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Centre Number
Candidate Number
Candidate Name
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE LOCAL EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATE Joint Examination for the School Certificate and General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
5054/2
PHYSICS PAPER 2 Theory Thursday
11 NOVEMBER 1999
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the question paper. Additional materials: Answer paper Electronic calculator and/or Mathematical tables Graph paper Protractor Ruler 300 mm
TIME
1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page and on any separate answer paper used. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer any two questions. Write your answers on the lined pages provided and, if necessary, continue on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1.
fasten any separate answer paper used securely to the question paper,
2.
enter the numbers of the Section B questions you have answered in the grid below.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Candidates are reminded that all quantitative answers should include appropriate units. Candidates are advised to show all their working in a clear and orderly manner, as more marks are awarded for sound use of physics than for correct answers.
FOR EXAMINER’S USE Section A Section B
TOTAL
This question paper consists of 15 printed pages and 5 lined pages. MML LOC 926 5/98 QK94122 © UCLES 1999
[Turn over
2
For Examiner's Use
Section A Answer all the questions in this section.
1
A toy car is given a brief initial push which sends it along a horizontal section of runway. The force of gravity then accelerates the car down the ramp which is shown in Fig. 1.1. In this question the only force due to friction that acts on the car is air resistance.
0.90 m
horizontal section A
ramp
Fig. 1.1 (a) On Fig. 1.1, where the car is moving down the ramp at A, draw labelled arrows to show (i) the direction of the force due to gravity on the car, (ii) the direction of the force due to friction on the car. [1] (b) State the effect that friction has on the motion of the car (i) while the car is moving along the horizontal section, .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) while the car is accelerating down the ramp. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [2]
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3
For Examiner's Use
(c) The length of the ramp is 0.90 m and the average force of friction is 0.11 N. (i) Calculate the work done by the car against friction as it moves down the ramp.
work done = ...................................... (ii) The car has 0.30 J of kinetic energy at the top of the ramp and loses 0.50 J of potential energy as it moves from the top to the bottom of the ramp. Calculate the kinetic energy of the car at the bottom of the ramp.
kinetic energy = ...................................... [4]
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4 2
Fig. 2.1 illustrates the arrangement of molecules of a substance in different states of matter.
A
B
C
Fig. 2.1 (a) State which arrangement A, B or C represents the structure of the solid, .......................................... the liquid, .......................................... the gas.
..........................................
[1]
(b) Explain why the density of the gas is lower than that of the solid. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Describe the movement of the molecules in (i) the solid, ................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) the liquid, .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (iii) the gas. ..................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [4]
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For Examiner's Use
5 3
Fig. 3.1 shows a light aluminium rod resting between the poles of a magnet. A current is passed through the rod from two brass strips connected to a power supply.
For Examiner's Use
N magnet
aluminium rod
S brass strip brass strip
switch (open)
Fig. 3.1 (a) On Fig. 3.1, draw the direction of the current in the rod when the switch is closed.
[1]
(b) State which way the rod moves when the switch is closed. Give a reason for your answer. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [3] (c) State the effect on the movement of the rod when (i) the current is increased, .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) the current is reversed. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [2] 5054/2/W99
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6 4
For Examiner's Use
Answer EITHER (a) OR (b). Do NOT answer both (a) and (b). EITHER (a) The circuit shown in Fig. 4.1 acts as a light sensitive switch.
X
relay
buzzer
coil Y
Fig. 4.1 The component X is a light dependent resistor (LDR). The connections to the buzzer and to the switch Y inside the relay have not been drawn. Switch Y is shown open in Fig. 4.1. (i) On Fig. 4.1, draw the connections to the buzzer, the switch Y and the cell that will allow the buzzer to sound when the switch Y inside the relay closes. (ii) Complete the table below stating 1.
whether the resistance of the LDR is high or low in the light and in the dark,
2.
whether the current through the relay coil is high or low in the light and in the dark.
resistance of LDR
current through relay coil
relay switch Y
buzzer
light
closed
ON
dark
open
OFF [4]
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7
For Examiner's Use
OR (b)
(i) State the names of the logic gates shown in Fig. 4.2. output
inputs
output
inputs
A
B Fig. 4.2
logic gate A .......................................
logic gate B ........................................
