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A Project Report On

“90 DEGREE STEERING MECHANISM” Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement For the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology In Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering CAREER POINT UNIVERSITY KOTA Submitted by:

Submitted to:

Rohan Sharma (K10188)

Mr. Bhupendra gehlot

Sovil Modi (K10192) Nishant Sharma (K10459)

Assistant Professor

Jitendra (K10465)

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Career point university, Kota

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Sovil Modi (K10192), Rohan Sharma (K10188), Nishant Sharma (K10459), Jitendar (K10465) has submitted the Project report entitled “90 degree steering mechanism’’ in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology (Mechanical Engineering). The report has been prepared as per the prescribed format and is approved for submission and presentation.

Project Guide

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our guide Assistant Professor Mr.Bhupendra Gehlot, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his valuable time and guidance that made the project work a success. They have inspired us such a spirit of devotion, precision and unbiased observation, which is essentially a corner stone of technical study. We are highly grateful to Mr. /Ms. ..........................., Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering and our Guide Mr./Ms. Bhupendra Gehlot ,Assistant Professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering, for their kind support for the project work. We thank all our friends and all those who have helped us carrying out this work directly or indirectly without whom completion of this project work was not possible. We would also like to sincerely thank Vice-chancellor of Career Point University for giving us a platform to carry out the project. Sincerely yours,

Rohan Sharma (K10188) Sovil Modi (K10192) Nishant Sharma (K10459) Jitendra (K10465)

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ABSTRACT The Soft Car design proposal has swing 90 degrees. It can pull up alongside a parking space and drive in sideways. Conventional steering mechanism involves either the use of Ackerman or Davis steering systems. The disadvantage associated with these systems is the minimum turning radius that is possible for the steering action. This difficulty that is associated with the conventional methods of steering is eliminated by employing a four wheel 90 degree steering system. This innovation promises to ease the task of parking on narrow Cambridge streets. The most striking elements of the car are wheels that incorporate electric motors and the suspension inside their circumference. By working through the problem so logically and indeed unemotionally we will anticipate discovering new possibilities. "We want to step back and rethink the automobile from scratch. The process is like diagramming a sentence steering and so on. The goal is to dissect the structure of the car and look at it a fresh." The wheels drive-by-wire controls that replace mechanical links to the brakes and throttle with electronic connections.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE

PAGE

NO. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2

ABSTRACT

3

LIST OF FIGURES

6

LIST OF TABLE

6

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

7

CHAPTER 2: WORKING

8

CHAPTER 3: PART LIST

12

3.1 CHASSIS BOARD

12

3.2 L-CLAMP

13

3.3 D.C MOTOR

14

3.4 FIBER WHEEL

15

3.5 MILD STEEL FRAME

16

3.6 NUT BOLTS

17 4

3.7 ROCKER SWITCH

19

3.8 D.C. POWER SUPPLY

20

3.9 BEARINGS

21

CHAPTER 4: COST ESTIMATION CHAPTER 5: PROJECT GOAL

23 24

CHAPTER 6: ADVANTAGES

25

CHAPTER 7: DISADVANTAGES

25

CHAPTER 8: APPLICATION

25

CONCLUSION REFERENCES

26 27

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No.

Description

Pg. No.

1

90 degree steering mechanism

9

2

Electric power steering

11

3

Chassis board

13

4

L clamps

14

5

D.C Motor

15

6

D.C Motor Used

15

7

Fiber wheels

16

8

Nut and bolt

19

9

Rocker switch

20

LIST OF TABLE

S. No.

Fig. No.

Description

Pg. No.

1.

1

Specification of wiper motor

16

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1. Introduction In highly populated areas it can be difficult to find available parking spots. Frequently parking spots are located on the side of the road, leaving the driver with no choice but to attempt parallel parking. In general it is considered to be a rather challenging maneuver. Since parallel parking requires driving backwards it becomes difficult to coordinate the correct motion of the car. Some drivers have to perform multiple corrections before they park the car properly. In the worst case an accident can occur. A car that can perform parallel parking by itself would save drivers time, especially those that are not very good with parallel parking. In addition cars that can parallel park autonomously in a reliable manner would most probably reduce the number of accidents related to parking. The objective of our work is to implement parallel parking using a car like robot. We restricted the motion of the robot to model the motion of a car. Using our model we present a solution to the autonomous parallel parking problem.

