavisuflebis dafuZneba. amitom T. manis mcdeloba, luTeri warmoadginos, rogorc saerTod evropuli Tavisuflebis mociquli, Znelad gasaziarebeli debulebaa. Tumca man SesaniSnavad gaigo luTeris ZiriTadi saqme. werilSi _ „germania da germanelebi` (1945) _ igi werda: roca luTerma „adamianis RmerTTan mimarTebis uSualoba daadgina, amiT win waswia evropuli demokratia~, radgan „yoveli adamiani sakuTari Tavis mRvdelia`; „es aris demokratia`. luTeris codnis gareSe germanuli kulturis Semdgomi ganviTareba gaugebari darCeba. kulturis istorikosi mxolod aqedan Tu gaigebs im faqts, Tu ratom ar upirispirdebodnen didi germaneli idealisti filosofosebi qristianobas. rogorc cnobilia, hegelma frangi ganmanaTleblebis brZola religiis winaaRmdeg imiT gaamarTla, rom es xalxi luTerisagan ganuwmendel religias ebrZoda. misi azriT, frangma ganmanaTleblebma „sxvanairi formiT` moaxdines luTeranuli revolucia. luTeris mier qristianobis axleburma gagebam mZlavri iaraRi misca germanel moazrovneebs faqtiuri qristianobis (papizmis) winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. germaniaSi aRorZinebis epoqis moRvaweebisaTvis igi gaxda oficialuri msoflmxedveloba da sulieri iaraRi. yvela miiCnevda, rom luTerma qristianoba saR da realur niadagze daamyara. gacilebiT gvian, hegelic ki amtkicebda, rom luTerma da filipe melanqtonma (1497-1560) „savsebiT uaryves sqolastika da yvela sakiTxs wyvetdnen bibliis, rwmenis da adamianis gulis mixedviT`. ase fiqrobdnen luTeris drosac. 1521 wels, roca xma gavrcelda, rom luTeri Seipyres da mokleso, diurerma Tavis dRiurSi aRniSna: „o, RmerTo! luTeri mkvdaria, awi vinRa gagvimartavs Cven ase naTlad wminda saxarebas?!` (42,129). - 106 -

luTeris amgvari gavlena faqtia. Tumca Tanamedrove mkiTxvels Zalian gauWirdeba misi fanatikuri, zogjer aSkarad winaaRmdegobrivi, zogjer sofisturi mtkicebisaTvis didi Rirebulebis miniWeba. luTeris gavlena germanul kulturaze Zalian Rrma iyo da ufro Sorsmimavali, vidre amas luTeri moeloda da, SeiZleba iTqvas, vidre es mas surda. gaCnda qristianobis da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis amxsneli mravali axali Teoria. glexTa omis ideologi Tomas miunceric (1490-1525) xom luTeris moZRvrebidan amodioda? man Tavdapirveli qristianobis msgavsad, sazogadoebrivi Tanasworoba moiTxova. luTers ki amis gafiqrebac danaSaulad miaCnda. germanul filosofiaSi, vaigelidan dawyebuli, arc erTi mniSvnelovani moazrovne ar darCenila luTeris gavlenis gareSe. luTeris gavleniT germanuli nacionaluri kultura sakuTar niadagze dadga, Sinagani SemoqmedebiTi Zala gaacnobiera. germaneli poeti da moazrovne, hainrix haine (1787-1856) marto sakuTar azrs ar gamoTqvamda, roca amtkicebda, rom germanul kulturas luTeris Secdomebic ki ufro gamoadga, vidre sxvebis qvelmoqmedeba (76,9). germaniaSi ara marto qristiani moazrovneebi Tvlidnen, rom luTeris saqmes agrZelebdnen. iseTi antiqriatiani, rogoric nicSe iyo, amkicebda, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac luTerma gaakeTa, iyo undoblobis gaRviveba wmindanTa da saerTo qristianuli mWvretelobiTi cxovrebis winaaRmdeg. mis Semdeg xelaxla gaxda evropaSi SesaZlebeli araqristianuli vita contemplativa. amqveyniuri moRvaweobis da saeroobis siZulvils bolo moeRo. yovelive zemoaRniSnulma ganapiroba is, rom germaniis patara da umniSvnelo qalaqis _ vitenbergis (romelic sul 2000 mcxovrebs iTvlida), aseve patara da umniSvnelo universitetis (orasiode studentiT) Teologiis - 107 -

profesori martin luTeri mTeli eris beladi gaxda. es universiteti 1502 wels daarsa saqsoniis kurfiurstma fridrix brZenma, romelic didad exmareboda luTers. Tavad luTeri, saerTo aRiarebiT, arc didi organizatori yofila, arc didi mecnieri da arc didi filosofosi, magram igi yvelaze ukeT mixvda, ra iyo im dros qveynisaTvis aucilebeli. misi erTpirovnuli beladoba 1517 wlidan 1525 wlamde gagrZelda, e. i. im dromde, roca luTeri Tavadebis mxareze gadavida da ajanyebuli glexebis gaJleta moiTxova. rogorc fridrix engelsi (1820-1895) aRniSnavda Tavis SromaSi „glexTa omi germaniaSi`, glexTa beladis, miunceris mowodebebi mxolod logikuri danaskvebi iyo bibliidan da Tavad luTeris nawerebidan (71,47). magram reformators (ase uwodebdnen luTers) ase Sors wasvla ar surda. man ukve imis mtkiceba daiwyo, rom qriste ar mosula imperatorebisaTvis mmarTvelobis saswavleblad da maT saqmeSi Casarevad. Tanasworoba mxolod saiqioSi iqneba SesaZlebeli, _ irwmuneboda igi. Tumca Tavdapirvelad glexTa 12 moTxovnas samarTlianad Tvlida. Cems kiserze iyos magaTi sisxli, _ eubneboda igi glexTa gasanadgureblad mimaval raindebs. 1521 wels raixstagma Tavisufal qalaq vormsSi luTeris reformaciis problema ganixila. iq, rogorc cnobilia, germaneli Tavadebi XII s.-dan ikribebodnen xolme saerTo germanuli problemebis gansaxilvelad. 1489 wlidan masSi qalaqTa warmomadgenlebic iRebdnen monawileobas. luTeri am krebas ar eswreboda. misi warmomadgeneli iyo melanqtoni. 25 ivniss melanqtonma raixstags warudgina qristianuli rwmenis luTeriseuli gageba. igi moiwones, miuxedavad imisa, rom imperatorma karlos V is romis papTan erTad kategoriulad uaryo. protestantizmi germanelTa did nawilSi, ukve gabatonebuli mrwamsi iyo. - 108 -

luTeri araviTar Sesworebebs ar iRebda. igi ver SeuTanxmda verc cvinglis, verc kaspar Svenkfelds (1489-1561), verc franks. 1540 wels Smalkandis saelesio krebam, luTeris miTiTebiT, cvingli da Svenkfeldi gankveTa, franki, luTerisave miTiTebiT, sastik devnas ganicdida. ase rom, kontreformacias, romelic 1545 wels daiwyo, ukve gaTiSuli protestantizmi Sexvda. luTeri maZiebeli bunebis kaci iyo. jansaRsa da mTlian adamians surda imgvari cxovrebiseuli pozicia moenaxa, romelic adamianuri bunebis daumaxinjebel arsebobas gaamarTlebda. misTvis gaugebari iyo, Tu ratom unda ewinaaRmdegebodes adamianisaTvis RmerTisagan boZebuli Tvisebebi RmerTis rwmenas. Tavad mas RmerTic swamda da eSmakic, romelic, rogorc luTeri irwmuneboda, aqtiurad uSlida xels bibliis TargmanSi. Targmanis siZnele luTers buzis formiT warmoesaxa da luTerma samelne esrola mas. vartburgSi, luTeris oTaxSi, axlac uCveneben kedelze melnis farTo laqas. luTeri arc garTobebze ambobda uars. xSirad imeorebda: „visac ar uyvars Rvino, qalebi da simRera, mTeli sicocxle suleli rCeba` (80,77). amave dros, igi mTeli seriozulobiT swavlobda Teologias da egzegetikas. jer kidev monasterSi yofnisas, man safuZvlianad SeiTvisa uiliam okamis (1300-1348) moZRvreba, rom gamocxadebis WeSmariti gageba adamianis gonebas ar SeuZlia. es misTvis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ueWveli WeSmariteba iyo. rogorc martin haidegeri (1889-1976) aRniSnavda, luTeris azriT, Teologiis dogmaturi sistematika iseT fundaments emyareba, romelic pirveladi rwmenis sakiTxebidan ar aris amozrdili, da romlis gagebac ara marto sakmarisi araa Teologiuri problematikisaTvis, aramed faravs da anadgurebs mas. luTers sakuTari pozitiuri principi sWirdeboda sayrdenad. icoda, rom mxolod uaryofiT axali araferi - 109 -

Seiqmneba. amgvari principis „danaxva`, yoveli novatorisaTvis aucilebelia. sxvadasxva epoqaSi es sxvadasxva saxiT xdeba da sxvadasxvanairad aRiqmeba. morwmune adamiani amas RvTis wyalobad Tvlis. mas arsebiTad miaCnia am principis saZiebeli winaswari samuSao. ZiebaSi Tvisebrivi cvlilebis naxtomisebri xasiaTi mTeli winamavali kvlevisagan gansxvavebul wyaroze migvaniSnebs. sakuTari kvleva-Ziebisa da mTeli Tavisi cxovrebisaTvis aseT gardatexis punqtad luTeri Tvlida 1513 wlis dasawyiss, roca man, mis mier manamde aTasjer wakiTxul romaelTa mimarT pavle mociqulis werilSi, adamianis cxovrebis sazrisi amoikiTxa: Tu ginda marTali iyo RmerTis winaSe, mxolod rwmeniT unda cxovrobde. amaze luTeri dawvrilebiT werda Tavis werilSi „xilva koSkSi`. es iyo ara ubralod rwmenis mniSvnelobis aRiareba, aramed arsebobis ZiriTad principad misi qceva. Tu ar gwams RmerTi, ver iarsebeb, amtkicebda luTeri (80,43). TavisTavad aq, TiTqos, axali araferi ar aris qristianisaTvis, magram es siaxled gamoCnda Sua saukuneebis Semdeg. es iyo swored pirveladi qristianuli poziciis aRdgenis cda. luTeri uaryofda rwmenis siwmindis „SebRalvas` raime Teoriuli msjelobiT. igi daupirispirda „filosofiuri azrovnebis negatiur Teologias`, radgan igi RmerTis idumalebas argumentebis saSualebiT adgens. amas luTeri upirispirebs qristianul negatiur Teologias, romlis mixedviTac RmerTis namdvili idumaleba da dafaruloba mxolod rwmeniT Seimecneba. magram amgvari rwmena, Tu is araviTari Teoriuli mimarTebiT SezRuduli araa (Tu aseTi ram civilizebuli adamianisaTvis saerTod SesaZlebelia), SeiZleba mxolod da mxolod piraduli iyos. es individuri rwmena, pirovnebas, rogorc mis uSinaganes da usakuTrives, „sakuTar RmerTs` warmousaxavs. es ki kaTolicizmTan SeuTavsebeli principia, radgan misTvis mxolod is RmerTia savaldebulo, - 110 -

romelTanac pirovnebis Suamavali romis eklesiaa. „sakuTari RmerTi`, romelic piradi rwmenis ZaliTaa daSvebuli, adamians avtonomias aZlevs. mas angariSis Cabareba, sxvisTvis, gareSesaTvis ki ar uxdeba, aramed sakuTari Sinagani samyarosaTvis. didi germaneli mistikosis maister ekhartis swavleba adamianSi RvTaebrivi naperwklis Sesaxeb, luTerTan adamianSi sakuTari ZalebiT RmerTis dadgenis saSualebad iqceva. marTalia, es RmerTi dadgenilia, rogorc transcendenturi, Seumecnebadi da idumali, magram mas ar SeiZleba pirovnebis individuri rwmenis gavlena ar aCndes. sxvisi nanaxi da gancdili RmerTi CemTvis umniSvneloa. is mec iseTive unda vnaxo. RmerTi isaa, rac me mwams Cemad, ityvis luTeri (81,II,403). pavle mociqulis aRniSnuli epistoles wyalobiT luTerma, amgvari, sxvisgan nanaxi RmerTisagan gaiTavisufla Tavi. amitom Tqva man: pavlesTan me dakarguli qriste xelaxla vipove. luTeri Tvlida, rom misi sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis Semdgomi ganviTareba aRniSnuli principis sul ufro da ufro Rrma gageba iyo. amgvari pirovnuli rwmena morwmunes Zalas, mizans da imeds aZlevs, _ amtkicebda luTeri. WeSmaritad morwmunes yvelaferi SeuZlia. visac qriste swams, iseve Zlieria, rogorc Tavad qriste. morwmunisaTvis mxolod is arsebobs, rac mas swams. rwmena yvelaze Zlieria _ caze, miwaze, saerTod samyaroze. Tu morwmunes sjera, rom ziarebisas is Wams qristes xorcs, es namdvilad asea, magram Tu mas sjera, rom igi Seeqceva Cveulebriv, xrwnad xorcsa da Rvinos, esec sworia. ucnauri isaa, rom pirovnebis Zalisa da RmerTTan misi uSualo mimarTebis uflebis damcveli luTeri kategoriulad uaryofs pirovnebis nebis Tavisuflebis SesaZleblobas. igi mas absoluturad umorCilebs RmerTs, riTac faqtobrivad uariyofa konkretuli pirovnuli Rirsebisa da Zalis SesaZlebloba. ger- 111 -

manuli mistikis tradiciis Tanaxmad, luTeri rwmenis sruli avtonomiurobis principidan amosuli, adamianis Sefasebis kriteriums rwmenaSi xedavs da ara misi moqmedebis SedegSi, Tundac es Sedegi keTili saqme iyos. misi azriT, nebis Tavisufleba adamians ki ara, mxolod mas aqvs, visac absoluturi Zala gaaCnia, e. i. RmerTs. igi qmnis da, sanam surs, amyofebs Seqmnils. 6000 wlis winaT samyaro arara iyo. RmerTma Seqmna igi da roca moisurvebs gaaqrobs mas (81,II,344). saswaulisaTvis, rogorc RmerTis Zalis sabuTisaTvis, luTeri Sors ar midis (Tumca „sabuTi` morwmunes ar unda sWirdebodes). is, rom haeriT vsunTqavT, is, rom kldidan wyali gadmodis, miwidan puri izrdeba da sxva _ yvelaferi es saswaulia, e. i. SesaZlebeli mxolod RmerTis ZaliT. miznis misaRwevad luTeri arc sofistur daskvnebs erideba. aRniSnul yoveldRiur movlenaTa msgavs ueWvel faqtad Tvlis igi iesu navinis mier mzis SeCerebas da ritorikulad agrZelebs: Tu ra didi iyo es saswauli, astronomebs SeekiTxeTo. TiTqos dasadgeni iyo ara is, marTla moxda Tu ara es araCveulebrivi movlena, aramed is, Tu ramdenad arabunebrivia igi. qristianobis amgvari gagebisaken ikvlevda gzas luTeri 1513 wlidan, roca man iohanes fon Staupitcis (daaxl. 1468-1524) kaTedra daikava vitenbergis universitetSi da leqciebis kiTxva daiwyo bibliaze. aq, pirvel leqciaze muSaobis dros, ganicada man „xilva koSkSi`, rasac Semdeg „reformaciis dabadebis saaTi daarqves`. es leqciebi fsalmunis komentarebs exeboda da didi interesi gamoiwvia. 1515 wels luTeri iwyebs romaelTa mimarT pavles epistoles ganmartebas. aq arsebiTad mocemulia misi Teologiis ZiriTadi principebi, rac safuZvlad daedo luTeris cnobil 95 Teziss. 1513 wels luTeris sulSi dawyebuli reforma am TezisebiT obieqturobas iZens _ iwyeba reformacia germaniaSi. es iyo - 112 -

1517 wels 31 oqtomberi, TezisebSi luTeri kaTolikur eklesias abralebda, rom man rwmena mxolod garegnulad aqcia. oficialuri kaTolikoba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda rwmenis Sesabamis saqmianobas, morwmuneTa cxovrebas, ritualebs. sxvanairad SeuZlebelia adamianis rwmenis Semowmeba sazogadoebrivi instanciis mier. gansakuTrebulad damarwmuneblad iTvleboda xorcis tanjva, amqveyniurze uaris Tqma qristes gulisaTvis da sxva. es principi absurdamde davida indulgenciebiT vaWrobiT. am saxiT codvis gamosyidvis dadgena, marTlac, cinikuri uaryofa iyo qristianobisa. mdidar borotmoqmeds SeeZlo uamravi indulgencia eyida da momavali codvebic winaswar gamoesyida. es Zalze saWirboroto sakiTxi iyo. amis gamo gaxda luTeris mier vitenbergis eklesiis karebze gakruli 95 Tezisi germaniaSi reformaciis dasawyisi. SeiZleba avtori arc apirebda reformaciis dawyebas, magram Tezisebis rezonansma aiZula am gzas dadgomoda. reformaciis Teoriuli safuZveli am 95 Tezisis dasabuTeba gaxda. Tezisebi ase iwyeboda: „WeSmaritebis siyvaruliT da misi dafuZnebis surviliT, vitenbergSi Tavisufal xelovnebaTa da wminda Teologiis doqtori, am ukanasknelis ordinaruli profesori, Rirsi mama martin luTeris TavmjdomareobiT, gaimarTeba disputi qvemoT CamoTvlil debulebebze. amitom is sTxovs maT, vinc aq ar imyofeba da sityvierad kamaTSi monawileobas ver miiRebs, es werilobiT gaakeTos` (80,20). sapirispiro poziciis dacvis msurveli ar aRmoCnda. moazrovne germanelTa didi umravlesoba luTeris momxre gaxda da amiT faqtiurad daupirispirda romis eklesias. luTeri iwyebs qristes sityviT. esaa mowodeba morwmuneTa mimarT _ moinanion! luTeri fiqrobs, rom es araa erTjeradi aqti. morwmunis mTeli cxovreba unda - 113 -

iyos monanieba. rac Seexeba paps, mas ar SeiZleba pretenzia hqondes adamianis im danaSaulisagan ganTavisuflebaze, romlisTvisac sasjeli TviT mas, anda saeklesio krebas ar daudvia. xalxis didi nawili am baqiur dapirebas SecdomaSi Sehyavs (Tezisi 24). luTeri moiTxovda imaT dawyevlas, vinc amgvar raimes aswavlis (Tezisi 32). „[...] RatakTaTvis micema, anda gaWirvebulTaTvis sesxeba ukeTesia, vidre mitevebis sabuTis yidva` (Tezisi 43). zogi Tezisi dascinoda imas, Tu ra Rirs, romis eklesiis TvalsazrisiT, miteveba mRvdlis qaliSvilis gaupatiurebisaTvis, ra safasuri unda gadaixados mRvdelma qalis gaupatiurebisaTvis da ra _ saero kacma da sxva (12). isic unda iTqvas, rom Tezisebi mTlad mourideblad ar iyo dawerili. zogan luTeri ukandasaxev gzasac itovebda. 50-e Tezisi aseTia: „papma rom icodes mitevebis sabuTTa gamyidvelebis gamoZalvis meTodebi, igi irCevda, petres taZari umal daferflili enaxa, vidre Tavisi samwysos tyaviT, xorciT da ZvlebiT aeSenebina`. es urcxvi vaWroba, luTeris azriT, uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs mecnierebs, romelTac uWirT papis dacva boroti kritikosebisagan. am boroti kritikosebis saxeliT, luTeri svams kiTxvas: „papi, romelic dRes ufro mdidaria, vidre umdidresi krasusi, ratom aSenebs wminda petres taZars sawyali morwmuneebis fuliT da ara sakuTariT?` (Tezisi 81) da a. S. hegeli aRniSnavs, rom luTeri daupirispirda saerTod sqolastikuri azrovnebis da Sua saukuneebis cxovrebis wess. hegelis mier SesaniSnavad formulirebuli luTeranuli protestantizmis cxovrebis wesi, sxva araferia, Tu ara burJuaziuli cxovrebis wesi. Sua saukuneebSi oficialurad sami didi ideali batonobda: uqorwinoba, siRatake da morCileba. luTerma samive gaauqma. man „RvTaebrivad gamoacxada, qorwinebisa da - 114 -

simdidris gverdiT, Tavisuflebac`. es Tavisufleba adamianis sxva adamianebis morCilebisagan Tavisufleba iyo. igi garantirebuli iyo yoveli adamianis RmerTTan uSualo mimarTebis SesaZleblobiT. es ki adamianis umaRles msajulad sakuTar sindiss acxadebs. amiT „qreba yovelgvari monoba`, paTetikurad acxadebs hegeli. luTeris ganmanTavisuflebel moRvaweobas hegeli damajereblad ukavSirebs mis mier bibliis germanulad Targmans, rogorc msoflmxedvelobiT sakiTxs. misi azriT, axali rwmena ver gaxdeboda Sinagani germanuli kulturisaTvis, luTers rom adamianis uSinaganesi gancdebis germanul enaze gamoxatvis saSualeba ar Seeqmna. kacisTvis sakuTreba mxolod isaa, rac mis mSobliur enazea gadmoxatuli: „subieqturi Tavisufleba SeuZlebelia, Tu sakuTar enaze azrovneba ar SegiZlia`. xolo Tu adamiani Tavisufali ar aris, igi ver iqneba Sinaganad morwmune. amitom luTeri Tavis reformacias ver daasrulebda, biblia germanulad rom ar eTargmna, _ amtkicebda hegeli Tavis „leqciebSi filosofiis istoriaze`. luTerma kargad dainaxa, rom Zvelsa da axal aRTqmas Soris umniSvnelovanesi gansxvaveba swored pirovnebis gagebaSia. Zveli aRTqma pirovnebis sakuTriv Rirebulebas ar scnobda. amitom adamians RmerTTan misasvleli gza mxolod garegani samyarodan hqonda. axal aRTqmaSi ki Sinaganobis principi gadamwyvetia. galatelTa mimarT pavle mociqulis komentarebSi luTeri werda, rom adamiani marTali SeiZleba iyos ori sapirispiro gziT: 1. gareganiT, roca cdiloben daicvan adamianuri samarTlianoba da sakuTari Zalebis imediT, varjiSiTa da SeCveviT miaRwion imas, rom maTi moqmedeba kanons Seesabamebodes. amgvar gzas aRwerdnen aristotele da sxva filosofosebi. amis safuZveli iyo TviT moses kanonebic. aTi mcneba (dekalogi) garegnulze iRebda orientacias. Zvel aRTqmaSi sasjelisa Tu sikeTis dapirebiT sTxoven adamians - 115 -

RmerTis samsaxurs. meore gza Sinagania. igi rwmenas da wyalobas emyareba. es gza maSin iwyeba, roca adamiani sasos warikveTs pirveli gzis sisworeSi, roca igi sakuTar garduval codvilobas gaacnobierebs, RmerTis winaSe daemxoba da mimarTavs mas _ Semiwyale, RmerTo, codvili! aq yvelaferi gulwrfelobazea damokidebuli. rwmena im siRrmisa unda iyos, rom imedi gqondes: „odesRac, RvTis wyalobiT, RmerTiT marTali, keTili da wminda iqnebi` (80,83). Teologia, marTalia, filosofias msaxuris rols aniWebda, magram ramdenadac dasabuTebas raRac Rirebuleba mieniWa, cxadia, dausabuTebads amiT moaklda raRac Rirebuleba. frTxili Teologebi eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen amgvar msaxurs. luTermac moisurva Teologiis ganTavisufleba filosofiisagan. igi, pavle mociqulis cnobili poziciidan gamomdinare, filosofias (aristotelidan moyolebuli) sofistikas abralebda. luTeri cdilobs pavles poziciis gamarTlebas imaze miTiTebiT, rom qristemdeli moRvaweebis (mag., sokrates) garegnul qcevaSi, marTalia, eWvis Setana SeuZlebelia, magram isini mainc zemoaRniSnuli pirveli gzis warmomadgenlebi arian. maTi codva, Turme, is yofila, rom „miuxedavad yovelivesi, maT ar SeeZloT, Sinaganad Tavi SeekavebinaT imisagan, rom sakuTari Tavi mowonebodaT da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, TavianT gulSi mainc, sakuTari Tavi ar eqoT. Turme amitom Tqva pavle mociqulma maT Sesaxeb: `ityoden TavTa TvisTa brZen da gancofnes`. Tu gavixsenebT, rom luTers, erfurtis universitetSi swavlis dros, unariani kamaTis gamo, „filosofoss` uwodebdnen metsaxelad, SegveZleba warmovidginoT, Tu ra sakiTxebze da rogori wesiT, mimdinareobda es diputebi. luTerisaTvis udides mtrad maSindel universitetebSi gabatonebuli aristotele iqca. albaT, imasac hqonda mniSvneloba, rom aristotele, Toma aqvinelis - 116 -

gavleniT, kaTolikuri Teologiis sayrdenad iyo aRiarebuli. gamodis ra iqidan, rom aristoteles logika miCneuli iyo „organonad` _ e. i. neitralur iaraRad, romelsac sapirispiro poziciebis damcvelebi iyenebdnen _ luTeri logikis Semqmnel gonebas „quCis qals` uwodebs. misTvis aristotele am „quCis qalis` mTeli urcxvobis yvelaze aSkara warmomadgenelia. igi filosofiis personifikaciaa. Tumca luTeri sxva filosofosebsac ar aklebda lanZRvas. magaliTad, Zvel berZen materialist epikures Rors uwodebda. luTerma specialuri werilic miswera „germaneli eris qristian Tavadebs`: universitetebi Tavisufal cxovrebas ewevian. iq qristeze metad brma warmarTi aristotele batonobs. „Cemi rCevaa, aristoteles naSromebi savsebiT moviciloT`. mas gansakuTrebiT aRizianebda aristoteles Sroma „sulis Sesaxeb`, sadac konkretuli adamianis sulis sxeulTan erTad mokvdavobazea msjeloba. es imis sapirispiroa, rac saxarebaSi naTlad sweria. aseTi ram ki aravis unda epatios. aristoteles luTeri „filosofosTa mefis` nacvlad wyvdiadis „mefes uwodebs`. aseve darwmunebulia luTeri imaSi, rom adamianis neba Tavisufali araa. es Tavisufleba mas absoluturi azriT esmis. amitom igi erazmis winaaRmdeg amtkicebs, rom mxolod RmerTis nebaa Tavisufali. deistebis RmerTi misTvis RmerTi araa. igi kunZiviT devs caSi. RmerTi yovlisSeZle da qmediTi unda iyos, romelsac sasowarkveTili adamiani mouxmobs. igi yvelas imdenad exmareba, ramdenadac mas swams. „RmerTi carieli dafaa, romelzec araferi sweria, garda imisa, rasac Sen daswer masze` (81,462). am pozicias zogi TavisTavadi nivTisa da movlenis kantiseuli gagebis anticipaciad miiCnevs. aseTi retrospeqtuli xedviT aRniSnuli pozicia, artur Sopenhaueris (1793-1860) msgavsad, SeiZleba platonTan da indur vedebSic davinaxoT. Tavad kanti - 117 -

erTxelac arc axsenebs Tavis SromebSi luTers. kantTan ufro axloa luTeris da pavles debuleba imis Taobaze, rom adamiani erTdrouladaa codvilic da marTalic.

3. Teofraste paracelsis (1493-1541) filosofia Teofraste paracelsi germaniaSi reformaciis epoqis msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovnebis gamoCenili warmomadgenelia. misi naazrevi gascda germanuli kulturis sazRvrebs da gavlenian filosofiur da samecniero mimdinareobad iqca. man myari adgili daimkvidra axlis gabedul maZiebelTa Soris. paracelss didad afasebdnen bruno, iakob boeme (1575-1624), gotfrid vilhelm laibnici (16461716), Sopenhaueri, karl gustav iungi (1875-1961) da sxva. laboratoriaSi gamoyvanili universaluri adamianis, homonkulusis ideam mniSvnelovani adgili daikava goeTes `faustSi~; paracelsi Tavad doqtor faustis saxis erTerT prototipad iTvleba. mis memkvidreobaze pretenzias acxadeben ara marto eqimebi, bunebismetyvelebi, filosofosebi, aramed gavleniani socialuri Teoriebis damcvelebic (rozenkroicerebi, faSistebi, komunistebi da a. S.). paracelsis filosofiuri Teologiis Tanaxmad, romelsac xSirad iatrofilosofias (eqimis filosofias) uwodeben, RmerTis mier Seqmnili samyaro erTiani cocxali organizmia. adamiani mikrokosmosia makrokosmosSi. eqimi RmerTis Tarjimania, romelic sagnebSi RmerTis mier Cadebul Zalas aaSkaravebs da adamianTa mimarT mis gamoyenebaSi siyvaruliT xelmZRvanelobs. Teofrastus bombastus aureolus filipus hohenhaimeli, paracelsad wodebuli, daibada Sveicariis patara qalaq ainzidelnSi 1493 wels gaRaribebuli Svabieli aznauris ojaxSi. misi gvari _ bombast (Tu bambast) hohenhaimeli _ XII s.-dan ixsenieba wyaroebSi. mama, vilhelm - 118 -

hohenhaimeli (1457-1534), imave qalaqSi taZris eqimi iyo. mas, rogorc maSindel eqimTa umravlesobas, alqimia itacebda. deda amave taZars miwerili glexis ojaxidan iyo. ojaxs uWirda. patara paracelsi batebs mwyemsavda. gadmocemiT, naxevrad SiSvel bavSvs batma sasqeso kvercxebi moawyvita. zogi amiT xsnis imas, rom qals mis cxovrebasa da nawerebSi araviTari roli ar uTamaSia. es araa swori! is ki aRsaniSnavia, rom 9 wlis asakSi dediT daoblebuli paracelsi (deda SizofreniiT iyo daavadebuli) Tavis moZRvrebaSi dedas da `dedebs~ uwodebs yovelives pirvelsawyisebs da brZenT. mamam daainteresa patara Teofraste alqimiiT da botanikiT. 7-8 wlis asakidan Tan dahyavda, roca avadmyofebTan midioda. saxeli Svils aristoteles mowafis, bunebismetyvelis, botanikis fuZemdeblis Teofrastes (daaxl. 372-287) sapativcemulod daarqva. gasakviri araa, rom konkretulisaken, empiriulisaken miswrafeba da misi ndobac, paracelss adreuli asakidan daewyo da mTeli moRvaweobis manZilze gahyva. am safuZvelze esmoda mas alqimia, rogorc yvelafris dedebis, anu mizezebis Zieba. igi amtkicebda, rom eqimisaTvis aucilebelia am dedebis ara marto alqimikosis laboratoriaSi Zieba, aramed balaxebSic, wyalSic, maRaroebSic. man pirvelma SemoiRo wamlebisaTvis mineralTa da metalTa xmareba. miuxedavad mamis Tavdadebuli zrunvisa da Tanadgomisa, rasac paracelsi mudam madlierebiT aRniSnavda, man bavSvs deda mainc ver Seucvala. amas gulisxmobdnen, albaT, paracelsis sityvebi: `bavSvs ar sWirdeba varskvlavebi da planetebi, dedaa misi planetac da varskvlavic~. es patara (150 sm.) da susti agebulebis kaci saocrad energiuli da dauRalavi iyo. misi suli marTlac memkvidreobiT miRebuli raindulia. aseTad gviCveneben mas suraTebi. uyvarda xmliT pozireba (iseve, rogorc nicSes, romelsac aseve avadmyofi sxeuli hqonda). - 119 -

tanmorCilobiT mas kants, Sopenhauers, rixard vagners (1813-1883), mose mendelsons (1729-1786) adarebdnen, Tumca ase patara, albaT, arcerTi ar iyo. Tavis sust sxeuls man, iseve, rogorc kantma, saocrad bevri gaakeTebina. igi bejiTad iTvisebs universitetSi SesvlisaTvis saWiro sagnebs da swavlas agrZelebs germaniis, safrangeTis da italiis universitetebSi. feraraSi, romelic XII s.-dan sauniversiteto qalaqi iyo da paracelsis dros renesansis erT-erT centrs warmoadgenda, paracelsi 1515 wels iRebs medicinis doqtoris xarisxs. rogorc Cans, mas, iseve, rogorc ufro adre luTers, didad ar ainteresebda italiuri renesansi da arc aRorZinebis mxatvroba, romelic feraraSi kazimo turas (1430-1495), franCesko del kosas (1436-1478) da sxvaTa saxiT iyo warmodgenili. arc saerTo renesansuli devizi _ `wyaroebisaken!~ _ izidavda; igi Tvlida, rom warsulidan is icoda, rac sWirdeboda, da amocanad masze maRla dadgoma ganizraxa. misTvis xelSeuxebeli avtoriteti arc platoni aris da arc aristotele; arc neoplatonizmi, romelic aRorZinebis moRvaweTaTvis saerTo msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvels warmoadgenda. masTan platonis, prokles, iamblixosis saxelebsac ver SevxvdebiT. mkvlevrebs ukvirT, rom aseTi kaci platonisa da prokles mTargmnel da komentator fiCinos dadebiTad axasiaTebs, magram aqve Cans, rom maincdamainc kargad ver erkveva mis moRvaweobaSi da TviT biografiaSi (108 weli icocxlao). imasac aRniSnaven, rom misi filosofia struqturulad ar iyo neoplatonuri. es ki imas miuTiTebs, rom reformacia da renesansi erTi da igive ar aris. romis kaTolicizms politikurad dapirispirebuli germaneli moazrovneebi ingliselebTan (mag., Tomas morTan da mis TanamoazreebTan) poulobdnen saerTos. oriveni romis eklesiisagan ganTavisuflebas miiCnevdnen umniSvnelovanes saqmed. paracelsma renesansis kritikuli da antiavtoritet- 120 -

uli principi ukiduresobamde miiyvana. misi pragmatuli humanizmis Tanaxmad, erTi uxeiro eqimi ufro sasargebloa, vidre mTeli klasikuri literatura erTad aRebuli. mas eWvic ar epareba imaSi, rom antikur poetTa Soris yvelaze saxelganTqmuli bevrad CamorCeba eqimTa da bunebis mcodneTa Soris `yvelaze dabla mdgoms~. cnobili romaeli eqimi enciklopedistis, `medicinis~ avtoris aurelius kornelius celsusisadmi (daaxl. 2550 ww.), romelic imperator markus avreliusis (129-199) piradi eqimi iyo, upiratesobis pretenzia paracelsma sakuTar metsaxelSic gamoxata: `paracelsi~ celsusze ukeTess, masze maRla mdgoms niSnavs. mkiTxveli moelis, rom ase orientirebuli adamiani hipokratesTan mainc naxavs Rirebuls, magram paracelss arc misi madlobeli surs iyos. aseTi umadurobiT SeSfoTebuli mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom mas hipokrateze damyarebuli medicinis Rirebulebis uaryofaSi da medicinaSi savsebiT axali etapis dawyebis aucileblobis gamarTlebaSi isic `daexmara~, rom igi medicinis mamamTavris Sromebs saTanadod ar icnobda. es, upirveles yovlisa, exeba `hipokrates korpuss~ da masze komentarebs. etyoba, paracelss hipokrates raRac daskvna ar moewona da erTianad uaryo didi eqimi da moazrovne. xSirad, rasac paracelsi hipokrates miawers, is am berZen moazrovnes ar ekuTvnis, zogjer ki is, rac sakuTari hgonia, hipokrates gavlenis kvals atarebs. amgvari pretenziebis mqone kacs mtrebi rom hyavda, gasakviri ar aris. sakvirveli ufro isaa, rom mas erTguli mimdevrebi da momxreebic ar aklda. es ki warmoudgeneli iqneboda paracelsis saeqimo praqtikis xelSesaxeb warmatebaTa gareSe. samecniero xarisxis miRebis Semdeg, paracelsi TiTqmis 10 weli mogzaurobda mTel evropaSi _ ikvlevda mis garemos, mTisa da baris, haerisa da wylis zemo- 121 -

qmedebas adamianze. swavlobda mosaxleobaSi arsebul saeqimo codnas (gansakuTrebiT eklesia-monastrebSi da samkurnalo balaxTa SemgrovebelTa Soris). igi am mxrivac hgavda did saeklesio da socialur reformators, luTers, romelic bibliis germanulad Targmnisas (ramac Tanamedrove germanul enas daudo safuZveli), moednebze da bazrebSi eZebda xolme saWiro sityvebsa da gamoTqmebs. paracelsi amtkicebda, rom yvela qveyana da yvela mxare warmoSobs raRac specifikur avadmyofobas, romlis wamalic iqve unda daiZebnos. 1516, 1517, 1519 da 1520 ww. evropaSi mimdinare brZolebSi paracelsi monawileobda rogorc samxedro eqimi. misi gulkeTiloba, dauzarebloba, uSurveloba yvelgan iCenda Tavs. Tu amas mkurnalobaSi warmatebebsac davumatebT, gasakviri ar iqneba, rom mis saxels male daukavSireben legendebs. amis Sedegia, rom am pretenziul axalgazrdas 1524 wels qalaq zalcburgis eqimad daniSnaven. 1525 wels iq man saavadmyofo gaxsna da patara laboratoriac moawyo. mis popularobaze isic miuTiTebs, rom aRorZinebis epoqis erT-erTi beladi erazm roterdameli paracelss werilobiT Txovs rCevas Tavisi avadmyofobis mkurnalobis Sesaxeb. zalcburgSi paracelsis yofna germaniaSi glexTa omis periods daemTxva. mas glexobisadmi simpaTias da masTan kavSirs abraleben. misi social-politikuri Sexedulebani marTlac uaxlovdebodnen germaniaSi glexTa omis ideologis da beladis _ miunceris, aseve luTeris yofili mowafis, Semdeg ki mowinaaRmdegis, frankis Sexedulebebs. paracelsi miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebis momxre iyo, radgan RmerTma igi yvelasTvis Seqmna. miuxedavad amisa, ajanyebul glexTa ganadgurebis Semdeg, mainc misi saeqimo warmatebebi daayenes wina planze da 1526 wels paracelss qalaq bazelSi vxedavT. igi qalaqis eqimia da, - 122 -

maSindeli wesis Tanaxmad, imavdroulad universitetSi qimiis leqtoria. Cemberis avtoritetul „bibliografiul leqsikonSi` vkiTxulobT, rom, winaaRmdeg tradiciisa, paracelsi aswavlida germanulad da ara laTinurad. es ar moswondaT avtoritetebs, romelTac erCiaT im enaze ekiTxaT leqciebi, romelic xalxs ar esmoda. paracelss gamorCeuli studentebi saavadmyofoSi dahyavda. avadmyofTan rom miiyvanda students, jer avadmyofobis istorias acnobda. es siaxle misi SemoRebulia. avadmyofobas pirovnebis saerTo mdgomareobasTan kavSirSi ixilavda. eqimi kurnavs pirovnebas da ara mxolod mis fexs, anda xels, _ ambobda igi. gadmocemiT, xelmokle studentebs paracelsi materialuradac exmareboda. igi yvela Tavis siaxles gamowvevis saxes aZlevda. bazelSi leqciebis dawyebis win man studentebi ezoSi Caiyvana da yvelaze avtoritetuli tradiciuli saxelmZRvanelo _ didi tajiki eqimis da filosofosis _ avicenas „saaqimo wigni` sajarod dawva. amiT imis Tqma undoda, rom dogmad qceuli avicenas wignebi moeqcnen eqimsa da bunebas Soris. isini xels uSlidnen rogorc tradiciuli WeSmaritebis Semowmebas, ise axlis Ziebas. paracelsis am gamowvevas luTeris mier vitenbergSi 1517 wels romis papis bulis dawvas adareben. im SfoTian droSi, roca germaniaSi axali adamiani yalibdeboda da es romis eklesiisagan gamoyofis niSniT xdeboda, yvela maZiebeli Tavis saqmes bibliis sakuTar gagebaze afuZnebda da, amdenad, Teologiis ZiriTad problemebs ukavSirebda. Zalian bevrs surda pirveli yofiliyo. maT Soris iyo paracelsic. me luTeri ara var, _ werda igi bazelidan wasvlis Semdeg qalaqis mesveurebs, _ me Teofraste var. is Teofraste (berZ., RmerTis gamomTqmeli), romelsac Tqven bazelSi kakofraste (berZ., sibinZuris mTqmeli) uwodeT. luTersac ukve karga xania aRar moswonda mis - 123 -