(ii) Describe the difference in the action of the two logic gates when HIGH (1) and LOW (0) signals are applied to their inputs. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [4]
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8 5
Some electrical components are easily damaged if electric charge is placed on them. They are often stored by placing them in contact with a conductor. (a) When the component shown in Fig. 5.1 is rubbed with a cloth, the metal legs become negatively charged. Explain how this happens. plastic
electrical component
metal legs Fig. 5.1 .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) Fig. 5.2 shows the negatively charged metal legs placed near a piece of aluminium foil which rests on an insulator. plastic metal leg – – – –
– – – –
aluminium foil
insulator Fig. 5.2 (i) On Fig. 5.2, draw the induced charges that form on the aluminium foil. (ii) The metal legs are placed in contact with the aluminium foil. Describe what happens to the charges on the foil and on the legs. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [3]
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For Examiner's Use
9 6
For Examiner's Use
Fig. 6.1 shows part of the lighting circuit of a house.
fuse 5 A live 230 V neutral
Fig. 6.1 (a)
(i) Explain why a fuse is included in the circuit. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain why the fuse is placed in the live wire rather than in the neutral wire. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Each lamp has a power of 60 W. Calculate the current through one lamp when it is switched on.
current = ...................................... [2] (c) The fuse has a rating of 5 A. Calculate the maximum number of lamps that can be connected and switched on without the fuse blowing. Each lamp is in parallel with the power supply.
maximum number of lamps = ...................................... [2] 5054/2/W99
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10 7
A radioactive source and a detector are used to check the level of fruit juice in a carton. Cartons of fruit juice pass between the detector and the radioactive source, as shown in Fig. 7.1. The radioactive source emits -particles. radioactive source
fruit juice carton radiation detector conveyor belt
Fig. 7.1 (a) State the name of a suitable detector of the -particles. .................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) What is a -particle? .................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Explain why the level of detected radiation falls when a full carton of juice goes past the detector. .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [1] (d) Explain (i) why a source emitting -particles is not used, .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) why a source emitting -rays is not used. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [2]
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11 8
A small quantity of solid wax in a test-tube is heated slowly. Fig. 8.1 shows the variation with time of the temperature of the wax.
For Examiner's Use
90 80 temperature 70 °C 60 50 40 30 20 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 time/min
13
14
15
Fig. 8.1 (a)
(i) State what is meant by the melting point of a substance. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) Determine the melting point of the wax in the experiment. melting point = ...................................... [3]
(b) In a second experiment, twice the amount of wax is used, and exactly the same amount of heat energy every second is passed into the wax as in the first experiment. The initial temperature of the wax is also 30 °C. On Fig. 8.1, draw the variation with time of the temperature of the wax in this second experiment. You may assume that the heat needed to warm up the test-tube itself is negligible. [2]
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12 Section B Answer two questions from this section. Use the lined pages provided, and, if necessary, continue on the separate sheets available from the Supervisor.
9
A student performs an experiment to demonstrate the refraction of light by a rectangular glass block. Fig. 9.1 shows, to scale, the outline of the glass block and the paths of the incident and emergent rays that the student draws on a piece of paper.
emergent ray
glass block
incident ray
Fig. 9.1 (a) Describe the apparatus needed and also a method by which the paths of the incident and emergent rays may be drawn on a piece of paper. [3] (b) Take measurements from Fig. 9.1 to find the refractive index of the glass block. Show clearly your working, state the equation that you use and give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. [3]
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13 (c) The student repeats the experiment with the incident ray at different angles. The values obtained for the angles x and y shown in Fig. 9.2 are given in the table.
y
x normal
Fig. 9.2
x/°
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
y/°
0
7
13
20
26
31
36
39
42
Plot a graph of y / ° (y-axis) against x / ° (x-axis). Your axes should end at y / ° = 50 and x / ° = 90. Draw the best curved line through your points. (d)
[4]
(i) Use your graph to estimate the critical angle for glass and explain how you obtained your result. (ii) Explain why it is impossible to obtain a value of y = 50° in this experiment. [3]
(e) The glass block used in the experiment is replaced by one having a larger refractive index. The experiment is repeated and a second graph is plotted. State one similarity and one difference between this second graph and the graph obtained in (c). [2]
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14 10 An engineer wishes to check the volume of air inside a pipe and to check that the pipe is not leaking. He connects a syringe to one end of the pipe and a manometer to the other end, as shown in Fig. 10.1.
