An exponential function is a function of the form
where a is a positive real number (a > 0) and . The domain of f is the set of all real numbers.
6 (1, 6)
4
(1, 3) 2
(-1, 1/3) (-1, 1/6)
3
2
1
(0, 1)
0
1
2
3
Summary of the characteristics of the graph of
a >1 • The domain is all real numbers. Range is set of positive numbers. • No xintercepts; yintercept is 1. • The xaxis (y=0) is a horizontal asymptote as With a>1, is an increasing function and • is onetoone. • The graph contains the points (0,1); (1,a), and (1, 1/a). •The graph is smooth continuous with no corners or gaps.
6
(-1, 6) 4
(-1, 3) 2
(0, 1)
3
2
1
(1, 1/3) (1, 1/6)
0
1
2
3
Summary of the characteristics of the graph of
0
•
•The graph is smooth continuous with no corners or gaps.
10
5
(1, 3) (0, 1) 0
y=3
x
10
5
(-1, 3) (0, 1) 0
−x
y=3
10
(-1, 5) y=2
5
(0, 3) 0
−x
y=3
+2
Domain: All real numbers Range: { y | y rel="nofollow">2 } or Horizontal Asymptote: y = 2
More Exponential Functions (Shifts) : An equation in the form f(x) = ax. Recall that if 0 < a < 1 , the graph represents exponential decay and that if a > 1, the graph represents exponential growth Examples: f(x) = (1/2)x f(x) = 2x
Exponential Decay Exponential Growth We will take a look at how these graphs “shift” according to changes in their equation...
Take a look at how the following graphs compare to the original graph of f(x) = (1/2)x :
f(x) = (1/2)x f(x) = (1/2)x + 1 f(x) = (1/2)x – 3
Vertical Shift: The graphs of f(x) = ax + k are shifted vertically by k units.
Take a look at how the following graphs compare to the original graph of f(x) = (2)x :
f(x) = (2)x f(x) = (2)x – 3 f(x) = (2)x + 2 – 3 (3,1)
(0,1)
Notice that f(0) = 1
(-2,-2)
Notice that this graph is shifted 3 units to the right.
Notice that this graph is shifted 2 units to the left and 3 units down.
Horizontal Shift: The graphs of f(x) = ax – h are shifted horizontally by h units.
Take a look at how the following graphs compare to the original graph of f(x) = (2)x :
f(x) = (2)x f(x) = –(2)x f(x) = –(2)x + 2 – 3 (0,1) (0,-1) (-2,-4) Notice that f(0) = 1
This graph is a reflection of f(x) = (2)x . The graph is reflected over the x-axis.
Shift the graph of f(x) = (2)x ,2 units to the left. Reflect the graph over the x-axis. Then, shift the graph 3 units down
A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function. For the function y = 2x, the inverse is x = 2y. In order to solve this inverse equation for y, we write it in logarithmic form. x = 2y is written as y = log2x and is read as “y = the logarithm of x to base 2”.
x y = 2x
y = log2x (x = 2y)
-3 -2 -1
0
1
2
3
4
y
1 8
1 4
1 2
1
2
4
8
16
x
1 8
1 4
1 2
1
2
4
8
16
-3 -2 -1
0
1
2
3
4
y
Graphing the Logarithmic Function y = x
y = 2x
y = log2x
Comparing Exponential and Logarithmic Function Graphs y = 2x
y = log2x
The yintercept is 1. There is no xintercept. The domain is All Reals
There is no yintercept. The xintercept is 1. The domain is x > 0
The range is y > 0.
The range is All Reals
There is a horizontal asymptote at y = 0.
There is a vertical asymptote at x = 0.
The graph of y = 2x has been reflected in the line of y = x, to give the graph of y = log2x.