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2.Working In this project battery provides the power supply to the control unit. The equipment contains totally six motors, two motors coupled with the vehicle’s left and right wheels of the front side, the next two motors are connected to the vehicle’s left and right side of the back side. The four motors are used to run the vehicle. Another two motors are connected to rotate the vehicle wheel 90 degree by the chain drive arrangements. The keypad in the control unit has six keys they are left, right, forward, reverse, park left and park right. We press the left key in the keypad the vehicle turns left side in a required angle, we press the right key in the keypad the vehicle turns at the right side in required angle. Similarly the forward and reverse key in the keypad controls the forward and reverse motion of the vehicle. We want to park the vehicle in left side by press the park left key then the motor connected in the chain drive is turns the wheel left side 90 degree automatically and the vehicle is parked in left side. Using this we can easily park the vehicle in various areas. In heavy traffic performance of steering system need powerful working without extra effort that’s why we design this project or prototype of four-wheel electric steering system with 90 degree electric powered steering system. In the project total 4 d.c motors are used. Two motors used for transmission to alternative wheel of vehicle when key is operated by operator the front wheel as well as the rear wheel are positioned as parallel to each other which are normal in condition before operation left and right keys on keypad is used for movement of left and right wheel respectively. When third key is operated front wheel are parallel to rear wheel and makes an angle of 90 degree to normal wheel system. In this position we directly turn the vehicle without any turning radius. As well as we position the wheel 45 degree to normal position.

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Figure 1: 90‐degree steering mechanism

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2.1 Electric power steering (EPS): It is designed to use an electric motor to reduce effort by providing steering assist to the driver of a vehicle. The system allows engineers to tailor steering gear response to variable-rate and variable-damping suspension system. Achieving an ideal blend of ride, handling, and steering of each vehicle. On fiat group cars the amount can be regulated using a button named “CITY” that switch between two different assist curves, while most others EPS system have variable assist, which allows for more assistance as the speed of vehicle decreases and less assistance from the system during high speed situation. In the event of component failure, a mechanical linkage such as a rack and pinion serves as back up in manner similar to that of hydraulic system. Electric power steering should not be confused with drive-by-wire or steer-by-wire system which use electric motor for steering, but without any mechanical linkage to the steering wheel. Electric system have a slight advantage in fuel efficiency because there is beltdriven hydraulic pump constantly running whether assistance is required or not, and this is a major reason for their introduction. Another major advantage is the elimination of a belt-driven engine accessory, and several high dispressure hydraulic hoses between the hydraulic pump, mounted on the engine, and the steering gear, mounted on the chassis. This greatly simplifies maintenance. By incorporating electronic stability control electric power steering system can instantly vary torque assist level to aid the driver in evasive manoeuvres. The peak power output of the electrical system of a vehicle limits the capability of electric steering assist. A 12v electrical system, for example is limited to about 80amps of current which, in turn, limits the size of the motor to less than 1kv ( 12.5v time 80amps equals 1000watts). This amount of power would be adequate for smaller vehicles.

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It would probably be considered in sufficient for larger vehicles such as trucks and SUV’s. there other types of variants used for hybrid and electric vehicles. These have greater capacity that enables use of multi kw motors needed for large and mid-size vehicles.

Figure 2: electric power steering

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3.Part list There are different parts which will be used during the process they are as follows:

3.1 Chassis board An example of a chassis is the under part of a motor vehicle, consisting of the frame (on which the body is mounted). If the running gear such as wheels and transmission, and sometimes even the driver's seat, are included, then the assembly is described as a rolling chassis. A chassis consists of an internal framework that supports a manmade object in its construction and use. It is analogous to an animal's skeleton. An example of a chassis is the underpart of a motor vehicle, consisting of the frame (on which the body is mounted). A body (sometimes referred to as "coachwork"), which is usually not necessary for integrity of the structure, is built on the chassis to complete the vehicle. In an electronic device, the chassis consists of a frame or other internal supporting structure on which the circuit boards and other electronics are mounted.