mier gamowveuli qariSxlis Sedegebi. Tavidan igi yvela adamianis uflebad Tvlida uSualo kavSiri hqonoda RmerTTan da, rogorc Tavad ambobda, mxolod wminda nawerebisaTvis (`sola scriptura~) daejerebina (e. i. imisaTvis, Tu rogor esmoda piradad mas). aRmoCnda, rom misgan gansxvavebuli xedva bevrs aRmoaCnda. amitom iyo, rom luTerma jer kidev 1520 wels Tqva: eqimebma avadmyofebs mouaron, Teologia ki me damanebono. bazelSi paracelsi TandaTan afarToebs Tavisi kvlevis sferos. iq man sulierad avadmyofi prof. Sileri gasinja da dawera gamokvleva „SeSlilobis warmoSoba`. XX s. fsiqoanalizis didi warmomadgeneli, k. iungi swored paracelss umadlis empiriuli fsiqologiis da fsiqologiuri mkurnalobis SemoRebas. sapatio da Semosavlianma Tanamdebobam ver Secvala paracelsis xasiaTi. igi kvlav Seurigeblad icavda mas, rac WeSmaritebad miaCnda. 1528 wels mas bazelis datoveba mouxda. samuSaod qalaq niurnbergSi gadadis. konfliqturi situacia iqac male Seiqmna. im dros amerikidan Semotanili sifilisi Zalian gavrcelda evropaSi. mas „frangul avadmyofobas` uwodebdnen. savaWro saxlebs sifilisis samkurnalod amerikidan SemohqondaT guaiakad wodebuli xis qerqi. es mniSvnelovan biznesad iqca. paracelsma am avadmyofobis Seswavla da kvlevis Sedegebis gamoqveyneba daiwyo. man daadgina, rom am xis qerqisagan damzadebuli fxvnili sifiliss arafers Sveloda. am avadmyofobis pirveli seriozuli kvleva da misi rigi maxasiaTeblebis dadgena paracelsis damsaxurebaa. mis saxels sxva siaxleebic ukavSirdeba. guaiakis qerqiT movaWreebi aRSfoTdnen. maT sauniversiteto wreebSic ar gauWirdaT paracelsis mowinaaRmdegeTa moZebna. metic, maT iseTi gavleniani pirovneba uWerda mxars, rogoric iyo u. f. huteni. igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom am saSineli senisagan guaiakos qerqis fxvnilma gaanTavisufla. amis Sesaxeb sa- 124 -

madlobelo wignakic gamosca, misi azriT, am saswaulmoqmedi wamlis Sesaxeb. es niurnbergis ambebamde karga xniT adre iyo, magram guaiakos fxvniliT movaWreebma maqsimalurad gamoiyenes hutenis avtoriteti. huteni, cocxali rom yofiliyo, fxvniliT movaWreebs dauWerda mxars. paracelsma igi erTxel inaxula, rogorc eqimma. hutens ar moewona maRalfardovnad mosaubre, pretenziuli axalgazrda. CaTvala, rom es eqimi Tavis gvars (bombast _ maRalfardovani, gapranWuli) amarTlebda. niurnbergis qalaqis sabWom paracelsis Sromebis gamoqveyneba akrZala. bazelis datovebidan erTi welic ar iyo gasuli, rom paracelsma kvlav moxetiale eqimis cxovreba daiwyo. mis siaxleebs sxva qalaqebis universitetebSic mtrulad xvdebian. ase moiqca parizis universitetic, sadac paracelsi leqciebs eswreboda da kamaTSic monawileobda. paracelsis sikvdilis Semdeg, am universitetSi gamoica brZaneba, romelic doqtoris xarisxis CamorTmeviT emuqreboda yvelas, vinc ki paracelsis wamlebs da mis meTods gamoiyenebda. magram es wamlebi da meTodebi, Tu yovelTvis ara, zogjer mainc amarTlebdnen. es ki, rogorc wesi, qmnis legendebis sababs da amave dros aRviZebs kolegebis Surs. venaSi, sadac paracelss mefec did pativs scemda, darCa legenda imis Sesaxeb, rom paracelsma sastumros patrons fulis Cveulebrivi erTeuli _ feningi _ oqrod gadauqcia, im pirobiT, rom sastumros patroni Tavis vaJs nebas darTavda colad moeyvana msaxuri qali, romelic TavdaviwyebiT uyvarda. es legenda dResac am sastumrosTvis kargi reklamaa. kolegebis intrigebis magaliTad miuTiTeben xolme paracelsis mier badenis markgrafis _ filipe II (15271598) mkurnalobis ambavs. sasaxleSi paracelsi maSin moiwvies, roca sxva eqimebma veraferi gaawyves. paracelsis mkurnalobis Sedegad avadmyofi momjobinda, magram es - 125 -

procesi sakmao xans gagrZelda. karis eqimma daarwmuna markgrafi, rom paracelsi gangeb Wimavda dros, raTa honorari gaezarda. markgrafma paracelsi gaaZeva honoraris gareSe. unda aRiniSnos, rom paracelsi honorars ar moiTxovda. eqims avadmyofi ise uyurebs, rogorc RmerTs, _ werda igi. roca eqimi honorars iTxovs, eSmakis saxes iRebs. paracelsis azriT, avadmyofma, Tu SesaZlebloba aqvs, Tavad unda dauniSnos eqims honorari da unda dauniSnos imdeni, ramdenadac afasebs eqimis daxmarebas. eqimoba paracelsisTvis Taviseburi religiuri saqmianoba iyo. yvela avadmyofi erT saavadmyofoSi wevs, _ amtkicebda paracelsi. es RmerTis saavadmyofoa. eqimi RmerTis Tarjimania da misi moadgile. mkurnalobis umaRlesi safuZveli ki aris adamianisadmi siyvaruli. paracelsis moZRvrebis am aspeqts yuradReba pirvelebma, albaT, rozenkroicerebma miaqcies. isini fiqrobdnen, rom maTi aRmsareblobis miTiurma damfuZnebelma, qristian rozenkroicerma TiTqosda daasrula luTerisa da paracelsis fragmentebis saxiT darCenili nawerebi da yvelaferi daumorCila harmonias, rogorc kacobriobis saboloo mizans. Tu hipokrate fiqrobda, rom mkurnali ZiriTadad damkvirvebelia da mis SesaZleblobaTa mwvervali iqneba adamianis sikvdilis Jamis gansazRvra, paracelsisTvis es RmerTis Tavisufal nebazea damokidebuli da mas veravin gansazRvravs. eqimma, upirveles yovlisa, is unda gaigos, avadmyofi gankurnebadia Tu ara, anu uSvebs Tu ara RmerTi eqimis Carevas. avadmyofi, romelic mTel Tavis imedebs medicinaze amyarebs, ar aris qristiani. sikvdilis sawinaaRmdego wamali ar SeiZleba arsebobdes, aramed mxolod avadmyofobis. ai, am wamlis moZebnaa eqimis saqme da mas veraviTari Teologi, rogorc Teologi, ver moZebnis. aq bunebis gulmodgine kvlevaa saWiro, raTa RmerTis mier bunebis sagnebSi da procesebSi Cadebuli - 126 -

SesaZleblobani gavigoT da gamoviyenoT. „eqimi aris bunebis yma, xolo RmerTi aris bunebis batoni`. Tu RmerTs ar surs, avadmyofs veraviTari eqimi ver uSvelis. wrfeli rwmena da didi codna erTnairad aucilebelia eqimis warmatebisaTvis. eqimis ficic hipokratesagan gansxvavebuli saxiT Seadgina paracelsma. Tumca medicinis fuZemdeblis gavlena aSkaraa. es gansxvaveba paracelsis epoqis zneobis da adamianis uflebis gacnobierebis aSkaraa dokumenticaa. misi Sinaarsi aseTia: vficav, Cemi saeqimo xelovneba srulvyo, misgan ar gadavuxvio, sanam RmerTi me am Tanamdebobaze eqimobas miboZebs; uarvyo yvela yalbi xeloba da moZRvreba medicinaSi; avadmyofze vizruno ufro metad, vidre Cems Tavze vizrunebdi, Tavad rom mWirdes raime; arc wamali davuniSno gansjis gareSe; fuli ar aviRo, Tu ar davimsaxureb; arc afTiaqars vendo brmad; arc bavSvze vixmaro odesme Zala; qalebs Tavad gavuwio daxmareba; ucxo wamali avadmyofs ar mivce, ragind mevedros. aqve isicaa aRniSnuli, rom urwmunos, romelsac eqimi sZuls, ar umkurnalebs da sxva. rogorc paracelsi ar erideboda tradiciul avtoritetebs da maT damcvelebs, iseve mourideblad utevdnen mas mowinaaRmdegeebi. bazelSi yofnisas pamfleti dauweres da eklesiis karebze gaakres, Tanac iseT adgilas, yvelas rom daenaxa. am Tavawyvetil lanZRvaSi aseTi sityvebic iyo: „regveni viyo, Tu Sen imsaxurebde hipokrates Ramis qoTnis tarebas, anda Cemi Rorebis mwyemsobas, Se umaqniso, ratom imkob Tavs, Se kaWkaWo, moparuli frTebiT? Sens trabaxs, icode, mokle fexebi aqvs. da mainc ra gsurs Sens leqciebSi Tqva? Sen xom mxolod moparuli sulieri ganZiT arsebob? SenTvis saukeTeso iqneboda Toki, romelzedac SegeZleboda Tavi CamogexrCo, mas Semdeg, rac gaigeben Sens qosatyuilobas`. xelmowera: „saiqiodan`. - 127 -

paracelsis sikvdilis Semdegac ar Semcirebula dapirispireba mis SemfasebelTa Soris. aq, erTi mxriv, uSiSar reformators vxedavT, romelic mravali raimes Semoqmedia, meore mxriv, gvixataven sakuTar fantazias ayolil alqimikoss, romelsac sasurveli ukve ganxorcielebuli eCveneba da sxvebisganac moiTxovs amis dajerebas. am xazs XX saukunis cnobili argentineli mwerali xose luis borxesis (1899-1985) „paracelsis vardi` amTavrebs. masSi paracelsi, rogorc alqimikosi, RmerTs Rirseul mowafes sTxovs. aseTi mowafe marTlac moadgeba kars. mas frazebis mosmena ki ar surs, aramed faqtobrivi sabuTebi. igi moiTxovs, paracelsma mis Tvalwin vardi dawvas da Semdeg ferflidan aRadginos. paracelsi cdilobs saubari sxva mxriv waiyvanos. bolos igi aRiarebs, rom amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia. mowafe dacinviT stovebs paracelss. mTavari Sromebi paracelss sicocxleSi ar gamouqveynebia. misi saxeli, ZiriTadad, mis saeqimo praqtikas da siaxleebis Sesaxeb mokle gancxadebs emyareboda. gamoaqveyna mxolod oriode traqtati sifilisis Sesaxeb (1528 da 1530 ww.). sikvdilis Semdeg laTinur enaze gamoica misi „labirinthus medikorum` (1553). sxvebi xelnawerebis saxiT vrceldeboda germanul da laTinur enebze. 1589-1591 ww. germanelma mkvlevarma iohan iakob huserma (daaxl. 1545-1594) paracelsis naSromTa krebuli gamosca 10 tomad. SromaTa sruli krebuli 14 tomad gamoica berlinSi 1922-1932 ww. karl zudhofis (18531938) redaqciiT. pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebuli germania, roca Tavisi aRorZinebisaTvis sulier wyaroebs wamoswevda, paracelsis memkvidreobas erT-erT pirvel adgils aniWebda. 1932 wels gamoica huseris 10 tomiani gamocemidan g. axneris mier Tanamedrove germanulze Targmnili 4 tomi. - 128 -

paracelsis ZiriTad naSromebad iTvleba: „paramirum`, `paragranum~ da „filosofia sagaqs`. pirveli laTinuri kompoziti SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc „zesaocreba` (mirum _ saocreba); meore, yovelgvari sazRvris miRma mdebare uRrmesi arsis wvdomaze (granum _ marcvali, birTvi) pretenzias gamoxatavs; xolo mesame _ „STamwvdomis filosofiaa` (sagaqs _ alRoiani, gamWriaxi). mainc ras warmoadgens paracelsis moZRvreba, romelic oTx saukuneze metia ar asvenebs evropuli kulturis warmomadgenlebs: eqimebs, Teologebs, filosofosebs, sociologebs, mwerlebs? paracelsis iatrofilosofia aris adamianis Sesaxeb filosofiuri moZRvrebis _ filosofiuri anTropologiis erT-erTi saxe. igi miznad isaxavs samyaroSi adamianis adgilisa da misi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb dasabuTebuli Teoriis agebas. gamosavlad iRebs adamianis Sesaxeb eqimis mier dagrovil codnas, adamianis, rogorc mikrokosmosis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, mikrokosmosi (adamiani) makrokosmosSia (samyaroSi), rogorc Sedegi Tavis mizezSi. samyaro da masSi yoveli arsebuli erTiania, rogorc organizmi. mikrokosmosi am organizmis imgvari nawilia, romelic simetriulad asaxavs makrokosmoss. adamians sakuTar Tavze dakvirveba, TiTqos, mikrokosmosis gasaRebad aqvs, raTa aqedan gaigos RmerTis, rogorc yovelives transcendenturi (miRmuri) Semoqmedis namdvili arsi. mxolod am ori samyaros erTianobidan SeiZleba amovikiTxoT RmerTis is gageba, romelic adamianisTvis misawvdomia. xilul bunebaSi arsebuli sagnebi Taviseburi gzavnilebia, Taviseburi asoebia, bunebis kanonebis da Semdeg ki Tavad RmerTis gasagebad. amdenad, filosofia xiluli bunebis uxilavi struqturis amokiTxvaa. paracelsi alqimikosia, magram ara am terminTan dakavSirebuli gavrcelebuli azriT, romlis Tanaxmadac, alqimikosebi, ZiriTadad, filosofiuri qvis - 129 -

saZiebel fantastikur proeqtebs qmnidnen. paracelsi Zvel terminebSi axal Sinaars debs. amitom marTebulia azri, rom swored paracelsma daiwyo alqimiisagan qimiis ganTavisufleba. alqimia paracelss esmoda, rogorc grZnobis organoebSi mocemul sinamdvilesTan mizandasaxuli, praqtikuli mimarTeba. misi mizania RmerTis mier sagnebSi Cadebuli saidumlo Zalebis da unarebis amokiTxva, Semdeg ki maTi adamianis, rogorc RvTis xatis da msgavsis, sasikeTod gamoyeneba. alqimikosi adamianis jerarsuli saxelia, igi miTiTebaa ara imaze, rac aris faqtobrivad adamiani, aramed imaze, rac unda iyos, radac unda gaxdes igi. es aris TeTri magia, _ amtkicebda paracelsi Tavis erT-erT ZiriTad naSromSi, romelsac „paragranumi` ewodeba. is upirispirdeba Sav magias, romlis warmomadgenlebsac surT Tavad gaxdnen RmerTi. TeTri magiis mizania gulwrfelad emsaxuros RmerTs. RmerTis samsaxuri isaa, rom gamoavlino sagnebSi RmerTis mier Cadebuli SesaZleblobani, erTi sagani meored aqcio da isini adamianis sasikeTod gamoiyeno. es ar aris raRac idumali da gaugonari. misi martivi gamovlinebani yvelas Tvalwinaa. paracelsi gvarwmunebs, rom alqimikosia mepure, romelic purs acxobs, mevenaxe, romelic Rvinos ayenebs, mqsoveli, romelic xelsaxocs qsovs. principulad amgvar amocanaTa rigSia filosofiuri qvis saidumlos amocnoba, adamianis spermidan laboratoriaSi universaluri adamianis (homunkulusis) gamoyvana da sxva. paracelsis devizia: „Seiswavlo da ar akeTo _ es cotaa, Seiswavlo da akeTo _ aris didi da sruli.` qarTvel mkiTxvels, cxadia moagondeba rusTvelis (XII s.) sityvebi: „ara viqm, codna ras margebs, filosofosTa brZnobisa`. eqimi-filosofosi qarTuli miTosis mindiasaviTaa. mas unda SeeZlos gaigos mcenareTa da cxovelTa saubari, romlis saSualebiTac isini TavianT daniSnule- 130 -

bas auwyeben adamians. es ena mravalnairia. igi saSualebas gvaZlevs sagnis sasargeblo Tviseba, romelsac gamocdilebaSi SemTxveviT wavawydiT, gamovikvlioT da misi regularulad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba davadginoT, SemTxveviTi aucileblad vaqcioT. Taviseburi ena da Setyobinebaa wamlis msgavseba imasTan, risi wamalic is aris. magaliTad, kakali rom Tavis tkivilis wamalia, amaze migviTiTebs misi gulis ori nawilis naoWebi da msgavseba Tavis tvinis naxevarsferoebTan. amgvari rwmena aRmosavleTSicaa gavrcelebuli. cnobili samkurnalo wamali Jen-Seni miT ufro Rirebulad iTvleba, rac ufro hgavs misi Ziri adamianis tans. paracelss isic swams, rom garkveul sityvebs, garkveul sxeulebriv gamosaxulebebs aucilebeli zemoqmedeba aqvT cxovelTa samyaroze. saxelganTqmul frang filosofossa da fsiqiatrs miSel fukos (1926-1984), romelic, garkveuli azriT, paracelsis tipis moazrovne iyo, amgvari dakvirvebebis safuZvlebis Zieba usargeblod ar miaCnia. mas paracelsis „arxidoqsis magikadan` mohyavs sityvebi imis Taobaze, rom „gveli helveciaSi, algoriasa da SvedeTSi` erTnairad ufrTxis berZnuli sityvebis _ osi, osia, osis _ gagonebas da sxva. sagnebis Sinagan bunebas paracelsi xan sagnebis sikeTes uwodebs, xan unarebs, xan kidev „sikeTes anu Zalebs`. isini RmerTma Tavdapirvelad varskvlavebSi Cado, Semdeg ki adamianis asageb masalaSi gaanawila. amitom ara marto adamiani, aramed samyaros yvela sagani aris waruvals naziarebi warmavali. roca ca da miwa da yvelaferi maTgan Sedgenili daiSlebian, gvarwmunebs paracelsi, maTSi arsebuli sikeTeni, anu Zalebi daubrundebian astralur samyaros, magram daubrundebian Tu ara isini transcendentur RmerTs, amaze paracelsi arafers ambobs. Tumca saboloo samsjavros Sesaxeb misi principebi am kiTxvaze - 131 -

dadebiT pasuxs moiTxoven. es ki mniSvnelovania paracelsis neoplatonizmis filosofiasTan mimarTebis dasadgenad. aqac saqme gvaqvs oTxi elementisagan adamianis sulis ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb rusTveliseuli naazrevis analogiur ZiebasTan. erTiani samyaros, rogorc adamianis samyofelad Seqmnilis, Semswavlelia paracelsis Teoriuli medicina, rogorc misi filosofiis mTlianobis gamomxatveli da Teologiisagan gansxvavebuli. igi mas oTxsvetian, anu oTx svetze damyarebul Teorias uwodebs. am svetebis, anu zogadi Teoriis ZiriTadi nawilebis urTierTmimarTebas paracelsi ase warmogvidgens:

es svetebi (filosofia, astronomia, alqimia, Rirseba), rogorc vxedavT, emyarebian RmerTs da bunebas, rogorc SualobiT da uSualod Sesaswavl sagnebs. is, rasac aq paracelsi filosofias uwodebs, naTelia ar moicavs am terminTan dakavSirebul Tanamedrove gagebas. igi arsebiTad aris bunebis, rogorc maSindel gamocdilebaSi mocemuli sinamdvilis, anu dedamiwis kvleva. astronomia (Tumca varskvlavebic grZnobadad mocemulia) gansxvavebuli mecnierebaa, romelic as- 132 -

tralur (da ara Cveulebriv) maTematikaze damyarebiT RmerTisa da samyaros SesaZlebel kavSirebs adgens. alqimia am SesaZleblobebis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis cdaa; Rirsebis sveti zneobis problemebs Seiswavlis. igi winmaval mecnierebebze damyarebiT adgens imas, Tu ras SeuZlia adamianma gonebisa da nebis daxmarebiT miaRwios, rogorc zneobrivma arsebam. amrigad, aq warmodgenilia filosofia, rogorc Teoriuli medicinis sruli kursi, romlis mizania adamianis sxeulebrivi, sulieri da zneobrivi gankurneba. paracelsi 48 wlis gardaicvala qalaq zalcburgSi. es is qalaqia, sadac volfgang amadeus mocarti (17561791) daibada. sikvdilis mizezad imas asaxeleben, rom metalebis Seswavlisas mZimed daiavada RviZli. igi zalcburgis wm. sebastianes eklesiis SesasvlelSi dakrZales _ winaaRmdeg paracelsis anderZisa, romelic mokrZalebul adgilas dakrZalvas iTxovda. anderZi episkoposma Secvala, raTa imisaTvis gaesva xazi, rom paracelsi Seurigda kaTolikur eklesias da moinania Tavisi protestantuli codvebi. saflavis qvaze laTinuri warweraa: aq ganisvenebs filipus Teofrastusi, medicinis gamorCeuli doqtori, romelic saocari xelovnebiT kurnavda sxeuls iseTi ganukurnebeli avadmyofobebisagan, rogoricaa mZime Wrilobebi, Wiri, nikrisi, wyalmanki da sxva. man mTeli qoneba Raribebs daunawila da seqtembris 24-e dRes sicocxle sikvdilze gacvala. Sveicariasa da germaniaSi paracelsis araerTi sazogadoeba arsebobs. xanmokle cxovrebis manZilze, man Tavisi grandiozuli gegmebidan cotas ganxorcieleba moaswro, magram misma wamowyebebma da gegmebma mTeli kulturuli evropa daainteresa da kvlevis perspeqtivebic dausaxa. rogorc didi germaneli qimikosi da eqsperimentatori iustus fon libigi (1803-1873) werda, „paracelsiT bunebis kvlevis axali periodi daiwyo. misi Secdomebic - 133 -

ki, misgan naxevari saukunis Semdeg, bunebismetyvelebaze mastimulirebel gavlenas axdendnen`. goeTem Tavis „ferTa TeoriaSi` imedi gamoTqva, rom am „araCveulebrivi sulisa da niWis adamianis mimarT axali epoqa ufro samarTliani iqneba, vidre winandeli`. paracelsi gzas ukafavda da amzadebda im filosofiur Teoriebsac, romelTa didi warmomadgenlebi saTanadod ar afasebdnen mis Rvawls. germanuli filosofiis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli, klasikuri germanuli filosofiis fuZemdebeli, kanti Tavis mravalricxovan SromebSi Tu pirad werilebSi erTxelac ar axsenebs paracelss, magram misi uaRresad mniSvnelovani da novatoruli Teoria warmosaxvis Zalis, rogorc ZiriTadi SemoqmedebiTi Zalis (rogorc xelovnebis, ise mecnierebis sferoSi) Sesaxeb sawyisebs paracelsTan iRebs. did germanel racionalists, kantis mier dawyebuli filosofiuri mimarTulebis mwvervals, hegels ar moswonda paracelsi, zogi misi debulebis bundovanebisa da araTanmimdevrulobis gamo. Tavad hegeli adamianis gonebis yovlisSemZleobis dauRalavi damcveli iyo da moiTxovda, yvelaferi logikurze daeyvanaT, anda misgan gamoeyvanaT. rac Seexeba paracelss, igi Tavisi epoqis gadasaxedidan Seecada erTian xedvaSi moeqcia adamiani, samyaro da RmerTi, ise, rom adamians SesZleboda Tavis Tavidan amoekiTxa samyaros yvela saidumloeba. amitom igi sxva winamorbedebze ufro uaxlovdeba hegelis rwmenas adamianis gonebis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. „araferia zRvaTa uRrmes fskerze da cis maRal gumbaTze, risi aRmoCenac ar SeeZlos adamians`, _ gvarwmunebda paracelsi. TiTqmis 300 wlis Semdeg, 1818 wels, berlinSi logikis leqciebis dawyebis win hegelma msmenelebisadmi mimarTvaSi aRniSna: samyaros dafarul arsebas Tavis TavSi araviTari iseTi Zala ar gaaCnia, rom Semecnebis siTamames winaaRmdegoba gauwios. - 134 -

4. sebastian frankis (1499-1542) filosofiuri Sexedulebani XVI s. germaniis msoflmxdvelobrivi da filosofiuri azrovneba araCveulebrivi intensiobiTa da mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. erTsa da imave dros moRvaweoben erazmi da huteni, luTeri da kalvini, miunceri da cvingli, franki da paracelsi, Svenkfeldi da melanqtoni da sxva. am moazrovneTa Soris, wminda Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT da internacionaluri gavleniTac, yvelaze maRla erazmi idga. magram sakuTriv germanuli sulieri kulturis ganviTarebaSi centralur figuras, romlis mixedviTac izomeba sxva, warmoadgenda martin luTeri. luTeris moRvaweobis sawyiss periodSi, 1520 wlamde, mis garSemo gaerTianda germanuli kulturis yvela sicocxlisunariani elementi. ZiriTadi saerTo mizani iyo kaTolikuri eklesiis, e. i. romis batonobisagan germanuli kulturis ganTavisufleba. amis Semdeg yvela Tavisi gziT midioda da, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs upirispirdeboda. magram iseve, rogorc garegani mtris winaaRmdeg, maT antipapizmi aerTianebda, aseve umravlesobas Sinagani gamaerTianebeli mowinaaRmdege hyavdaT luTeris yofili mimdevris, reformaciis plebeuri fraqciis warmomadgenlis, sebastian frankis saxiT. didia frankis damsaxureba germanuli kulturis winaSe. igi yovelgvari oficialuri eklesiis da kerZo sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli mistikosi panTeistia, mSvidobis mniSvnelovani Teoretikosia, ibrZvis adamianTa sruli TanasworobisaTvis. didia misi damsaxureba rogorc istorikosisa, romelic Seecada germaneli xalxis sruli istoriis warmodgenas bibliuri noes vaJis, iafetidan dawyebuli. sayuradReboa frankis geografiuli naSromi „samyaros wigni`, sadac igi, sxvaTa Soris, somxeTsa da kolxeTsac aRwers ludoviko de varTemas - 135 -

(daaxl. 1470-1517) da iohanes bohemus aubanusis (VI s.) masalaze damyarebiT. iSviaTia frankisTana martosuli filosofosi. mas devnidnen luTeric da kalvinic, keTilSobili erazmic da martin frextic (1494-1556). luTeranuli Teologiis warmomadgenlebi iseve gulmodgined devnidnen mas, rogorc papis momxreebi. verc erTi qalaqi ver bedavs didi xniT TavSesafris micemas am adamianisaTvis. mas saxels utexen rogorc ucodinars da uRmerTos. „Sxamiani biWi` (luTeri), „Tavqariani` (melanqtoni), „uWkuo da savsebiT uazro` (kalvini) da sxva salanZRavi sityvebi Tan sdevnen frankis naazrevis oficialur Sefasebas. miuxedavad amisa, franki saocrad bevris gakeTebas axerxebs. misi gamoqveynebuli naSromebis siuxve da mravalferovneba yovelmxriv garantirebul adamiansac SeSurdeboda. mas sazogadoebis garkveul fenebSi sakmao mxardamWeric hyav­da. sebastian franki daibada 1499 wels Tavisufal qalaq donauvorTSi. 1515-1517 ww. swavlobda ingolStadtis universitetSi. aqve iRebs xelovnebis bakalavris xarisxs. 1518 wels axalgazrda bakalavri haidelbergSi dominikelebTan Teologias swavlobs. amave wels igi eswreba aq gamarTul kamaTs luTeris debulebebis dasacavad. paeqrobas luTeric eswreboda, magram ar monawileobda masSi. Semdeg franks vxedavT augsburgis saepiskoposoSi, rogorc evangelist mRvdels, xolo ori wlis Semdeg, e. i. 1528 wels, qalaq genesenis eklesiaSia. amave wels irTavs cols _ otilia behaims. es qali diureris mowafeebis, cnobili „uRvTo niurbergeli mxatvrebis` barTul (1502-1540) da hans sebald (1500-1550) behaimebis da iyo. isini, rogorc franki, samebis uarmyofelni _ antitrinitaristebi iyvnen. luTeris reformaciis Sedegma da Tavad luTerma franksac gaucrua imedebi. protestis niSnad frankma, 1529 wels, Tavi daaneba sasuliero Tanamdebobas da cxovrobda rogorc Tavisufali mwe­ - 136 -

rali. 1528 wels niurnbergSi gamodis frankis naSromi „loTobis saSineli senis Sesaxeb`. niurnbergi am dros mniSvnelovani kulturuli centri iyo. 1524 wels aq germanul enaze pirvelad Sesrulda wirva. sxvadasxva dros aq moRvaweobdnen ulrix fon huteni, diureri, vait Stosi (daaxl. 1445/1450-1533). hans zaqsic (1494-1576) frankis dros cxovrobda niurnbergSi. 1530 wels aqve gamoscems franki naSroms „TurqeTis qronika da aRwera`. es sakiTxi maSin Zalze aqtualuri iyo mTeli evropisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, 1529 wels TurqeTis jari venis kedlebTan idga. miuxedavad amisa, franki sruli obieqturobiT aRwers TurqeTs da Turqebs. 1531 wels franki strastburgSia da scems Tavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes naSroms „qronika, JamTaaRwera da istoria _ biblia dasabamidan dRemde, 1531 wlamde`. aq gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva eresebis rols istoriaSi. 1534 wels franks qalaq ulmis moqalaqed vxedavT. am wels igi or wigns aqveynebs: 1. „kosmografia, anu qveynis yoveli nawilis WeSmariti aRwera`, romelic germanul enaze geografiis pirvel wigns warmoadgens da 2. „paradoqsa` _ frankis ZiriTadi filosofiuri naSromi. amave wels Targmnis erazmis werilebs laTinuridan. 1536 wels gamodis „istoria _ biblia`, II gamocema, xolo 1538 wels „oqros kidobani` da „germaniis qronika`. qalaq ulmis mRvdeli martin frexti, romelic haidelbergSi frankTan erTad swavlobda, qalaqis sabWoSi uCivlebs franks. saCivarSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom franki Tavis „paradoqsaSi` uaryofs rwmenasTan dakavSirebul yovelgvar garegan atributebs, saRmrTo werilis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas da moiTxovs qristianebs Soris kerZo sakuTrebis mospobas. amave dros, melanqtonis TxovniT, landgrafma filipe hesenelma qalaq ulms sayveduri SeuTvala frankisTana saSiSi adamianisaTvis TavSesafris micemis gamo. es iyo 1534-1535 wlebSi. Tu ra - 137 -

didi iyo am qalaqSi Tavisufali azrovnebis SesaZlebloba iqidanac Cans, rom franki ulmSi rCeba da muSaobs. 1539 wels fr. vernStraiTis fsevdonimiT franki aqveynebs wigns „mSvidobis sabrZolo wignaki`. amave wels franki iZulebulia datovos ulmi da dasaxldes bazelSi, sadac 1541 wels gamoscems „andazebis krebuls` saintereso socialur-politikuri da istoriuli komentarebiT. am wels gardaicvala frankis meuRle. igi irTavs margarita bekins. misi mziTeviT yidulobs stambas da saxls. 1542 wels xelmeored gamoscems „paradoqsas`. misi keTildReoba didxans ar gagrZelebula. franki gardaicvala bazelSi 1542 wlis oqtomberSi. frankis filosofiuri Sexedulebebis kvlevas germaniaSi ukve ori saukunis istoria aqvs. mas ikvlevdnen iseTi cnobili mecnierebi, rogoric iyvnen dilTai da leopold cigleri (1881-1958), k. hageni da vil erix poikerti (1895-1969). ludvig andreas foierbaxi (1804-1872) masSi germanuli materializmis did winamorbeds xedavda, romelic „germaneli spinozas` saxels imsaxurebs; karl marqsi (1818-1883), fridrix qristof SloserTan (17761861) TanxmobiT, mas „did sebastian franks` uwodebda, romlisaTvisac qriste mxolod „adamianuri reformatori` iyo. rusulenovani literatura frankis Sesaxeb Zalze mcirea. igi, albaT, amoiwureba viqtor levinis weriliT „sebastian frankis filosofiuri Sexedulebani`, romelSic, rogorc frankis cnobili mkvlevari da gamomcemeli zigfrid volgasti aRniSnavs, mravali faqtobrivi da Teoriuli Secdomaa. Cveni mizania frankis „paradoqsas` analizis safuZvelze, volgastis, dilTais da poikertis gamokvlevaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, vcadoT frankis adgilis gansazRvra germanuli filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi. luTeris mier dawyebuli saqmis safuZvelze germanul - 138 -

kulturaSi yovelive tradiciulis da, upirveles yovlisa, qristianuli religiis xelaxali Sefaseba, axleburi aTviseba daiwyo. amitom aq Taviseburad meordeba qristianobis Camoyalibebis periodis religiuri dapirispirebani. aq SesaZlebeli gaxda farTo gavrceleba mieRo oficialur qristianobasTan ise dapirispirebul pozicias, rogoricaa samebis uaryofa (antitrinitarizmi), eklesiis uaryofa da sxva. am brZolaSi bevri aTeizmisaTvis sasargeblo saqmes akeTebda, magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom isini aTeistebi iyvnen. yvela isini RmerTisaken ukeTes gzas eZebdnen. amgvar maZiebeli iyo frankic. franki uars ambobs saeklesio samsaxurze, roca luTerma pirovnebisa da RmerTs Soris mosaSualeobaze kaTolikur eklesias uari uTxra, magram es roli sakuTar eklesias daakisra. frankma Tanmimdevrulad gaagrZela luTeris dawyebuli saqme da logikurad mivida yovelgvari eklesiis, yovelgvari oficialuri sazogadoebrivad savaldebulo religiuri Teoriis mizanSewonilebis uaryofamde. Tavisi damokidebuleba maSin arsebul religiur mimdinareobaTa mimarT frankma naTlad gamoTqva simReraSi, romelsac ewodeba „oTxi urTierTwakidebuli eklesiis Sesaxeb, romelTagan TiToeuls sxvebi ezizReba da swyevlis` (1530 w.). es eklesiebia: kaTolikuri, luTeranuli, cvinglianuri da naTlismcemluri (anababtisturi). franki sxvadasxvanairad afasebs maT, Tumca yovel maTgans emijneba. yvelaze metad igi kaTolikur eklesias akritikebs. kaTolikuri rwmena, misi azriT, mxolod garegnulia. eklesias mxolod piradi sargeblobisaTvis, muclisaTvis iyeneben da adamianebs morCil mimbaZvelebad, maimunebad aqceven. franki uaryofs ara marto eklesiis mizanSewonilobas, aramed wminda nawilebis Tayvaniscemasac, xatTa, an, rogorc Tavad ityvis, su- 139 -

raTebis Tayvaniscemasac. igi amtkicebs, rom es biblias ewinaaRmdegeba. franki erT-erTi pirvelTagania, vinc petre mociqulis, rogorc episkoposis, saqmianoba da misi mowamebrivi sikvdili sakamaTo gaxada. rac Seexeba luTers, frankis azriT, misi naqadagebi Tavisufleba moCvenebiTi gamodga. man mxolod daangria Zveli da samagierod axali ver aaSena. amis Sedegad xalxi ufro gafuWda. cvinglianelebi misTvis ufro maxlobelni arian, vidre aRniSnuli ori eklesiis warmomadgenlebi, magram franki arc Sveicareli reformatoris mimdevrad Tvlis Tavs. eklesiis damorCileba saero xelisuflebisaTvis frankisaTvis mainc RmerTis bunebis gaugebroba iyo, radgan adamianebs Tavs axvevda oficialur da, amdenad, maTTvis garegnul da saziano rwmenas. franks arc is moswons, rom cvinglianelebi sxva mimarTulebebTan brZolas axarjaven Zalebs. naTlismcemlebi yvelaze axloblebi arian frankisaTvis, rogorc Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, ise pirovnuli kavSirebiTac. igi am devnil seqtas keTilganwyobili obieqturobiT aRwers xolme, rac maSin ar iyo ubralo saqme. maT sxvebze ukeT esmiT, Tu ra aris RmerTi, magram mainc did yuradRebas uTmoben ritualebs, magaliTad, xelaxla monaTvlas wyliT da calke eklesiis Camoyalibeba surT. franks arc maTTan yofna surs. igi Tvlis, rom oTxive daSorebulia WeSmaritebas, sworad ar esmiT, Tu ra aris qriste da mama RmerTi (14,13). ra surs franks da rogori rwmena miaCnia WeSmaritad? amaze pasuxs vnaxulobT amave 1530 wels gamocemul, mis mier gadakeTebuli naSromis _ „TurqeTis qronika da aRwera` _ damatebaSi. franki wers: axal droSi sami rwmena warmoiSva: luTeranuli, cvinglianuri da anababtisturi. iqmneba meoTxe, romelic uaryofs garegnul qadagebas, wminda nawilebs, ceremonias, gankveTas, Tanamdebobas, rogorc iseT raimes, romelic saWiro ar aris da cdi- 140 -

lobs maT magier uxilavi sulieri eklesia daaarsos, romelic sulisa da rwmenis erTianobiT Semoikrebs Tanamzraxvelebs yvela xalxTagan da marTavs maT uxilavi sityvis saSualebiT _ garegnuli saSualebebis gamoyenebis gareSe. am Sinagani, uxilavi eklesiis Camoyalibebis idea franks arasdros ar uaruyvia. ufro dawvrilebiT laparakobs igi masze 1531 wels, yofili luTeraneli humanistisadmi, iohanes kampanusisadmi (aqtiuri moRvaw. 1620-1640) miweril werilSi. igi amtkicebs, rom RmerTs ar sWirdeba adamianis samsaxuri, igi erTnairia yoveli adamianis mimarT, qristiani iqneba Tu ara. asxvavebs „garegan qristes`, romelic aqamde swamdaT da „Sinagan qristes`, rogorc individis RvTaebasTan Sinagani kavSiris gamomxatvels, ramac yvela WeSmariti morwmune unda gaaerTianos yovelgvari saeklesio Senobis da oficialuri savaldebulo dawesebulebis, anda moZRvrebis gareSe. aqvea erTmaneTs dapirispirebuli Zveli da axali aRTqma, rogorc garegani da Sinagani rwmenis gamoxatulebani. frankis filosofiur naSromebSi gamoyenebulia antikuri, Sua saukuneebis da aRorZinebis epoqaTa TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani moazrovne, magram misi msoflmxedvelobiTi poziciis da misi filosofiuri debulebebis wyaro mainc maSindeli evropuli, upiratesad germanuli azrovnebaa. am wyaroTagan umniSvnelovanesia germanuli enciklopedisti erazm roterdamelis humanizmi da moZRvreba Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb, luTeris Teoria RmerTisa da adamianis pirovnuli mimarTebis Taobaze. yovelives, rasac franki iyenebs, am ori ZiriTadi wyaros gavleniT iyenebs. istoriul moZRvrebebs Soris misTvis umniSvnelovanesia germanuli mistika, mocemuli iohanes tauleris (1300-1361) naSromebSi da „germanul TeologiaSi`. didia frankze naTlismcemeli hans denkis (daaxl. 1495-1527) gavlena. denkis da erazmis Sromebidan - 141 -