syringe
60 cm3
air
0 pipe narrow tube
narrow tube air volume 5000 cm3
water
manometer Fig. 10.1 The syringe initially contains 60 cm3 of air, and the pipe contains 5000 cm3 of air. The volume of the narrow tubes may be neglected. All the air is initially at atmospheric pressure, 1.000 x 105 Pa. The piston is pushed fully down and held steady so that the total volume of air decreases. (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, why the pressure of the air inside the pipe increases when the piston in the syringe is pushed down. [3] (b) In this section, assume the pipe does not leak and that the temperature of the air inside remains constant. When the piston is pushed fully down, calculate (i) the new pressure of the air in the pipe, (ii) the difference in pressure between the air inside and the air outside the pipe, (iii) the depth of water which exerts the same pressure as your value in (ii). [density of water = 1000 kg/m3; g = 10 N/kg] [7] (c)
(i) If the pipe leaks very slowly, state what happens to the levels of water on each side of the manometer when the piston is pushed down and left down. Draw a diagram of the manometer to illustrate your answer. (ii) State how the manometer could be altered to give larger differences in liquid level for the same pressure in the pipe. [5] 5054/2/W99
15 11 Ultrasound and X-rays are both used to provide information about structures inside the human body. Ultrasound is sound having a frequency above the highest audible frequency that humans can hear. X-rays are a region of the electromagnetic spectrum with a higher frequency than visible light. increasing frequency
visible light
X-rays
Fig. 11.1 (a)
(i) Name three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum other than X-rays and visible light. (ii) Copy Fig. 11.1 and on it show the position of the three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum that you have chosen in (i). (iii) Write one or two sentences about each region of the spectrum that you have chosen, describing how the electromagnetic waves are used or how they affect people. (iv) State one property that all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum have in common. [8]
(b) Fig. 11.2 shows ultrasound being used to study an unborn baby. ultrasound receiver
ultrasound source ultrasound beam
Fig. 11.2 (i) Explain how the vibrations of the source produce waves of ultrasound and suggest how these waves are transmitted through the body tissue to the receiver. (ii) Ultrasound used in medicine has a frequency which is about 100 times higher than the maximum frequency that can be heard by humans. Estimate the frequency that might be used for ultrasound in medicine, and calculate its wavelength in the human body. The speed of ultrasound in the human body is 1500 m/s. [7]
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For Examiner's Use
Candidate Number
Candidate Name
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE LOCAL EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATE Joint Examination for the School Certificate and General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
5054/2
PHYSICS PAPER 2 Theory Thursday
11 NOVEMBER 1999
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the question paper. Additional materials: Answer paper Electronic calculator and/or Mathematical tables Graph paper Protractor Ruler 300 mm
TIME
1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page and on any separate answer paper used. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer any two questions. Write your answers on the lined pages provided and, if necessary, continue on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1.
fasten any separate answer paper used securely to the question paper,
2.
enter the numbers of the Section B questions you have answered in the grid below.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Candidates are reminded that all quantitative answers should include appropriate units. Candidates are advised to show all their working in a clear and orderly manner, as more marks are awarded for sound use of physics than for correct answers.
FOR EXAMINER’S USE Section A Section B
TOTAL
This question paper consists of 15 printed pages and 5 lined pages. MML LOC 926 5/98 QK94122 © UCLES 1999
[Turn over
2
For Examiner's Use
Section A Answer all the questions in this section.
1
A toy car is given a brief initial push which sends it along a horizontal section of runway. The force of gravity then accelerates the car down the ramp which is shown in Fig. 1.1. In this question the only force due to friction that acts on the car is air resistance.
0.90 m
horizontal section A
ramp
Fig. 1.1 (a) On Fig. 1.1, where the car is moving down the ramp at A, draw labelled arrows to show (i) the direction of the force due to gravity on the car, (ii) the direction of the force due to friction on the car. [1] (b) State the effect that friction has on the motion of the car (i) while the car is moving along the horizontal section, .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) while the car is accelerating down the ramp. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [2]
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3
For Examiner's Use
(c) The length of the ramp is 0.90 m and the average force of friction is 0.11 N. (i) Calculate the work done by the car against friction as it moves down the ramp.
work done = ...................................... (ii) The car has 0.30 J of kinetic energy at the top of the ramp and loses 0.50 J of potential energy as it moves from the top to the bottom of the ramp. Calculate the kinetic energy of the car at the bottom of the ramp.
kinetic energy = ...................................... [4]
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4 2
Fig. 2.1 illustrates the arrangement of molecules of a substance in different states of matter.