Logarithms Consider 72 = 49. 2 is the exponent of the power, to which 7 is raised, to equal 49. The logarithm of 49 to the base 7 is equal to 2 (log749 = 2). Exponential notation
72 = 49
Logarithmic form
log749 = 2
In general: If bx = N, then logbN = x. State in logarithmic form: a) 63 = 216
log6216 = 3
2 = 16 b) 4
log416 = 2
State in exponential form:
a) log5125 = 3
53 = 125
b) log2128= 7
27 = 128
Logarithms State in logarithmic form:
1 a) y = 2
x 1.4
b) 2
x log 0.5 y = 1.4
= 32
log2 32 = 3x + 2
1.4log0.5 y = x
3x+ 2
Evaluating Logarithms 1. log2128
Think – What power must you raise 2 to, to get 128?
log2128 = x 2x = 128 2x = 27 x = 7
3. log556 = 6 4. log816
log816 = x 8x = 16 23x = 24 3x = 4
4 x= 3
2. log327 log327 = x 3x = 27 3x = 33 x = 3
Note: log2128 = log227 = 7 log327 = log333 = 3
logaam = m because logarithmic and exponential functions are inverses. 5. log81 log81 = x loga1 = 0 8x = 1 8x = 80 x = 0
Evaluating Logarithms 6. log4(log33 ) 8
log48 = x 4x = 8 22x = 23 2x = 3 3 x= 2
2
log2 8
=2
log2 2 3
8.
= 23 = 8
3 log 7. 4 8 log 4 3 8 = x
x
4 =3 8 2x
3
2 =2 3 2x = 1 1 x= 2 9. Given log165 = x, and log84 = y, express log220 in terms of x and y. log165 = x log84 = y 16x = 5 8y = 4 24x = 5 23y = 4 log220 = log2(4 x 5) = log2(23y x 24x) 3y + 4x ) = log2(2 = 3y + 4x
Logarithmic Functions x = 2y is an exponential equation. Its inverse (solving for y) is called a logarithmic equation. Let’s look at the parts of each type of equation: Logarithmic Equation Exponential Equation y = loga x x = ay exponent /logarithm base number
It is helpful to remember: “The logarithm of a number is the power to which the base must be raised to get the given number.”
Example: Rewrite in exponential form and solve loga64 = 2 base number exponent 2
a = 64 a = 8 Example: Solve log5 x = 3 Rewrite in exponential form: 3
5 = x x = 125
1 =y Example: Solve log 7 49
y
7 = 1 49 y = –2
An equation in the form y = logb x where b > 0 and b ≠ 1 is called a logarithmic function. Logarithmic and exponential functions are inverses of each other x
logb b = x
log x b
b
= x
Examples. Evaluate each: 4 a. log8 8
x
logb b = x
log8 8 = 4 4
[log (3y – 1)] 6
b. 6
log x b
b
= x
= 3y – 1
[log (3y – 1)] 6
6
Here are some special logarithm values: 0 1. loga 1 = 0 because a = 1 2. loga a = 1 because a1 = a
3. loga a = x because a = a x
x
x
Laws of Logarithms
Consider the following two problems: Simplify
log3 (9 • 27) 2
3
= log3 (3 • 3 ) 2 + 3
= log3 (3
)
= 2 + 3 Simplify
log3 9 + log3 27 2
3
= log3 3 + log3 3
= 2 + 3 These examples suggest the Law: Product Law of Logarithms: For all positive numbers m, n and b where b ≠ 1,
Consider the following: 81 a. log3 27
= log3 34
3
3
= log3 34 – 3
b. log3 81 − log3 27 = log3 34 – log3 33 = 4 – 3
= 4 – 3 These examples suggest the following Law: Quotient Law of Logarithms: For all positive numbers m, n and b where b ≠ 1, logb m = logb m – logb n n
The Product and Quotient Laws Product Law:
logb(mn) = logbm + logbn
The logarithm of a product equals the sum of the logarithms. Quotient Law:
m log b = log b m − log b n n
The logarithm of a quotient equals the difference of the logarithms.