frankTan yvelaze metia aRebuli. es Tanxmoba zogjer TiTqmis sityvasityviTia. denki amtkicebda, rom RmerTi mxolod keTilia, igi araa borotebis mizezi. codna, misi azriT, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba rwmenisagan da zneobrivad CaiTvleba mxolod is pozicia an moqmedeba, romelic sikeTesa da borotebas Soris brZolis Sedegadaa mopovebuli. netari, denkis azriT, mxolod isaa, visac codvis Cadena SeuZlia da ar sCadis. frankis gansakuTrebul mowonebas imsaxurebda iohanes bunderlini (XVI s.), romlis wigni „ratom gaadamianda RmerTi` (1529) xazs usvamda ori sawyisis brZolas adamianSi, Tvlida, rom ormagi buneba adamianma codvaSi Cavardnis Semdeg miiRo. uaryofda eklesias da akritikebda Zvel aRTqmas. franki ar faravda Tavis solidarobas cnobili espaneli antitrinitaristis, mixail servetis (*1511) mimarT. serveti 1531 wels strasburgSi Cavida; aq igi kapitos da martin butcers (1491-1551) ekamaTeboda. am dros gamoica servetis mistikuri antitrinitaruli wigni, maSindeli eretikuli literaturis erT-erTi yvelaze sayuradRebo naSromi _ „samebis mcdarobis Sesaxeb`. Tavis Tanamoazred franki yofil luTeranels, kampanuss Tvlida, romelic Semdeg naTlismcemlebs dauaxlovda. kampanusis wigni _ „luTeranobis winaaRmdeg da im saSinel Secdomebze, romelTac qveynad mociqulTa Semdeg hqonda adgili`������������������������������������ _ 1527 wels gamovida. am naSrommac Seuwyo xeli frankis mier luTeranul eklesiaze da msoflmxedvelobaze uaris Tqmas. agripa neteshaimelis wignma „okulturi filosofia` (1510) franks da, albaT, mis did Tanamedroves, paracelssac, moumzada Sexeduleba adamianze, rogorc mikrokosmosze, rogorc universumis centrze, romelSic yovelivea mocemuli da amitomac mas yoveli arsebulis Semecneba SeuZlia. agripa neteshaimeli neoplatonizmis did gavlenas ganicdida. misgan da hans denkidan eziara franki kuzanelis moZRvrebas - 142 -

dapirispirebulTa erTianobis da ganswavluli arcodnis Sesaxeb. wyaroebze miTiTeba SeiZleboda gagvegrZelebina, magram es frankis originalobas Crdils ver miayenebs. igi Seecada mTlianobaSi moeyvana misi Tanamedrove da tradiciuli Sexedulebani da Seeqmna Tavisufali morwmunis da moqalaqis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, romelic RmerTis da sakuTari sindisis garda, aravis winaSe ar iqneboda valdebuli. frankis moZRvreba wingadadgmuli nabijia panTeisturi filosofiis ganviTarebaSi, romelmac uSualod boemes panTeizmi moamzada, xolo iribad ki gavlena moaxdina barux spinozas (1632-1677) filosofiis Camoyalibebaze. luTeris Tavdapirveli moZRvrebis arsebidan gamomdinareobda, rom yovel adamians ufleba aqvs saRvTo werilis sakuTari gagebis safuZvelze, yovelgvari saSualo instanciis gareSe, pirovnuli mimarTeba daamyaros RmerTTan. amasTan aucileblobiT iyo dakavSirebuli sruli Semwynareblobis idea da RmerTis Ziebis gzebis Tanasworuflebianobis aRiareba. luTerma orive am princips uRalata da pirovnebasa da RmerTs Soris axali, protestantuli eklesia Caayena kaTolikuris magier. saerTod, reformatorebi inkvizitorebze naklebi simkacriT rodi uswordebodnen sxvagvarad moazrovneebs. SveicariaSi reformaciis erTpirovnuli mbrZanebelis, kalvinis moTxovniT cocxlad dawves espaneli antitrinitaristi, serveti. franki erT-erTi imaTgani iyo, vinc luTersac daupirispirda da saerTod reformaciasac; WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi adamians, misi azriT, ori iaraRi aqvs: saxareba da sakuTari sulis simdidre. maT arsebiTad erTi da igive Sinaarsi aqvT. saxareba exmareba adamians Tavis TavSi amoikiTxos WeSmariteba. amitom SesaZlebelia, rom qristiani iyos isic, visac qristes Sesaxeb araferi gaugonia. germanuli mistikis tradiciis mixedviT, franki axali msoflmxedvelobis dafuZnebas - 143 -

cdilobs amqveyniurobisTvis zurgis SeqceviT, sakuTari sulis wiaRSi arsebuli SesaZleblobebis gacnobierebiT. amqveyniurze uaris Tqma aris sakuTar arsebaSi uarsayof sinamdvilesTan dakavSirebuli miznebis da Rirebulebebis uaryofa. esaa miuRebeli awmyos uaryofa sasurveli momavlisaTvis. esaa garegani adamianis, grZnobadi sinamdviliT datyvevebulobis uaryofa WeSmariti Rirebulebebis sasargeblod. frankis kvleva-Zieba zneobriv problemaTa dafuZnebas isaxavs miznad. mas ar awuxebs samyaros fizikuri an maTematikuri kanonzomierebis aRmoCenis da maTi WeSmaritebis dafuZnebis problemebi. zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, WeSmariti, e. i. swori moqmedebis maqsimis codna da Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis miReba dafarulia ara im azriT, rom ar ician misi Sinaarsi an misi moTxovnani. aramed im azriT, rom adamianebi sakuTar TavSi Zalas ver pouloben am moTxovnaTa Tanaxmad rom icxovron. keTili da boroti yoveliveSia, rac konkretulad arsebobs. Cveulebrivi adamianebi sxeulebriv moTxovnilebas damorCilebulni cdiloben daasabuTon saerTo miznebis, SeCveuli egoisturi yofis WeSmariteba. am mizniT iyeneben isini saRvTo werils. saRvTo werili ki mkvdari asoa, Tu mas wrfeli guliT ar mivudeqiT. misi teqstis mixedviT, yvelaferi SeiZleba gavamarTloT. farisevlebma Zveli aRqmis kanonebis Tanaxmad acves qriste jvars. saRvTo werilis azri, amtkicebs franki, sxva araferia, Tu ara maradiuli miTiTeba imaze, rom WeSmariti adamianuri cxovreba amqveyniurobis, misi grZnobadi mxaris uaryofaSia. adamianebi ki mas egoisturi miswrafebebis gasamarTleblad iyeneben. „yvela ubedureba RvTis saxeliT iwyeba`. sisastikes, kacis kvlas, omebs RvTis saxeliT amarTleben. RvTis saxeliT imarTlebs Tavs beri, roca monazonTan cxovrobs. adamianebi cdiloben daamtkicon, rom keTili RmerTi, romelic CvenTvis jvars ecva, Cven arafers gvavalebs. igi mxolod gvaZlevs fuls, - 144 -

qonebas, lamaz colsa da Svils. es adamianebi RmerTsac ki ar apatieben xorcielis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas da mas eSmakad miiCneven. franki aq, albaT, luTers gulisxmobs, romelmac 1528 wels monastridan gamoiyvana katerina fon bora (1499-1552) da colad SeirTo, riTac sabolood gaauqma reformaciaSi monazvnobis instituti. aman didi miTqma-moTqma gamowvia. bevri dResac am aqts mxolod luTeris gadaWarbebuli seqsualuri ltolviT xsnis. frankis „paradoqsa` 1534 wels gamovida da is SemTxvevas ar uSvebs xelidan, ironiulad gadahkras Tavis yofil kerps. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gvarwmunebs franki, adamianebs ar surT dainaxon jerarsi, maSinac ki, roca esmiT misi moTxovna. sityvierad SeiZleba aRiarebdnen kidevac mas, magram sinamdvileSi sawinaaRmdegosken iswrafvian. amgvari jerarsiseuli filosofiis amokiTxva unda franks saRvTo werilidan da sakuTari sulieri simdidridan. amodis ra im faqtidan, rom sazogadoebaSi oficialurad saxelmZRvanelod aRiarebul principebsa da realur stimulebs Soris yovelTvis arsebobs winaaRmdegoba, franki Tavisi moZRvrebis ZiriTadi debulebebis gamomxatvel naSroms „paradoqsas` uwodebs. paradoqsi TavisTavad WeSmariti, magram realuri cxovrebis ukuRmarTobis winaSe uZluri debulebaa. „paradoqss, sayvarelo megobrebo da Zmebo, berZnebi uwodeben debulebas, romelic miuxedavad imisa, rom sarwmuno da WeSmaritia, mTeli qveynis da imaT mier, vinc adamianuri wesiT cxovrobs, sulac ar miiCneva WeSmaritad. magaliTad, debuleba imis Taobaze, rom mxolod brZenni da saTnoni arian mdidarni, anda, rom qristiani ar scodavs da ar kvdeba; aseve, rom RvTis mcnebani advilia da maTi dacva Zneli ar aris, rom jvari, tanjva da daTrgunuloba bednierebaa; rom sikvdili gzaa da Sesavalia sicocxleSi: metic, wamalia namdvili sikvdilis winaaRmdeg... da sxva` (14,12). - 145 -

frankis „paradoqsaSi` mocemulia 280 amgvari debuleba da maTi analizi. pirveli da ukanaskneli paradoqsi RmerTis Seumecnebadobaze miuTiTebs: 1. „aravin icis, ra aris RmerTi` ; 280-e, „sityva, romelic sinaTle, goni da sicocxlea, ver iTmens raime adamianur sinaTles an ganmartebas`. TiToeuli, an naTesauri Sinaarsis paradoqsTa jgufi mocemulia laTinur da germanul enebze, rogorc dasamtkicebeli debuleba. amasTan erTxel damtkicebuli viTareba gamoiyeneba safuZvlad Semdgom paradoqsul debulebaTa dasabuTebisaTvis. pirveli debuleba, „aravin icis, ra aris RmerTi`, tipur paradoqss warmoadgens frankisaTvis, radgan am debulebas yvela aRiarebs, magram yvela TavisTvis sasurveli saxiT warmoisaxavs RmerTs da imowmebs mas Tavis gasamarTleblad. franki am terminis berZnul gagebaze miuTiTebs berZnulad: „para-doqsos` aRniSnavs imas, rac „doqsas`, anu gavrcelebul azrs ewinaaRmdegeba da amitom ucnaurad da araCveulebrivadaa miCneuli. ciceroni, romelic frankisaTvis didi avtoritetia, paradoqss uwodebs moCvenebiT, erTi SexedviT, mcdar da uazro debulebas. franki arafers ambobs Zenonze, romelTanac pirvelad moxda amgvari debulebebis refleqsuri analizi. am termins Tanamedrove Teologiac iyenebs, magram gansxvavebuli azriT. prof. iozef ratcingeri _ dRes, romis papi benediqte XVI (*1927) _ paradoqss uwodebs debulebas erTi arsebisa da sami saxis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, „yvelaze ufro paradoqsuli, amave dros, yvelaze ufro naTeli da mxsnelia`. frankisaTvis paradoqsi racionalurad SeuZlebeli debuleba ki araa, aramed iseTi, romelic dasabuTebiT ki dasabuTdeba, magram mainc ar sruldeba, realuri cxovrebis saxelmZRvanelo wesad mainc ar gadaiqceva. franki mouwodebs ikvlion „sakuTari gonis sulieri TvaliT`, e. i. „Sinagani adamianis TvaliT, romelic - 146 -

amqveyniurobaze orientirebuli xedvis sapirispiroa`. franki winaaRmdegia mikerZoebuli kvlevis, darwmunebulia, rom yovelives Tavisufali kvleva gaaerTianebs adamianebs uxilav sulier eklesiaSi. franki mis mier paradoqsebad wodebul WeSmaritebebs realuri cxovrebisadmi imdenad dapirispirebulad miiCnevda, rom am dapirispirebas Tavisebur kriteriumadac iyenebda: Tu ginda gaigo, ras iTxovs saxareba, e. i. WeSmariteba, „daakvirdi Tu ras akeTebs brbo, ra swams mas da gaakeTe misi sawinaaRmdego` (14,16). aris Tu ara umravlesobis Sexedulebebs da miswrafebebs dapirispirebuli es moazrovne filosofiaSi aristokratuli tendenciis gamomxatveli, razedac xSirad miuTiTeben specialur literaturaSi? visgan Sedgeba es brbo? mkvlevarTa rigi miiCnevs, rom franki aq mosaxleobis dabal fenebs ar gulisxmobs. volgasts surs franki gaaTavisuflos amgvari braldebisagan da miuTiTebs, rom franki qedmaRlurad laparakobs ara mSromel masebze, aramed lumpenproletariatze, e. i. sazogadoebis yoveli fenis deklasirebul elementebze, romelic tvirTad awva sazogadoebas. volgasti imaze miuTiTebs, rom frankis SromebSi, gansakuTrebiT, „germaniis qronikaSi`, aSkaraa mSromeli masebisadmi siyvaruli da pativiscema. es sworia, magram arc imis uaryofa SeiZleba, rom franki glexTa omis damarcxebis Semdeg garkveul pesimizms mieca. vfiqrobT, am periodSi, frankisaTvis „brbo` aris mTeli qveyana, ramdenadac is (adamianebi saerTod) WeSmaritebas paradoqsad miiCnevs da eSmaks RmerTad Tvlis. amave dros, igive xalxi, igive qveyana, misi Sinagani sulieri aspeqtiT, anu masSi arsebuli Sinagani WeSmariti adamianis aspeqtiT, iqceva frankis pativiscemis da zrunvis sagnad. aseve konkretul-istoriul midgomas saWiroebs frankis azri codnisa (mecnierebis) da xelovnebis uaryofis - 147 -

Taobaze. aq, rasakvirvelia, igulisxmeba sqolastikuri unayofo mecniereba da xelovneba, rogorc amaze mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben. magram saWiroa imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom franki mistikosia da RmerTis Seumecnebadobas aRiarebs. amis gamo, misTvis codnis ganusazRvreli pretenziebi miuRebeli iyo. miT umetes, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom frankisaTvis RmerTi bunebis arsebas Seadgenda. franks mohyavs senekas debuleba imis Taobaze, rom RmerTi da samyaro erTi da igivea, rom isini uerTmaneTod ar arseboben. es debuleba germanel moazrovnes SezRuduli panTeizmis azriT esmis. RmerTi bunebasTan aucilebel kavSirSia, misi arsebaa, magram mainc transcendenturia misadmi. „seneka da aseve petrarka, bunebas da gonebas zogjer RmerTs uwodeben, radgan RmerTis goni CvenSia, rac sikeTisaken da RvTaebrivi nivTierebisaken svlaSi gadagvalaxvinebs Cvens sakuTar Tavs` (91,238239). yoveli principulad agnostikuri debuleba Tavis TavTan winaaRmdegobrivia. frankTan es winaaRmdegoba Seucnobad RmerTze msjelobis saxiTaa mocemuli. isic ver icavs bolomde RmerTis yovlismomcvelobis da Seumecnebadobis debulebas. franki RmerTs aSkarad iseT rames miawers, rac mis Semecnebadobaze laparakobs. RmerTis definicia TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, radgan igi yovelgvar gansazRvrulobasa da konkretulobaze maRlaa, magram mas aRweren eklesiis mamebi: RmerTze Cven isic viciT, rom igi yvelaferia yvelaferSi. franki am debulebasac azustebs, rac RmerTis kidev ufro met Semecnebas gulisxmobs: „RmerTi aris da moqmedebs yoveliveSi codvis gamoklebiT`. es gamonaklisi, RmerTisagan garkveuli sferos gamoyofa, TiTqos misi gansazRvrebis saSualebas unda iZleodes. magram es RmerTis absoluturobas safrTxis winaSe daayenebs. franki am siZnelis gadasalaxavad Zvel sqolastikur xerxs iyenebs: arara - 148 -

imis araraa, rom verafers ver gansazRvravs realuri azriT. codva swored araraa. igi raime realuri rom iyos, maSin masSic iqneboda sikeTe da misi mizezi RmerTi iqneboda. RmerTis bunebaSi sikeTis monizmi da, am azriT, arsebulisa da sikeTis gaigiveba frankTanac daculia da, amdenad, igi, principulad, neoplatonizmis poziciaze rCeba. magram frankTan neoplatonuri monizmis gagebaSi, kerZod, araras cnebis gagebaSi, antikuri dualizmi iCens Tavs, rac neoplatonizmSi arsisa da ararsis dialeqtikaSi aSkarad ar Canda. franki Tvlis, rom arara ar aris araraoba. samyaroSi rom boroteba arsebobs, amaSi brali RmerTs rom ar daedos, araras garkveuli, RmerTisagan damoukidebeli Tavisebureba eniWeba, riTac monizms safrTxe emuqreba. arara isaa, risganac adamiania Seqmnili RmerTis mier. misgan, rogorc materiisagan, gamohyva adamians codva, Tumca RmerTma am masalaSi mxolod sikeTe Seitana. yuradReba ar eqceva imas, rom es ukve RmerTis yovlisSemZleobis SezRudvaa. frankisaTvis aq mTavaria is, rom RmerTs ar dabraldes is boroteba, romelic adamianma sakuTari Tavisufali nebisyofiT unda daZlios. adamiani „wminda araradan Seiqmna` da misi bralia CvenSi codvis arseboba. rogorc vxedavT, araras mcire Zala ar hqonia. misganaa ganpirobebuli is, rom qveyana RmerTs upirispirdeba da WeSmariteba paradoqsad eCveneba. aqedanac naTelia, rom Teologia Tanmimdevruli maSin iqneba, roca RmerTs codvis, borotebis mizezadac gamoacxadebs da masSive dainaxavs orives, sikeTisa da borotebis arsebobas. es iqneba WeSmariti idealisturi panTeizmi, romelic materialisturis Sesavali iqneba. es Tanmimdevruli Teologia iqneba, radgan borotebis ararsebobis mtkiceba TavisTavad nakleb damajerebelia, da Tu is arsebobs, RmerTisagan unda iyos. amgvari RmerTi samyaros kanonzomierebas savsebiT daemTxveva, - 149 -

dakargavs eklesiisaTvis da gabatonebuli klasebisaTvis gamosadeg funqciebs. amitom ambobda l. foierbaxi, rom `panTeizmi _ es Teologiuri aTeizmia, Teologiuri materializmia, Teologiis uaryofaa, magram Tavad Teologiis Tvalsazrisidan, radgan panTeizmi materias, rogorc RmerTis uaryofas, aqcevs RvTaebrivi arsebis predikatad, anu atributad~. am dones dasavleT evropis Teologiam boemes naazrevSi miaRwia. frankis azrovneba misi winasafexuria _ v. vaigelTan erTad. igi grZnobs amgvari poziciis logikur aucileblobas, magram ver bedavs masze damyarebas. RmerTs, amtkicebs franki, ara aqvs raime saxeli, radgan saxeli raimes raimesagan gasasxvaveblad ixmareba. RmerTi ki yvelas arsebaa. am azriT ambobdnen ebraelebi, rom RmerTis saxeli gamouTqmelia. igi arsebiTobis mimcemia yovelivesaTvis. mas raime konkretuli saxeli ar SeiZleba ewodos. am azriT upasuxa RmerTma moses kiTxvas sityvebiT: „me var, romeli var!`. „paradoqsaSi` xSiradaa laparaki RmerTze, rogorc pirovnebaze, romelsac garkveuli neba da mizani aqvs, magram roca franki am sakiTxze specialurad msjelobs, misTvis amgvari warmodgenebi anTropomorfizmis Sedegad iTvleba. RmerTs ara aqvs neba, e. i. is arc personaa. igi kanonzomierebas uigivdeba. „RmerTi swored is aris, rasac is brZanebs`, xolo „is brZanebs siyvaruls, sikeTes da WeSmaritebas`. igi „arc aravis emsaxureba da arc aravis vnebs`. igi srulyofilebaa, romelsac araferi sWirdeba da Cveni sanToeba CvenTvisaa da ara RmerTisaTvis. araa swori, rodesac vambobT, rom RmerTi gvsjis. Cven Cvenive boroteba gvsjis da ara RmerTi. RmerTi „ucvlelia da uZravi`. amgvari RmerTi, cxadia, qristianuli ver iqneba. Tumca franks eWvi ar epareba imaSi, rom namdvili qristianoba, romelic yoveli keTili nebis adamianis sarwmunoeba da msoflmxedveloba iqneba, amgvari unda iyos. misi antitrinitarizmi da qristes miCneva adamia- 150 -

nis RmerTisadmi miswrafebis personifikaciad swored am mizans isaxavs. rogoria frankis panTeizmi? am sakiTxze pasuxi mniSvnelovania, rogorc saerTod panTeizmis, ise qristianuli neoplatonizmis bunebis gasagebad. franki ambobs, rom yvelaferi RmerTSia da RmerTi yvelaferSia. aq „yvelaferi` ar unda gavigoT am sityvis pirdapiri azriT, aramed, aq igulisxmeba is, rasac namdvili arseboba miewereba. aranamdvil arsebobas, romelic araraoba araa, miewereba yovelive, rac uaryofiTi Rirebulebis da miswrafebis Semcvelia. frankis naazrevSi naTlad ikveTeba „Sinagani` da „garegani` qristes, Sinagani da garegani adamianis, keTilisa da borotis gayofa. stoelTa debuleba, rom samyaros saerTo gegmaSi yvelaferi sikeTea, Tumca konkretul pirovnebas is savsebiT sapirispirod eCveneba, marTalia, Zneli dasajerebeli, magram Tanmimdevruli mainc iyo. misi ZiriTadi nakli konkretuli pirovnebis Rirebulebis uaryofa da saerTo miznisaTvis ubralo saSualebad warmodgenaa. franks surs, erTi mxriv, pirovnebis Sinagani arsebobis damoukidebeli Rirebuleba SeinarCunos, meore mxriv, adamianis Tavisufali nebisyofisagan gamomdinare boroteba RmerTs ar mieweros. igi cdilobs, sikeTis monizmi SeinarCunos imis saSualebiT, rom boroteba, rogorc materiisagan da mcdari miswrafebebisagan gamomdinare, uarsod, anu ararsad warmoadginos. rac arsia, is RmerTisganaa da keTilia, magram ararsic arsebobs, rogorc garegnuloba da mcdari orientacia. franki qristianobis daniSnulebas swored am ararsis, am garegnulobis dasaZlevi gzis CvenebaSi xedavs. es ararsi, moCvenebiTi arsi, franks sulac ar miaCnia advilad dasaZlevad. amisaTvis aucilebelia adamianma Secvalos Tavisi namdvili ZiriTadi orientacia sxeulebrivze da sxeulebrivTan dakavSirebul pirovnulze. adamianma sakuTari Tavis daZleviT unda - 151 -

daZlios es garegnuli samefo, romelsac igi Zvel samefos uwodebs. es samefo codviTaa ganmsWvaluli. „codva araraa da aararavebs`. Tu amas ar gaviTvaliswinebT, gaugebari iqneba frankis mtkiceba, rom RmerTis batonoba xorcze arasgziT ar vrceldeba. aSkara panTeisturi debulebebi frankTan yovelTvis aseTi SezRudvebiTaa mocemuli. amgvari msoflmxedveloba, albaT, yvelaze ukeT winaaRmdegobrivi terminiT „panTeisturi dualizmi` SeiZleba gamoixatos. amgvari dualizmi dasturdeba neoplatonizmSi boememde, romelic frankisa da spinozas panTeizms Soris dgas. unda iTqvas, rom es dualizmi Zalze gamWolia frankTan. monizmSi (panTeizmSi) borotis uarsoba miiRweva mxolod grZnobadi sinamdvilis da grZnobadi cxovrebis ararad, moCvenebiTad gamocxadebis xarjze. am araras anu moCvenebis samefoSi Sedis amqveyniuri batonoba, marTalTa (qristianTa) sikvdiliT dasja; isic, rom umravlesoba adamianis da ara RmerTis Tanaxmad cxovrobs da WeSmarit RmerTs eSmaks uwodebs. franki imasac ityvis, rom qveyana wyvdiadia. axali rwmenis safuZvelze Zvelis xelaxla dabadebis gareSe, adamianic wyvdiadia. qveynis es RirebulebiTi „gaararaveba` da misi Zalumi dapirispireba WeSmaritebis samefosadmi, RmerTisa da Sinagani adamianisadmi, frankTan isea dakanonebuli da ontologizirebuli, rom gamoricxulia SesaZlebloba borotebis saboloo damarcxebisa. es frankis pesimizmis ontologiuri safuZvelia. mas mxolod rCeulTa mcire jgufis arsebobis imedi aqvs, magram amis damajerebel dasabuTebas ver axerxebs. damajerebels Tundac sakuTari TavisaTvis, radgan qveynis miseuli aRwera xSirad gamoricxavs borotebis samefoSi marTalis arsebobis SesaZleblobas. am dapirispirebis maradiulobis sabuTad franki piTagoraze miuTiTebs, romelic saerTo Rirebulebebs ar Tvlida WeSmarit Rirebulebad da rCeulTa mcire jgufis gzis siswores - 152 -

amtkicebda. piTagorelebi TavianT Sexedulebebs umalavdnen masebs, rogorc uunaros maTi WeSmariti gagebisa. franki ki imaze wuxs, rom masebi maTTvis kargad cnobil WeSmaritebebs ar icaven. es rwmenis aristokratizmi pesimisturi aristokratizmia, romelic, samwuxarod, miiCnevs, rom qveyanas rwmenis mixedviT cxovreba ar SeuZlia. is araviTar privilegias ar iCemebs. „esaa yvela filosofosis filosofia, yvela qristianis qristianoba, rom Cven qveyanasTan da adamianTa umravlesobasTan ar vrCebiT, farTo, kargad gatkepnili gziT ar mivdivarT` (14,18). franki cdilobs gadalaxos dualizmi da borotSic RmerTis borotad gamovlena Tavad am movlenis bralad CaTvalos. magram amiT, problema ar gadaiWreba, radgan, amjerad mocemuli movlenis boroti buneba, romelic RmerTis sikeTes borotebad iTvisebs, warmoqmnis RmerTisagan damoukidebel samyaros. RmerTi qveyanas da adamians arafers ar aZlevs, _ irwmuneba franki. igi yoveliveSia, „magram yoveliveSi aris is, rac TiToeuls surs. Tumca RmerTi Tavad mxolod sikeTea, magram aravis aZalebs iyos keTili. igi is masalaa, romelsac, roca futkari iRebs mas yvavilidan _ Taflia, xolo roca oboba Seiwovs _ Sxamad iqceva`. RmerTis yovlisSemZleobis problema, cxadia, franksac awuxebs. amitom araTanmimdevrulobas gverds ver uqcevs. marTalia, „RmerTs survili da neba ara aqvs`, magram vinc ra unda gaakeTos, mainc is sruldeba, rac RmerTs surs. ramdenadac RmerTi borotSicaa, amdenad, boememde cotaRa rCeba. magram es „cota` principuli mniSvnelobisaa da franks ar surs misi gadalaxva, e. i. ar surs RmerTSi borotebis aRiareba. arc is surs, qveynad arsebuli borotebis wyarod RmerTi iqnes miCneuli, Tumca, rogorc „paradoqsaSi` ixsenebs franki mociqulis sityvebs: RmerTis nebis gareSe, Cveni Tavidan Tmis Reric - 153 -

ar Camovardeba. franks arc stouri warmoSobis da masTan fausturad qceuli motivi akmayofilebs (romlis Tanaxmadac, boroti ganzraxva mainc RmerTis keTil mizans emsaxureba). igi spinozas msgavs debulebas wamoayenebs imis Taobaze, rom RmerTSi araa SemTxveviTi an afeqti. magram mas ar unda SemTxveviTi mxolod Semecnebis Secdomad CaTvalos da uaryos misi mniSvneloba qveynis agebulebaSi. misi RmerTi „dafaruli RmerTia`, romlis sasufeveli qveyana da garegani adamiani ki ar aris, aramed goniTi samyaro, romlesac mxolod Sinagani adamiani xedavs. roca saqme Segnebul refleqsias exeba, franki savsebiT naTlad dgas neoplatonuri sikeTis monizmis safuZvelze. RmerTi misTvis ucvleli da uZravi wminda sikeTea, magram es monizmi Tavis farul sisustes masTan ufro aSkarad avlens, vidre sxvebTan. es sisuste dualizmis faruli daSvebaa. is, rom RmerTi yovelives sisavse da arsia, emyareba imas, rom misgan gansxvavebuli, e. i. boroteba, araraobad da uarsobad iTvleba, romelSic yovelgvari SemTxveviToba da afeqti Sedis. „damoukidebeli, uZravi da ucvleli RmerTi arsebobs yovelgvari adamianuri SemTxveviTobisa da afeqtis gareSe, uvnebod, uafeqtod, umiswrafebod, marad TavisTavTan toli, savsebiT sikeTe, marad megobari da Tavad siyvaruli`. es gansazRvreba naTlad gvagonebs spinozas, romelic, zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, icnobda frankis naSromebs. es msgavseba kidev ufro damajerebeli gaxdeba, Tu gavixsenebT imasac, rom spinoza RmerTs substancias uwodebs. „igi yvela xiluli da uxilavi nivTis substanciaa`. franki TiTqos winaswar emijneba boemes mier RmerTis gagebas. RmerTi amgvari rom ar iyos, ambobs franki, „maSin RmerTSi erTsa da imave dros iqneboda sikeTe da boroteba`. aq naTelia, rom borotebis uarsobis debuleba refleqsurad gadalaxuli araa, Tumca sakiTxis - 154 -

analizis dros yvelaferi iqiTken midis, rom es debuleba gadailaxos RmerTSi borotebis arsebobis daSvebis safuZvelze. ganviTarebis TeoriaSi da msoflmxedvelobis istoriaSic es Tvisebrivad axali safexuri iqneba, rac boemes saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. frankis moZRvreba adamianis Sesaxeb iqidan amodis, rom qveyanas, rogorc nivTTa erTianobas, msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT, mniSvneloba ar aqvs. mas RmerTi marTavs. igi arc keTilia da arc boroti. sul sxvaa adamiani. mas Tavisufali neba aqvs, e. i. sikeTesa da borotebas Soris amorCeva SeuZlia. franki cdilobs, mas daabralos qveynad borotebis arseboba da amave dros RmerTis yovlisSemZleoba SeinarCunos. platonma marjved Seadara RmerTi mzes. RmerTi mzesaviT erTnairad anaTebs kargsac da cudsac. erTnairad anaTebda igi petresac da iudasac. magram iudam daxuWa Tvalebi da ver dainaxa RvTis wyaloba. RmerTs, marTalia, veraferi aRudgeba win, magram mas TavisTavad araferi ar surs. survili mas mxolod CvenSi uCndeba; da am survils veraferi aRudgeba win. miuxedavad amisa, franki mainc ambobs, rom RmerTs ar surs aiZulos neba, ise, rogorc igi aiZulebs sagnebs. RmerTi nebis arCevans xels ar uSlis. qveyana, rogorc codvis samefo, am arCevanis Sedegia. magram franks arc is unda, rom es qveyana RmerTis nebas ar emorCilebodes. RmerTis pasuxismgeblobidan ganTavisufleba dualizms moiTxovs, misi yovlisSemZleoba ki borotebis arsebobis uaryofas, e. i. monizms, anda RmerTSive borotebis arsebobis aRiarebas. franks arc erTis aRiareba ar surs da arc meorisa, misi mizani nebis Tavisuflebisa da RvTis nebis sayovelTaobis SeTavsebaa. germaneli moazrovne am miznis miRwevas imiT cdilobs, rom nebas gadawyvetilebis miRebis srul Tavisuflebas aZlevs, Tumca es Tavisufleba ar exeba am gadawyvetilebis ganxorcielebas. Cveni gadawyvetilebis - 155 -

mixedviT moqmedebis Sedegi aRaraa Cvens neba-survilze damokidebuli, is RmerTis miTiTebas mihyveba. am azriT, „nebaSi yovelTvis ori ram aris: adamianis da RvTis neba`. adamiani Tavisufalia, rac surs, is amoirCios, magram ar aris Tavisufali moqmedebaSi. „amitomaa, rom RvTis neba sufevs caSic da miwazec`. RvTis sasufevelSi adamianis nebis adgili ar aris, ramdenadac is Tavisi Tavis batonia. am gzas Semdeg kanti mosinjavs, xolo fixte Taviseburad ganaviTarebs, roca moralsa da religias Soris kavSirisa da gansxvavebis dadgenas Seecdeba. boroteba da sikvdili mxolod CvenSia, _ kvlav da kvlav imeorebs franki. mxolod Cven vewinaaRmdegebiT RmerTs. erazmisa da luTeris kamaTSi nebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb franki erazmis mxares iWers. luTeri, rogorc cnobilia, adamianis nebis TanSobil ganpirobebulobas icavda, melanqtonTan erTad. am safuZvelze, frankis azriT, borotebis arseboba savsebiT gaugebari iqneba. RmerTi gansazRvravs Cveni nebis gadawyvetilebis mixedviT moqmedebis Sedegs. mizezs, Cvens survils da Sedegs, e. i. mis ganxorcielebas Soris arsebobs „uxilavi raRac`, romlis ZaliTac SedegSi iseTi Sinaarsic gvaqvs, romelic mizezSi ar iyo. esaa is safuZveli, rac Tavisuflebis SeuzRudavad uSvebs mizezebisgan Sedegis gansxvavebas. mizezsa da Sedegs Soris arsebuli es mesame, anu RmerTi, sayuradReboa imdenad, ramdenadac mizezsa da Sedegs Soris dadgenil mkacr neoplatonur subordinacias arRvevs, Tumca ar moxsnis mas, radgan es gansxvavebuli umaRlesi mizezis, e. i. RmerTis CareviT aixsneba. adamianis neba absoluturad Tavisufalia arCevanSi, magram ganxorcielebaSi ara. erTimeoris gverdiTaa adamianis da RmerTis Tavisufali nebani. franki aqac SemzRudvel garemoebas naxulobs. roca adamiani (mag., adami) borotebas airCevs, mere is aRaraa Tavisufali, sanam qristes daxmarebiT ar ganTavisufldeba, anu xe- 156 -

laxla ar daibadeba. Tu boroteba araraa, maSin ratom sjis RmerTi adamians ararasaTvis? pasuxi aseTia: mamac sjis Svils, roca araraTia igi dakavebuli. „raimes keTeba niSnavs sikeTis keTebas,` _ agrZelebs franki sofistikur dasabuTebas. amgvari dasabuTeba mas ar mougonia; is man memkvidreobiT miiRo taulerisa da sxva Zveli mistikosebisgan, romlebTanac codva ararad iwodeboda. franks sikeTis monizmis dasacavad sxva argumenti ar gaaCnia. RmerTs ar SeuZlia borotebis da codvis Seqmna, radgan isini araraa. RmerTma ki raRaca unda Seqmnas da ara arara. adamianis mier RmerTis Semecnebis sakiTxSi franki misdevs dionise areopagels da sxvebs, romelTac RmerTis Semecnebis umaRlesi xarisxi ganswavlul arcodnaSi dainaxes. es gagebulia, rogorc RmerTisa da samyaros principuli dapirispirebis gacnobierebis safuZvelze, sakuTari Tavisa da qveynis uaryofa da sruli mindoba RmerTisadmi. es RvTaebrivi arcodna mxolod amqveyniuri sazomiTaa uazroba. frankis mistika da panTeizmi araa amqveyniurobis damamtkicebeli. mas sasowarkveTileba eufleba, roca RmerTsa da qveyanas erTmaneTs upirispirebs, RmerTis Sesaxeb adamianis codna imdenad mcdarad miaCnia, rom ayenebs debulebas _ mavani „rac ufro mecnieria, miT ufro dabneulia`. amas is Tavis leqsSi „mecnierebi _ gzaabnebulebi` (1530) ambobs da „paradoqsaSic` imeorebs. frankis mkvlevrebs aqvT garkevuli safuZveli, roca franks mizologias abraleben. franki aq mxolod Teologiur codnas ar gulisxmobs, rogorc amas volgasti amtkicebs. man ver monaxa codnisa da rwmenis kavSiri da urTierTgamomricxvelad miiCnia isini. „codna da rwmena erTmaneTs ver itanen`, „rwmena veraviTar kanons ver itans`. rwmenas da siyvaruls _ imeorebs igi Tavisi da luTeris saerTo maswavleblis iohan fon Staupicis sityvebs _ - 157 -

verc sxvebisgan iswavli da verc werilisagan, Tu SenSi wminda suli ar aris. codna ki iseTi ramaa, risi swavlac SeiZleba da garegani adamianis, e. i. codvebis iaraRia. codna, rogorc raimes aucileblobiT gagebis pretenzia, RmerTis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. kanonic aseTive bunebisaa. kanons Tu davawesebT _ Tundac RmerTisave nebis saxeliT _ is RmerTis uarmyofeli iqneba. qristes gageba mxo­lod codvisagan, kanonisagan Tavisufali rwmeniT aris SesaZlebeli, _ imeorebs franki bernard klervoelis sityvebs. rogorc Cans, glexTa omis damarcxebis Semdeg franks qveynad samarTlianobis ganxorcielebis yovelgvari imedi amoewura. is, rom igi Tavis geografiaSi, anda istoriaSi mSromel masebs siyvaruliT aRwers, am mosazrebas ki ar abaTilebs, aramed piriqiT. codna, kanonis daufleba, xom adamianis mier sakuTar Tavze damyarebis, misi TviTmyofobis saSualebaa? amis ki franks ukve aRar sjera. rac Seexeba praqtikul saqmianobas, xelobas, es, frankis terminologiiT, codna ki ar aris, aramed sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli moqmedebaa. igi codnad maSin iqceva, rodesac mis safuZvelze RvTis sawinaaRmdego an RvTis Semcvleli kanonzomierebis dadgena iqneba nacadi. praqtikuli moqmedebis aRiareba ar niSnavs rwmenis sapirispirod codnis aRiarebas, iseve, rogorc is garemoeba, rom franki sapnis damamzadebeli ostati iyo, ar gamoricxavs mis misticizms. yvelafers, rasTanac adamians mimarTeba aqvs, ianusiviT orsaxovania, _ vkiTxulobT „paradoqsaSi`. masSi adamianis boroti neba da RmerTis keTili winaswarxedva xorcieldeba. „yvelafers ori saxe aqvs imis mixedviT, sxeulis poziciidan SevxedavT, Tu sulis`. sulis poziciidan SexedvisaTvis ki adamianis arsebiTi gardaqmnaa saWiro. adamianma Tavisi Tavi unda gadalaxos, radgan „rac adamianuria _ eSmakisganaa`, „yvela adamiani dawyevlilia. aravinaa netari maT Soris`. es exeba adamians, rogorc adamis modgmas, romelic dai- 158 -