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Figure 3: chassis board

3.2 L-clamp L clamps are woodworking clamps used to secure wood for cutting, screwing, or gluing. These clamps resemble the letters for which they are named.



 A device used to hold an object in a fixed position.  A wheel clamp is a device used with road vehicles to prevent theft or enforce parking restrictions.

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Figure 4: L clamps

3.3 D. C. Motor A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types produce rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight line. DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for portable power tools and appliances.

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Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.

Figure 5: D.C Motor

Figure 6: D.C Motor used

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In this project we use wiper motor because of high required power comparatively. A wiper motor is electric motor that moves the windshield wiper. Electric motor - a motor that converts electricity to mechanical work.  Specification of wiper motor: Rated voltage

12v

24v

No load current

≤ 2.5

≤1.3

No load speed

90±10

90±10

Rated current

≤8

≤4.5

Rated speed

65±15

65±15

3.4 Fiber wheels A fiber wheel are used in this project reason being the normal wheel will produce very high friction while rotating it at the angle of 90 degree. The normal wheel used in cars are made for the angle of approx. 43 degree in the case of 90 degree there are very high friction which normal wheel can not bear.

Figure 7: representation of fiber wheels

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3.5 Mild steel frame Mild steel is steel in which the main interstitial alloying constituent is carbon in the range of 0.12–2.0%. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) definition says: Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; when the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40 percent; or when the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60, copper 0.60. The term "carbon steel" may also be used in reference to steel which is not stainless steel; in this use carbon steel may include alloy steels. As the carbon percentage content rises, steel has the ability to become harder and stronger through heat treating; however, it becomes less ductile. Regardless of the heat treatment, a higher carbon content reduces weld ability. In carbon steels, the higher carbon content lowers the melting point.

3.6 Nut & Bolts A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used opposite a mating bolt to fasten a stack of parts together. A combination of their threads’ friction, a slight stretch of the bolt, and compression of the parts keep the two partners together. In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking mechanisms may be employed: Adhesives, safety pins or lock wire, nylon inserts, or slightly oval-shaped threads. The most common shape is hexagonal, for similar reasons as the bolt head - 6 sides give a good granularity of angles for a tool to approach from (good in tight spots), but more (and smaller) corners would be vulnerable to being rounded off. Also It takes only 1/6th of a rotation to obtain the next side of the hexagon and grip is optimal.

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However polygons with more than 6 sides do not give the requisite grip and polygons with less than 6 sides take more time to be given a complete rotation. Other specialized shapes exist for certain needs, such as wing nuts for finger adjustment and captive nuts for inaccessible areas. The distinction between a bolt and a screw is usually unclear and misunderstood. There are several practical differences, but most have some degree of overlap between bolts and screws. The defining distinction, per Machinery's Handbook, is in their intended purpose: Bolts are for the assembly of two unthreaded components, with the aid of a nut. Screws in contrast are used with components, at least one of which contains its own internal thread, which even may be formed by the installation of the screw itself. Many threaded fasteners can be described as either screws or bolts, depending on how they are used. Bolts are often used to make a bolted joint. This is a combination of the nut applying an axial clamping force and also the shank of the bolt acting as a dowel, pinning the joint against sideways shear forces. For this reason, many bolts have a plain unthreaded shank as this makes for a better, stronger dowel. The presence of the unthreaded shank has often been given as characteristic of bolts vs. screws, but this is incidental to its use, rather than defining. Where a fastener forms its own thread in the component being fastened, it is called a screw. This is most obviously so when the thread is tapered (i.e. traditional wood screws), precluding the use of a nut, or when a sheet metal screw or other thread-forming screw is used. A screw must always be turned to assemble the joint. Many bolts are held fixed in place during assembly, either by a tool or by a design of non-rotating bolt, such as a carriage bolt, and only the corresponding nut is turned.

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Figure 8: nut and bolt

3.7 Rocker switch A rocker switch is an on/off switch that rocks (rather than trips) when pressed, which means one side of the switch is raised while the other side is depressed much like a rocking horse rocks back and forth. A rocker switch may have a circle (for "on") on one end and a horizontal dash or line (for "off") on the other to let the user known if the device is on or off. Rocker switches are used in surge protector s, display monitors, computer power supplies, and many other devices and applications. A rocker switch with independent circuitry can have a light activated on the face of the switch in both the on and off positions, which allows the switch to be found easily in the dark. With dependent circuitry, the light is activated only when the switch is on.