Express
AB log 3 C as a sum and difference of logarithms: AB log 3 C = log3A + log3B log3C
Evaluate: log210 + log212.8
= log2(10 x 12.8) = log2(128) = log2(27)
Simplifying Logarithms Solve: x = log550 log510 50 = log 5 10
x = log55 = 1
Given that log79 = 1.129, find the value of log763: log763 = log7(9 x 7) = log79 + log77 = 1.129 + 1 = 2.129 Evaluate: x = log45a + log48a3 log410a4 5a × 8a3 x = log4 4 10a
x = 1
40a4 x = log4 4 10a
x = log44
3
= log3 (32)4 = log3 32 • 4
= 2 • 4 b. 4 log3 9
= (log3 32) • 4 = 2 • 4 These examples suggest the following Law: Power Law of Logarithms: For all positive numbers m, n and b where b ≠ 1, p logb m = p • logb m
The Power Law Power Law:
logbmn = n logbm n d
n log b m = log b m d
The logarithm of a number to a power equals the power times the logarithm of the number. 1 Express as a single log: 3 log5 3 + 2 log5 2 + log5 4 2 1 = log 5 33 + log 5 22 + log 5 4 2 1 3 2 2 = log 5 3 × 2 × 4 = log 5 (27 × 4 × 2)
= log5216
Applying the Power Laws Evaluate: log 5 25 125 + log3 813 243 1 2
= log 5 52 + log 5 125 + log 3 34 + log3 243 1 1 3 5 = 2 log 5 5 + log 5 5 + 4log3 3 + log 3 3 2 3
1 1 = 2(1) + (3) + 4(1) + (5) 2 3
1 3
55 = 6
4 Given that log62 = 0.387 and log65 = 0.898 solve log 6 20 :
log 6
4
1 20 = log6 (2 × 2 × 5) 4 1 = [log 6 2 + log6 2 + log 6 5] 4 =
1 (0.387 + 0.387 + 0.898) 4
= 0.418
Applying the Power Laws
(
Evaluate: 3
log5 2
)(3
log 5 4
)
(log 5 2 + log 5 4)
=3 log5 (2 × 4) =3 log5 8 =3
If log28 = x, express each in terms of x: b) log22
a) log2512 = log283 = 3log28 = 3x
log28 = x log223 = x 3log22 = x x log 2 2 = 3
More examples: Given log12 9 = 0.884 and log12 18 = 1.163, find each: a. 3 log12 = log12 9 4 12 = log12 9 – log12 12
b. log12 2
= 0.884 – 1
= –0.116 = log12 18 9 = log12 18 – log12 9 = 1.163 – 0.884 = 0.279
Example: Solve 2 log6 4 – 1 log6 8 = log6 x 3 log6 42 – log6 81/3 = log6 x log6 16 – log6 2 = log6 x log6 (16/2) = log6 x 16/2 = x x = 8
Natural Exponential Functions The most commonly used base for exponential and logarithmic functions is the irrational number e. 1 m e = lim (1 + ) ≈ 2.71828 m →∞ m
• Exponential functions to base e are called natural exponential functions and are written y = ex. • Natural exponential function follows the same rules as other exponential functions.
Exponential Function y > 0 for all x
10 9
passes through (0,1)
8
positive slope increasing
y = ex
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Natural Logarithms
• logarithms to base e (≈ 2.71828) • loge x or ln x (Note: These mean the same thing!) • ln x is simply the exponent or power to which e must be raised to get x. y = ln x ⇔ x = ey • Since natural exponential functions and natural logarithmic functions are inverses of each other, one is generally helpful in solving the other. Mindful that ln x signifies the power to which e must be raised to get x, for a > 0,
eln x = x [Let’s y = ln x and x = ey ⇒ x = elnx] ln ex = x [Let’s y = ln ex ⇒ ey = ex ⇒ y = x] eln x = ln ex = x
Ex) the natural logarithm of x
• • • • •
ln e = ln 1 = ln 2 = ln 40 = ln 0.1 =
Ex) the natural logarithm of x 1 • ln e = 1 since e = e 0 • ln 1 = 0 since e = 1 • ln 2 = 0.6931... since e0.6931... = 2 • ln 40 = 3.688... since e3.688.. = 40 2.3025.
• ln 0.1 = 2.3025 since e
= 1
Natural Logarithmic Function y > 0 for x > 1 y < 0 for 0 < x < 1 passes through (1,0) positive slope (increasing)
5 4
y = ln x
3 2 1 0 -1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-2 -3 -4 -5
10