wyevla, radgan man RmerTs zurgi Seaqcia. saWiroa axali adamiani, romelic amjerad adams Seaqcevs zurgs da „xelaxla daibadeba RmerTidan`. manamde ki, adamiani, ramdenadac sxeulisagan da gonisagan Sedgeba, ar SeiZleba savsebiT saTno iyos. amitom ityvis franki, rom „saTnonic ki ar arian saTnoni`. gulwrfelnic ki mxolod sanaxevrod arian saTnoni. sulisa da sxeulis kavSiri es sicocxlis, xilulisa da uxilavis, Sinagani da garegani adamianis saocari kavSiria. Zveli adamiani RmerTis mier aris Seqmnili, axali ki RmerTisgan unda daibados, rogorc qriste. garegan adamianSi mxolod sxeuli ar igulisxmeba. sxeuli sulis gareSe umoqmedoa, e. i. adamianSi aris sxeuli, suli da goni (rogorc maT dapirispirebuli RvTaebrivi principi). sxeuli eqneba axal adamiansac, iseve, rogorc qristes hqonda igi. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom brZola sxeulsa da gons Soris orive adamianSia, oRond maT Soris sxvadasxvaa gabatonebuli. sapirispiro ki ar ispoba, aramed iTrguneba. axal adamianSi goni ki ar mospobs sxeuls, aramed daTrgunavs mas, ise, rom sakuTari interesebi ar ganaxorcielos. brZola or princips Soris mxolod sikvdilis Semdeg wydeba. yvela adamiani Sinaganad erTnairia. germaneli, espaneli, Tu Turqi mxolod garegnulad, tanisamosiT da qceviT, e. i. araarsebiTad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. yvela erTnairad codvilia da yvelas erTnairad sWirdeba xelaxla dabadeba. es principi uflebas mogvcems, RmerTs mama vuwodoT. RmerTma rom Segvqmna, es araa sakmarisi. xarazic qmnis waRas, magram misi mama rodia. saWiroa RmerTSi dabadeba. debuleba imis Taobaze, rom yvela adamiani erTnairad codvilia, frankTan SemTxveviTi araa. esec ukiduresobaa _ RmerTis transcendenturobidan gamomdinare. igi adamianTa qcevis mowesrigebis TvalsazrisiT aSkarad - 159 -

dezorientaciis Semtania. franki, nicSes msgavsad, erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi gadadis, ise, rom sapirispiroTa gamaerTianebel safuZvels ver poulobs. igi xan Tavisufali nebis arsebobas amtkicebs da erT adamians obobas adarebs, meores ki _ futkars; xan ki yvela adamianis erTnairad codvilianobas amtkicebs. amgvari midgomiT mxolod amqveyniuris uaryofa da adamianis radikaluri gardaqmnis moTxovna sabuTdeba. magram raa gardaqmnis WeSmaritebis garantia? aseTi ram frankTan ar arsebobs, radgan adamiani mxolod ise xedavs Seucnobad RmerTs, rogorc mas esmis igi. gamodis, rom am axali gardaqmnis mizanic anTropomorfistulia. es winaaRmdegoba axlavs yvela Teorias, romelic Seumecnebadi RmerTis arsebobas uSvebs. Seumecnebadobis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, cnobierebis yoveli debuleba, misgan damoukideblad arsebulis Sesaxeb, mxolod anTropomorfistuli SeiZleba iyos. am safuZvelze anTropomorfizmi gadaulaxavia. nicSe da franki _ orive gulwrfeli maZiebelia. orive winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba, magram maTi miznebi sapirispiroa. franki amqveyniurobis, biologiuris araraobas amtkicebs da mainc misi aRiareba uxdeba. nicSe idealuris araraobas amtkicebs biologiuris sasargeblod, magram mainc misi gavlenis qveS rCeba. amis sabuTia mis mier gaziarebuli maradiuli wrebrunvis uZvelesi principi. frankis mier paradoqsis dasabuTebis xerxi xSirad sofisturia. analizis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom paradoqsSi is Sinaarsi ar igulisxmeba, rac mas paradoqsalurobas aniWebda. aviRoT debuleba „RmerTi da bedniereba maT misdevs, vinc maT gaurbis`. qristiani zizRiT uyurebs amqveyniur bednierebas, magram es bedniereba swored mas xvdeba wilad. Tumca es bedniereba ar aris is, rasac Cveulebriv am sityvis qveS gulisxmoben. „mas garegnulad araferi aqvs`. roca me ar minda raime mqondes, maSin ise maZRari da savse var misiT, TiTqos mqondes igi. xolo - 160 -

vinc amqveyniur bednierebas misdevs, mas, rac ufro meti aqvs, meti unda, e. i. mudam arqonebis gancda aqvs da, amdenad, gaurbis mas bedi da simdidre. amgvari Sinagani simdidris floba TiToeulma SeiZleba mxolod Tavis Tavs daumtkicos. sxvisTvis mas araviTari argumenti ar eqneba. realuri sinamdvile aqac xeluxlebeli rCeba. dualizmi aqac naTelia, Tumca garegani da boroteba araraobad cxaddeba. yvelaze pesimisturi frankTan, albaT, aris antiqristes maradiuli batonobis aRiareba grZnobad sinamdvileSi: „antiqriste kvlav cocxalia da, saerTod rom vTqvaT, araferi arsebobs iseTi, rac jerac misi wesis mixedviT ar iyos da ase ar iqneba aRsasrulamde`. amgvari msjelobis gverdiT, frankTan SevxvdebiT imis mtkicebasac, rom Tu vinme miaRwevs xelaxla dabadebas, qristes WeSmarit gagebas, misTvis ar iqneba saWiro amqveyniurobaze uari Tqvas. „wmindasi yovelive wmindaa: Wama, sma, laparaki, dumili, simdidre, siRaribe, bavSvi, coli, Rvino`, Turme „maTi Secodebebic ki wmindaa`. Secdoma da misi grZnobadi Sedegi frankisaTvis araa mTavari. mTavaria gadawyvetileba da misi motivi. qurdi qurdia aT guldens moiparavs is, Tu ass. zarali sxvadasxvaa, magram codva erTnairia. rogorc dilTaim aRniSna Tavis naSromSi „adamianis gageba da analizi me-15-e da me-16-e saukuneebSi` (70,85), franki religiis kantiseuli gagebis winamorbedia. frankis moZRvreba adamianSi ori sawyisis maradiuli brZolis Taobaze, damajereblad asabuTebs am azrs. Tavad kanti franks mxolod erTxel axsenebs, isic ara gamoqveynebul SromebSi, aramed anTropologiis xelnawerebSi. mas moswons cnobili germaneli pedagogi, iohan bernar bazedovi (1723-1790) 1774 wels qalaq desauSi „filantropinumis` damaarsebeli. bazedovs igi uwodebs enTuziasts, romelic saerTo sikeTes isaxavda miznad da sasargeblo saqmes akeTebda; franki ki „iyo meocnebe`. kants, albaT, - 161 -

ar moswonda frankis qristianuli anarqizmi. frankis social-politikuri Sexedulebani, „germanuli Teologiis` avtoris da iohanes tauleris kvalad, qristianuli komunizmis gamarTlebas isaxavs miznad. igi xedavs sakuTrebis da sazogadoebis naklovanebaTa kavSirs, xvdeba, rom saxelmwifo SeuZlebelia sakuTrebis gareSe; magram, pirovnebis interesebidan gamomdinare, uaryofs kerZo sakuTrebas da saxelmwifos. „saerTo wmindaa, xolo Cemi da Seni _ uwminduri`. sakuTreba bunebis winaaRmdegia, rogorc amas Zveli qristianebi, papi klemens I (aRsayd. 88), tertuliane (155-222) da sxvebi amtkicebdnen. yvelaferi saerTo unda iyos, rogorc saerToa mze, wvima, haeri, Tovli da wyali. sakuTrebis arsebobas adamianis neba moiTxovs, roca igi RvTis nebas upirispirdeba da amqveyniuri miaCnia umTavresad. amas ukavSirebs franki cisa da jojoxeTis gansxvavebasac. caSi araferia kerZo, amitomaa iq mSvidoba da bedniereba, jojoxeTSi ki yvelaferi kerZoa. mesakuTre eSmakad iqceva da jojoxeTia amqveynadac. sakuTrebis gamo arsebobs usamarTloba da omebi. ramdenadac sakuTreba pirovnuli nebis gadawyvetilebis Sedegad arsebobs, misi uaryofisaTvis sakuTari nebis uaryofa da RvTaebrivTan damTxvevaa saWiro, rac, iseve, rogorc stoelebTan, pirovnebis uaryofac iqneba. aq Taviseburad iCens Tavs is garemoeba, rom frankisaTvis, rogorc burJuaziuli epoqis winamorbedisaTvis, sakuTreba pirovnulobis aucilebeli niSania. misTvisac, rogorc Semdeg hegelisTvis, sakuTreba pirovnebis obieqtivaciaa. gamodis, rom sakuTrebis uaryofa saerTod amqveyniuri cxovrebis uaryofaa, xolo uamisod adamianis neba RmerTisas daemTxveva, e. i. wyvets damoukideblobas. es frankis poziciis saboloo Sedegia, magram man ar unda dagvaviwyos is, rom sazogadoebis da misi istoriis kvlevis procesSi franki mraval saintereso mosazrebas - 162 -

gamoTqvams. masTan Cven klasobrivi azrovnebis Canasaxebs vxvdebiT. isini Tavs iCenen gabatonebuli klasebis Sefasebisas, romelTac, frankis azriT, ukve dakarges sazogadoebisaTvis dadebiTi mniSvneloba. sazogadoebis oTxi wodebidan, rogorc franki ambobs, orma _ sasulierom da Tavadaznaurobam _ Tavisi dro moWama da mxolod negatiur movlenad iqca. moqalaqeebi da mSromeli xalxi, romelic aSenebs, saqonels uvlis, sakvebs awarmoebs da sxva, saWironi arian. frankis gansakuTrebul simpaTias imsaxurebs es meoTxe wodeba. rac Seexeba moqalaqeebs, franki maTSic gamoyofs or fenas, romelTagan mdidrebi „cdiloben daimonon Raribebi`. exeba ra Tavadaznaurobas, franki cdilobs misi warmoSobis mizezebis axsnas. igi iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva Sexedulebas da ayalibebs misi warmoSobis eqvs mizezs. saxeldobr, igi warmoiSva: 1. keTili adamianebisagan, romlebic sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebul mankierebas ebrZodnen; 2. brbos ucodinrobis safuZvelze; 3. omSi maTi gansakuTrebuli mamacobis safuZvelze, romelTac Semdeg keTilSobilni ewodaT; 4. RaribTa damonebis safuZvelze; 5. zogi Tavadis gvari _ „RvTaebrivi Cagonebis` safuZvelze; 6. wminda tiraniis safuZvelze. franki yuradRebas aqcevs imasac, rom mefesa da Tavadaznaurobas saerTo interesebi aqvT. keTili mefis an mmarTvelis ideals igi filosofosTa usafuZvlo gamonagonad Tvlis. omebs da uTanasworobas franki saxelmwifo aucileblobad miiCnevs. brZola mSvidobisaTvis da omebis winaaRmdeg, romelsac franki ase Seurigeblad awarmoebda, amave dros aris brZola saxelmwifos, rogorc institutis winaaRmdegac. „qristianul saxelmwifos`, romelic am qveynad RvTaebriv wesrigs ganaxorcielebs, franki Tavis TavSi winaaRmdegobriv daSvebas uwodebs. igi uaryofs ara mxolod saxelmwifos, rogorc saerTo organizacias, aramed eklesiasac, rogorc sasuliero - 163 -

kanonmdebels. raime wesi, romelic saeklesio krebis saSualebiT savaldebulo kanonad iqceva, saxarebis suls ewinaaRmdegeba. ar arsebobs saxarebis savaldebulo ganmarteba. man yvelas gulSi uSualod unda imoqmedos. qristianoba, romelic savaldebulo kanonad da wesad iqceva, aRaraa qristianoba. „sityva, romelic sinaTle, goni da cxovrebaa, ver itans adamianur sinaTles da ganmartebas`. frankis qristianobac anarqistulia. am idealuri, sruli Tavisuflebis saxeliT ebrZvis igi sakuTrebas, omebs da yovelgvar oficialur iZulebiT organizacias. omebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mas paracelsi hyavs TanamebrZolad, xolo winamorbedad erazm roterdameli. erazmi da Semdeg luTeri asxvavebda samarTlian da usamarTlo omebs. paracelsisa da frankisaTvis ki yovelgvari omi borotebaa. franki xazs usvams omis mier adamianebis moraluri bunebis Seryvnas. mSvidobisaTvis brZola frankisaTvis adamianTa sruli Tanasworobis da zneobrivi srulyofisaTvis brZolaa.

5. valentin vaigeli (1533-1588) filosofiis istoria, rogorc calkeul kulturul regionSi, ise masSi Semaval romelime qveyanaSi, mxolod imdenad arsebobs, ramdenadac misi msoflmxedvelobrivi kulturis sakvanZo punqtebs Soris gacnobierebul kavSirs amyarebs da am Ziebas erTiani procesis saxiT warmoadgens. germaniis patara qalaqi cSofaus protestanti mRvdeli, valentin vaigeli aseT kavSirs warmoadgens germanuli da evropuli kulturis or did warmomadgenels _ paracelssa da boemes _ Soris. farTo ganaTlebis Teologi, popularuli mqadagebeli, wynari da Tavmdabali luTeraneli mRvdlis gabeduli msoflmxedvelobrivi Ziebebis Sesaxeb, mxolod megobrebis viwro wrem Tu icoda. magram am ZiebaTa so- 164 -

cialur mniSvnelobaze maTac ar hqondaT sruli warmodgena. vaigelis sikvdilis Semdeg gavrcelebulma misma xelnawerebma mniSvnelovani inteleqtualuri moZraoba Seqmna germaniaSi. vaigelizmi gaxda gardamavali safexuri paracelsis filosofiuri mistikidan da naturfilosofiidan boemes filosofiamde, romelSic neoplatonuri emanaciuri Teoriidan gansxvavebul, RmerTis TviTganviTarebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas Caeyara safuZveli _ rogorc axali evropuli filosofiis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTebels. paracelsis erTguli mimdevari vaigeli Tavis Sro­ mebSi gasagebi stiliT, germanul enaze, siZneleebis daufaravad, ganixilavda paracelsis mier gagebuli qristianobis Znel da xSirad bnel adgilebs. ar erideboda arc luTerTan dapirispirebas da qmnida ufro Sinagan da maRali donis mistikuri rwmenis atmosferos. rogorc Stiorigi aRniSnavs, Svenkfeldma, frankma da vaigelma warmoadgines Sua saukuneebis mistikis didi tradicia da luTeris rwmena (ramdenadac es ukanaskneli mistikosi iyo). koplstonis azriT ki, vaigeli cdilobda SeerTebina kuzanelis metafizika da paracelsis filosofia im religiur misticizmTan, romelic nasesxebi hqonda ekhartis tradiciisagan. es Cans terminSi Fünklein („sulis naperwkali`). magram yovelive es iyo Zlier Seferili protestantuli pietizmis individualuri da antieklesiuri saxiT, ris gamoc igi panTeizmisken ixreboda. didi gadaWarbeba ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom paracelsis filosofia ara marto boemesaTvis, aramed, saerTod, germanuli kulturisaTvis ase Sinagani da gasagebi ver gaxdeboda vaigelis Sromebis gareSe. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom vaigelis mier qristianobis msoflio religiad gadaqcevis SesaZleblobis gageba aSkarad enaTesaveba k. iungis ZiebaTa Sedegs _ daskvnas adamianis Sinagani mTlianobis gasaazreblad qristes Sinaganobis, e. i. CvenSi sxe- 165 -

ulebrivad yofnis gancdis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. vaigelma, frankTan erTad, aCvena luTeris mier axalgazrdobaSi wamoyenebuli, marTlac revoluciuri da yoveli pirovnebisaTvis mimzidveli principis saSiSroeba yoveli saxelmwifo religiisaTvis. igulisxmeba RmerTTan pirovnebis uSualo kavSiris SesaZleblobis principi. am stimuliT azvirTebuli religiuri grZnobis mosaTokad, rogorc cnobilia, luTers mis mier uaryofili kaTolicizmidan bevri raimes gamoyeneba dasWirda. raSic misi yofili mimdevrebi, miunceri, franki da sxvebi ar daeTanxmnen. vaigelic maT xazs agrZelebs. masac usamarTlobad miaCnia socialuri uTanasworoba, adamianze adamianis sulier Tu socialur batonobaSi gamoxatuli (90,362). rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven, vaigelis sasuliero moRvaweobis dasawyisSi germaniaSi ganaTlebis da zneobis done ise dabali iyo, rom xelisuflebac iZulebuli gaxda mdgomareobis gasaumjobesebeli gzebi eZia. rogorc Cans, luTeranobis gavrcelebamac ver SeaCera sasuliero wreebSi im mankierebaTa zrda, romelzedac jer kidev bokaCo laparakobda Tavis „dekameronSi`. protestantebis mier RvTismsaxurTaTvis celibatis moxsna zneobrivi cxovrebis gasaumjobesebeli qmediTi saSualeba iyo, magram, materialuri sayrdenis gareSe, igi ar gaxldaT efeqturi. sasuliero pirebi maTi mwyalobeli-marCenlebis arcTu sapatio msaxurni darCnen. xelisuflebam daiwyo mRvdelTaTvis xelfasebis momateba, skolebis daarseba da niWieri axalgazrdebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba. keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi vaigelic adgilobrivi Tavadis wyalobiT moxvda. Semdeg, kurfiurst avgustis (1526-1586) gankargulebiT, laifcigis universitetSi miiRes. garkveuli dro vitenbergis universitetSi gaatara, sadac im dros melanqtonis Teologia batonobda. bakalavris xarisxi 1558 wels miiRo; momdevno wels ki samagistro promocia gaakeTa (Tema cis usasru- 166 -

lobis problemas exeboda). sakuTari poziciis dacvisas, mas aristoteles Sromebis uSualo da kargi codna gamoumJRavnebia. kurfiurstis brZanebiT 21 wlis vaigeli cSofaus mRvdelia. 1567 wels misi saeklesio qadagebani yvelas moswonda, urTierTobaSic sanaqebo iyo. magram amave wels erT-erTi komisiis CanawerSi aRniSnulia, rom igi „kalvinizmSia eWvmitanili` (90,33). am dros luTeris memkvidreebs sxva protestantuli momdinareobebis gavlenis zrda ukve kaTolikebze aranakleb awuxebdaT da xSirad amowmebdnen TavianT oficialur momxreebs. vaigelis msoflmxedvelobis mTlianoba yvelaze ukeT Cans mis yvelaze cnobil naSromSi „Seican Tavi Seni`. delfos samisnos Sesasvlelis warwera „Seican Tavi Seni`, berZnul miTologiasTan am samisnos kavSiris gamo, gvafiqrebinebs, rom es principi filosofiaSi miTologiidan gadavida; magram platonis gadmocema, brZenTa mier sakuTari naSromebis taZrisTvis Sewirvis da am principis taZris SesasvlelSi warweris gadawyvetilebaze, saberZneTSi miTologiis da filosofiis Tanarsebobis da TanamSromlobis saintereso aspeqtze miuTiTebs. aSkaraa, rom sokrates mier am sakiTxis wamowevam didi biZgi misca azrovnebis ganviTarebas; _ raTa adamianSi (rogorc mikrokosmosSi) mocemuli Sinaarsi, sofistebis msgavsad, yvelafris gamarTlebis SesaZleblobisaTvis ki ar gamoeyenebinaT da azrovneba skepticizmisaken ki ar waremarTaT, aramed, Semecnebis relatiuri Sinaarsis analizis gziT, is daedginaT, Tu raa konkretuli adamianis WeSmariti sayrdeni, romlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi adamianis cnobierebis Sinaarsi erTianobas inarCunebs da SeiZleba pasuxismgebelic iyos misTvis. es erT-erTi gzaa antikuri filosofiisa qristianobisaken. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom vaigeli gamarjvebuli protestantizmis germaniaSi moRvaweobs da, cxadia, icis luTeris uaryofiTi azri filosofiis Sesaxeb. amitom - 167 -

igi cdilobs daarwmunos mkiTxveli filosofiis saWiroebaSi. vaigelis Tanaxmad, terminSi „filosofia` ar unda avurioT filosofiis Zveli da axali gageba. aravis ar unda aRizianebdes sityva „filosofosoba`. „filos` berZnulad siyvaruls, anda megobrobas niSnavs. „sofia` _ sibrZnes. aqedanaa filosofosoba. SeuZlebelia ufro RvTaebrivi da ufro maRali siyvaruli WeSmaritebisa, vidre qristeSi yofna. diax, qriste aris Tavad WeSmariteba. amitom, mkiTxvelo, nuRar Seicden Tavs gamoTqmiT „qristeSi filosofosoba`. is araviTar vnebas ar mogitans. arc filosofosoba da „eTnikuri filosofia` unda avurioT erTmaneTSi, e. i. ar unda avurioT aristotele da wminda werili. arc is unda vTqvaT, rom es filosofosoba, rogorc adamisa da qristes Soris sakuTar TavSi arCevanis gakeTeba (da amgvari „Seican Tavi Seni`) CvenTvis miuwvdomelia. es arcaa saWiro, ramdeni uswavleli gamxdara netari amgvari TviTSemecnebis gareSe? vaigeli amas ar uaryofs, magram miuTiTebs, rom maT, visac surs iyos magistri, doqtori, wminda werilis mqadagebeli, maswavlebeli, xom ufro meti unda icodnen, vidre maTma msmenelebma da glexebma? rogor SeZleben isini am brmebis winamZRolobas? isic araa swori, vinc ityvis, yvelafer amas im qveynad viswavlio. radgan, rac meti gvecodineba am qveynad sikeTis Sesaxeb, miT ufro gagviadvildeba imqveyniuri cxovreba (90,218). adamianis guli xom rwmeniT xdeba keTili. yovel mxriv sjobs adamianma am qveynad gaigos, „ra aris is bunebiT da rogor gardaiqmneba is da ra unda gaxdes wyalobis saSualebiT, qristesa da pavles moZRvrebis Tanaxmad` (90,219). „ekrZale Tavsa Sensa, romel ars suli Seni`, _ ase Seajama basil didma (330-379) sulisa da sxeulis mimarTebis problema. magram am mTavarma nawilma adamianisa (sulma), male Tavad mTelad yofnaze ganacxada pretenzia. suli, rogorc mikrokosmosi, da rogorc - 168 -

cnobiereba adamianisa, sxeulsac Tavis SinaarsSi aqcevs. es aranakleb sirTuleebis winaSe ayenebs sakuTari Tavis raobis maZiebel adamians. amis gacnobierebis erT-erTi Sedegi is iyo, rom dekartem, mecnieruli meTodis interesebisaTvis xelaxla gaTiSa isini „fsiqofizikuri paralelizmis` TeoriiT. zemoaRniSnul Sromas _ „Seican Tavi Seni` _ vaigeli ase iwyebs: „am wignaks berZnulad ewodeba „gnoTi seauton`, laTinurad _ „kognoske te ipsum` da germanulad _ „erkenne dix zelbst`. igi miTiTebaa imaze, rom adamiani aris mikrokosmosi, RvTis udidesi saqme cisa qveS. igi aris patara samyaro da Tavis TavSi atarebs yvelafers, rac ki moiZebneba caSi da miwaze da agreTve miRma` (90.167). es paracelsiseuli poziciaa da hohenhaimeli moazrovne, rogorc udidesi avtoriteti, yvelgan naTlad Cans vaigelis naazrevSi. es pozicia aq ufro metadaa dafuZnebuli filosofiur-istoriuli da Teologiuri TvalsazrisiT, rac ufro gasagebs da ufro misaRebs xdis paracelsis ZiriTad debulebebs. paracelsiseul pozicias vaigeli uSualod ukavSirebs aristoteles „metafizikis~ pirvelsave winadadebas („yoveli adamiani bunebiT miiswrafis codnisaken`), rogorc udavo faqtobrivi viTarebis asaxvas. mas savsebiT bunebrivad miaCnia aristoteles am debulebis dakavSireba adamianis bunebis im gagebasTan, romelic saRmrTo werilSia mocemuli da dakonkretebulia pavle mociqulis mier. „da radgan yoveli adamiani Tavisi bunebiT Zalian miiswrafis codnisaken, advili gasagebi unda iyos, rom pirveli da upiratesi aris sakuTari Tavis sworad cnoba da codna; ara mxolod bunebis Tanaxmad, ramdenadac aq igi aris didi samyaros Svili, aramed, agreTve wyalobis mixedviT, radgan igi Svili da memkvidrea RvTisa qristeSi. es ki imas niSnavs, rom man ara mxolod filosofiis mixedviT unda icodes da Seicnos sakuTari Tavi, aramed - 169 -

ufro wminda werilis mixedviT. es ornairi Semecneba aris ukeTilSobilesi adamianSi, radgan amiT gaigebs igi saidan modis, risTvis Seiqmna, rogor unda icocxlos da iqceodes, rogorc amqveyniur droSi, ise mis momdevno maradisobaSi` (90,167). am codnis WeSmariti gamoyeneba, sulac araa garantirebuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi RvTis wyalobiT mieca adams samoTxeSi, xolo angelozs _ caSi (igulisxmeba liuciferi). vaigeli fiqrobs, rom am TavisTavad WeSmariti codnis, araswori gamoyeneba iyo orives dasjis mizezi. adami gaamayda, roca gaigo, Tu ra Rirseba hqonda mas da ra SesaZleblobani. igi gvelma moatyuila da man „sakuTari Tavi ufro Seiyvara, vidre RmerTi`. amiT igi moswyda RmerTs. sakuTari TaviT aRtacebuli adami fiqrobda, rom isic iseTivea, rogoric RmerTi. amiT igi, iseve, rogorc RmerTs dapirispirebuli angelozi, moswyda RmerTs da oriveni ganidevnen samoTxidan. magram, dacemuli angelozisagan gansxvavebiT, adamma, amjerad, Tavisi naklovanebani da danaSauli gaacnobiera, moswyda sakuTar Tavs da RvTis wyalobiT miubrunda RmerTs. amjerad sakuTari Tavis WeSmariti Semecneba daiwyo. vaigelis azriT, es erTjeradi procesi araa, igi meordeba epoqebSi da pirovnebebSic. sakuTari codniT gaamayebas da RmerTisagan mowyvetas xedavda igi berZnuli filosofiis bedSic. igi imeorebs pavle mociqulis cnobil sityvebs berZnuli filosofiis Sesaxeb, korinTelebisadmi pirvel werilSi mocemuli versiiT: „warmoidgines, rom raRac icodnen, magram maT sinamdvileSi ar icodnen ise, rogorc unda codnodaT`. sakuTari Tavis WeSmariti Semecneba, rogorc sakuTar TavSi RmerTisagan gansxvavebulis TandaTanobiTi gadalaxva, vaigels netar Semecnebad da TviTSemecnebad miaCnia. maister ekhartidan momdinare moZRvreba, siRatakis upiratesobis TandaTan gacnobierebis Sesaxeb (TandaTan RmerTTan - 170 -

daaxloeba da bolos masTan pirovnebis sakuTrivis sruli uaryofiT SeerTeba) aq srul ZalaSia. magram gansxvavebiT ekhartisagan, araa wamoweuli „naperwklis` momenti. furklaini, ekhartTan, erTaderTi saSualebaa, raTa adamians, RmerTisagan gansxvavebuli meobis sruli uaryofis Semdeg, darCes misi specifikuri (sakuTari) adgili RmerTSi. es adgili arara ki araa, aramed is, rac RmerTisagan gansxvavebulis uaryofis Semdeg adamianSi darCeba _ is, rac masSia, rogor RmerTis „nawili`, anda rusTvelis sityvebiT Tu vityviT, rac aris is, rogorc „RmerTis wili`; anu is, risTvisac, ekhartis azriT, ara marto adamiani eZebs RmerTs, aramed RmerTic eZebs adamians. RmerTTan amgvari SeerTeba vaigelisaTvis mxolod qristeTia SesaZlebeli, romelic misTvis sibrZnisa da Semecnebis yvela ganZis gamaerTianebelia (90,168). marTalia, vaigeli am wminda RvTaebrivis aRsaniSnavad ar xmarobs sityva „funklains` (arc laTinur scintilla-s), magram gulisxmobs mas, roca TviT SemecnebaSi or arsebiTad gansxvavebul dones ganasxvavebs. pirvelia bunebrivi Semecneba, e. i. imis gageba, Tu raa adamiani, rogorc RmerTis mier miwis goroxidan (Erdenkloß) Seqmnili; meorea zebunebrivi Semecneba, anu imis gageba, rac am qmnilebaSi moxda, roca RmerTma masSi sakuTari suli STabera. vaigeli gamarTlebulad miiCnevs, rom adamiani, rogorc mikrokosmosi, Tavdapirvelad Seiswavlis Tavis sagans misi bunebrivi sami ZiriTadi nawiliT (sxeuli _ Leib, goni _ Geist da suli _ Seele). amaze vaigeli msjelobs swored pirvel wignSi „Seican Tavi Seni`; meore naSromSi ki _ romelsac ewodeba „meore wignaki sakuTari Tavis Semecnebis Sesaxeb` (90,199) _ Seiswavlis imas, rac am RmerTis mier gaformebul miwierSi _ adamianSi _ moxda, roca RmerTma mas sakuTari suli STabera. pavle mociqulis damowmebiT, vaigeli amtkicebs, rom adamianSi ori sulia (Geist) da ori buneba. amitom amboben, rom ada- 171 -

miani orjer ibadeba: erTxel mSoblebidan da meored ki RmerTisagan _ caSi (90,173). orive maTgans sami nawili aqvs (sxeuli, suli, goni). adamians adamianad mxolod RvTis mier STaberili suli aqcevs. uamisod isic mxolod cxoveli iqneboda. rogorc TiTqmis yvelaferSi, vaigeli aqac paracelss misdevs. paracelsis msgavsad asxvavebs igi adamianSi sxeulebrivs, rogorc miwiers da firmanenturs (ciurs, varskvlavurs). igi imaSic darwmunebulia, rom realuria paracelsis mtkiceba imis Taobaze, rom arseboben Winkebi, oCopintreebi, haeris arsebani da sxva, romlebic ierarqiulad, cxovelebsa da adamianebs Soris arian. am arsebebs ara aqvT RmerTisgan naboZebi suli. yoveli adamianis individurobis gamosakveTad, vaigeli xazs usvams imas, rom suli adamians arc adamidan da arc misi mSoblebidan ar gadaecema, aramed TiToeul adamians uSualod piradad RmerTisagan. xilulidan uxilavis, miwieridan zeciuris, bunebrividan zebunebrivis kvlevis gzis arCevaSi, igi iSveliebs cnobil qristian Teologs, hugo wm. viqtorels (1097-1141), romelsac miaCnda, rom TviTSemecneba caSi da miwaze yovelives Semecnebas niSnavs. magram mainc Tvlis, rom miwieris Seswavla imTaviTve yvelafris Seswavlas niSnavs, kerZod ki imisa, Tu ratomaa gadasvla aucilebeli da ras efuZneba es gadasvla. Tumca vaigels mohyavs ax. w. II s.-is filosofosis, demonaqs kviproselis azric, rom filosofosoba adamianma maSin unda daiwyos, roca sakuTari Tavi namdvilad Secnobili eqneba (90,171). es ori Sexeduleba SedarebiT advilad Sesarigebelia, radgan orive aRiarebs adamianisaTvis orgvari, principulad gansxvavebuli codnis saWiroebas, magram ufro rTulia sam terminTan _ sxeuli, suli, goni _ dakavSirebuli Sinaarsebis SeTanxmeba. samiveni adamianis, rogorc bunebrivi, ise zebunebrivi arsebis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilebia, magram - 172 -

vaigeli xSirad cvlis maT rigsac da maTTan dakavSirebul Sinaarssac (is xan „sxeuli-suli-gonze` saubrobs, xan ki _ „sxeuli-goni-sulze`) (90,174). vaigeli msjelobs aseve „bunebriv gonze`, siderul, anu varskvlavur gonze, cxovelur gonze, „RvTaebriv gonze` (90,183). imasac ambobs, rom konkretuli adamianis goni aris Tavad adamiani. TiToeuli am terminis mniSvneloba Sesabamis konteqstSi unda Semowmdes. ase marto germanul enaSi rodia. magaliTad, didi qarTveli mTargmneli efrem mcire (XI s.) areopagelis sakuTari Targmanis komentarebSi specialurad aRniSnavda, rom „berZulad ziari saxeli aqus sulsa uxilavsa masca da mSvinvierebiTsac` (23,262). rogorc zogadad qristianuli msoflmxedvelobrivi Sinaarsisagan, aseve maSindel germaniaSi Teologiuri Ziebebisagan gamomdinare, gasagebia, ratom msjelobs vaigeli adamianis sxeulSi (tanSi) ori gonis, anu ori batonis arsebobaze, romelTagan erTi bunebisganaa, meore _ RmerTisgan. paracelsis msgavsad, vaigelic miiCnevs, rom adamians sxeuli varskvlavebisgan aqvs; da Tu Cveni sxeuli mikrokosmosia, igi mineralebsac Seicavs da sxva cocxaliviT ikvebeba, mravldeba. yvela cxovelisgan raRaca aqvs TavisSi (balaxis, Tevzis, frinvelis da sxva. es filogenezis ontogenezSi gameorebis Taviseburi mixvedraa). goni amqveyniurobaSi cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeli gagebis, moxerxebulobis, maxvilgonierebis specifikuri erTianobaa. adamianisa da samyaros am erTianobas swavlobs kabala, romelsac vaigeli ratomRac gabalias uwodebs. paracelsi mas TeTr magias uwodebda (1,209). es ori gansxvavebuli nawili adamianSi RmerTma SeaerTa da sikvdilis Semdeg adamianis TiToeuli aRniSnuli nawili sakuTar wyaros (dedamiwas da cas) ubrundeba, iseve, rogorc mesame da umTavresi nawili _ suli (Seele) _ RmerTs (90,175). am „nawils` vaigeli „adamianSi RvTaebriv sibrZnes` uwodebs, romlis Sinaarsis gacnobierebas - 173 -