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Figure 9: Rocker switch

3.8 D.C power supply A battery is used for the DC power supply. An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell has a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. The terminal marked positive is at a higher electrical potential energy than is the terminal marked negative. The terminal marked positive is the source of electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device. When a battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the movement of those ions within the battery, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Although the term battery technically means a device with multiple cells, single cells are also popularly called batteries.

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Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable devices. Secondary (rechargeable batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple times; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics. Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers. Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than common fuels such as gasoline. This is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of electric motors in producing mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.

3.9 bearing 3.9.1 Rolling Bearings Rolling bearings come in many shapes and varieties, each with its own distinctive features. However, when compared with sliding bearings, rolling bearings all have the following advantages: (1) The starting friction coefficient is lower and there is little difference between this and the dynamic friction coefficient. (2) They are internationally standardized, interchangeable and readily obtainable. (3) They are easy to lubricate and consume less lubricant. (4) As a general rule, one bearing can carry both radial and axial loads at the same time. (5) May be used in either high or low temperature applications. (6) Bearing rigidity can be improved by preloading. 3.9.2 Radial and Thrust Bearings Almost all types of rolling bearings can carry both radial and axial loads at the same time.

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Generally, bearings with a contact angle of less than 45°have a much greater radial load capacity and are classed as radial bearings; whereas bearings which have a contact angle over 45°have a greater axial load capacity and are classed as thrust bearings. There are also bearings classed as complex bearings which combine the loading characteristics of both radial and thrust bearings. 3.9.3 Standard bearings and special bearings

The boundary dimensions and shapes of bearings conforming to international standards are interchangeable and can be obtained easily and economically over the world over. It is therefore better to design mechanical equipment to use standard bearings. However, depending on the type of machine they are to be used in, and the expected application and function, a non-standard or specially designed bearing may be best to use. Bearings that are adapted to specific applications, and "unit bearings" which are integrated (built-in) into a machine's components, and other specially designed bearings are also available.

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4.Cost estimation

Parts

Qty

Rates

Chassis board

1

500/-

L-clamp

4

250/-

D.C. Motor

4

3600/-

Fibre wheel

4

1000/-

Nut and bolts

20

150/-

Mild steel pipes

1

200/-

Rocker switch

3

200/-

DC power supply

1

2000/-

Wiring and fitting lab

2500/-

Travelling and other expenses

2000/-

Report work

1500/-

Chain drive Total

2

1200/15,100/-

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5.Project goal

The aim is development of the specifications of the original 90 degree turning wheels for transverse parking project are outlined in this chapter. The development of suitable goals and specifications were crucial to the project’s success as they guided both the design and aims of the project team. As part of the requirements of the project a number of goals were established to measure the success of the project. The primary goals were defined as the goals the group hoped to achieve a minimum for success. The main objectives of the project are:

     

 Better parking at home in narrow space and at multiplexes  This type of car can be taken through traffic jam  Car can be move easily  Use of electrical drives to optimize power consumption.  Maintenance is low  Saving of Fuel  Saving of Time.

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6.Advantages     

 Easy to design  Cheap in cost  Easy to maintain  Easy to operate  Easy to installed 

Advance technology

7.Disadvantages   

 Requires four motors  Individual drive system  Unsuitable for engine powered vehicle  Only used in individual drive system

8.Application  

 Electric vehicles  Mini fork lift  Go kart ( mini race car)

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9.Conclusion The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the field of automobile industries. It is very useful for driver while driving the vehicle. This project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern. Project has been designed to perform the entire requirement task, which has also been provided. The purpose of developing this project is to avoid parking problem, minimize the space between two parked cars to minimize the time required for parking reduces the problem of accidents during parking and to improve the design of existing vehicles.

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10.References   

 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG [ 1 ] , [ 2 ]  WWW.VISIONENGINEER.COM [ 5 ], fig 1 & 2  WWW.FUTUREENERGIES.COM [ 3 ] , [ 6 ]  WWW.PDFCOKE.COM

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