„varjiSi da gaRviZeba esaWiroeba`. Cveni sxeuli saxlia imisi, rasac WeSmaritad warmoadgens adamiani. adamiani qmnis xelobas, xelovnebas. es misi gansjisa da gonebis nayofia da ara xelebi da fexebi. isini Sinaganis, uxilavis xelsawyoebi, misTvis arian Seqmnilni (90,184). amrigad, adamiani, rogorc mTeli samyaros Semcveli (makrokosmosis TavisSi Semcveli mikrokosmosi), meeqvse dRes Seiqmna da mas daemata is, rac samyaroSi ar iyo da mTel samyaros mis SemoqmedTan arsebiTad daakavSirebda, rogorc RvTis xati, adamiani xom, rogorc mTeli samyaros TavisTavSi Semcveli, amave dros samyaros, makrokosmosis xatia? adamians Semoqmedma sakuTari suli STabera. es axali aspeqtia. igi saWiroa samyaros gasulierebis da mis mier TviTSemecnebis gasagebad. adamiani Tvalia samyaros mier sakuTari Semoqmedis dasanaxad. Cven iseTi Zlieri Semoqmedi gvyavs, ambobs vaigeli, rom man makrosamyaro erT muWSi, e. i. mikrokosmosSi moaqcia. adamiani, Tumca mTel samyaros TavisSi atarebs, mainc rCeba am samyaroSi (90,178-9). amiT adamians eZleva msoflmxedvelobis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. mas SeuZlia samyaroSi darCes da amave dros garedan, e. i. mis mier danaxuli RmerTis poziciidan Sexedos samyaros. naTelia, rom vaigelisaTvis, paracelsis msgavsad, imas, risganac (bibliis Tanaxmad) RmerTma Seqmna adamiani miwa, Tu mtveri, Tu goroxi, Tu Tixa ki ar aris, aramed mTeli samyaro _ misi xiluli Tu uxilavi nawiliT. miwa, goroxi mTeli es didi samyaro, makrokosmosia (90,181), romelsac emateba RvTaebrivi suli. amis gamo vaigeli pirvel adamians ara dabadebuls, aramed Seqmnils uwodebs. vaigeli aq dausaxeleblad iyenebs sokratemdelTa debulebas, romelic neoplatonikosebma wamoswies _ „yvelaferi yvelaferSia`. ioane petriwi prokle diadoxosis Targmnisas am princips sruli saxiT wamoayenebs: „yoveli yovelsa Sina, xolo sakuTrebiT TiToeulsa Soris` (9,33). - 174 -

azrovnebis istoria xSirad aCvenebs, rom raime principi, romelsac Cven garkveuli miznis gasamarTleblad viyenebT, kvlevas Tavs axvevs sakuTar logikas _ iseTs, rogoric Cvens mizans ar Seesabameba. asea aqac. vaigelisave moxmobili magaliTebidanac Cans, rom garkveuli Crdili adgeba adamianis gansakuTrebulobas. marto adamianSi ki ara, lobios marcvalSic „yvelaferi yvelaferSia`. adamianis TeslSi, romelic dedis saSoSi sulac ar aris am marcvalze didi, moqceulia adamianis yvela nawili _ Tvali, yuri, guli, Tmebi da a. S. asevea muxis rkoSic. masSi moqceulia didi raodenobis SeSa, fesvebi, totebi, uamravi rko da a. S. raki mxolod adamians aqvs, makrokosmosis xatobis garda, RvTaebrivi suli, igi batonia samyaroSi. magram es batonoba ar aris TavisTavad garantirebuli adamianisaTvis. imisaTvis, raTa realurad gaxdes batoni, saWiroa adamianis mcdeloba da neba. vaigeli amas gamoTqvams debulebiT, romelic fixtes pozicias mogvagonebs: adamiani „aris batoni, Tu es misi nebaa`, e. i. Tu mas es namdvilad surs. mkvlevrebi am adgils gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben. volgastisaTvis vaigeli aq gaucnobiereblad gadis idealisturi panTeizmis miRma (90,210). es sakamaTo sakiTxia. albaT, ufro mniSvnelovania kavSiri saerTod germanul idealizmTan da, kerZod, fixtesTan, romelic amtkicebda, rom adamianisaTvis, rogorc gonieri arsebisaTvis, „ar SemiZlia` niSnavs mxolod Semdegs _ „ar msurs`. aq is igulisxmeba, rom Tu adamiani TavisSi myof absoluturs gaacnobierebs, mas yvelaferi SeuZlia _ Teozisis anu RmerTTan gaerTianebis CaTvliT. fixtesaTvis es imas ki ar niSnavs, rom erTi konkretuli adamiani sxva adamianebze batonobs, aramed imas, rom yovel adamianSi arsebobs efeqturi qmediTi „me`. azri imis Taobaze, rom RmerTma adamiani raime erTgvarovani miwieri sxeulisagan (Tixa, Tu mtveri) ki ar Seqmna, - 175 -

aramed samyaros sxvadasxva nivTierebidan, SesaZlebelia paracelsis gavleniT gavrcelda aRmosavleT evropaSi _ kerZod, ruseTSi (paracelsi aRniSnavda, rom ruseTSic umogzavria). Sesaqmis rusul apokriful ganmartebebSi „rogor Seqmna RmerTma adami` aRniSnulia, rom RmerTma miwisgan Seqmna adamis tani, qvisgan _ Zvlebi, zRvisgan _ sisxli, Rrublebisgan _ azrebi, qarisagan _ sunTqva, cecxlisagan _ siTbo (36,79). Tavis mxriv, xiluli sxeuli sam nawilad iyofa: muceli, mkerdi, Tavi. es aris bina, misi miwieri qoxi. adamiani xedavs TvaliT da laparakobs eniT. magram adamianSi arsebul siderul gons (Geist) eseni ar sWirdeba. igi Tavadaa Tvali, ena da moZraoba. piriqiT, es organoebi moqmedeben misi saSualebiT. mkvdarsac xom aqvs Tvali, ena, fexebi, magram masSi aRar aris goni, romelic Sinagan, uxilav adamians warmoadgens (90,189). adamianis suli adamianSi aris Tavad adamiani. vaigeli imeorebs hugo wm. viqtorels, romlis Tanaxmadac, adamians samgvari Tvali aqvs: sxeulis, gonebis da gansjis. es mesame _ inteleqtis Tvali _ umaRlesia da adamiani misiT RmerTsa da angelozebs xedavs. mas SeuZlia ZiriTadad sxeulebrivi Tvali gamoiyenos, e. i. cxovelTa doneze darCes; SeuZlia xelovnebas da xelobas eziaros da praqtikaSi gamoiyenos, magram isic SeuZlia, rom sxva adamianebsac ajobos da sibrZnis, anu gansjis doneze da wrfel locvaSi Seumecnebadi RmerTi sakuTari Tavis zemoT dainaxos, angelozebi ki Tavis gverdiT (90,190). vaigeli grZnobad da goniT unarebze msjelobisas warmosaxvis mniSvnelobazec saubrobs. misi azriT, warmosaxva (imaginatio) grZnobis xuTive organos saqmes akeTebs. imas warmoadgens, rac win ar gvidgas. warmosaxva eZebs imas, Tu ras emyareba samyaro _ gansxvavebiT gansjisagan, romelic xvdeba, rom samyaro arafers ar emyareba da mainc myaria. vaigeli grZnobs am unaris specifikas da - 176 -

amis xazgasasmelad Seele-sa da Geist-is gverdiT Semoaqvs mesame termini _ Gemüt (xasiaTi). warmosaxva yvelafers TavisSi atarebs. vaigelis TqmiT, warmosaxva aris Sinagani adamiani, varskvlavuri goni, varskvlaveTi adamianSi. adamiani gonebis (ratio) unars iyenebs, magram racio mainc warmosaxvaze maRla dgas. is xedavs da imecnebs imas, rasac warmosaxva ver xedavs da ver Seimecnebs (90,192). warmosaxva drosa da sivrcis iqeT ver midis. vaigels surs Cveni cnobierebis unarebis diferencireba, magram amave dros maT Soris tradiciul emanaciur daqvemdebarebasac icavs (zemoTas SeuZlia yvelaferi qvemoTas gareSe, magram ara piriqiT). gansjas SeuZlia sagnis danaxva gonebis gareSe, magram goneba amas ver gaakeTebs gansjis gareSe; aseve „gonebas SeuZlia warmosaxvis daxmarebis gareSe mravali sagani warmoidginos, warmosaxvas arafris Seqmna ar SeuZlia gonebis gareSe`. rac Seexeba warmosaxvas, mas SeuZlia moqmedeba garegani grZnobebis gareSe, magram es grZnobebi verafers Seqmnian warmosaxvis gareSe (90,193). amrigad, zemoTas Tavisufleba, e. i. sruli upiratesoba aqvs qvemoTas mimarT. Semmecneblisa da Semecnebis sagnis mimarTebis vaigeliseul gagebaSi Cans Semecnebis aqtiuri roli da faqtobrivi ganmsazRvreloba Semecnebis mier Semecnebis sagnisa, romelsac igi Gegenwurf-s uwodebs. es asaxvis tradiciuli Teoriis winaSe mdgari siZneleebis gacnobierebis safuZvelze SemecnebaSi Semmecneblis aqtiurobaze („Semecnebis sagani iqmneba Semecnebis procesSi`) gezis aRebaa, e. i. XIX s.-is germanuli idealizmisaken ekhartis gzis gagrZeleba. vaigelis germanul idealizmTan Soreul naTesaobaze roca vmsjelobT, imazec SeiZleba mivuTiToT, rom vaigelisaTvis SemecnebaSi Semecnebis sagani ar gansazRvravs Semecnebis Sinaarss. cnobilia, rom kantisaTvis Semecnebis sagani aigeba Semecnebis procesSi. vaigelisaTvisac igi - 177 -

ganisazRvreba Tavad Semmecneblis Taviseburebis mixedviT _ rogorc vaigeli wers _ Semmecneblis „Tvalis gvaris mixedviT`. magram vaigelisaTvis es araa aprioruli Semecneba. vaigeli imasac usvams xazs, rom erTi gvaris SemecnebaSi, iqneba es grZnobadi Tu goniTi (racionaluri), yvela adamianis Tvali erTnairi ar aris da erTsa da igives erTnairad ar xedavs. zogs naTeli Tvali da naTeli goneba aqvs, zogs _ bneli da naklovani. TviT umaRlesi SesaZleblobis Tvali (ocula mentalis) mravalnairi gansxvavebebiTaa mocemuli adamianSi (90,194-195). rogorc yvela ganviTarebul kulturaSi, germanulSic, terminebis da cnebebis mimarTeba erTmniSvnelovani ar aris. sxvadasxva periodSi, zogjer ki erTsa da imave dros, sxvadasxva avtori sxvadasxva termins iyenebs. Seele berZnuli psyche-s da laTinuri anima-s germanuli ekvivalentia. Geist-i pneuma-s Targmani iyo, Semdeg sicocxlis princips aRniSnavda, ise, rom RmerTic, rogorc persona, ase iwodeboda. XVI s.-Si am terminebis „metoqe` iyo Gemüti, romelmac Semdeg ukan daixia da dRes SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc xasiaTi, guneba (vaigelTan vxvdebiT Verstand des Gemütes-ac). amgvari terminebis cnebiTi Sinaarsi yovelTvis konkretul konteqstSi unda dadgindes. magaliTad, goeTes „faust`-Si laparakia Geist der Erde da zwei Seele-ze adamianSi, hegelTan ki _ „gonis (Geist) fenomenologiaze`. hegelis am termins (Geist) qarTulad XX s.-is ormocian wlebamde Targmnidnen, rogorc „suls`. saxarebis qarTul TargmanSi „samSvinveli` ewodeboda sunTqvis organos, suls ki idealuris ierarqiaSi umaRlesi adgili ekava (adamianis sulidan suliwmidamde). efrem mcires azri amis Sesaxeb zemoT iyo aRniSnuli. rusTvelTan ki suli yvela cocxali arsebis maxasiaTebelia (avTandilis simReras ismens „yovli sulieri`). nikoloz baraTaSvili (1817-1844) saubrobs „borot sulze`. geronti qiqoZe (1885-1960) cdilobda xelaxla Semoetana „samS- 178 -

vinveli` xmarebaSi, rogorc pirovnebis sulis aRmniSvneli. am wignSi, gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad da, amave dros, terminebis gamoyenebis cvalebadobis saCveneblad, „sulsa` da „gons` frCxilebSi germanul ekvivalentebs davurTavT. TiTqos cxadia, rom, Cveni nebelobisagan damoukidebeli sagnebis Semecnebis dros, Cvens cnobierebaSi Sinaarsi Tavad Sesamecnebeli sagnidan unda modiodes. es rom faqtiurad ase ar aris, amis saCveneblad vaigeli moixmobs yvela TeologisaTvis mniSvnelovan magaliTs: biblia yoveli bunebrivi Teologiis TavisTavad ucvleli sagania. misi Semecneba da gageba marTlac sagnidan rom modiodes, maSin bibliis gageba yvela Teologs erTnairi eqneboda Sesabamisi problemisaTvis. magram yvela xedavs, rom ase araa, yvela sakuTari Tvalis mixedviT afasebs biblias (90,196). naTelia, rom ganmsazRvrelia ara is, Tu ra weria bibliaSi, aramed is, Tu rogor esmiT igi. asoebi TavisTavad arafers akeTeben, „Cven asoebis gansjam unda gviSvelos`, anu CvenSi qristesgan Sobilma axalma adamianma. vaigeli, aqac, emyareba adamianis, rogorc mikrokosmosis paracelsiseul gagebas, romelic kvlav boemes da germanuli idealizmisaken midis. ramdenadac yvelaferi CvenSia, mTavaria Cven SevZloT misi Semecneba, e. i. sakuTari Tavis Semecneba. mTeli xiluli, grZnobadi samyaro Cvens sxeulSia, xolo Cvens sulSi _ mTeli uxilavi samyaro. amdenad, maT saZebnelad arc caSi unda avbobRdeT da arc zRva unda gadavlaxoT. oRond esaa, rom Cven Tavad vuSliT xels Cvensave Tavs sakuTari dafaruli simdidris danaxvaSi, romelic „ufro didia, vidre ca da miwa` (90,202). aq ori ramaa gasarCevi: is, rom yvelaferi CvenSia, SeiZleba CvenTvis principulad miuwvdomeli iyos. iseve, rogorc, magaliTad, qvam ar icis da verc verasodes gaigebs, rom „yvelaferi masSia`, magram RmerTma - 179 -

es icis da SeuZlia masSi es yvelaferi amoikiTxos. igive SeiZleba iTqvas dedamiwaze yoveli arsebulis Sesaxeb. adamianisaTvis specifikuri isaa, rom mas SeuZlia, RvTis wyalobiT, Tavis cnobierebaSi, rogorc sxeulisa da sulis momcvelSi, mTeli samyaro amoikiTxos. aqedan is gamomdinareobs, rom adamianis TviTcnobiereba, principSi, SesaZlebelia daeuflos absolutur codnas. es ki isaa, rac hegels gacnobierebul miznad hqonda dasaxuli Tavis „logikaSi`, romelTan mimarTebaSic konkretuli mecnierebani „gamoyenebiT logikas` warmoadgendnen. adamianis codvaSi Cavardnas arsebiTi cvlileba Seaqvs adamianis mier sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gagebaSi. vaigeli fiqrobs, rom, codvaSi Cavardnamde, adamians ar sWirdeboda im xerxebisa da unarebis floba, romelic sakuTari Tavis sarCenadaa saWiro. igi Tavisufali iyo. arc araviTari xeloba ar icoda, arc metyveleba SeeZlo. codvaSi CavardniT, es yvelaferi aucilebeli gaxda misTvis. es unarebi ki cisganaa adamianSi RmerTis mier Cadebuli. amitom, codvaSi Cavardnis Semdeg, adamiani varskvlavebs daeqvemdebara. igi iZulebuli gaxda eswavla enebi, xeloba, xelovneba. gvelisgan SemoTavazebuli am codvis (rasac vaigeli Zvel adamTan aigivebs) gamo Cven varskvlavebs davemorCileT _ rogorc cxovelebi. qristes wyalobiT, roca Cven xelaxla davibadebiT, ganvTavisufldebiT am morCilebisagan da Tavad „Cven gavbatondebiT varskvlevebze` (90,202). esec aSkara paracelsiseuli xedvaa da iseve, rogorc paracelsTan, es (amave dros) bediswerisaganac ganTavisuflebasac niSnavs. es asea, radgan Cven ukve qristes vemorCilebiT, xolo qristes nebis varskvlavebSi amokiTxva ki, qristianis azriT, SeuZlebeli unda iyos. asevea adamianis bedic. qristeSi dabadebulis bedic SeuZlebelia amoikiTxo varskvlavebSi, ramdenadac adamianic naziarebia Tavisuflebas. amitom amtkicebs vaigeli, rom morwmunes gzas veraviTari - 180 -

astronomi ver Seimecnebs (9,204). mowmed ekhartis cnobil mimdevars, taulers moixmobs. vaigels ar surs, rom es gaugon rogorc astrologiis (astronomiis) uaryofa. paracelsis mimdevarisaTvis es gamoricxulia. misi mizani mxolod isaa, rom rogorc WeSmaritma qristianma, adamianze da mis bedze varskvlavTa zemoqmedebis Zalis gaabsoluturebis umarTebuloba uCvenos. varskvlavebi mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedeben adamianze da mis bedze, magram Tavadac eqvemdebarebian RvTis nebas. qristes SeuZlia bedisweris Secvla. amitom SesaZlebelia varskvlavebis Tanaxmad moqandaked dabadebuli adamiani gamovides mewaRe, anda mqsovelad dabadebuli _ oqromWedeli da a. S. qristeSi dabadeba vaigelisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan igi aigivebs keTils da borots, morwmunes da urwmunos. „boroti guli aris urwmuno`, xolo „rwmenis saSualebiT guli keTili xdeba` (90,219). TavisTavad TiTqos Zneli ar unda iyos adamianma, Tanac erTxel ukve codvaSi Cavardnilma da dasjilma, sakuTar TavSi adamsa da qristes, anu sikeTesa da borotebas Soris airCios. magram TavisTavad es rTuli procesia da vaigeli cdilobs aCvenos, Tu ratomaa ase. es arCevani mudam raRac codnas emyareba. vaigeli miuTiTebs, rom Tu ar arsebobs raRac codna, raRac gageba, adamiani sworad ver gaigebs „pavlesa da qristes moZRvrebas`. Tumca amaze saTanadod ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Cven viciT istoriulad qristes jvarcmis Sesaxeb da realuradac ganvicdiT am ori sawyisis dapirispirebas CvenSi. adamiani xedavs, rom codva _ arc Tandayolili da arc Cveni, e. i. pirovnuli _ mainc araa im Zalis, rom mTeli Cveni arseba, mTeli Cveni substancia Seqmnas. aqedan gamomdinare, vaigelisaTvis codva Cvens arsebasTan mimarTebaSi yovelTvis darCeba SemTxveviTad, aqcidenciad. sxvagvarad adamianis codvisgan gamoxsnis problemac arc iarsebebda. es imas - 181 -

niSnavs, rom adamianis gansxvavebul SesaZleblobaTagan es mxolod misi erT-erTi SesaZleblobis ganxorcielebaa. codvaSi Cavardna SesaZlebeli rom ar yofiliyo, adamiani Tavisufali arseba, e. i RvTis msgavsi da xati ar iqneboda da, amdenad, arc raimeze pasuxismgebeli. aseTive viTareba iqneboda im SemTxvevaSic, adamianis arseba, misi substancia codvas rom Seeqmna da misgan gamoxsnis SesaZlebloba gamqraliyo. vaigeli icavs qristianobaSi neoplatonizmis gavleniT gacnobierebuli sikeTis monizms da borotebis uarsobas. am azriT, vaigeli _ ekhartis, tauletis da luTeris kvalad _ inarCunebs pavle mociqulis princips adamianSi sikeTe-borotebis dapirispirebis Sesaxeb da safuZvels umzadebs kantis kategoriul imperativs (romlis Tanaxmadac, adamiani, ragind codvili iyos, mainc yovelTvis Seicavs TavisSi Seucvlel Rirebulebas da mxolod saSualebad arasdros SeiZleba gadaiqces _ aramed yovelTvis unda iyos agreTve mizanic). adamiani, miuxedavad RvTis wyalobis aucileblobisa, Tavadaa Tavisi moqmedebis mizezi, Tavad am wyalobis miRebis azriTac. „araviTar garegan raimes ar SeuZlia adamiani dawyevlos, anda netari gaxados` (90,220). es probleba vaigels, an ekharts ar dauyenebia. avgustines brZola pelagianelebis winaaRmdeg swored am problemas exeboda. Semdeg mas anselmi Seexeba naSromSi „ratom gaxda RmerTi adamiani?` pelagianeloba sakmaod gavleniani mimarTuleba iyo IV saukuneSi. 431 wels avgustines momxreebma saeklesio krebaze igi daamarcxes. magram es sulac ar niSnavda nebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb maT mier dasmuli problemis moxsnas Teologiuri diskusiebidan. beri pelagias (daaxl. 354-420/440). momxreebi (avgustine ukve gardacvlili iyo) icavdnen im azrs, rom, ramdenadac adamians Tavisufali neba aqvs da sakuTari gadawyvetilebiT Sescoda, es - 182 -

imas unda niSnavdes, rom mas SeuZlia sakuTari ZaliT daubrundes samoTxes, Seurigdes RmerTs, misgan axali wyalobis miRebis gareSe. Tu vaigelis am mcdelobas im simaRlidan SevxedavT, rac evropulma kulturam kantis da Semdeg sartris TeoriaTa saxiT mogvca, unda iTqvas, rom vaigelis terminebi „maradiuli dawyevlilobis` da „maradiuli netarebis` Sesaxeb, adekvaturad ver gamoxataven saqmis viTarebas; kerZod, swored imas, risi dasabuTebac vaigels unda: adamianis dacema ar yofila gamousworebeli, e. i. mis substrats, mis arsebas didmniSvnelovani ziani miadga codvaSi CavardniT, magram igi mainc darCa pasuxismgebeli, e. i. adamiani, anu arseba, romelic mainc Tavisufalia garkveuli azriT. mxolod es iZleva misi aRdgomis, anu qristeSi xelaxla dabadebis SesaZleblobas. adamiani amjeradac Tavisufali unda darCes (amjerad sikeTeSi) _ e. i. mas unda darCes imis SesaZlebloba, rom kvlav SeiZleba (SesaZloa) Secdes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi verc Tavisufali iqneba da, amdenad, verc adamiani _ radgan, Tavisufleba, misi dakargvis SesaZleblobis gareSe, qristianisaTvis adamians ki ara, angelozsac ara aqvs (amgvar xedvas ki xSirad moiTxovs vaigeliseuli gageba. magaliTad, roca igi maradiul tanjvaze, anda netarebaze, aseve qristesa da adamsa Soris amorCevaze msjelobs). Zveli da axali aRTqmis mTeli Sinaarsi, misi azriT, swored da yovelTvis or viTarebaze miuTiTebs: saxeldobr adamze, Tu rogor unda mokvdes igi CvenSi da qristeze, Tu rogor unda aRdges igi CvenSi da icxovros. adami, anu miwieri adamiani CvenSi aris Cveni egoisturi midrekilebebis safuZveli (sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli, sakuTari TaviT siamovneba, survili savsebiT iseTi darCes rogoric aris, Tavmoyvare, SurismaZiebeli da a. S.). amgvari marto is adami ki ar iyo, gveubneba vaigeli, romelic 4000 wlis win gardaicvala da hebronSia dasa- 183 -

flavebuli, aramed misi yoveli Camomavali, romelsac jer kidev ar gardauqmnia sakuTari Tavi rwmeniT. man uari unda Tqvas sakuTar Taze, e. i. adamze sakuTar TavSi. es imas niSnavs, rom man ara sakuTari nebiT, aramed RmerTis nebiT unda icxovros _ uari unda Tqvas sakuTari Tavis siyvarulze, SeiZulos igi; eZebos ara sakuTari sikeTe, aramed sxvisi, uyvardes Tavisi mteri, loculobdes misTvis. pavle mociquli TiToeuli adamianisagan moiTxovs amis gakeTebas. vaigelis azriT, Tu adamiani SeZlebs amqveyniur, pirovnul interesebze gamiznuli sakuTari me, sakuTari TviTi daZlios, maSin adamiani _ iseve, rogorc erTxel iobi _ moipovebs aTasjer mets, vidre „dakarga`, razedac uari Tqva. Tu kacs sakuTari Tavi uyvars, mas RmerTi ar uyvars. Tu Tavis Tavs eZebs, maSin RmerTs ar eZebs. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom rwmenisa da codnis mkveTri dapirispirebis es antirenesansuli luTeriseuli pozicia mis mimdevrebTan gvxvdeba. es kidev erTi sabuTia imisa, rom reformacia da misi istoria miviCnioT Sua saukuneebidan aRorZinebis epoqis axal msoflmxedvelobaze gadasvlis Tavisebur paralelur xazad da ara mxolod renesansis Tavisebur gamovlinebad. vaigelis poziciis amgvari interpretacia ufro uflebiani mogveCveneba, Tu gavixsenebT, rom Tavad vaigeli svams kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli, rom CvenSi orive adami (RmerTis Seqmnili da zeciuri adami, anu qriste) „erTi meoris gverdiT arsebobdnen?` (90,222). kantis sityvebiT Tu vityviT, Zveli adamis, anu CvenSi arsebuli borotebis sikvdili aris ara misi mospoba, aramed daTrgunva da sikeTisadmi damorCileba. amitom ambobs vaigeli, rom orive es xe (xe codnisa da xe sicocxlisa), rogorc gvelis Tesli da qalis (mariamis) Tesli (90,230), anu qriste, mudam erTad iqneba adamianSi. magram es ori xe erTdrulad ar iZleva nayofs _ roca erTi - 184 -

yvavis, meore Wkneba da piriqiT (90,225). vaigelis azriT, ase iqneba meored mosvlamde. manamde maTi morigebis, anu keTili principis saboloo gamarjvebis imedi ara aqvs. am Sepirispirebis dros vaigeli, bibliidan momdinare tradiciis Tanaxmad, codnis xes uwodebs sikvdilis xes, xolo rwmenisas _ sicocxlis xes. magram vaigelTan qali sxva konteqstSic gvxvdeba. roca igi adamianSi sikeTisa da borotebis dapirispirebaze saubrobs, keTilis principad, borotebis sapirispirod, ayenebs „qalis Tesls`, e. i. imas, rac qalSi, anu mariamSia RvTaebrivi (90,230). kapadokielebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, sqolastikis Semdeg, amaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba amJRavnebs luTeris gavlenas, romelsac sakuTari RirsebisaTvis mebrZoli filosofia (Tundac filosofiuri Teologiis saxiT) rwmenisaTvis saxifaTod miaCnda. Tumca vaigeli filosofias ar uaryofda da fiqrobda, rom sikeTisa da borotebis erTianobis danaxva adamianSi aris WeSmariti filosofosoba. orive am principis erTdrouli arseboba CvenSi maTi Sinaganobis sabuTia, e. i. imis sabuTi, rom es Cveni arCevania da garedan Tavsmoxveuli araa. TiToeul CvenganSi sikvdilis da sicocxlis xe iseve srulad dgas, rogorc samoTxeSi idga hebronSi (90,227). adamianma unda SesZlos brZola „sakuTari TviTis da eSmakis winaaRmdeg`. esaa brZola RvTis mcnebis Sesasruleblad, rom ar Wamo codnis xidan, romelic akrZalulia ara samudamod, aramed meored mosvlamde (90,231). am azris wyarod vaigeli miuTiTebs bibliaze, magram arcerT CemTvis xelmisawvdom TargmanSi es teqsti am saxiT araa mocemuli. magaliTad, Tanamedrove germanul TargmanSi vkiTxulobT: „SegiZlia yvela xis nayofi Wamo, magram ara im xisa, romlis nayofi codnas iZleva, Torem Sen mokvdebi` (berlini, 1986). luTeris Targmani gveubneba: „keTilisa da borotis codnis xidan Sen ar unda Wamo`, - 185 -

radgan, ra dResac Sen mas SeWam, Sen sikvdiliT mokvdebi (1888); qarTulSi asea: „mxolod keTilisa da borotis Secnobis xis nayofi ar unda SeWamo, radgan, rogorc ki SeWam mokvdebi` (Tbilisi, 1989). vaigeli, rogorc Tavad aRiarebs, Targmanisas ar misdevs asos da gadmoiRebs ise, rogorc mas esmis bibliis suli. asea, Tu wminda nawerebis suls gavigebT da asoebs ar gamovekidebiT. uamisod Cven iseve daveqvemdebarebiT varskvlavebis Zalas, rogorc urwmunoebi. urwmunoba xorcis batonobaa, magram maSinac ki adamianSi aris sikeTis Tesli, magram dafaruli. TiToeul Cvengans amiT SeuZlia Seimecnos da Seamowmos sakuTari Tavi da sakuTari gza airCios. es ori Tesli (vaigeli tolmniSvnelovani azriT iyenebs terminebs „Zveli da axali sxeuli`, „Zveli da axali rwmena`, „adami da qriste`) erTad arasdros iZleva nayofs. aqedan gamomdinare vaigeli ityvis, rom adamiani Tavadaa sakuTari Tavis yvelaze didi mteri da ise aravisagan xams sakuTari Tavis dacva, rogorc sakuTari Tavisagan. vaigelis amgvari Teodicea qarTvel mkiTxvels moagonebs grigol xanZTelis (759-861) sityvebs imis Taobaze, rom „adam Wama xili igi romel arRa mwife iyo` (33,130). am safrTxis gaTvaliswinebiT, adamianma unda gaaxsenos sakuTar Tavs pavle mociqulis sityvebi: me vici, rom Cems xorcSi araferi keTili araa (rom.7). vinc es ar icis, ar aris netari. protestantuli azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli simkacriT, vaigeli yvelafer cuds adamianSi mis xorcs da masTan dakavSirebul nebas abralebs da gacilebiT nakleb obieqturia, vidre eklesiis adreuli mamebi; magaliTad, maqsime aRmsarebeli (daaxl. 589-662) da Tavad ioane damaskeli (daaxl. 676 _749), romelic sxeulSi adamianis sakuTar nebas ar abralebda yvelafers, maqsimes efeqturi sabuTic mohyavs: „eSmakT xorci ara aqvT, magram borotni arian` (7,75). - 186 -

vaigelis azriT, vinc es ar icis, arasdros iqneba netari. masTan Zveli adami, adamianis xorcis moTxovnebis da eSmakis mixedviT cxovreba garkveuli aspeqtiT uigivdeba erTmaneTs. es araa rwmenaSi cxovreba. vinc rwmenaSi cxovrobs, misi batoni RmerTia (90,238). sruli TviTuaryofiT da simSvidiT (Gelassenheit), adamiani xelaxla moipovebs aTasjer mets, vidre „dakarga`, ufro zustad, razec uari Tqva. Tu kacs sakuTari Tavi uyvars, mas RmerTi ar uyvars; Tu Tavis Tavs eZebs, igi ar eZebs RmerTs. vaigeli damatebiTi damajereblobisaTvis mkiTxvels urCevs waikiTxos gavrcelebuli naSromi „germanuli Teologia` da maister ekhartis cnobili mimdevris iohanes tauleris mosazrebebsac gaecnos. RmerTis Zieba niSnavs imis gacnobierebas, rom adamiani mowodebulia „RvTis saxli da taZari iyos`. adamiani ar unda gaeqces am pasuxismgeblobas, arc SeSindes, rom yvela nivTi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc CvenSi arsebuli da ara Cvens gareT. vaigeli ekhartis sityvebs iSveliebs: „ar SeZrwunde, rom umaRlesi sikeTe da RvTis samefo SenTan axloa, radgan is aris Sinagani SenSi~. „aravinaa ise uxeSi, rom is amas ver mixvdes da es ver igrZnos sakuTar TavSi` (90,238). vaigelis pozicia sayuradReboa im azris naTelyofisaTvis, rom keTili da boroti ara marto yovelTvis aris yvela adamianSi _ ra donezec ar unda idges igi ganaTlebis, kulturis Tu zneobis TvalsazrisiT. masSi yovelTvis aris keTilsa da borots Soris brZola. yvela adamiania RvTis xati da msgavsi. es ki imas niSnavs, rom yvelas da yovelTvis SeuZlia sakuTar TavSi, imis gulwrfeli SeZulebiT, rac RvTisgan gansxvavebulia CvenSi da rasac, ekhartis tradiciiT, vaigelic „TviTs` (Selbst) uwodebs, gza gaikvalos RmerTisaken. sakuTari Tavis siZulviliT „Tavisis ararad qcevis gziT, yvelaze advilia caSi asvla, winaswarmetyvelad da mociqulad - 187 -

qceva` (90,250). am gzis maCvenebelia qriste. amitom vambobT Cven, rom CvenTvis qriste karebia mamisaken gasavlel gzaze da am gzaze dadgomis niSania simSvide. es is simSvidea, romelic vaigelisaTvis WeSmariti rwmenis igiveobrivia, romelic SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamians sakuTari mteri uyvardes (90,244-245). uamisod adamiani iseve ver iqneba RvTis namdvili xati, rogorc raimes, magaliTad, xis Crdili, romelic hgavs xes, magram araa misi namdvili xati; anda sarkeSi Cveni gamosaxuleba. Tu adamiani sikeTis gzaze ar dgas, mas araviTari ufleba ar eqneba RvTisaken mimaval gzaze mdgomad gamoacxados Tavi. es imis msgavsi iqneba, sarkeSi Cvenma anareklma rom gviTxras _ me namdvilad varo SenisTana da a. S. (90,247248). vaigeli ganasxvavebs qristes Sesaxeb arsebul istoriul codnas da qristes misiis Sinagan gagebas. gavrcelebuli istoriuli codna qristeze, vaigelisaTvis daaxloebiT isaa, rasac nicSe da mis kvalad fuko genialogias uwodeben. „Cven meti araferi viciT, Tu ara istoria da JamTaRmwerloba`. masSi ki qristes Zalas ver vnaxavT. is, vinc sakuTari Tavis SeZulebis da rwmenis gareSe daadgeba qristesken gzas, tauleris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, „moisurvebs ifrinos sanam frTebi gamoesxmeba`. kacobriobis Sinagani erTianobis Rrma rwmenidan gamosulma vaigelma momavali sakacobrio religiis proeqti Seadgina. „dialogi qristianobis Sesaxeb` man dawera 1584 wels, gardacvalebamde 4 wliT adre. misi gamoqveyneba arc ufiqria, mosalodneli dapirispirebebis gamo, Tumca darwmunebuli iyo, rom es momavali sazogadoebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis dokumentia, romelsac SeuZlia Caswvdes qristes movlinebis WeSmarit mizans, naTelyos igi yvelasTvis; visac ki qristiani hgonia Tavi, namdvilad gulwrfelia (luTeraneli iqneba igi, Tu sxva mimdinareobis warmomadgeneli). metic, vaigeli - 188 -

darwmunebulia, rom es iqneba misaRebi saerTod yvela morwmunesaTvis, vinc ki namdvilad gulrwfelia Tavis aRmsareblobaSi. igi daeTanxmeba im azrs, rom WeSmariti RmerTi sakuTar TavSi unda naxon da SesZlon netareba mis mibaZvaSi ganicadon. iwamon, rom RmerTi maTSia da isini RmerTSi (90,577). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es naSromi, garkveuli aspeqtiT, winamorbedia kantis Sromisa „religia mxolod gonebis farglebSi`. vaigeli aCvenebs, rom religia SesaZlebelia mxolod gulwrfeli rwmenis farglebSi, magram amgvari rwmena realurad SeuZlebelia gonebis gareSe. am dialogSi ramdenime piri monawileobs. maTgan mTa­varia sami: auditori, romelic morwmuneTa saero fenebis warmomadgenelia, konsionatori, anu sasuliero pirTa, religiis oficialur mqadagebelTa warmomadgeneli da morsi (laTinurad _ sikvdili), rogorc amqveynad qristes sruluflebiani, masTan igiveobrivi warmomadgeneli, ramdenadac, vaigelis azriT, jvarze sikvdilis gareSe qriste qriste ar iqneboda (90,470). es dialogi vaigels adamianis RmerTTan arsebiTi erTianobis, amqveynad RmerTis sufevis aucilebel saSualebad miaCnia. amitom igi SesaZlebel mkiTxvels arwmunebs, rom vinc am wignis gamoqveynebas xels Seuwyobs, igi Tavad RmerTs daexmareba misi miznis ganxorcielebaSi (90,470). saero da sasuliero morwmuneTa warmomadgenlebi (auditori da konsionatori) kamaToben imaze, qristes xorci da sisxli amqveyniuri, e. i. adamianisa iyo Tu ara. auditori erTgulad anviTarebs maister ekhartisa da paracelsis azrs imis Taobaze, rom adamiani, ragind codvili ar unda iyos igi, mainc aqvs RmerTTan raRac saerTo da igiveobrivi. amas emyareba moZRvreba sayovelTao xsnisa da Sendobis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. konsionatori, rogorc religiis oficialuri warmomadgeneli - 189 -

aRSfoTebulia, rom morwmunisagan iseT azrs ismens, romelsac igi verc romelime eklesiaSi, verc umaRles skolaSi moismenda da verc „batoni filipes SromebSi` waikiTxavda (igulisxmeba filipe melanqtoni). auditori, romelic aq axalgazrda luTeris pozicias ufro gamoxatavs da diqtatorad qceul xandazmul luTers upirispirdeba, sulac ar wuxs imaze, rom aqamde oficialurad auRiarebel mosazrebebs gamoTqvams. igi darwmunebulia, rom sworad esmis winaswarmetyvelTa da mociqulTa sityvebi. igi mis mier wakiTxulis sakuTar gagebas emyareba da mosaSuales ar eZebs, iseve, rogorc erT dros axalgazrda luTeri. igi darwmunebulia, rom bibliis gasagebad keTili guli ufro saWiroa, vidre wminda mamaTa interpretaciebi (90,480). luTerisa da misi inteleqtualuri garemocvis ukeT gasagebad saWiroa oriode sityviT melanqtonis daxasiaTeba. es saxeli mudam ismis luTeris gverdiT. zogjer luTeris meore `me~-d miaCniaT. magram mas Tavisi saqme da misia hqonda. mas arsebiTad swamda luTeris, magram riTac gansxvavdeboda misgan, is sulac ar iyo umniSvnelo. mas luTeris mTavar Teologad miiCnevdnen, Tumca, luTerisagan gansxvavebiT, igi aristoteleTi iyo gatacebuli. luTerTan erTad Seadgina man avgusturi, anu augsburguli aRmsareblobis teqsti, romelic germanelma reformatorebma saerTo safuZvlad aRiares. vaigels melanqtoni ar moswonda, ar miaCnda sayuradRebo Teologad da „aristoteles filosofiis berZen gramatikoss` uwodebda. zogadad luTersa da melanqtons Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba dayvanili iqnes germanuli reformaciisa da humanizmis, rogorc saerTo evropuli kulturuli movlenis mimarTebis gansxvavebul gagebaze. melanqtons maT Soris kavSiri ar eeWveboda, surda es kavSiri daenaxa, SeenarCunebina da ganeviTarebina. luTers ki saerTod ar moswonda filosofiaze damyarebuli rwmena. - 190 -

erT dros erTguli luTeraneli melanqtoni, luTeris sikvdilis Semdeg, xelaxla iwyebs gansxvavebul protestantul mimarTulebaTa saerTo safuZvlis Ziebas. misi pozicia, romelsac erazm roterdamelis gavlena etyoba, cnobilia sinergizmis saxeliT. qristianul TeologiaSi is aRniSnavs adamianis cnobierebaSi Tavisufali nebis da RvTaebrivi wyalobis TanamSromlobas. melaqtons daupirispirdnen orTodoqsi luTerelebi, e. w. monergizmis TeoriiT. didi kamaTis Semdeg, 1577 wels miRebul SeTanxmebis formulaSi (konkordansSi) aisaxa orTodoqsebis poziciac (monergizmi). am SeTanxmebas vaigelmac xeli moawera. melanqtons miaweren germaniaSi humanizmis pedagogiuri programis dafuZnebas, XV s.-is sauniversiteto reformebs, aseve gimnaziis burzJuaziuli modelis Seqmnas. am informaciis Semdeg, albaT, ufro gasagebi gaxdeba vaigelis dialogis personaJTa pozicia. konsionatori, xangrZlivi paeqrobis Semdeg garkveul interess amJRavnebs axali poziciisadmi, magram gulaxdilad aRiarebs: es rom Cems SromebSi davwero, „meocnebes` (Schwärmer) damiZaxeben da qveynidan ganmdevniano. es maSin aqtualuri sakiTxi iyo. luTeri ase uwodebda Tavisi moZRvrebis radikalurad ganmaviTareblebs, romlebic, misi azriT, realobas ar iTvaliswinebdnen da zogjer upirispirdebodnen kidec mis moZRvrebas. auditors esec sulac ar miaCnia sabuTad. „ukeTesia qveynad SemiZulon da mdevnidnen WeSmaritebis gamo, vidre qveynad maqebdnen, magram sicrueSi vrCebode` (90,481). mas uryev WeSmaritebad miaCnia yovel adamianSi qristes imanentoba, anu is, rom yovel adamianSi aris qriste Tavisi goniT, xorciT da sisxliT. sulerTia adamiani amas Tavad acnobierebs Tu ara. adamians amis SesaZlebloba mudam aqvs. oponenti auditors osian- 191 -

deris eresSi sdebs brals. auditors andrea osianderis (1498-1552) wignebi ar waukiTxavs da arc ainteresebs, radganac man es mosazrebebi winaswarmetyvelebTan da mociqulebTan amoikiTxa da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, amas Tavad qriste ambobs. misi sityva ki aris wminda suli (90,482). auditors ueWvelad miaCnia, rom qriste yovel adamianSi sxeulebrivad aris _ ramdenadac mama da Ze erTia da adamiani RvTis taZaria. morwmuneSi RmerTi qristes saxiTaa. amitom WeSmariti morwmune _ e. i. is, vinc SeZlebs sakuTar sulSi Caixedos _ ar Secdeba da mas verc ganswavluli komentarebi Seacdens. „yvelam Tavisi rwmeniT unda icxovros, sxvis magier jojoxeTSi veravin wava` (90,485-6). qriste CvenSi isevea, rogorc aris CvenSi eSmaki. da es, vaigelis mtkicebiT, swored pirdapiri azriT unda gavigoT. misi azriT, swored amitom aRiareben wmindanebi „mamao CvenoSi`, rom codvilni arian (90,494). osianderis pirovnebac axsnas moiTxovs. andrea osianderi ufrosi, luTeris gavlenis qveS myofi germaneli filosofosi da Teologi, erT-erTi pirvelTagania, vinc luTeris moZRvreba aRiara (1524). saidumlo serobis Sesaxeb luTersa da cvinglis Soris kamaTSi osianderi luTeris pozicias iziarebda. Semdeg mniSvnelovnad dascilda mas. igi sakmaod popularuli da mniSvnelovani moazrovne iyo. kargad icnobda luTers da melanqtons. megobrobda kardanosTan, romelmac osianders Tavisi wigni „ars magna` miuZRvna. ebrauls aswavlida niurnbergSi da iq mRvdelic gaxda. 1546 wels osianderi gaemijna luTeranizms. misi mtkicebiT, adams kidevac rom ar Seecoda, qriste mainc adamiani gaxdeboda da Tavis misias Seasrulebda maSinac, jvars rom ar ecvaT. am gziT igi TandaTan daubrunda piko dela mirandolas moZRvrebas, romelsac adre icnobda. igi amtkicebda, rom adami Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaSi qristes mosvlis mauwyebeli iyo. Tavad qriste ki aris - 192 -

mikrokosmosi adamianis formaSi. zogis azriT, es osianderze Talmudis gavlenis Sedegia. luTeris kvalad da paracelsisagan gansxvavebiT gaemijna osianderi glexTa oms germaniaSi. aRniSnaven, rom mas aSkara midrekileba hqonda mistikuri azrovnebisadmi, magram luTers dapirispirebul „meocnebeebs` uaryofda. osianderi 1549 wlidan kionigsbergSi moRvaweobda, rogorc profesori. amtkicebda, rom Cven verasodes ver viqnebiT qristesTan „erT sul`, Tu jer masTan „erT xorc` ara varT. Cven unda gvjerodes, rom qriste marTlac binadrobs yovel qristianSi da SegviZlia ganvicadoT is, rac man ganicada. osianderi xSirad aSkarad upirispirdeboda melanqtons. miiCnevda, rom adamiani rwmenaSi urigdeba RmerTs da uerTdeba qristes _ masSi xelaxla dabadeba swored amas niSnavs. is CvenSia da Cven masSi. es SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu Cven masTan erTxorc ar viqnebodiT. xolo Tu qriste CvenSia, maSin mamaca da suliwmidac CvenSia, radgan qriste sisrulea (RvTaebriobaa). Cven vWamT mis xorcs da vsvamT mis sisxls. visac es ar swams, mas isic ar swams, rom qriste namdviladaa adamianSi. orTodoqsebTan dapiripirebaSi osianderi mkveTrad ganasxvavebda xsnasa da gadarCenas. veravin gamarTldeba, sanam Tavad ar icocxlebs _ e. i. 1500 wlis winandeli sikvdili qristesi, TavisTavad ver iqneba Cveni gamarTleba. rogorc vxedavT, osianders vaigelTan sakmao aqvs saerTo, magram igi, auditoris piriT, mainc uaryofs masTan nacnobobas. konsionatori, rogorc oficialuri Teologi, cdilobs imaze miTiTebiT SeinarCunos pozicia, rom Tu qriste CvenSia, maSin Cven codvis gareSe viqnebodiT (9,504-505). auditori isea darwmunebuli, rom sworad gaigo qristes misia, rom araviTar avtoritets ar erideba _ iqneba es romis papi, luTeri, filipe melanqtoni, cvingli, Svenkfeldi, osianderi Tu mahmadi. igi Tavs - 193 -

mxolod qristeze damokidebulad miiCnevs da sxvagvar gagebas seqturs uwodebs. „Cemi ganZi me Cems gulSi maqvs, romlis warTmevas veraviTari seqta ver SeZlebs, iqneba es papi, luTeri, cvingli Tu sxva` (1,502). „eklesia arc papia da arc luTeri` (1,517). situaciis ukeT warmosadgenad saWiroa sxva pirebic gavixsenoT, romelnic maSindeli evropis sulier cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen. cvingli Sveicareli reformatori, mosaxleobis dabali fenebis, glexebisa da xelosnebis ideologi iyo. saeklesio cxovrebaSi reformebi man luTerisagan damoukideblad daiwyo. ukve 1523 wels mas qveynis politikaze mniSvnelovani zegavlena hqonda. saerTo ZiriTadi miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT, cvingli didxans cdilobda Tavisi Zalebis da luTeris momxreebis gaerTianebas. es ar moxerxda. mogvianebiT cvinglis momdevrebi kalvins SeuerTdnen. es ukanasknelic Sveicareli iyo _ frangi Teologi. man filosofia kargad icoda, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas stoelebs aniWebda. senekas gavleniT, igi aRiarebda gangebis yovlismomcvelobas (e. w. erTmxriv determinizms), romelic yoveli adamianis beds winaswar gansazRvravs. kalvini, luTeris gavleniT, safrangeTSive daupirispirda kaTolikur eklesias. Semdeg gadavida JenevaSi. 1536 wels TanamoazreebTan erTad wamoayena axali eklesiis principebi. igi moiTxovda saero xelisuflebis saeklesiosadmi daqvemdebarebas. saeklesio ritualebis maqsimalur gamartivebas. man presviterianul (e. i. samamasaxliso) eklesiaSi Seamcira sadResaswaulo uqme dReebi: 7 saidumlodan (naTlisReba, mironcxeba, ziareba, monanieba, mRvdloba, qorwineba, zeTiT kurTxeva) mxolod ori (ziareba da naTloba) datova. kalvini amtkicebda, rom rwmenis principebi gonebas ar unda upirispirdebodes. qriste ar SeiZleba RmerTi yofiliyo, radgan RmerTi ar kvdeba. samyaro ararasagan RmerTs ar SeeZlo Seeqmna, - 194 -

aramed mxolod pirveladi materiisagan; SeuZlebelia sameba erTarseba iyos da. a. S. kalvini TiTqos gonivrulobis ganxorcieleba iyo, magram zogjer gaugebar da ugunur sisastikes iCenda. 1553 wels misi brZanebiT koconze dawves cnobili espaneli eqimi da Tavisuflad moazrovne, serveti. sikvdilamde erTi wliT adre, 1563 wels, kalvinis mier Sedgenili katexizmo, aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeboda melanqtoniseuls. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom evropuli Teologiuri tradiciisagan gansxvavebiT [pier abeliari (1079-1142), ekharti] igi moiTxovda adamianis zneobis Sefasebas misi saqmianobis faqtiuri Sedegidan. vaigelis dialogSi miTiTebulia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani germaneli Teologi k. Svenkfeldi (igi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze luTeris momxre iyo, magram am ukanasknelis mier xSirad uaryofili). luTeris msgavsad, isic upirobo avtoritetad mxolod biblias miiCnevda. mis gasagebad savaldebulod ar miaCnda, ukve TiTqmis dakanonebuli, „germanuli Teologia` da arc tauleri, romelic, specialistebis azriT, kargad icoda. Svenkfeldi uaryofda andreas rudolf bodenStain fon karlStadtis (1486-1541), miunceris, frankis radikalur moZRvrebebs. aseve uaryofda adamianis gaRmerTebis SesaZleblobas. is da misi mimdevrebi gansakuTrebiT did yuradRebas aqcevdnen Tavisuflebas da Tanasworobas morwmuneTa Soris. isini 1534 wels reformaciaze dawolas gaeqcnen. gadasaxldnen amerikaSi, pensilvaniaSi da merilendSi. iq maTi STamomavlebi dResac cxovroben (90,668). vaigelis zemoaRniSnuli naSromis IV TavSi dialogSi CaerTveba morsi. igi aZlierebs auditoris pozicias: acxadebs, rom visac misi (e. i. sikvdilis) eSinia, mas qriste ar gaugia da ar ugemnia rwmenis gziT, radgan „me da qriste erTni varT` (90, 529). igi auditorTan erTad amtkicebs, rom „goni Cven gvaqvs mamisagan, tani ki _ Zisagan. Cven misi xorcisa da Zvlebisagan varT agebulni. - 195 -

Cven mis sicocxlesa da sikvdils Cvens mokvdav tanSi vatarebT` (90,537). morsi eTanxmeba auditoris am pozicias da acxadebs, rom „wminda kaTolikuri eklesia arc papebisaa, arc luTerebis, arc mahmadebis, arc garkveuli seqtebisa, aramed is aris yvela xalxSi, warmarTebSi da erebSi, rogorc uxilavi sulieri erToba wmindanTa da axalSobilTa` (9,538). auditori da morsi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom Cven qristianebi varT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qriste Cvens sisxlad da xorcad migvaCnia, Tu gvjera, rom „misi sikvdili, jvarcma, misi tanjva Cvens sxeulSi unda moxdes da ara imputirebuli iyos. erTiania maTi pozicia kaTarebis (XIX) cnobili eresis warmomadgenlebTan, Tanamoazreobis braldebis uaryofaSi. kaTarebi IX s.-is bulgareTSi bogomilobis moZraobidan maTi gamoyofis Semdeg, yvela qristianisTvis safrTxobelas warmoadgendnen. maT WeSmarit qristianebad mxolod sakuTari Tavi (kaTari niSnavs wmindas) miaCndaT. jvars ar scemdnen Tayvans, saWirod ar miiCnevdnen arc naTlobas, arc aRsarebas, arc ziarebas. xiluli, materialuri samyaro satanis Seqmnilad miaCndaT. keTilma RmerTma ki mxolod idealuri Seqmna (Cveni sulis CaTvliT). garkveuli msgavsebis miuxedavad, vaigelis momxreebi kategoriulad uaryofdnen kaTarebTan naTesaobas. pavle mociqulis erTaderT gamgebad miaCndaT Tavi. maTi azriT, yvela qriastians jvarcmuli TavisSi unda hqondes da mxolod masze iyos damokidebuli, e. i. mzad iyos misi gza gaiaros da misi wameba miiRos (90,532). es uflebas aZlevs adamians Tqvas, rom mas sakuTar TavSi hyavs Tavisi msajuli, mRvdeli da warmmarTveli qristes saxiT. amis gamo (imis gamo, rom qristea erTaderTi msajuli) imeoreben isini mkacri asketis bernar klervoelis sityvebs: CemTvis araferia deda, coli, Svili da a. S. amgvari rwmena qmnis Sinagan adamians, rogorc WeSmarit - 196 -

morwmunes. RmerTi mxolod Sinagan adamians usmens, rogorc WeSmarit morwmunes, radgan, maister ekhartis sityvebiT Tu vityviT, RmerTi „SigniT aris da ara gareT, is absoluturad CvenSia`. moridebuli protestanti mRvdlis valentin vaigelis mier warmodgenili proeqti, momavali kacobriobis sulierad gadasarCenad, ar darCenila yuradRebis gareSe. rogorc Cans, es gza erT-erTi Sinagania da, amdenad, bunebrivi, zneobrivi erTianobis maZiebel kacobriobis cnobierebaSi. albaT, amitomaa, rom iungi, dausaxeleblad imeorebs vaigelis mier SemoTavazebul gzas, rogorc erTaderTs (11,576).

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Tavi V. aRorZinebis epoqis dasasruli aRorZinebis epoqis warmomadgenlebi xedavdnen, rom sqolastikis naklovanebaTa erT-erTi ZiriTadi safuZveli gamocdilebisagan, empiriisagan abstraqtuli azrovnebis mowyveta iyo. es ki, mniSvnelovanwilad, neoplatonizmTan iyo dakavSirebuli. aRorZinebis epoqis mravali moRvawe Zveleburi ndobiT aRar uyurebs neoplatonizms. isini ubrundebian gamocdilebas. magram cdiloben es ise gaakeTon, rom aristotelizmi ar dabraldeT. maTi meTodi xSirad gulubriyvilo da fantastikuria, magram kvlevis mizandasaxuloba sworia. is moazrovneebi, romlebic kuzanelisa da platonuri akademiis Semdgom gamodian samoRvaweo asparezze, ufro radikalurad upirispirdebian Sua saukuneebs. bernardino telezio (1509-1588), kardano da franCesko patrici (1529-1597), jordano brunos materialisturi panTeizmisken gardamaval safexurs qmnian. ormagi WeSmaritebis Teorias isini adamianuri gonebis damoukidebeli Rirebulebis dasasabuTeblad iyenebdnen; aRiarebdnen maTematikis, rogorc kvlevis saimedo iaraRis, aucileblobas filosofiaSi. isini upirispirdebodnen ara mxolod aristoteles, romelSic sqolastikuri azrovnebis personifikacias xedavdnen, aramed, zogjer, platonsac da WeSmaritebas sokratemdel filosofiaSi eZebdnen.

1. bernardino telezio (1508-1588) paracelsisa da kardanosagan gansxvavebiT, telezio uars ambobs alqimiasa da astrologiaze da neapolSi aarsebs evropaSi pirvel sabunebismetyvelo sazogadoebas, romlis programa am sayuradRebo moazrovnis ZiriTadi naSromis saTauriT gamoixateba: `saganTa bunebis Sesaxeb maTi sakuTari principebis Sesabamisad~ - 198 -

(romi, 1565 w.). telezioc aristoteles logikas akritikebs, isic orientacias sokratemdel moazrovneebze iRebs, magram amasTan erTad etyoba stoelTa naturalizmis gavlenac. yovelive es cdilobs SeuTavsos qristianuli RmerTis, rogorc Semoqmedis, aRiarebas, ris gamoc materia esmis rogorc wminda pasiuri masala. telezio italiis inteligenciis elitis warmomadgeneli iyo. misi biZa da pirveli maswavlebeli, antonio telezio mefe filipe meores aRmzrdelic iyo. teleziom safuZvliani ganaTleba miiRo paduaSi da romSi. man male moixveWa saxeli da papis, pavle IV (1476-1559) keTilganwyoba daimsaxura. papi telezios episkoposobas aCuqebs. misi miReba niSnavda imas, rom telezios ojaxis Seqmnaze uari unda eTqva. eklesiis mesveurT ar gakvirvebiaT, rom teleziom saCuqari Tavis Zmas gadasca, Tavad ki coli SeirTo da farTo mecnieruli programis ganxorcieleba daisaxa miznad. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli evropaSi pirveli sabunebismetyvelo sazogadoebis daarseba, romelsac pativiscemis niSnad misma Tanamoazreebma, misi dabadebis adgilis mixedviT kozentinis akademia uwodes. mogvianebiT italiaSi Janbatista portam (1534-1615) _ romelsac kepleri teleskopis gamogonebisaTvis aqebda da romelmac marTlac bevri gaakeTa xedvis unaris monacemebze damyarebuli bunebismecnierebis dasafuZneblad _ Camoayaliba e. w. „bunebis saidumloebaTa akademia` (Academia dei secreti). es is J. portaa, romelic kampanelamde amtkicebda, rom empirizmi magiis gadalaxva ki ar aris, aramed magiis kodifikacia. mwyalobeli papis sikvdilis Semdeg, telezios ZiriTadi naSromi eklesiam akrZala. mis garSemo didxans mimdinareobda brZola da progresuli moazrovneebi TavgamodebiT icavdnen mas (mag., tomazo kampanela). sakuTari memkvidreebis, patricisa da kampanelasagan telezio imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom metafizikis Seurigebeli kri- 199 -

tikosi iyo. mas surda bunebis filosofia ise aego, rom empirizmis farglebSi darCeniliyo. amis gamo mas didad afasebdnen fr. bekoni, gasendi, hobsi da sxvebi. marTalia, telezio ibrZoda aristotelizmis (teleologizmis) winaaRmdeg da saganTa maTive Sinagani bunebidan axsna surda, magram bunebis gasagebad mainc dauSva ori usxeulo principi (e. i. iseTebi, romlebic gamocdilebaSi ar mogvecema), romelic amoZravebs pasiur ganusazRvrel materias. es ukanaskneli, rogorc substancia, yvela saganSi erTi da igivea, arc imatebs da arc iklebs. materia, romlis Semdgomi diferencirebiT miiReba oTxi elementi (miwa, wyali, haeri da cecxli), avsebs mTels sivrces, romelic usxeulo da umoqmedoa, igi TavisTavad mxolod avsebis SesaZleblobas warmoadgens. rac Seexeba dros, igi moZraobis sazomia, Tavad moZraoba ki siTbos Sedegia. samyaros yvela xdomileba saboloo jamSi daiyvaneba usasrulo materiis SekumSva-gafarToebaze, rac xorcieldeba urTierTdapirispirebuli aqtiuri principebis, siTbosa da sicivis mier. es principebic usxeulo, sulieri Zalebia, magram yovelTvis raRac sxeuls ukavSirdebian. siTbos ZiriTadi samyofi adgili mzea, sicivis _ dedamiwa. Suasaukuneobrivi dapirispireba miwiersa da zeciers Soris telezios naazrevSi am saxiT gamovlinda. samyaros amgvari xedva SesaZleblobas iZleoda saganTa raoba axsniliyo ricxovnobis principis safuZvelze: sagnebSi siTbo-sicivis Tanafardobis cvlilebiT, RmerTis Caurevlad. amdenad, telezio deistia. am safuZvelze axdens italieli empiristi tradiciuli problemebis gaazrebas. msoflio sulis adgils masTan iWers msoflio siTbo, rogorc cecxlisa da haeris specifikuri yovlisganmsWvalavi narevi. misi gamovlinebaa cxovelTa da admianTa suli. igi mTel sxeuls msWvalavs, magram misi centri tvinia. - 200 -

telezios moZRvreba Semecnebaze mkacrad empiristulia. codnas mxolod gamocdileba iZleva. sulieri cxovrebis da azrovnebis ZiriTadi struqturuli momentia grZnobadoba. goneba grZnobis organoebis Taviseburi nawilia. igi aRqmiT aSenebuli Semecnebis xarvezebs asworebs. imis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs, rasac aRqma uSualod ver swvdeba. magram goneba moqmedebs mxolod grZnobadi Semecnebis safuZvelze da mis davalebas asrulebs. gonebis iaraRia daskvna am monacemebis safuZvelze. aristoteles sawinaaRmdegod, telezio gansakuT­ rebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs daskvnas analogiis saSualebiT. amgvari daskvna erTaderTia, romelic axlis mopovebis saSualebas iZleva, Tumca misi Sedegi aucileblad gamocdilebas, empirias unda SevudaroT. samyaroSi adamianis adgilis gansakuTrebulobis dasafuZneblad, misi Rirebulebis asamaRleblad telezio kvlav RmerTs mimarTavs. igi uSvebs adamianSi sxeulisagan damoukidebeli ukvdavi sulis arsebobas, romelic Tavad RmerTma, uSualod, msoflio sulis gareSe, Cado adamianSi. amitom misi Semecneba mecnieruli principiT ar SeiZleba, iseve, rogorc arc Tavad RmerTis. telezio eTikaSi naturalistur hedonizms icavs. es imis daSvebas niSnavs, rom yoveli cocxali arseba TviTSenaxvisa da siamovnebisken iswrafvis. adamiani cxovelisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom awmyoSi siamovnebiT ar kmayofildeba, momavlisa da uSoresisaken iswrafvis. esaa imis mowmoba, rom adamiani mxolod materialuriT ar ganisazRvreba. mis zedroul suls ar akmayofilebs amqveyniuri. roca igi sxeulSia, moqmedebs, rogorc inteleqti da neba. igi adamianis pirovnulobis gamomxatvelia. umaRles sikeTed misTvisac TviTSenaxva iTvleba. sixaruli sxva araferia Tu ara sakuTari meobis garantirebulobis gancda. aqedan ganisazRvreba adamianis moqmedeba, amis mixedviT iwodeba raime „kargad` an - 201 -

„cudad`. telezio fizikaSi materialistia, metafizikaSi da eTikaSi _ idealisti. mravali mas araTanmimdevrulobas abralebs. magram imas ar iTvaliswineben, rom roca empirists (sulis ukvdavebisa da zneobis gadasarCenad) gamocdilebis farglebis gadalaxva surs (radgan xedavs, rom uamisod skepticizms da agnosticizms ver aicilebs), mas ara aqvs sxva, raime ufro Tanmimdevruli gamosavali. losevi telezios Teorias primitiul sensualizms uwodebs. Tavis „aRorZinebis filosofiaSi` losevma telezios neoplatonizmis Ralati ver apatia. magram am sayveduris Rirsi telezio maSin ufro iqneboda, empirizmis (sensualizmis) farglebSi rom darCeniliyo da misi gadalaxva ar ecada. patrici, romelic telezios TanamoazreTa Soris neoplatonizmis didi erTgulebiT gamoirCeoda, losevis gacilebiT met pativiscemas imsaxurebs.

2. ieronimo kardano (1501-1576) ieronimo kardano aRorZinebis dasasrulis im moazrovneTa rigSi dgas, romlebmac zeciuris da miwieris, dadebiTisa da uaryofiTis yovlismomcveli erTianobis principidan amosulebma, pirovnebis, rogorc mikrokosmosis gagebaze damyarebiT, sakuTar Tavs ufleba misces, Tvali gaesworebinaT sinamdvilisaTvis da Tavisi yvela dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Tviseba da qmedeba erTianobaSi waredginaT sazogadoebis samsjavros winaSe. waredginaT ara Sewyalebis TxovniT, aramed imis SegnebiT, rom TviT yvelaze dacemul adamians (kardanos ki, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari Tavi hyavda mxedvelobaSi), gulwrfeli monaniebis SemTxvevaSi, unda mietevos, rogorc amas qristianuli rwmenis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principi gvaswavlis. kardano gamoCenili maTematikosi, cnobili eqimi da - 202 -

evropaSi avtoritetuli varskvlavTmricxveli iyo. misi samecniero miRwevebi gadmocemuli aqvs Tavisi droisaTvis gaxmaurebul wignSi, romelsac „diadi xelovneba` ewodeba (1545) da mis avtobiografiul nawarmoebSi, romelic „piradi cxovrebis` saxels atarebs. aq igi rusos aWarbebs gulaxdilobaSi. Tu vinmes moundeba eWvi Seitanos frangi eqsistencialistis, sartris im mosazrebaSi, rom „aravis ar SeuZlia sakuTar Tavze yvelaferi marTali Tqvas`, sabuTad kardano gamoadgeba. kardano, aRorZinebis mravali warmomadgenlis msgavsad, maSin gavrcelebuli lozungis _ „wyaroebisaken!` _ momxrea da gulisxmobs sokratemdel filosofosebs, upirveles yovlisa, empedokles moZRvrebas. magram sokratemdelebis miseuli gageba, mniSvnelovanwilad, mainc platonze da aristotelezea damokidebuli. igi hiloZoistia, e. i. gasulierebul materias uSvebs, magram sulier Zalas, rogorc mamoZravebels, mas sxva aZlevs. empedokles s. danelia Tanamedrove qimiis winamorbeds uwodebda. renani iTvaliswinebda ra misi moZRvrebis da cxovrebis mistikur mxares, empedokles miiCnevda erT pirovnebaSi niutonisa da kaliostros (1743-1795) gaerTianebad. orive es daxasiaTeba sruli uflebiT SeiZleboda kardanos mimarTac gamogveyenebina. ieronimo kardano cnobili milaneli advokatis ukanono Svili iyo. mama farTo ganaTlebis adamiani iyo, romelic zogjer, Turme, leonardo da vinCis esaubreboda geometriis problemebze. igi milanSi da paduaSi geometrias aswavlida. mSoblebi erTad cxovrobdnen, magram eklesiurad daqorwinebuli ar yofilan. ieronimo Tvlida, rom es mas xels uSlida cxovrebaSi, mecnierebaSic da sazogadoebaSic Sesaferi adgilis dakavebaSi. man maTematika airCia da mamis asistenti iyo paduis universitetSi. profesorebs ar moswondaT brwyinvale codnis da niWis, magram zedmetad Tavdajerebuli da kritikuli - 203 -

studenti. sadoqtoro 1525 wels daicva milanSi. eweoda TavaSvebul cxovrebas. cdilobda maTematikis codna fulze TamaSSic gamoeyenebina. did valSi Cavarda. kacis daWrisaTvis cixeSic ijda. erTxans RaribTa TavSesafarSic mouwia yofna. sakuTari cxovrebis oTx udides ubedurebad Tvlida: daqorwinebas, ufrosi Svilis sikvdiliT dasjas, sakuTar patimrobas da umcrosi vaJis garyvnil bunebas. kardano, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, didi niWis wyalobiT, raRacnairad mainc axerxebda mecnierul muSaobasac (maTematikaSi, filosofiaSi, medicinaSi, hidrodinamikaSi, geologiaSi). daaxloebuli iyo cnobil maTematikos nikolo tartaliasTan (1499-1557), gaxmaurebuli naSromis, „Nova scientia`-s (1537) avtorTan. isini erTad muSaobdnen mesame xarisxis algebrul gantolebaTa amoxsnaze. maT Soris konfliqti warmoiSva pirvelobis Sesaxeb. Tumca kuburi gantolebebis amoxsnis xerxi kardanos meTodis saxeliTaa cnobili. garda amisa, dRes mecnierebaSi xmarebaSia „moZraobis kardanuli gadatana`, „kardanuli meqanizmi` da sxva. kardano, rogorc didi eqimi, miwveuli iyo SotlandiaSi. iyo aseve inglisSic, mefe henri VI astrologiuri ruqis Sesadgenad. cnobilia isic, rom Tavad papi mas wyalobda da pensiac ki dauniSna. kardanom gamoaqveyna bunebismecnierebaSi ori enciklopedia. specialistebis azriT, maTSi mecnierul meTodTa gverdiT vxvdebiT alqimiisa da okultizmis, anu dafaruli codnis mniSvnelobis dacvas da filosofiuri qvis mopovebis gzebis codnis pretenzias. es aspeqti bolomde gahyveba kardanos da imaze miuTiTebs, rom igi paracelsis, melanqtonis da sxvaTa msgavsad, cdilobs Suasaukuneebrivi msoflmxedvelobis zegavlena ki ar uaryos, aramed axalTan, mecnierulTan Searigos. kardanos imis Seswavlis imedic hqonda, rac mecnierul meTodebsa da gamocdilebaze dakvirvebas ar eqvemdebareba, magram mainc mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas axdens samyarosa - 204 -

da adamianze. kardano xSirad gamodis xan mistikis, xan telepaTiis, xan magiis saxeliT da yvelgan pretenzia aqvs sxvebisaTvis dafarulis privatul codnaze. kardanos am aspeqtebs mTlianobaSi ixilavs norvegieli maTematikosi ostin ore (1899-1968) 1953 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi _ „kardano, yomarbazi doqtori`. oficialur religiasTan, rasakvirvelia, yvelaze Zneli Sesarigebeli iyo astrologebis moZRvreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor da ramdenad zemoqmedeben ciuri sxeulebi dedamiwaze da adamianebze. frTxili astrologebi tovebdnen xolme adgils RmerTis da adamianis Tavisufali nebisaTvis. kardano maT Soris ar iyo. igi daapatimres kidec imisaTvis, rom cdilobda qristes samerTianoba da misi bedic astrologiurad aexsna, maSasadame, Tavad qriste Tavisufali nebis gareSe gaeazrebina. amdenad, adamianis Tavisufal nebazec ar SeiZleboda laparaki. kardanosac, iseve, rogorc mraval astrologs, uWirda mnaTobebis dedamiwaze da mis arsebulebze garkveuli zemoqmedebis faqtidan gamosulT, Tavi SeekavebinaT imis mtkicebisagan, rom adamianis bedi sruladaa gansazRvruli mnaTobebis mier. kardano Zalian cdilobda, argumentebi moeZebna sakuTari msoflmxedvelobisaTvis. aman sababi misca mkvlevrebs, ironiulad aReniSnaT, rom kardanos es Zvirad daujda. mas mouxda sakuTari sikvdilis dRe gamoeTvala da roca es dRe moaxlovda, SimSiliT moekla Tavi. aRniSnuls garda, kardanos Sromebia: „sizustisaTvis` (1550), „saganTa gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb` (1556/1557), „fizionomikis Sesaxeb`. misi Sromebis krebuli 1663 wels aT tomad gamoica. kardano panTeistia, igi samyaros mamoZravebels da amxsnels samyaroSive eZebs. sokratemdeli filosofosebisTvis gvian darqmeuli saxelis, hiloZoizmis mixedviT, masac SeiZleba hiloZoisti vuwodoT. sokratemdelebi- 205 -

dan igi yvelaze axloa empedoklesTan, romelic italiuri samedicino skolis fuZemdeblad miaCnia. empedokles msgavsad, isic amosavlad wertilad iRebs cocxal materias, romelic moZravia. magram misi mizandasaxuli moZraobisa da cvalebadobisaTvis, empedoklesave msgavsad, uSvebs kidev or Zalas, or sawyiss, romelTac empedoklem „siyvaruli` da „siZulvili` daarqva da cocxal arsebaTa evolucia maT Zalas daamyara. kardano evoluciis amgvar gagebasac iziarebs. magram, empedoklesagan (da aristotelesagan) gansxvavebiT, aRiarebs mxolod sam elements: wyals, miwas da haers. cecxls kardano ar miiCnevs damoukidebel, sakuTari safuZvlis mqone elementad. misi azriT, cecxli ufro sxva elementebis garkveuli, SeiZleba umaRlesi, magram ara damoukidebeli mdgomareobaa. cecxli wvavs raRacas, e. i. predikatia raimesi da ara Tavad is, rac iwvis. amdenad, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom uiliam okamis samarTeblis principis Tanaxmad, siTbos gverdiT cecxlis aRiareba, kardanom sawyisTa iseT gamravlebad CaTvala, rac aucilebeli araa, radgan sxvebze daiyvaneba. empedoklesgan iRebs kardano Semecnebis Teoriis ZiriTad principsac: msgavsi imecnebs msgavss. koplstonis azriT, kardanosTan pirveladi, aradiferencirebuli materia avsebs samyaros mTel sferos. moqmedi da moZraobis principi aris msoflio suli (platonisgan nasesxebi). es suli adamianSi vlindeba, rogorc mokvdav sulTan droebiT kavSirSi myofi; xolo Tavad rogorc msoflio sulis „nawili` (msoflio suli xom yvela adamianSi vlindeba), metemfsiqosis process eqvemdebareba. rac mTavaria, kardanos RmerTi, romelic maTematikuri kanonebiT marTavs samyaros, araa Tavisufali nebis mqone. empiriul samyaroSi igi vlindeba rogorc siTbo, anu sinaTle, anu forma. igi asulierebs sagnebs, romelTa Soris aris simpaTia-antipaTiis mimarTeba. mravali mkv- 206 -

levari paduis universitetSi ganswavlul kardanosTan averoesis gavlenasac xedavs. renani, narkvevSi „averoesi da averoizmi`, roca aristoteles didi komentatoris evropul filosofiaze gviandel gavlenas exeba, aRniSnavs, rom kardanos moZRvrebas garkveuli msgavseba aqvs andrea Cezalpinis (1519-1603) naazrevTan, romelsac mowinaaRmdegeebi averoizms abralebdnen. braldebas seriozuli safuZveli ar hqonia. empiriisaken misi midrekilebis miuxedavad (Cezalpini papis piradi eqimi iyo), racionalizmi mis SromebSi iseTi Zalisa iyo, rom mas axali filosofiis erT-erTi udidesi racionalistis, spinozas winamorbedad miiCneven (50,IX,53). sakiTxi exeboda individualuri sulis da universaluri sulis mimarTebas. averoesi da mravali misi mimdevari qristiani Teologi Tvlida, rom adamianis individualuri suli mokvdavia. ara im azriT, rom igi gardaicvleba da saiqioSi gaagrZelebs arsebobas, aramed pirdapiri azriT _ igi qreba. magram es mxolod nawilia pirovnebis sulisa. CvenSi aris agreTve sayovelTao sulis nawili. es aris CvenSi sayovelTao sulTan ziarebis Sedegi, risi wyalobiTac Cven gonieri arsebani varT. igi Cveni sakuTari araa da ubrundeba sayovelTao suls. Cveni es arsebiTi nawili, Cveni sikvdilis Semdeg (roca individualuri suli qreba), uerTdeba msoflio gonebas, universalur suls. kardanos surda eCvenebina, rom universalur sulSi individualuri sulebi isea, rogorc matli mcenareSi, romliTac is ikvebeba. e. i. gonebis da, amdenad, ukvdavebis droebiTi Tanaziari xdeba. naSromSi „erTisaTvis` kardanos es averoistuli pozicia daufaravia. mogvianebiT kardanom uaryo es Sexeduleba. igi amtkicebs, rom saerTo goneba sulac ar arsebobs, arc cocxal arsebaTaTvis da arc adamianisaTvis. goneba yovel adamians Tavisi aqvs. igi cdilobs, es axali pozi- 207 -

cia Searigos sapirispiro Sexedulebas. es ori gonebis daSvebaa. erTia maradiuli goneba, meore _ misi droSi gamovlena. maradiuli da erTi goneba vlindeba simravleSi. aqedan Cans, rom kardanos paduaSi Camoyalibebuli azrovnebis stili bolomde SemorCa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rasac ar unda ixilavdes kardano, igi mudam cdilobs damoukidebeli pozicia Seiqmnas da bolomde gaataros igi. Tavis naSromSi, romelsac „subtilitate` ewodeba, kardano erTmaneTs upirispirebs qristianis, ebraelis, musulmanis da warmarTis Sexedulebebs. arc erTi ar miaCnia sruli WeSmaritebis mflobelad. amis gamo, masac ararsebuli, magram religiur dapirispirebebSi xSirad braldebad gamoyenebuli wignis _ „sami didi crumoZRvari` _ avtoroba miaweres. kasireri kardanos sanimuSod miiCnevs imis saCveneblad, Tu ra didi gavlena hqonda aRorZinebis epoqaSi magias, kabalas, astrologias TviT mowinave mecnierebzec. maT gavlena hqondaT mkvlevarTa mecnierul muSaobazec da maTi cxovrebis weszec. es exeba TviT koperniksa da galileisac. magia, kabala da astrologia maTTanac garkveuli Zalis mqonea. maTTanac ki ara gvaqvs erTmniSvnelovani gamarjveba gamocdilebisa „Teoriaze`, gamoTvla-aRricxvisa _ goniT Wvretaze (44,111).

3. franCesko patrici (1529-1597) franCecko patricic, telezios msgavsad, paduis universitetSi swavlobda. iq man Svidi weli gaatara. magram universitetSi gabatonebuli aristotelizmis Seurigebeli kritikosi iyo. gansxvavebiT teleziosagan, misi filosofiuri pozicia savsebiT neoplatonuria. igi imedovnebda, rom gamocdilebis telezioseul gagebas Seuxamebda neoplatonur spekulacias. gansxvavebiT padueli aleqsandristebisa da averoistebisagan, igi, ro- 208 -

gorc Cans, arCevda ra iyo aristoteles saxeliT cnobil SromebSi namdvilad aristotelesi da ra ara. paduelebi, rogorc wesi, ver asxvavebdnen aristoteles saxeliT cnobil neoplatonur Sromebs namdvili aristoteleseulisagan. patricis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom igi aSkara antiaristotelikosi iyo filosofiis, Teologiis da bunebismetyvelebis TiTqmis yvela arsebiT sakiTxSi da amgvarad ganwyobil moazrovneTa liderad iTvleboda. misi mosazrebebi maTematikaze fizikis orientaciis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, agrZelebda kuzanelis Sexedulebebs, aRiarebulia misi gavlena galileis msoflmxedvelobaze. man (neo)platonuri filosofiis sando warmomadgenlis saxeli daimsaxura italiel naturfilosofosTa Soris. amitom iyo, rom masze uTiTebdnen ara marto neoplatonurad ganwyobili moazrovneebi _ magaliTad, kepleri _ aramed yovelgvari platonuris uarmyofelnic _ magaliTad, fr. bekoni. patrici gansakuTrebiT usvamda xazs filosofiis istoriis codnis mniSvnelobas. filosofosi, berZnuli enidan mTargmneli, istorikosi da poeti franCesko patrici warmoSobiT dalmatiidan iyo. es mxare sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva mezoblis gamgeblobaSi Sedioda (xorvatiis, bizantiis, ungreTis). patricis dros igi veneciis gamgeblobaSi imyofeboda. mas aRzrda-ganaTlebac italiuri hqonda da amitom italielad moixsenieben. filosofias rig universitetSi aswavlida da yvelaferSi neoplatonurad gagebuli platonis upiratesobis damtkicebas cdilobda. eWvi ar epareboda, rom platoni ufro sasargebloa qristianobisaTvis, vidre aristotele. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi platonis filosofias aswavlida romSi. patricis ZiriTadi Sromebia: „peripatetikuli analizis XV wigni` (1571), „universumis axali filosofia` (1591). platonizmis aRorZineba patricis mier neoplatonuri sinaTlis metafizikis variantia: - 209 -

pirveli da Seuqmneli sinaTlea RmerTi. misganaa is, rasac xiluli sinaTle SeiZleba ewodos. igia pasiuri materiis gamformebeli, e. i. aqtiuri principia. amitom mas ar SeiZleba savsebiT materialuri ewodos. igi gardamavalia wminda materialursa da wminda suliers Soris. mas Semoaqvs formaTa simravle da am formaTa erTianoba samyaroSi. es adamians RmerTisaken gzis gakvlevis saSualebas aZlevs (4,III,254). 1553 wels gamoica patricis utopiuri xasiaTis naSromi _ „bednieri qalaqi`; 1560-1563 ww. _ „dialogebi istoriaze da ritorikaze`; 1571 wels _ „peripatetuli diskusiebi`. es naSromebi aristoteles Sromebis erTerT yvelaze ufro Rrma da safuZvlian analizad iTvleba. igi platonisa da aristoteles Serigebas ki ar cdilobs (rasac maSin mravali moazrovne cdilobda), aramed yvelaferSi platonis upiratesobas amtkicebs. patrici kategoriulad uaryofda aristoteles mier poeziis, rogorc mibaZvis gagebas. winaaRmdeg aristotelesi, icavda carieli sivrcis arsebobis SesaZleblobas. amgvari poziciis mqone mkvlevrisagan gasakviri araa, rom aristoteles „metafizikaze` ioane filoponosis (VI s.) komentarebi berZnulidan Targmna. masve ekuTvnis prokles „Teologiis elementebis` da „fizikis elementebis` Targmanebi. 1592 wels misi Sromebi dawyevles da akrZalul wignTa siaSi Seitanes. patricis „universumis axali filosofia` oTxi nawilisagan Sedgeba: panaugia (yovlad brwyinvaleba), panarxia (principTa mTlianoba), panfsiqia (yovlis sulieroba), pankosmia (yovlad kosmiuroba). yvelaferi gamodis pirveli sinaTlidan, romelsac alegoriulad mze SeiZleba vuwodoT. misganaa, rogorc usxeulo (idealuri), ise sxeulebrivi sinaTle. patricis sinaTlis gamodinebis metafizika aTi safexuriTaa warmodgenili: yovlad erTi, erTianoba, arseba, sicocxle, inteligencia, - 210 -

suli, buneba, Tvisebebi, forma, sxeuli. dedamiwa universumis centrSia, xolo mzisaTvis amgvari adgili uaryofilia (albaT, religiis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT). unda aRiniSnos, rom patrici ZiriTadi gansazRvrebebis dadgenis dros, antikuri neplatonizmis msgavsad, frTxilia da sapirispiro gansazRvrebebSi darCenas irCevs. koplstonis azriT, patricim sivrcis gansazRvreba platonis „timaiosisgan` aiRo. igi garkveuli gamaSualebeli iyo momdevno italieli moazrovneebisaTvis platonisaken mibrunebis saqmeSi. koplstoni miuTiTebs, rom brunom patricisgan aiTvisa azri „minima-s` Sesaxeb, rogorc imgvari raimesi, romelic arc didia, arc mcire, magram SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT, an erTia, an meore. ramdenadac, patricis azriT, es sivrce avsebulia „TxieriT`, amdenad ZvelisZveli oTxi principi masTan amgvar saxes iRebs: sinaTle, siTbo, sivrce, Txieri. misma saxelma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro 1963 wels, roca gamoqveynda misi dausrulebeli xelnaweri „siyvarulis filosofia`. am saintereso naSromis ZiriTadi cnebaa filavTia (sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli). am naSroms aRorZinebis xanis siyvarulis filosofiisadmi miZRvnili literaturis ganuyofel nawilad Tvlian. sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali xalxebis enebze am naSromis analizi didxans ar arsebobda. es xarvezi Sevsebul iqna cnobili rusi mkvlevris, aleqsandre gorfunkelis saintereso werilSi „patricis sasiyvarulo filosofia da tarkvinia molcas siyvarulis filosofia`, romelic gamoqveynda krebulSi „Sua saukuneebi` (moskovi, 1971). gorfunkeli Tvlis, rom filavTia, e. i. sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli, rogorc yovelgvari siyvarulis safuZveli, vrceldeba RmerTzec. manac qveyana Tavis Tavis siyvarulis gamo Seqmna, rogorc Tavisi msgavsi. aseTive Sinaarsisaa qristes mowodeba: giyvardeT mtrebi, rogorc sakuTari Tavi (45,466). - 211 -

zogi mkvlevari aq xedavs patricis gadasvlas neoplatonizmidan gviandel naturalizmze. losevis azriT, aq araa laparaki empiriul, anu naturalistur siyvarulze, da arc egoisturze (filavTiis gagebiT); arc qristianobis sapirispiroa raime, romlisTvisac „RmerTi saerTod siyvarulia`. „rogorc yvelaferSi, patrici esTetikaSic ebrZvis aristoteles`. Tavis naSromSi „esTetikis Sesaxeb` igi amtkicebs, rom poezia arc raimes mibaZvaa da arc ganzogadeba, aramed RvTaebrivi aRtacebis, sigiJis nayofia. es RvTaebrivi sibrZnea. advili dasanaxia, rom patrici aq aviTarebs platonis dialogidan, „ionidan` wamosul azrs poeziaze. patricis naazrevis loseviseuli Targmanis Tanaxmad, es moazrovne antikur neoplatonikoss ufro hgavs, vidre aRorZinebis epoqisas. igi plotinisa gegonebao, Tumca azrebi swored plotinisaa, misi sinaTlis metafizikaa, romelmac ase didi roli Seasrula Sua saukuneebSi (mag., bonaventura da sxvebi). yoveli Semecneba sawyiss iRebs gonebidan, magram amodis SegrZnebebidan. SegrZnebebSi ki pirveli adgili, ZaliTac da RirebulebiTac, ekuTvnis mxedvelobas. pirveli, rasac aRiqvams Tvali, aris sinaTle. amiT gaigo adamianma saganTa ganlageba da wesrigi. es mas moewona (rogorc RmerTs moewona Tavisi saqme da gaagrZela Sesaqme) da daiwyo misi Wvreta. es ukve filosofiis sawyisia. patricis panTeizmi telezios panTeizmze monoTeisturi iyo. RmerTs patricTan mravali saxeli aqvs. RmerTi, sikeTe, erTi, sawyisi, pirveli misTvis identuri terminebia. sinaTlis emanaciiT iqmneba sagnebi sivrceSi da Semdeg ubrundebian RmerTs. erTi Seicavda TavisSi yvela arsebas, sanam isini mis gare gaCndebodnen. magram igi ar ganibna da ganifanta yoveliveSi, romelnic misken miiswrafvian. dasabuTeba patricisgan xdeba antikuri neoplatonizmis (da plato- 212 -

nis) cnobili (maTTvisac tradiciuli) meTodiT, absurdamde dayvanis wesiT: raimes, rom TavisSi hqondes usasrulo, maSin igi (raime) dasazRvravda mas, da maSin raime, romelic usasruloze naklebia, dasazRvravda usasrulos da aqcevda mas sasrulod. am SemTxvevaSi erTi aRmoCndeboda usasrulo Tavis TavTan da sasrulo sxvasTan mimarTebaSi. es ki SeuZlebelia. xolo Tu swori isaa, rom erTi yvelganaa, maSin mcdari iqneba imis mtkiceba, rom igi mxolod sadmea. mcdaria aseve isic, rom is arsadaa. aqedan ki gamodis, rom igi yofila yvelgan da yvelaferSi, arsSic da ar-arsSic; amave dros, yvelgan, sadac is aris, is iqneba Tavis TavSi da yvelaferi masSi. amrigad, erTi Tavadac imyofeba yvela saganSi da araferSi ar imyofeba, aramed Tavad Seicavs Tavis TavSi yvelafers. yvelaferi aris erTSi, magram erTis saxiT (ioane petriwi ityoda „erTebriv`) da erTi aris yvelaferi SeerTebuli erTad. erTi aris yvelaferi da erTi. Tu SeiZleba ase gamovTqvaT, igi aris yovladerTi. samyaro patricisaTvis aris qmnadi, usasrulo, gasulierebuli organuli mTlianoba. swored masTan dakavSirebul problemebs ixilavs patricis Sroma „universumis axali filosofia`.

4. jordano bruno (1548-1600) italiuri naturfilosofiis mwvervali jordano bruno renesansis epoqis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso pirovnebaa. igi kulturis istoriaSi darCa ara marto, rogorc Rrma filosofiuri sistemis Semqmneli, aramed, agreTve, rogorc WeSmaritebisaTvis mecnieruli da moqalaqeobrivi Tavganwirvis nimuSi. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli aRorZinebis epoqis pirveli sruli panTeizmis dacva, romelic, rogorc materializmze, ise idealizmze maRla dgas. bruno sokratemdeli berZnuli - 213 -

filosofiis hiloZoizms, anu gasulierebuli, cocxali materiis pirvelsawyisobis dasabuTebas Seecdeba. masve ekuTvnis dapirispirebulTa erTianobis, rogorc maTi damTxvevis, kuzaneliseuli principis arsebiTi ganviTareba da Sevseba `erTianobis gaorebis~ principiT. brunom erTianobis gaoreba, iseve, rogorc dapirispirebulTa erTianobaSi moazrebis aucilebloba, miuyena materialur sinamdviles, romelic erTaderTia da warmoadgens usasrulo, gasulierebul materialur realobas. bruno sityvierad aRiarebs ormagi WeSmaritebis Teorias, faqtiurad ki masTan yvelaferma Tavi unda gaimarTlos adamianuri gonebis winaSe. kuzanelis da fiCinos msgavsad, brunoc dialogis formiT werda Tavis naSromebs; magram maTgan gansxvavebiT (sxva winamorbedebze rom araferi vTqvaT), brunos dialogebSi Cven ver vxedavT locvas, rogorc RmerTisadmi daqvemdebarebis gamoxatulebas. locvis adgils ikavebs adamianis rwmena sakuTari Zalebisadmi. amitom brunos dialogebs samarTlianad uwodeben „gmirul dialogebs`. rogorc amboben, es xalxi titanebi iyvnen da RmerTebTan brZolas bedavdnen (igulisxmeba RmerTis im gagebasTan, rac maSindel sazogadoebaSi iyo gabatonebuli da romlis xelSeuxeblobasac eklesia icavda). mravali sxva moazrovnis msgavsad, brunoc sxavdasxvagvarad SeiZleba iqnes gagebuli. magram misi gagebisaTvis aucilebelia imis gacnobiereba, rom igi arc materialistia (e. i. ar Tvlis, rom yvelaferi materiis da misi moZraobis produqtia) da arc idealisti (e. i. ar Tvlis, rom yvelaferi ideis, Tu RmerTis Zalis sxvadasxvagvari gamovlinebaa). amasTanave RmerTi am gamovlinebaTa miRma arsad arsebobs, aramed aris rogorc saganTa da procesTa usasrulo mTlianobis Sinagani arseba. bruno Tanmimdevruli panTeistia. am principis dasacavad, igi arafers erideba: arc RmerTis dasavleTSi gabatonebu- 214 -

li gagebis uaryofas da arc tradiciuli logikisaTvis gaugebari principis, usasrulo samyaroTa erTianobis dacvas. es principi xom dausruleblis dasrulebas da mis Semecnebasac gulisxmobs adamianuri gonebis mier. sxva gonebaze bruno ar laparakobs. racionalistis mier usasrulo erTianobis daSveba gonebis gabedulebaa: es sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT, sakuTar racionalizmze maRla dgomaa. gmiroba, aq, mxolod sakuTari Tavis imedad yofnas niSnavs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris „ganswavluli arcodnis` gaSifvris mcdeloba: gmiruli dialogisa da gmiruli enTuziazmis Sedegi. amgvari „gmiruli` goneba empiriuls, gamocdilebas kvlevisas mxolod tramplinad iyenebs, magram arasodes uaryofs gamocdilebis, rogorc samyaros aucilebeli da arsebiTi nawilis mniSvnelobas. swored aseTi racionalisti iyo bruno. adamiani, rogorc samyaros erTianobis sakuTar TavSi momaazrebeli (da, am azriT, mikrokosmosi), Tavs uflebas aZlevs, rom sakuTari Tavi samyaros centrad warmoidginos, msgavsad hegelis absoluturi gonebisa, romelic pirovnebaSi acnobierebs mTels Tavis simdidres da siZlieres. brunosTan, iseve, rogorc, Semdeg hegelTan, specifikuri aspeqtiT Cans rwmenis roli. swored rwmenis da amorCevis Sedegia, rom bruno uyoymanod daadga gmiruli siyvarulis gzas da savsebiT darwmunebuli iyo, rom idga absoluturisaken usasrulo gzaze da araviTar empiriuls, arc sapyrobiles, arc koconze dawvas misTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar hqonda. bruno daibada neapolis maxloblad mdebare patara qalaq nolaSi. misi mSoblebi samxedro aristokratias ekuTvnodnen. 15 wlis axalgazrda dominikelTa monasterSi miabares. aTi wlis Semdeg mRvdlis wodeba miiRo. male, aristoteles kritikisa da kopernikis SexedulebaTa dacvisTvis, eresSi dasdes brali. Tavis marTlebis magier, - 215 -

bruno monastridan gaiqca da, italiis farglebs gareT, sajarod daiwyo am ideaTa dacva. araCveulebriv niWsa da udides TviTdajerebas xSirad gamarjveba mohqonda misTvis, TviT uaRresad mtrulad ganwyobil auditoriaSi. igi didxans versad Cerdeboda. misi moRvaweoba yvelgan konfliqtiT mTavrdeboda. JenevaSi kalvinsa da Teodor bizes (1519-1605) waeCxuba, parizSi yvela Teologi gadaimtera da aristotelikosebisagan marcxi iwvnia. gamonaklisi vitenbergis univertiteti iyo. aq warmoTqva man gamosaTxovari sityva germanuli azrovnebis sadideblad. pativi miago albert dids, kuzanels (romelic germaneli piTagora iqneboda, anaforas rom ar SeeSala xelio), koperniks (romelic mas germaneli egona, da romelmac, misi azriT, marto or wignSi meti codna mogvca, vidre aristotelem da mTelma aristotelizmma) da paraceless. ufro adre, ori weli, SedarebiT mSvidad cxovrobda londonSi, magram misi moZRvreba mravali samyaros da mravali mzis sistemis arsebobis SesaZleblobis Taobaze sul ufro aRizianebda oficialuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebs da brunom gacla amjobina. bolo wlebSi bruno praRaSi da mainis frankfurtSi kiTxulobda leqciebs. italielma aristokratma, vinme mokenigom, romelic brunos mimdevrad Tvlida Tavs, bruno veneciaSi miiwvia. igi jer paduaSi Cavida, iqidan ki _ veneciaSi. zogi mkvlevris azriT, mokenigo fiqrobda, rom bruno mas raRacas umalavda, mTavars ar eubneboda Tavis moZRvrebidan da amitom Seatyobina misi samyofeli inkvizicias. sinamdvileSi bruno arafers malavda, ubralod mokenigos ar SeeZlo misi moZRvrebis gageba. es iyo 1592 wels. erTi wlis Semdeg veneciis inkviziciam bruno romis inkvizicias gadasca. Zieba mravali weli gagrZelda. 1600 wels muxlmodrekil brunos moasmenines didi inkvizitoris ganaCeni. Tqven ufro geSiniaTo am ganaCenis wakiTxvis, vidre me mosmenis, mSvidad ganucxada brunom msajulebs. - 216 -

inkviziciis mTeli cinizmi imaSi Canda, rom igi msxverpls ganaCenianad gadascemda xolme saero xelisuflebas, TxovniT: damnaSave daesajaT, rac SeiZleba gulmowyaled da usisxlod. bruno dawves romSi, yvavilebis moedanze. 1865 wels studentebma iqve, brunos Zeglis win, romis papis enciklika dawves. znekeTilma papma ioane-pavle meorem (1920-2005) inkviziciis saqmianobisaTvis da kerZod brunos koconze dawvisaTvis 1997 wels kacobriobis winaSe bodiSi moixada. mkvlevrebi svamen kiTxvas brunos dasjis namdvili mizezis Sesaxeb, radgan aseTive, an daaxloebiT aseTi azrebisaTvis ar dausjiaT arc kuzaneli, arc fiCino, arc miqelanjelo, arc botiCeli, arc koperniki, arc kepleri. losevis azriT, es imitom moxda, rom bruno antikuri tipis neoplatonikosi iyo, e. i. antiqristiani da antieklesiuri (45,470-471). adamianis bedi xSirad mxolod fsiqologiur doneze wydeba; Tanac arcTu mudam zneobrivi principebis mixedviT. amjerad ki saqme exeboda, inteleqtis da zneobis Tanxmobis ZaliT, sxeulebrivis srul daqvemdebarebas, rogorc ityvian, ukanasknel amosunTqvamde. roca mas, ukve almodebuls, viRacam grZel joxze damagrebuli jvari pirTan miutana, brunom saxe miibruna da ar emTxvia. TviTmxilveli, vinme kaspar Sope, werda: igi muqariT pasuxobda SekiTxvebze da ar moinania. ubeduri mokvda cecxlis alSi da datova es qveyana, raTa mouTxros sxva samyaroebs, romlebic man gamoigona, Tu rogor eqcevian romaelebi RmerTis uarmyofelT (56,165). bruno mravali Sromis avtoria. evropis qalaqebSi xetialis dros, igi xSirad aqveynebda wignebs. zogi SeiZleba jerac araa aRmoCenili. dResdReobiT mis naSromTagan umniSvnelovanesad iTvleba `mizezis, principisa da erTis Sesaxeb~, `usasrulos, universumisa da samyaros Sesaxeb~, `gmirul vnebaTa Sesaxeb~. amaT gar- 217 -

da, SeiZleboda dagvesaxelebina sqolastikis winaaRmdeg dawerili satira `pegasuri cxeni da silenis viri~, sadac mimdinareobs kamaTi imis Taobaze, Tu romeli sjobs, adamiani _ virad qceuli, Tu viri _ adamianad qceuli. londonSi yofnisas, brunom ramodenime dialogi gamoaqveyna. maT Soris erTs ewodeboda „pegasis kabala`. masSi bruno mkacrad akritikebs qristianobas, aristotelizms da skepticizms. „gmirul vnebaTa Sesaxeb`, _ ase erqva brunos bolo gamoqveynebul naSroms. is misi naazrevis Semajamebel narkvevad iTvleba. aq samyaroSi arsebuli yofierebis, mSvenierebis da sikeTis erTianobas adamianSi warmoadgens WeSmaritebis, mSvenierebis da sikeTis Tavganwiruli siyvaruli. adamians sxva vnebanic aqvs, romlebic dabali donis SemecnebasTanaa kavSirSi, magram maTgan ganwmenda sworad mimarTuli SemecnebiTaa SesaZlebeli. bruno amtkicebda, rom umaRlesi avtoriteti adamianisaTvis aris is, rasac goneba Tavisufali kvleviT daadgens. Semecnebis sagania universumi, Semecnebis niadagia gamocdileba, xolo Semecnebis sawyisi eWvia. universumi aris gasulierebuli materia. Semecnebis mizania universumis danaxva, rogorc dapirispirebulTa erTianobis, sadac dapirispirebuloba SenarCunebuli iqneba. moZraoba da Semecneba gasulierebuli materiis Sinagani predikatTagania. brunos gamokvlevaTa Sinaarsi SeiZleba ori mTavari Temis mixedviT davalagoT da Tavisebur sistemaSi movaqcioT. esenia: ontologia da moZRvreba Semecnebis Sesaxeb. ontologia, anu moZRvreba arsebulis rogorc arsebulis Sesaxeb, brunosTan warmoadgens universums, rogorc erTiani gasulierebuli mTelis analizs. `mizezis, principisa da erTis Sesaxeb~ naSromis mexuTe dialogis SesavalSi vkiTxulobT: `universumi warmoadgens erTians, - 218 -

usasrulos da uZravs... is ar warmoiSoba, radgan ar arsebobs raime sxva yofiereba, romliskenac is SeiZleba miiltvodes, anda romlisganac SeiZleba gamovides; mas xom Tavada aqvs yoveli yofiereba. is ar SeiZleba moispos, radgan ar arsebobs raime sxva, radac igi SeiZleba gadaiqces, is xom Tavadaa yovelive? mas ar SeiZleba raime miematos an moakldes, radgan is xom usasruloa da amitom erTianad SeuZlebelia mas raime garedan miematos, anda raime moswydes?~ ase gagebul samyaros RmerTi garedan ar SeiZleba marTavdes. radgan `gareT~, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobs. igi mxolod da mxolod am universumis Sinagani kanonzomiereba SeiZleba iyos. Cven RmerTs veZebT, acxadebda bruno, mzis brwyinvalebaSi, nivTTa mSvenierebaSi, mSobliuri miwis wiaRSi. uZravia Tu ara es samyaro? is uZravia, ramdenadac am sityvis qveS sivrceSi adgilis gadanacvlebas vgulisxmobT; magram is Sinaganad uaRresad moZravi da cvalebadia. misi nawilebi erTmaneTs upirispirdebian, erTmaneTSi gadadian. RmerTi swored am Sinagani moZraobis da urTierTkavSiris ganmsazRvrelia. bruno RmerTs mwarmoebel bunebas uwodebs (natura naturans), gansxvavebiT mis mier mowesrigebuli movlenaTa mravalgvarobisagan _ warmoebuli bunebisagan (natura naturata). es mwarmoebeli buneba, romelic aerTianebs da acocxlebs samyaros, rogorc universums, aris msoflio suli. is platonis demiurgi ki araa, romelic garedan aformebs universumis materias, aramed ganmsWvalulia materiis yovel nawilSi da warmoadgens yoveli sagnis Tu movlenis formas, silamazes, mis mWidro urTierTkavSirs samyaroTa usasrulo raodenobasTan. materiis ragindara nawilSi, amis gamo, rogorc mikrokosmosSi, warmodgenilia mTeli, amitom raodenobrivad minimumi, Tavisi SesaZleblobebiT, maqsimumia. amis danaxvas, kerZod, erTeulSi universumis winaaRmdegobebis aRmoCenas - 219 -

da SenarCunebas uwodebs bruno magias. misi mizania gaigos msoflio suli, rogorc mTeli, romelic saganTa Sinagani imanenturi mizania, materiis Sinagani imanenturi mizezia, materiis Sinagani mxatvaria. brunom pirvelma gaiazra kopernikis Teoriis msoflmxedvelobrivi mniSvneloba. aRiarebda ra usasrulobaSi mzis sistemaTa simravlis arsebobas, bruno uaryofda universumis centris, raime winaswargarantirebuli adgilis arsebobas. RmerTi ar SeiZleba sadme, raRac adgilas, „iq` an „aq` iyos. gamorCeuli adgili arc dedamiwas aqvs da arc adamians. magram miT ufro metia gonebis Rirseba. erTgvarovan samyaroSi, sadac ar arsebobs aristoteleseuli gansxvaveba zeciur da amqveyniur sinamdvileTa Soris (aseve, oTx elementsa da mexuTes Soris), adamianis Rirseba misi gonebis Zalas emyareba. gonebas didi upiratesoba aqvs. naSromis, „usasrulo, universumi da samyaro` pirvelsave dialogSi bruno miuTiTebs, rom SegrZnebebs ar SeuZliaT swvden usasrulos raobas. saerTod usasruloba ar SeiZleba grZnobadi Semecnebis kvlevis obieqti iyos. is, vinc usasrulos Semecnebas cdilobs grZnobebis saSualebiT, imas emsgavseba, vinc cdilobs grZnobadi TvaliT dainaxos substancia da arseba. Tuki vinme usasrulos uaryofs imis safuZvelze, rom is xedvaSi ar mogvecema da arc grZnobadi uSualoba aqvs, iZulebuli iqneba uaryos sakuTari substancia da yofiereba, radgan arc isaa grZnobebisaTvis misawvdomi. gansxvavebiT kuzanelisagan, bruno icavs aqtualuri usasrulobis gaazrebadobas. misTvis gasulierebuli materia aqtualurad usasruloa. usasrulobaSi ki moZraoba da cvlileba gamoricxulia, radgan masSi yvelaferi ganxorcielebulia. amgvari daskvnis asacileblad bruno aqtualur usasrulobas warmoadgens, rogorc wyvetilobisa da uwyvetobis erTianobas. wyvetadobis, e. i. ganuyofeli erTeulis arseboba universumis Semecnebis da - 220 -

misi Sinagani moZraobis SesaZleblobaa. Semecneba eZiebs ra im umartives elements, risganac aigeba misi kvlevis sfero, yovelTvis awydeba raRac ganuyofels, romelic mxolod SesaZleblobaSia gayofadi. yovel Semecnebas, rogorc kvlevis damoukidebel meTods, Tavisi ganuyofeli sawyisi aqvs. maTematikisaTvis es aris wertili, fizikisaTvis _ atomi, metafizikisaTvis ki _ monada, rogorc gasulierebuli atomi. es sokratemdelTa hiloZoizmTan dabrunebaa, aristoteleseuli teleologizmis sapirispirod. Semecnebis Teoria. brunom uaryo RmerTisa da samyaros, rogorc transcendenturis da imanenturis dapirispireba, magram maT Soris gansxvaveba SeinarCuna, rogorc arsebis da movlenis, Sinagani mizezis da Sedegis. maT Soris damokidebulebis gageba neoplatonuri emanaciis msgavsad gaiazreba. samyaros msWvalavs siyvaruli, romelic axlavs yovlismomcvel RvTaebriv sinaTles. sxeuli miiswrafis sulisaken, suli _ gonisaken, goni _ RmerTisaken. es ukanaskneli, marTalia, imanenturia, magram arsebiTad gansxvavebulia yoveli arsebisagan. igi maradis miswrafebis sagania. esaa „heroikuli siyvarulis` dedaazri, romelic faqtiurs upirispirdeba, misi arsis SesanarCuneblad. amitom `heroikuli (gmiruli) siyvaruli~ brunosTan niSnavs wamebulad yofnis aucileblobas. universumi, marTalia, materialuria, magram grZnobis organoebiT miuwvdomelia rogorc misi arsi, ise misi mTlianoba. grZnobis organoebs SeuZliaT daiwyon Semecneba, magram usasrulo universumis mTlianobaSi warmodgena mxolod Cveni warmosaxvis Zalas SeuZlia, romelic Tavad usazRvroa. SemecnebiT ki, usasrulos mxolod goneba Seimecnebs. brunom imasac miaqcia yuradReba, rasac kanti bunebismetyvelebis meTods uwodebs da mecnieruli kvlevisaTvis mis sanimuSod aRiarebas - 221 -

apriorulis sakuTar gagebas daudebs safuZvlad. bruno koperniks emxroboda da Tvlida, rom igi, marTalia, grZnobadi monacemebiT iwyebs, magram am monacemebis gasagebad goneba imas uSvebs, rac grZnobadi monacemebis sapirispiroa: dedamiwa brunavs mzis garSemo da ara piriqiT _ rogorc es Cvens grZnobad xedvas ueWveli hgonia. warmosaxvis Zala Cven dagvanaxebs, rom Cveni dedamiwa erT-erTi umniSvnelo atomia usasrulobaSi. am usasrulobis sawvdomad adamianisaTvis aucilebeli araa eqstensiuri kvleva. adamiani mikrokosmosia. man Tavis TavSi unda aRmoaCinos universumis erTianobis da dedaarsis ganmsazRvreli _ anu RmerTi. amitom ityvis bruno: adamianis mizania iyos `RvTis taZari~. sakuTar TavSi RmerTis aRmoCena araa dazRveuli tkivilisa da tanjvisagan. es procesi Semecnebac aris da poeturi Semoqmedebac. WeSmariti filosofia, amave dros, aris musikac da mxatvrobac. Tavis TavSi aRmoCenili kanonzomiereba filosofoss sakuTar Semoqmedebad moecema. mas bedi ki ar ubrZanebs, aramed misi gabeduleba bedavs bedis xmis mosmenas. Tu am filosofiur-poeturi xedviT samyaros arsebobas CavwvdebiT da erTianobaSi davinaxavT mas, gaqreba samyaros moCvenebiTi nakli. samyaros dapirispirebulobani, romelTa logikur cxrils bruno iZleva naSromSi `mizezis, principisa da erTis Sesaxeb~, srulyofil harmonias qmnian. Semecnebis mizania samyaros amgvari xedvis miRweva. Semecnebis SesaZlebloba imas efuZneba, rom adamiani samyaros nawili da mikrokosmosia. magram nawili araa mTeli da verc gaxdeba. amitom mTelis absoluturi Semecneba marad miuRweveli mizania. swor gzaze dadgomac da xedvaSi usasrulobis moqcevac, samyaros harmoniaSi Wvretac mxolod erTeulTa xvedria. eWviT dawyebuli Semecneba, romelic gamocdilebidan amodis, samyaros (universumis) erTianobis wvdomamde da adamianis raobis dadgenamde midis oTxi safexuris gavliT: - 222 -

. grZnobadi Semecneba _ erTeul sagnebs Seiswavlis aRqmisa da warmodgenis doneze; . gansjadi Semecneba _ akavSirebs erTeulebs da sagnis pirvel gansazRvrebas iZleva. es msjelobis unaria; . gonebiTi Semecneba _ sxvadasxva msjelobaTa Sinaarsis erTianobaSi wvdomiT gadis mocemuls gareT. usasrulobis arsebobas da misi wvdomis problemas pirvelad is acnobierebs. es daskvnis unaria; 4. sulis safexuri _ gonebiT mocemul urTierTsapirispiro Sinaarsis daskvnebs aerTianebs, maT safuZvels swvdeba. mas sistemis unari SeiZleba ewodos. am safuZvelze adamiani daadgens, rom Semecnebis gasaRebi usasrulobaSia, rom usasrulobis amomwuravi Semecneba SeuZlebelia, magram misken swrafva aris adamianis umaRlesi daniSnuleba. es is azria, romelic Semdeg spinozasTan RmerTis inteleqtualuri siyvarulis saxes miiRebs. kuzanelis moZRvreba, brunos meSveobiT, evropuli racionalizmis ganviTarebis magistralur xazs ukavSirdeba (spinoza, laibnici, germanuli ganmanaTlebloba, Selingi). garda amisa, brunom axal filosofias dausaxa Taviseburi logikuri manqanebis Seqmnis problema. man aaRorZina raimund lulis moZRvreba momsjele manqanis Seqmnis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. zogi cnobiT, igi amgvari manqanis demonstrirebasac axdenda. amgvarma kvlevam igi imdenad gaitaca, rom zogjer mexsierebas da azrovnebas erTmaneTs uigivebda. brunos mravali mimdevari hyavda, magram maT Soris gamoirCeoda brunosaviT daudegari bunebis da misi bedis mqone moazrovne luCilio vanini. romsa da paduaSi ganswavluli vanini kardanos, pomponacsa da brunos moZRvrebas aerTianebs. Tavis maswavlebelTa Soris averoessac asaxelebs. igi principuli naturalizmis gzas adgas. - 223 -

paduaSi swavlas misTvis uSedegod ar Cauvlia. amtkicebda, sulTa gadasaxlebis kanonis ZaliT averoesis suli pomponacSi gadavidao. vanini aristoteles fizikuri Sromebis axali TvalsazrisiT komentirebasac eweoda. brunos msgavsad, yvelgan, sadac ki leqciebs kiTxulobda (safrangeTSi, niderlandebSi, SveicariaSi), konfliqtur situaciebs qmnida. 1616 wels gaiqca inglisSi. iqac msgavsi sutuacia Seqmna. vaninis mTavari naSromi _ `bunebis, rogorc mokvdavTa qalRmerTisa da dedoflis saocari saidumloebani~ (1616) _ dialogis formiTaa dawerili. aq warmodgenil kamaTSi gonebis argumentacia filosofiis mxarezea, qristiani ki mxolod rwmenaze miuTiTebs da misi sisuste aSkarad Cans. vaninis satira imdenad Zlieria, rom zogi mas volteris (1694-1778) winamorbedadac Tvlis. igi Tavis marTlac did niWs imis dasasabuTeblad iyenebda, rasac misi mkvlevrebi ukidures materialistur panTeizms da „uzneo skepticizms` uwodeben. Tavis dialogebSi vanini mogviTxrobs imaze, Tu rogor upasuxa man kiTxvas RmerTisa da materiis mimarTebis Sesaxeb. pasuxi emyareba averoesis cnobil „kibes`, romlis Sinaarsi isaa, rom ramdenadac materia yvela formis SesaZleblobaa, is, Tu moZravia, TandaTan ava arsebulTagan yvelaze umdablesidan umaRlesze, umaRlesi ki RmerTia. es, vaninis azriT, mas uflebas aZlevda eTqva: „RmerTi anu materia` (69,55). ara marto Teologebi Tvlidnen, rom vanini yvelas da yvelafers dascinis da darwmunebulia, rom yvelafris dasabuTeba SeuZlia. amiT ganasxvavebdnen mis aTeizms XVIII s.-is frangi moazrovneebis pirdapiri da gulwrfeli aTeizmisagan. misi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli wignis saTauric ki sakmao safuZvelia amgvari SexedulebisaTvis: „maradiuli, ciur-jadosnuri, qristianul-fizikuri, astrologiur-kaTolikuri gangebis amfiTeatri, Zveli filosofosebis, aTeistebis, - 224 -

epikurelebis, peripatelebis da stoelebis sapirispirod`. misi mowinaaRmdegeebi cdilobdnen eCvenebinaT, rom vanini panTeizms iyenebs sakuTari ukiduresi aTeizmis dasafaravad. hegeli fiqrobs, rom tuluzaSi vaninis koconze dawva (dawvamde mas ena amoglijes) gamoxatavs codnis da rwmenis damokidebulebaSi saeklesio wreebis poziciis Secvlas. vanini xom, gansxvavebiT brunosagan, aRiarebda orTodoqsuli RmerTis arsebobas, magram igi mainc dasajes, radgan mis SromebSi argumentebi Teologiis sawinaaRmdegod iyo mimarTuli. hegeli fiqrobs, rom es faqti im viTarebas asaxavs, rom am droisTvis eklesia acnobierebs gonebis sapirispiro rwmenis usafuZvlobas. magram didi filosofosi aqac, sakuTari principebis Sesabamisad, Tvlis, rom SemTxveviToba (vaninis dawvis faqti) yovelTvis aucileblobis gamovlenaa. amdenad, vaninis bedi rwmenisa da codnis mimarTebaSi axali istoriuli etapis gamovlinebad miaCnia.

5. Tomazo kampanela (1568-1639) axali epoqis moTxovnebi Tavs iCenda ara marto progresulad ganwyobil moazrovneebSi, aramed imaTSic, vinc yovel Rones xmarobda Zvelis gadasarCenad. isini Zalauneburad emsaxurebodnen progress da es axlis Zalis erT-erTi naTeli gamoxatuleba iyo. Tomazo kampanela dominikeli beri iyo da papis Zalauflebis absolutizaciaze ocnebobda. cixeSi 27 weli man politikuri moRvaweobisaTvis gaatara. marTalia, galileis icavda, magram astrologobazec debda Tavs. mis naturfilosofiaSi didi adgili ukavia mistikasa da magias. miuxedavad amisa, misi damsaxurebaa is, rom empirizmiT sayovelTao gatacebis periodSi miuTiTa empirizmisa da skepticizmis Sinagan kavSirze da skepticizmis gadalaxvis safuZveli - 225 -

Sinagan gamocdilebaSi, adamianis mier sakuTar sulier procesebze dakvirvebaSi dainaxa, riTac igi dekartis winamorbedi gaxda. kampanelas utopiuri nawarmoebi `mzis qalaqi`, marTalia, Tomas moriseuli utopiis gakaTolikurebis STabeWdilebas tovebs [kampanela romis papis, urban II (1568-1644) megobari iyo], magram kunZul `taprobanze` sakuTrebis uaryofa, sayovelTao Sroma, oTxsaaTiani samuSao dRe, amasTan saxelmwifos mecnierebis safuZvelze marTvis qadageba, istoriulad progresuli movlena iyo. Tumca religiuri fanatizmi (romelsac es didi niWis adamiani, rogorRac „aTanxmebda` mowinave mecnierul ideebTan) mas pirovnebis saxelmwifosadmi sruli daqvemdebarebis gamarTlebamde miiyvans, rac imis pirdapir sawinaaRmdego iyo, risTvisac florencielma akademikosebma platonis moZRvreba wamoswies. kampanelas „mzis qalaqi`, makiavelis „mTavaris` gverdiT, antiutopiis erT-erTi saxea. amitom mis moZRvrebas zogi mkvlevari renesansis Ralatad miiCnevs. kampanelas ZiriTadi filosofiuri Sromebia: `universaluri filosofia` da `grZnobadi Semecnebis upiratesobis Sesaxeb`. isini warmogvidgenen moazrovnes, romelsac arc Zveli emeteba da arc axlis Seufasebloba SeuZlia. misTvis fizikas da Teologias Sua dgas metafizika, romelic `filosofosTa bibliaa`. man ara marto mecniereba, aramed politika da kanonmdeblobac unda daafuZnos da yvelaferi Teologias daumorCilos. kampanelas azriT, Cveni codnis Sinaarsi ornair WeSmaritebas gviCvenebs. rwmena Teologiis wyaroa, aRqma _ filosofiis da saerTod mecnierebis. WeSmariteba Cven ornairad gvecxadeba: adamianma unda icodes biblia da unda icodes buneba. jovani domeniko kampanela, romelmac berobaSi Tomas saxeli miiRo, daibada kalabriaSi. biografebi miuTiTeben misi cxovrebis im SemTxveviT viTarebaze, romelmac mTeli misi cxovreba gansazRvra. 15 wlis kampanela ukve - 226 -

dominikelTa monasterSi iyo. am dros kozentinelma franciskanelebma disputSi gamoiwvies dominikelebi. beri, romelic yvelaze Zlier Teologad iTvleboda, avad gaxda. iZulebulni gaxdnen 15 wlis bavSvi gaegzavnaT, Tundac imitom, rom ambavi moetana. es bavSvi gabedulad CaerTo kamaTSi da brwyinvaled gaimarjva. gakvirvebuli Teologebi irwmunebodnen, rom masSi telezios suli gadavida (telezio kozentineli iyo). ymawvilic, amis Semdeg, telezios miiCnevda Tavis idealad. Tumca piradad ver gaicno. 20 wlis kampanelas pirveli wigni am ganwyobis gamoxatulebaa. rogorc mirandolas, kampanelasac ar apaties didi niWi. xmebi dauyares, vinme moxucma ebraelma kabalaSi gawvrTna da am gziT moipova zebunebrivi codnao. mogvianebiT, „sami crumoZRvaris` avtorobac daabrales. kampanela ki ise gawvrTniliyo tradiciulad miRebuli faqtebis uaryofaSi, rom raRac monacemebze dayrdnobiT, TviT karlos didis (747-814) arsebobaSic Seitana eWvi. misi pirveli wignis gamocemis sababi gaxda vinme i. a. martis wigni, romelic 1587 wels gamovida da telezios mier aristoteles kritikis ususurobas amtkicebda. sapasuxo wignSi _ „grZnobebiT dasabuTebuli filosofia` _ kampanelam warmatebiT daicva telezio da SesaZlebel oponentebsac kamaTis xalisi daukarga. 1591 wels man neapolSi gamosca wigni „saganTa SegrZnebis Sesaxeb`. aq igi ukve scildeba telezios, radgan iyenebs bunebriv magias da astrologias, romelTac telezio uaryofda. es siaxle ganpirobebuli iyo cnobili neapoleli Teologi portas wigniT „bunebrivi magia`, romelmac daafuZna „bunebis saidumloebaTa akademia`. magram kampanela aqve aRniSnavda, rom Tavis maswavlebelze uaris Tqma arc ufiqria. kampanelam moisurva, rom azrovnebis sferoSi miRweuli gabeduleba socialur praqtikaSi gadaetana. ga- 227 -

mosca wigni „mimarTva italieli Tavadebisadmi`; mouwodebda daepyroT espaneTi da papis msoflio monarqia SeeqmnaT. Cans, rom mas momxreebic hyavda. ajanyebis organizeba Tavad ikisra. dRec daniSna _ 1599 wels 10 seqtemberi. daapatimres da samudamo patimroba miusajes. cixeSi dawera Sromebi „mzis qalaqi`, „galileis dacva` da „rogor SeuZliaT adamianebs varskvlavebidan nauwyeb beds gaeqcnen?`. astrologiiT gatacebuli papi urban VIII, 25 wlis patimrobis Semdeg, aTavisuflebs kampanelas. magram mas italiaSi ar daedgomeboda: safrangeTSi gaiqca, sadac p. gasendi yovelmxriv exmareboda. bunebaSi kampanelasaTvis yvelaferi gasulierebulia. yvelafers axasiaTebs grZnoba, e. i. cnobierebisa da Zalis erTianoba. aRqma da codna emTxveva erTmaneTs. mogoneba, msjeloba, daskvna aRqmis modifikaciebia. am Tanamimdevruli empirizmis poziciebidan kampanela uaryofs brunos mier SemecnebaSi gonebisaTvis damoukidebeli rolis miniWebas. magram manve dainaxa, rom am safuZvelze Semecnebis veraviTar sayovelTaobas ver davasabuTebT, rom absoluturi skepticizmi gardauvalia. kampanela eZebs gamosavals. misi azriT, sruli skepticizmi gardauvalia, Tu garegani gamocdilebidan gamovalT; magram, Tu Sinagan gamocdilebas davemyarebiT, vnaxavT rig ueWvel debulebebs da Semdeg analogiis saSualebiT gadavitanT ueWvelobas garegan sagnebzec. Sinagani gamocdilebis uryevi monacemebia: 1. „Cven varT`; 2. „Cven varT, viciT da gvsurs`; 3. „Cven viciT, rom gareganiT varT gansazRvruli`; 4. „viciT da gvsurs ara marto awmyo, aramed momavalic`. amgvari safuZvlis mopovebis Semdeg, kampanela mimarTavs RmerTis ideas, rogorc TanSobils, romlis srulyofileba ar gvaZlevs uflebas igi naklovani adamianebis mier Seqmnilad CavTvaloT. am ideis gageba RmerTis uSualo Wvretas niSnavs. mivida ra eWvidan RmerTamde, kampanela cdilobs neo- 228 -

platonuri emanaciis Teoriis daxmarebiT gaiazros saerTod arsebuli: 1. RmerTi; 2. idealuri samyaro; 3. sulTa (adamianis sulis CaTvliT) samyaro; 4. maTematikuri samyaro (geometriis sagani); 5. sxeulebrivi samyaro (droSi da sivrceSi arsebuli sagnis pirveladi Tvisebebi); 6. empiriuli samyaro, anu saganTa warmodgena meoradi TvisebebiT. yoveli sagani (materiis CaTvliT) moZraobs, moZraoba aris aracnobieri swrafva TviTSenaxvisaken, e. i. maradiulobisaken, e. i. RmerTisaken. kampanela maTematikas fizikis msaxurad acxadebda. cdilobda axali geografiuli aRmoCenebi gamoeyenebina msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebis gaazrebisas. igi werda: `avgustine uaryofda dedamiwis sferulobas zogadi argumentebiT, kolumbma ki faqtiurad daamtkica, rom dedamiwa mrgvalia. aq WeSmariteba mogveca grZnobadad, rac gamoricxavs kamaTs`. amave naSromSi igi adamians `samyaros qvakuTxedad` acxadebs, ramdenadac igi cnobierad iswrafis RmerTisaken. aq TiTqos axali drois adamiani laparakobs, magram axali filosofiis damaarseblebisagan, igi mainc mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. Tu kampanelasaTvis grZnobadi WeSmariteba gamoricxavs kamaTs, dekartisaTvis yvelaze naTeli grZobadi mocemulobac ki saeWvoa, radgan naTeli, sizmris da sifxizleSi raimes naTlad danaxvas Soris ganmasxvavebeli logikuri kriteriumi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes. isic gasaxsenebelia, rom axali filosofiis meore didi mamamTavari, fr. bekonic, empirizmis didi damcveli, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar dakmayofildeboda ragind naTlad daenaxa raime. arsebulis WeSmaritebis dasasabuTeblad igi Tavis cxrilebs da jvris eqsperiments mimarTavda. kampanela yuradRebas ar aqcevda imas, rom „faqti` Tavadaa interpretacia. kolumbs rom amerika indoeTi egona, esec „ueWveli faqti` iyo. kampanelasagan gansxvavebiT, am moazrovneebs adamianis bunebaze gabatonebac gansxvavebulad esmodaT. - 229 -

cnobilia, rom bibliaze damyarebuli religiebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis, RmerTma adamians bunebaze batonoba daavala. RmerTis es sityvebi mowmobs, rom buneba mzad iyo damorCileboda adamians. fr. bekonisa da dekartesaTvis ki adamiani ar aris dedamiwis batoni, aramed unda gaxdes aseTi, mecnierebis daxmarebiT. man unda daimorCilos buneba. esaa axali filosofiis ara marto racionalizmis, aramed „racionalizmis yaidaze gamoWrili` (haidegeri) evropuli iracionalizmis da empirizmis mizani, ris Sedegebsac XX saukuneSi ganmanaTleblobis dialeqtikis meqanizmiT axsnian. es dialeqtika gulisxmobs, rom adamianis gonebis didi warmatebebi, romliTac kacobrioba amayobs da romlis Zalac teqnikaSi yvelaze naTlad Cans (atomuri energia, genetika, kompiuterizacia), pirovnebis, sazogadoebis diqtatis qveS moqcevis arnaxul SesaZleblobebs qmnis da axali didi krizisis winaSe ayenebs kacobriobas. galileisTan vatikanis gamwvavebuli urTierToba iyos imis mizezi, rom kaTolicizmis erTguli damcveli kampanela mogvianebiT galileis ar axsenebs. ar axsenebs mas arc „mzis qalaqis` meore gamocemaSi, roca galileim mis mierve agebuli teleskopiT oTxi planeta aRmoaCina; es teleskopi 30 jer adidebda sagans (67,74). es ucnauri faqti kacs gaaxsenebs imasac, rom didi astronomi da maTematikosi kepleric, teleskopis gamogonebisaTvis, Janbatista portas aqebda da ara galileis. Tumca isini icnobdnen erTmaneTs. galilei Tavad werda keplers, rom misi Txovnis miuxedavad, universitetis filosofosebs teleskopSi Caxedva ki ara, misi danaxvac ar undaT (69,III,398). kampanelas „mzis qalaqi`, platonis „saxelmwifoSi` warmodgenili utopiis kaTolikuri eklesiis miznebisaTvis daqvemdebarebis cdaa. am naSromSi dialogi mimdinareobs genuel mezRvaursa da kaTolikuri monas- 230 -

tris sastumros mamasaxliss Soris. faqtiurad orives unda uCvenos, Tu rogor gamoadgeba kaTolikur eklesias daqvmdebarebul samyaroSi, aqamde ucnobi kunZul taprobanis (zogis azriT, es ceilonia) religia, astrologia, mecniereba, teqnika da ganaTlebis organizacia kacobriobas. es kunZuli kacobriobis gamaerTianebeli saxelmwifos Taviseburi modelia. amitomaa, rom saxelmwifos meTauris, anu metafizikosis (ase uwodebs mas kampanela) arCevisas, mecnierebaTa da teqnikis gverdiT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven mis mier yvela xalxis religiis da istoriis codnas. cxadia, am kacs RmerTic nawvdomi unda hyavdes, ramdenadac es mokvdavisaTvis SesaZlebelia. sainteresoa, rom yovelive amis codnis SemTxvevaSic, 35 wlamde misi arCeva ar SeiZleba, gansxvavebiT platonisagan, romelic amisaTvis 50 wels miiCnevda aucileblad. rac Seexeba qveynad ubedurebis arsebobas, kampanela platonis da, kidev metad, boeciusis kvalad imeorebs, rom borot adamianTa warmateba amqveynad oden moCvenebiTi bednierebaa. kampanela vrclad msjelobs imaze, rom astrologia ar ewinaaRmdegeba mecnierebas. planetebis zemoqmedeba adamianTa bedze misTvis ueWveli faqtia. igi fiqrobs, rom arc ricxvTa magias ewinaaRmdegeba Teologia. RmerTma yvelaferi ricxviT, zomiT da woniT Seqmna. mzis qalaqelebma Seqmnes safreni manqanebi da uialqno da uniCbo xomaldebi. yovelive amisken Cven RmerTi wagvmarTavs, magram ara ZaldatanebiT. adamiani Tavisufali arsebaa, imdenad, rom mas RmerTze ciliswamebac SeuZlia. kampanela cdilobs Tavisi optimisturi molodini kaTolicizmis momaval triumfze, astrologiaze daamyaros; is espanelebis mier genuelebis didi gmiris, kolumbis mcdelobiT amerikis aRmoCenas RvTis niSnad miiCnevs. espanelebi oqros eZebdnen, magram RmerTma isini gacilebiT didi miznebisaTvis miiyvana iq. es mizani qristianobis - 231 -

mTels msoflioze gabatonebaa. optimizmis safuZvels, kampanelas azriT, iZleva isic, rom im saukuneSi gamogonil iqna wignis beWdva, Tofis wamali, kompasi. „mzis qalaqSi` saxelmwifos, mecnierebis da filosofiis mimarTebac idealuraTaa mowesrigebuli mamasaxlisi-metafizikosis xelmZRvanelobiT: fizika aucilebelia saxelmwifosaTvis _ bunebasTan teqnikis saSualebiT warmatebuli damokidebulebisaTvis. maTematika aris fizikis msaxuri. fizika aucilebelia aseve filosofiisaTvis. metafizika fizikasa da Teologias Sua dgas. is Tavis mxriv, msaxuria Teologiis. kampanelas „mzis qalaqSi` Cveulebriv Tomas moris „utopiis` ideebis kaTolikuri eklesiis miznebisaTvis gamoyenebas xedaven. marTalia losevi, roca amtkicebs, rom namdvili antikuri platonizmi am naSromSi ufro metia, vidre inglisel utopistTan. ufro mniSvnelovania, losevis mier imis xazgasma, rom aq kampanela platons italiuri renesansisaTvis damaxasiaTebel titanizmze da egocentrizmze uaris saTqmelad iyenebs. platonTan, saerTod, gansakuTrebiT, mis saxelmwifoSi pirovneba da misi intersebi xom savsebiT eqvemdebardeba saxelmwifos intersebs? renesansis mizani ki sul sxva iyo. losevisave terminebiT rom vTqvaT, kampanelasTan Cven gvaqvs titanizmis safrTxis gaazreba da kvlav pirovnebis mimarT sazogadoebisa da RmerTis primatisaken mibruneba.

6. iakob boeme (1575-1624) samyaros da adamianis daniSnulebis axleburi, Sua saukuneebisagan gansxvavebuli, xedva am epoqaSi kulturis yvela sferoSi Taviseburad vlindeba. am saqmeSi Tavisi wvlili Seitana germanulma mistikamac, romelic jer kidev maister ekhartTan gamoikveTa da giorliceli xarazis, iakob boemes naazrevSi samyaros dialeqtikuri - 232 -

xedvis, neoplatonurisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli, nimuSi mogvca. boemem, sakuTari sulieri gancdebis da bibliis Sinaarsis analizis safuZvelze, moxaza msoflmxedveloba, romelic ara marto aigivebs samyaros RmerTTan, aramed mas RmerTis TviTganviTarebad miiCnevs. am qmnadi RmerTis mamoZravebeli aris masSive arsebuli dapirispirebuli sawyisebis brZola. RmerTSi sikeTis gverdiT boroti sawyisis daSvebiT moixsna borotebis arasubstanciurobis debuleba. aq saqme gvaqvs ara or, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel sawyisTan, rogorc amas, magaliTad, zoroastrizmi aswavlida, aramed erTi viTarebis, saxeldobr, RmerTis or mxaresTan. Tu areopagitikaSi borotebas, garkveuli mizniT, Tavad sikeTe aZlevda Zalas, `mbrZolsa missa mis mierve miuRies Zali, raiTa dges da hbrZodis mas` (23,47), boemesaTvis sikeTe da boroteba erTnairad apirobeben erTmaneTs. megobarma eqimma da alqimikosma balTazar valterma (XVI-XVII ss.) boemes uwoda `filosofos tevtonikus`. es saxeli SerCa boemes. igi hegelmac samarTlianad miiCnia, radgan Tvlida, rom boemem imas miaqcia yuradReba (Tumca ara cnebiTi azrovnebis doneze), rac germanuli sulis specifikur saqmed iTvleba azrovnebis istoriaSi. igulisxmeba dialeqtika, rogorc ganviTarebisa da axlis warmoSobis meTodi. iakob boeme daibada 1575 wels. igi dekartis ufrosi da fr. bekonis umcrosi Tanamedrovea. maSindeli germania glexTa omis damarcxebis mZime Sedegebidan jer kidev ver ganTavisuflebuliyo. ekonomikurad, kulturulad da politikurad CamorCenil qveyanaSi sasikeTo gamosavalic ar Canda. qveyana ocdaaTwliani omisaken midioda, romelic 1616 wels daiwyo. amanac ganapiroba germanuli progresuli azris mistikuri da religiuri samoseli. mSoblebma momavali filosofosi skolaSi miabares, - 233 -

radgan mZime glexuri SromisaTvis susti janmrTelobis ymawvils Zala ar eyofoda. mcireodeni ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, bavSvi xarazs daumowafes. aq saqme ukeT wavida. maSindeli praqtikis mixedviT, axalgazrda xelosans aucileblad unda emogzaura, gamocdileba mieRo. am mogzaurobis dros gaecno iakobi germaniaSi gavrcelebul uamrav seqtas da mimarTulebas. igi cdilobda maT safuZvelze aexsna mis winaSe mdgari msoflmxedvelobiTi problemebi, is idumaleba, rac mis xilvebs axlda. 1612 wels, rodesac boeme qalaq giorlicis moqalaqe da sakuTari damRis mqone ostati iyo, gamoica misi umniSvnelovanesi naSromi _ `avrora, anu ciskris varskvlavi`. wigni swrafad gavrcelda, ramac luTeranuli orTodoqsiis ganrisxeba gamoiwvia. giorlicis mRvdeli, ganaTlebuli, magram despoti luTeraneli gregor rixteri (15601624) boemes dasjas moiTxovda. boemes icavda qalaqis biurgermaisteri, germaniaSi humanizmis sayuradRebo warmomadgeneli, paracelsis mimdevari, barTolomeos skultetusi (1540_1614). boemes ar sjian, magram weras aukrZalaven. igi erTxans emorCileba ganaCens. magram ganagrZobs sakuTari problemebis kvlevas. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas alqimiis Seswavlas aqcevs. 1622 wels mainc aqveynebs naSroms `saganTa xelwera, anu yoveli arsebis warmoSobisa da aRniSvnis Sesaxeb`. amas sxva naSromebic mosdeven. boemes momxreTa ricxvi izrdeba. kvlav aukrZales wera, magram am dros sikvdilma mouswro. megobrebs did Sromad daujdaT eklesiis ezoSi misi damarxvis nebarTva. saflavis jvarze cnobili sityvebi daaweres: veni, vidi, vici (mivel, vnaxe, davamarcxe). boemes naazrevs germanul enaze mweral filosofosTa gavlena atyvia, esenia: maister ekharti, kuzaneli, luTeri, paracelsi da sebastian franki; boeme axsenebs da iwonebs paracelsis mowafes, `meore reformaciis` mniSvnelovan warmomadgenels _ valentin vaigels. - 234 -

vaigeli samyarosa da RmerTs erTmaneTs utolebda, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda makrokosmosis da mikrokosmosis mimarTebas, amtkicebda, rom boroteba sikeTidan warmoiSveba da isini yvela saganSi ebrZvian erTmaneTs, magram boroteba mainc meoradia. luTers biblia rom germanulad ar eTargmna, boemes msoflmxedveloba, albaT, ar warmoiSveboda. didi stimuli iyo misTvis luTeris principi: yovelma adamianma Tavad unda monaxos Tavisi gza RmerTisaken da mixvdes Tavis daniSnulebas. idealisturi panTeizmis principi „RmerTi yvelaferSia da yvelaferi RmerTSia` da, aseve, vaigelis principi „adamiani araferia RmerTis gareSe da RmerTi araferia adamianis gareSe, orive yovelTvis erTadaa`, boemem gaigo, rogorc individis mier sakuTar sulSi mTeli samyaros danaxvis SesaZleblobis sayrdeni. boeme aTeisti ar iyo, magram yovel oficialur religias ewinaaRmdegeboda. `CemTvis cxadia, rom yoveli Cxubi da kamaTi religiidan warmoiSva`, _ gvauwyebs boeme. idealizmisa da religiis kavSiri masTanac naTelia; magram misi opoziciuri religia im periodSi progresul rols TamaSobda, xolo misi panTeizmi materializmis gaZlierebasac ki uwyobda xels. samyaro da RmerTi boemesTvis, marTalia, erTi da igivea, magram mxolod mas Semdeg, rac samyaro warmoiSva. manamde RmerTi araviTari garkveuloba ar iyo, e. i. arc RmerTi iyo da arc samyaro. manam is iyo pirvelsawyisiufskruli, romelsac boeme, mistikuri tradiciis mixedviT, araras uwodebs, radgan yovel arss, anu raobas aqvs Tavisi safuZveli Tu mizezi; pirvelsawyiss ki is ar SeiZleba hqondes. magram RmerTSi maSinve aris borotebisa da sikeTis brZola. am brZoliT, am tanjviT (quel), iqmneba Tvisebrioba (qualitet). es imas niSnavs, rom RmerTi samyarod qmnis Tavis Tavs. arara (Nichts), raobad (Ichts) - 235 -

iqceva. mTavari isaa, rom es RmerTis Rirebulebis damdableba ki ar aris, aramed amaRleba. es qmnadi RmerTia. aq brZoliT ukeTesis warmoSoba xdeba. amdenad, winaaRmdeg neoplatonuri daRmavali emanaciisa, gacnobierebulia aRmavali ganviTarebis idea. am azris Tanmimdevruli gatareba boemem ver SeZlo. winaaRmdegobani mis naazrevSi araa iSviaTi movlena. masTan imis mtkicebasac vxvdebiT, rom RmerTi absoluturad negatiuria da imasac, rom samyaro RmerTis sxeulia. paracelsis gavleniT, boeme gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs TviTcnobierebas. igi daaxloebiT ise gaiazrebs suls, rogorc SemdgomSi laibnici sulier monadas warmoadgens. masSi mTeli samyaroa. me caSi ki ar avsulvar, raTa iq damenaxa RmerTi da misi saqmeebi, aramed igive ca Cems sulSi aRmovaCine da davadgine, rom yvela sagania RmerTi da ca. me, _ ganagrZobs boeme, _ Cemi sulis asoebSi vkiTxulob da ara wignebSi. zogierTi istorikosis azriT, boeme samebis erTianobis mtkicebisas mivida meoTxe principis aucileblobamde. es oTxerTianobis mtkiceba (mama, Ze, suliwmida da maTi erTianoba RvTis sibrZneSi) misma mowinaaRmdegebma eresSi braldebisaTvis gamoiyenes (20,171). azrovnebis istoriis perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT, aq saintereso isaa, rom XIX saukuneSi hegelis dialeqtikis zogi mimdevari, magaliTad, boris CiCerini (1828-1904), saWirod CaTvlis hegelis dialeqtikis samwevriani sqemis oTxwevrianiT Secvlas. ramdenadac yoveli arsebuli boemesaTvis RmerTis gamovlinebaa, is, garkveuli azriT, RmerTis enas warmoadgens. yoveli arsebuli raRacas gveubneva RmerTze. sagnebi RmerTis enaa da Cven igi unda gavigoT. boemesaTvis es gareganis da Sinaganis, fizikurisa da fsiqikuris, sulisa da sxeulis kavSiris problemaa da misi enis Teoriac, am globaluri aspeqtiT, cdilobs enis - 236 -

raobis gagebas. naSromSi `saganTa xelwera`, romlis erTerTi qvesaTauria `imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gardaiqmneba boroteba sikeTed da sikeTe borotebad`, boeme werda: `Sinagani gareganSi arsebobs da Sinagans garegani uWiravs, rogorc sarke, romelSic is xedavs Tavisi yoveli formirebis Taviseburebas. garegani misi xelweraa, misi niSania`. aseTi dialeqtikuri kavSiri rom ar iyos garegansa da Sinagans Soris, enas araviTari mniSvneloba ar eqneboda. adamianebi verc RmerTs gaugebdnen da verc erTmaneTs. enis xmauri im specifikisaa, rom adamians umxels missave Sinagan formas. xmaSi suli Tavis formas aqsovs. mavanis xmis JRera amoZravebs sxvebSi msgavs formebs. amdenad, sxvisi suli Taviseburi sakravia, romelzedac adamianis ena ukravs. yvela adamianuri enis safuZvelSi, boemes azriT, Zevs `bunebis ena`. es isaa, riTac adami nivTebs saxels aZlevda. magram mas win uZRvis ena, romliTac RmerTma Tavisi neba gamoxata samyaros Seqmnisas. igi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba adamianTa enisagan. RmerTis ena sagnebs qmnis. ena TavisTavad ar niSnavs metyvelebas. metyveleba yovelTvis dialoguria. adamis Seqmnamde RmerTi ar laparakobda. misi azris gaxmovaneba ar iyo saWiro. boeme cdilobs enaTa genealogiaSic gaerkves. igi laparakobs `enaTa xis oTx alfavitze`: I. _ bunebrivi enisa, romelic ferSi mdgomareobs da mxolod imas esmis, vinc RvTaebriv gamocdilebas eziareba; II. _ ebrauli alfaviti, romelic gaxsnis Savi feris misterias (Tu enebs xis saxiT warmovidgenT, es iqneba xis totebi da Stoebi); III. _ berZnuli alfaviti, romelic xis nayofs warmoadgens da mis mSvenebas gamoxatavs; IV. _ laTinuri, romelic mraval ers daexmara da enaTa xis Zalas da qvelobas gamoxatavs. babilonSi, enaTa aRrevis Semdeg, warmoiSva 72 ena, romelnic Tav-TavianTi gziT wavidnen. laibnici, romelic saerTod boemes mistikas amreziT uyurebda, - 237 -

Tavis `axal gamokvlevebSi` seriozulad ixilavs enaTa saerTo Ziris da misi ganStoebebis boemiseul Teorias. Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi enaTa Rirebulebis boemesul klasifikacias yuradReba miaqcia fukom, Tavis gaxmaurebul wignSi „sityvebi da sagnebi`. igi Tvlis, rom ebrauli ena saerTo iyo RmerTs, adamianebsa da cxovelebs Soris. masSi SemorCenilia pirveladi sibrZnis namsxvrevebi, im sibrZnisa, roca sityva da saxeli sagnis arsebas gamoxatavda (32,71). boemes gavlena didia momdevno TaobaTa rogorc religiur, ise filosofiur azrovnebaze. XIX s.-Si safrangeTSi igi wminda martinma aaRorZina. niutoni gatacebuli iyo misiT. romantikosebi, Selingi, hegeli pativiscemiT ixseniebdnen mas. mniSvnelovani iyo misi gavlena rusul religiur da idealistur azrovnebaze, magaliTad, nikolai berdiaevze (1874-1948).

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aRorZinebis epoqis filosofia - axali filosofiis Sesavali epoqidan epoqaSi gadasvla droSi sakmaod gaWimuli procesia, romlis drosac Zvelisa da axlis maxasiaTebeli ideebi xSirad mezobloben, ecilebian kidevac erTmaneTs kulturis, mecnierebisa da filosofiis mTavari mamoZraveblis adgils. amitom axali filosofiis dawyebad sxvadasxva filosofoss, anda filosofosebs asaxeleben xolme. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, rogorc wesi, filosofiis sxvadasxva sferoSi da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi amgvari moazrovneebis erTnairi gansazRvra gaZnelebulia Sesabamisi qveynebis kulturis donisa da tradiciebis gansxvavebebis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, saorientaciod mainc SesaZlebelia gamovyoT moazrovneebi, romelTac filosofiaSi yvelaze naTlad wamoswies filosofiis sakuTrivi axali meTodis da codnisaTvis ara mxolod spekulaturi, aramed realuri, pragmatuli mniSvnelobis miniWebis aucilebloba („codna _ Zalaa`). es principebi ki axali drois ori didi moazrovnis, frensis bekonis da rene dekartis saxelebs ukavSirdeba. fr. bekonis aRniSnuli principis _ „codna Zalaa` _ siaxlis gasagebad unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom aq igulisxmeba mecnieruli, dasabuTebas da eqsperiments damyarebuli codna. sxvagvarad, Cven rojer bekons (1214-1294) ver ganvasxvavebdiT misi didi mogvarisagan. amitomacaa, rom zogi mkvlevari am did sqolastikoss aniWebs upiratesobas, axali drois empirizmis mamamTavarTan SedarebiT. saqme isaa, rom rojer bekoni codnaSi, maTematikis da empiriis garda, gulisxmobda magiasac, kabalasac, filosofiuri qvis (romelsac didxans eZebda da irwmuneboda, rom misi saidumloeba gaigo) Zalasac. fr. bekonisaTvis ki Zala, romelsac SeuZlia adamiani bunebaze gaabatonos, aris mxolod mecnierebis da eqsperimentis Zala. paracelsi, - 239 -

kardano, bruno da a. S. gansakuTrebulobaze da titanurobaze mTeli maTi pretenziebis miuxedavad, yovelTvis raRacas, da xSirad sakmaod mniSvnelovans, utovebdnen astrologias, magias, kabalas. rogorc kasireri aRniSnavs, isini cdilobdnen eCvenebinaT, rom astrologia da magia ki ar ewinaaRmdegeba maT mier Semotanil bunebis axal gagebas (vTqvaT, maTematikis eniT dawerils), aramed erTianobaSi da TanxmobaSia masTan. fr. bekonTan ki RmerTi saerTod araa mecnieruli kvlevis sagani da es sulac ar miaCnia mas mecnieruli azrovnebis naklad da misi Zalis damcirebad. rac Seexeba imas, rom dekarts mis mier adamianis gonebis bunebrivi sinaTlis (Lumen naturale) rogorc WeSmaritebis kriteriumis dasafuZneblad, RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTeba dasWirda, aq ZiriTadia is, rom mecnierebisaTvis RmerTis, rogorc keTilis arseboba, saWiroa mxolod rogorc dasabuTebulis. Torem dekarts mis arsebobaSi eWvi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar epareboda. amdenad, aqac dasabuTebaa ZiriTadad miCneuli da isic naTelia, rom RmerTi masTan, iseve, rogorc fr. bekonTan da T. hobsTan, mecnierebis kvlevis sagani araa. RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebiT azrovneba TviT qmnis Tavis safuZvels. amitom ar moswonda, Tavis droze, Toma aqvinels anselmis dasabuTeba (dasabuTebaze damokidebuls xdiso RmerTsa da rwmenas); xolo hegels ki swored amitom moswonda dekartis meTodi. igi aRniSnavs, rom dekartTan azrovneba mxolod sakuTar safuZvels emyareba. raseli aRorZinebis dasasrulad, social-politikuri TvalsazrisiT, miiCnevs karlos V mier 1527 wels romis aRebas da gaZarcvas (49,518). es TariRi udavod mniSvnelovani iyo aRorZinebis istoriaSi. isic sworia, rom aRorZinebis triumfaluri winsvlis xana damTavrda (gardacvlilni iyvnen botiCeli, rafaeli, leonardo da vinCi, magram kidev didxans moRvaweobda miqelanjelo da zogierTi gamoCenili xelovani da mecnieri). - 240 -

martivad rom vTqvaT, aRorZineba dasrulda maSin, roca axali epoqa (fr. bekoni, dekarti) daiwyo, e. i. XVII s.-is pirvel naxevarSi. manamde aRorZineba ganagrZobda arsebobas da garkveuli damajereblobiT icavda kidec sakuTar principebs, axal filosofiis warmomadgenlebTan dapirispirebaSi (mag., gasendi dekartis winaaRmdeg da sxva). amitom, sworia mosazreba, rom romis dapyroba da darbeva iyo maRali renesansis dasasruli da Tavad romis, rogorc renesansis samyaros araoficialuri dedaqalaqis, mzis Casveneba. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom renesansisa da axali filosofiis warmomadgenlebis kamaTi WeSmaritebis dasadgenad mravalwlian gulmodgine TanamSromlobas ganasaxierebda. pier gasendisa da dekartis safuZvliani da nayofieri kamaTi, azrovnebis, rogorc sakuTari Tavis safuZvlis Sesaxeb, amis kargi magaliTia. misi gavlena axal filosofiaze, TviT kantze da fixteze, sakmaod naTelia. ra formiTac ar unda gamosuliyvnen axali filosofiis warmomadgenlebi, maTi pozicia, saboloo jamSi, ormagi WeSmaritebis uaryofa iyo. maTTvis WeSmariteba erTia, is gonebis da mecnierebis mier aris dasabuTebuli. „codna Zalaa` da misi WeSmariteba bunebaze gabatonebaSi gamoixateba. racionalizmis da empirizmis mravali warmomadgeneli axal epoqaSi iziarebda fr. bekonis mier wamoyenebul am princips. safrangeTis akademiis saamayo qmnilebis, „mecnierebaTa, xelovnebisa da xelobaTa enciklopediis` devizi es iyo da kantis, axali epoqis erTerTi yvelaze safuZvliani moazrovnis, „wminda gonebis kritikasac` azrisa da saqmis kavSirze, fr. bekonis sityvebi amSvenebda. racionalizmis, iseve, rogorc empirizmis batonoba, am epoqaSi upirobo ar iyo. maTi urTierTdapirispirebis Sedegi, rogorc wesi, urTierTgamdidreba iyo. ase iqmneboda didi epoqa, romelmac laibnici, devid hiumi (1711-1776), kanti da germanuli idealizmis - 241 -

bumberazi moazrovneebi warmoSva. Tavad XVII-XVIII ss. filosofia karneades izosTeniis (sapirispiro debulebaTa tolZalovnebis) principis karg magaliTs warmogvidgens da am principis maradisobaze miuTiTebs WeSmaritebis maZiebel kulturebSi.

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pirTa saZiebeli

avgusti, kurfiursti 166 avgustine 76, 101, 182, 229 averoesi 15-17, 29, 32, 36, 6266, 68, 72, 73, 207, 223, 224 avicena 37, 123 albert didi 34, 35, 216 alberti, leon batista 23 aleqsandre afrodisieli 6264, 69, 72 al-farabi 37, 38, 76 anselm kenterberieli 88, 100, 182, 240 ariosto, ludoviko 43 argipopulo, ioane 18 aristotele 15-19, 23-26, 28, 29, 34, 35, 37-39, 61-63, 65, 66, 68, 70-73, 88, 91, 93, 115-117, 119, 120, 167-169, 190, 198, 199, 201, 203, 206, 207, 209, 210, 212, 215, 216, 220, 224, 227 artarqserqse I, 34 aubanusi, iohanes bemus 136 axneri, g. 122 bazedovi, iohan bernar 161 baiervaltesi, verner 29 balTazari, hans urs fon 27, 28, 87 bandini, franCesko 32 baraTaSvili, nikoloz 178

barbaro, ermolao 34, 35 basile besarioni 18 basili didi 168 baqraZe, kote 102 bekini, margarita 138 bekoni, rojer 239 bekoni, frensis 14, 80, 101, 200, 209, 230, 233, 239 berdiaevi, nikolai 238 M bernar klervoeli 81, 158, 196 behaimi, barTul 136 behaimi, otilia 136 behaimi, hans sebald 136 bize, Teodor 216 bodeni, Jan 42 boeme, iakob 118, 143, 150-155, 164, 165, 179, 232-238 boeciusi 23, 38, 231 boviliusi, Sarl de 7, 9, 74-83 bokaCo, jovani 17, 43, 166 boleini, ana 100 bonaventura 79, 212 bora, katerina fon 145 borxesi, xose luis 128 borja, lukrecia 55 borja, Cezare 53, 55, 56 bosxi, hieronime 105 botiCeli, sandro 29, 48, 217, 240 bunderlini, iohanes 142

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buridani, iohanes 69 butceri, karl 142 bruno, jordano 42, 118, 198, 211, 213-225, 228, 240 gaetano tieneli 62 galilei, galileo 11, 52, 65, 208, 209, 225, 228, 230 gasendi, pier 88, 93, 95, 200, 228, 241 giorgi sqolari 18 gogiberiZe, mose 74, 90, 91 goeTe, iohan gotlib fon 33, 118, 134, 178 gorgia 93 gorfunkeli, aleqsandre 211 grigol nazianzeli 31 grigol noseli 31 grigol xanZTeli 186 grociusi, hugo 57 danelia, sergi 91, 203, dante aligieri 15, 16 dekarti, rene 14, 70, 87, 88, 169, 226, 229, 230, 233, 239, 240, 241 demonaqs kviproseli 172 denki, hans 141, 142 didro, deni 98 dilTai, vilhelm 105, 161 dionise areopageli 20, 22, 27, 64, 77, 79, 83, 157, 163 diureri, albrext 105, 106, 136, 137

duns skoti, ioane 37 donatelo 15, 62 ebreo, leon 28 egidiusi, Jil 100 ezra 34 ekharti, maister 28, 75, 94, 99, 111, 165, 171, 177, 181, 182, 187, 189, 195, 232, 234 empedokle 41, 203, 206 engelsi, fridrix 108 epikure 44, 92, 117, erazm roterdameli 49, 57, 74, 83, 94-103, 105, 117, 122, 135-137, 141, 156, 164, 191 erdmani, iohan eduard 55 eriugena, ioane skoti 31 efrem mcire 173, 178 vagneri, rixard 120 vaigeli, valentin 7, 9, 82, 107, 150, 164-197, 234, 235 vala, lorenco 44, 94, 95 valteri, balTazar 233 vanini, luCilio 65, 223-225 varTema, ludoviko de 135 verniasi, nikoleto 63 vespuCi, amerigo 100, 101 vilhelm hohenhaimeli 118/119 volgasti, zigfrid 138, 147, 157, 175 volteri 224 zabarela, jakomo 72-73

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zaqsi, hans 137 zudhofi, karl 128 TevzaZe, guram 5, 6, 8 Teofraste 119 Toma aqvineli 15, 26, 27, 31, 34, 37, 39, 68, 70, 72, 81, 116, 240 Trazimaxe 51, 58 ioane damaskeli 186 ioane petriwi 16, 22, 23, 34, 35, 38, 63, 69, 174, 213 iohanes tauleri 141, 162, 187 ioane filoponosi 210 iremaZe, Tengiz 6 isaak abrabaneli 28 iubervegi, fridrix 91 iungi, karl gustav 118, 124, 165, 197 kazimo tura 120 kampanela, tomazo 47, 87, 101, 199, 225-232 kampanusi, iohanes 141, 142 kanti, imanuel 8, 10, 27, 57, 61, 117, 118, 120, 134, 156, 161, 177, 182-184, 189, 221, 241 kapito 142 karlos didi 227 karlos V (imperatori) 57, 86, 108, 240 karneade 85, 242 karlStadti, andreas ru­

dolf bodenStain fon 195 kasireri, ernst 37, 45, 74, 82, 208, 240 kardano, ieronimo 11, 192, 198, 202-208, 223, 240 kalvini, Jan 48, 74, 135, 136, 143, 194, 195, 216 karlos I 100 kepleri, iohan 40, 199, 209, 217, 230 kirkegori, sioren 38 kiulpe, osvald 80 kolumbi, qristefore 96, 229, 231 kondiliaki, etien bono de 91 koperniki, nikolai 11, 13, 208, 215, 216, 217, 220, 222 koplstoni, frederik 28, 38, 39, 65, 91, 103, 165, 206, 211 kosa, franCesko del 120 kudriavcevi, oleg 75 kuzaneli, nikoloz 13, 16, 17, 41, 46, 64, 67, 74, 77, 81, 94, 104, 142, 165, 198, 209, 214, 216, 217, 220, 223, 234 kromveli, oliver 100 laibnici, gotfrid vilhelm 118, 223, 236, 237 landino, qristoforo 58 levini, viqtor 138 lenini, vladimer 102 leonardo da vinCi 55, 203, 240 lesingi, gothold efraim 42 libigi, iustus fon 133

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lipsiusi, iustus 87 lorenco brwyinvale 43 losevi, aleqsei 24, 55, 202, 212, 217, 232, luTeri, martin 49, 74, 82, 94, 97-99, 101, 103, 104-118, 120, 122-124, 126, 135, 136, 138-141, 143, 145, 156, 157, 164-167, 182, 185, 190-196, 234, 235 lukiane 101 marti, i. a. 227 maimonide, mose 28 makiaveli, nikolo 43, 46-57, 58, 59, 89, 90, 95, 97, 101, 226 marqsi, karl 138 matias I, mefe 32 maqsime aRmsarebeli 186 mahmud II 46 medigo, ilia del 32 mediCi, kozimo 19, 21 mediCi, lorenco 19 mediCi, maria (katerina) 20 mediCi, jovani 19 mediCi, juliano 60 melanqtoni, filipe 106, 108, 135-137, 156, 166, 190-193, 195, 204 mendelsoni, mose 120 mirandola, jovani piko dela 21, 24, 27, 29, 32-46, 80, 94, 101, 192, 227 mirandola, jovani franCesko dela 39

miunceri, Tomas 107, 108, 122, 135, 166, 195 miqel fselosi 27 miqelanjelo buonaroti 48, 55, 105, 217, 240 moiziSi, burkhard 24-26, 67-69 molca, tarkvinia 211 mokenigo 216 monteni, miSel de 7, 9, 80, 84-93 mori, Tomas 47, 49, 59, 96, 99103, 120, 226, 232 markus avreliusi 121 mocarti, volfgang amadeus 133 natorpi, paul 8, 10 nifusi, augistino 71 nicSe, fridrix 51, 56, 57, 85, 107, 119, 160, 188 nucubiZe, Salva 5, 47

okami, uiliam 109, 206 ore, ostin 205 origene 31, 37, 38 osianderi, andrea ufrosi 191-193 orfeosi 28 pavle mociquli 22, 38, 57, 110-112, 115, 116, 118, 168171, 181, 182, 184, 186, 196 paini, martin l. 67, 68 papi anastasius I 37

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papi aleqsandre VI (borja) 49, 55, 56 papi benediqte XVI, ratcingeri, ioseb 146 papi ioane pavle II 217 papi inokenti XIII 34 papi klemens I 162 papi leo X 70, 71 papi pavle IV papi siqstus IV 21 papi urban II 226 paracelsi, Teofraste 7, 9, 33, 54, 83, 118-134, 135, 142, 164, 169, 172-174, 176, 179181, 189, 193, 198, 204, 234, 236, 239 patrici, franCesko 198, 199, 202, 208-213 paci 60 pelagia 182 petrarka, franCesko 15, 17, 42, 62, 148 petre mociquli 140 pier abeliari 195 piTagora 18, 152, 216 pironi 92 pikolomini, franc 72 platoni 13, 15-32, 35, 37, 38, 46-51, 53, 58, 59, 61, 64, 68, 69, 76, 77, 82, 99, 101-103, 117, 120, 155, 167, 198, 203, 206, 209-212, 219, 226, 230-232 plotini 16, 20, 26, 28, 30, 212 pleToni, georgiu gemistos 17, 18, 19, 23, 46

poikerti, vil erix 138 policiano, anjelo 21, 43, 58 pomponaci, petre 63-72, 223, 224 porta, simon 70 porta, Janbatista 199, 227 prokle 16, 20, 40, 120, 174, 210 rable, fransua 99, 101, 102 raimund sabundeli 80, 81, 88 raseli, bertran 17, 240 rafaeli 16, 55, 105, 240 renani, ernst 36, 63, 65, 70, 203, 207 rinuCini, alamano 58-61 rixteri, gregor 234 rozenkroiceri, qristian 126 roixlini, iohanes 29, 94, 95 ruisbreki, iohanes 75 rusTveli, SoTa 41, 130, 171, 178 ruso, Jan Jak 102, 203 savonarola 20, 32, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 60 sanCesi, pier 92, 93 sartri, Jan pol 38, 183, 203 seneka 90, 148, 194 serveti, mixail 142, 195 seqst empirikosi 87, 89 skultetus, barTolomeos 234 sokrate 7, 9, 16, 24, 25, 51, 67, 93, 103, 116, 167 spinoza, barux 143, 152, 154, 207, 223

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tartalia, nikolo 204 tatiane asirieli 73 iohanes tauleri 141, 157, 162, 181, 187, 188, 195 telezio, bernardino 198-202, 208, 212, 227 tertuliane 162 ticiani 30 titus liviusi 52, 95 traini, franCesko 15, 16 fiCino, marsilio 18-32, 33, 39, 40, 43, 47, 61, 64, 67, 68, 75, 80, 81, 99, 120, 214, 217 fixte, iohan gotlib 83, 156, 175, 241 fedele, kasandra 63 filipe II 125 flasari, helmut 91 foierbaxi, ludvig andreas fon 138, 150 forlenderi, karl 42 fosi, angela 29 franki, sebastian 7, 9, 49, 97, 109, 122, 135-163, 165, 166, 195, 234 francisk I 86 frexti, martin 136, 137 fridrix brZeni, kurfiursti 108 fuko, miSel 131, 188, 238 qiqoZe, geronti 178

Saroni, pier 90, 92 Seleri, maqs 38 Selingi, fridrix vilhelm 27, 223, 238 Svenkfeldi, kaspar 109, 135, 165, 193, 195 Sopenhaueri, artur 117, 118, 120 Sope, kaspar 217 Sloseri, fridrix qristof 138 Stiokli, albert 88 Stiorigi, hans ioahim 86, 165 Stosi, vait 137 Staupitci, iohanes fon 112 Cezalpini, andrea 207 CiCerini, boris 236 cvingli, ulrix 40, 109, 135, 192-194 cigleri, leopoldi 138 ciceroni 58, 89, 146 kornelius celsusi 121 WavWavaZe, ilia 8, 45 joto 15, 62 hageni, k. 138 haidegeri, martin 109, 230 haine, qristian iohan hainrix 107

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hegeli, georg vilhelm fridrix 7-10, 44, 64, 66, 74, 90, 106, 114, 115, 134, 162, 178, 180, 215, 225, 233, 236, 238, 240 henri VII 100 henri VIII 49, 96, 99, 100 heseneli, filipe 137 heraklite 41 hermes trismegistosi 21, 25, 28

hipokrate 79, 121, 126, 127 hiumi, devid 241 hobsi, Tomas 54, 200, 240 homerosi 35, 46, 48 holbaxi, pol anri 91 hugo wm. viqtoreli 172, 176 huizinga, ioane 94 huseri, iohan iakob 128 huteni, ulrix fon 94, 124, 125, 135, 137

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