A
B
C
Fig. 2.1 (a) State which arrangement A, B or C represents the structure of the solid, .......................................... the liquid, .......................................... the gas.
..........................................
[1]
(b) Explain why the density of the gas is lower than that of the solid. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Describe the movement of the molecules in (i) the solid, ................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) the liquid, .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (iii) the gas. ..................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [4]
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For Examiner's Use
5 3
Fig. 3.1 shows a light aluminium rod resting between the poles of a magnet. A current is passed through the rod from two brass strips connected to a power supply.
For Examiner's Use
N magnet
aluminium rod
S brass strip brass strip
switch (open)
Fig. 3.1 (a) On Fig. 3.1, draw the direction of the current in the rod when the switch is closed.
[1]
(b) State which way the rod moves when the switch is closed. Give a reason for your answer. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [3] (c) State the effect on the movement of the rod when (i) the current is increased, .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) the current is reversed. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [2] 5054/2/W99
[Turn over
6 4
For Examiner's Use
Answer EITHER (a) OR (b). Do NOT answer both (a) and (b). EITHER (a) The circuit shown in Fig. 4.1 acts as a light sensitive switch.
X
relay
buzzer
coil Y
Fig. 4.1 The component X is a light dependent resistor (LDR). The connections to the buzzer and to the switch Y inside the relay have not been drawn. Switch Y is shown open in Fig. 4.1. (i) On Fig. 4.1, draw the connections to the buzzer, the switch Y and the cell that will allow the buzzer to sound when the switch Y inside the relay closes. (ii) Complete the table below stating 1.
whether the resistance of the LDR is high or low in the light and in the dark,
2.
whether the current through the relay coil is high or low in the light and in the dark.
resistance of LDR
current through relay coil
relay switch Y
buzzer
light
closed
ON
dark
open
OFF [4]
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7
For Examiner's Use
OR (b)
(i) State the names of the logic gates shown in Fig. 4.2. output
inputs
output
inputs
A
B Fig. 4.2
logic gate A .......................................
logic gate B ........................................
(ii) Describe the difference in the action of the two logic gates when HIGH (1) and LOW (0) signals are applied to their inputs. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [4]
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8 5
Some electrical components are easily damaged if electric charge is placed on them. They are often stored by placing them in contact with a conductor. (a) When the component shown in Fig. 5.1 is rubbed with a cloth, the metal legs become negatively charged. Explain how this happens. plastic
electrical component
metal legs Fig. 5.1 .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) Fig. 5.2 shows the negatively charged metal legs placed near a piece of aluminium foil which rests on an insulator. plastic metal leg – – – –
– – – –
aluminium foil
insulator Fig. 5.2 (i) On Fig. 5.2, draw the induced charges that form on the aluminium foil. (ii) The metal legs are placed in contact with the aluminium foil. Describe what happens to the charges on the foil and on the legs. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [3]
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For Examiner's Use
9 6
For Examiner's Use
Fig. 6.1 shows part of the lighting circuit of a house.
fuse 5 A live 230 V neutral
Fig. 6.1 (a)
(i) Explain why a fuse is included in the circuit. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain why the fuse is placed in the live wire rather than in the neutral wire. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Each lamp has a power of 60 W. Calculate the current through one lamp when it is switched on.
current = ...................................... [2] (c) The fuse has a rating of 5 A. Calculate the maximum number of lamps that can be connected and switched on without the fuse blowing. Each lamp is in parallel with the power supply.
maximum number of lamps = ...................................... [2] 5054/2/W99
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10 7
A radioactive source and a detector are used to check the level of fruit juice in a carton. Cartons of fruit juice pass between the detector and the radioactive source, as shown in Fig. 7.1. The radioactive source emits -particles. radioactive source
fruit juice carton radiation detector conveyor belt
Fig. 7.1 (a) State the name of a suitable detector of the -particles. .................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) What is a -particle? .................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Explain why the level of detected radiation falls when a full carton of juice goes past the detector. .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [1] (d) Explain (i) why a source emitting -particles is not used, .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) why a source emitting -rays is not used. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [2]
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For Examiner's Use
11 8
A small quantity of solid wax in a test-tube is heated slowly. Fig. 8.1 shows the variation with time of the temperature of the wax.
For Examiner's Use
90 80 temperature 70 °C 60 50 40 30 20 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 time/min
13
14
15
Fig. 8.1 (a)
(i) State what is meant by the melting point of a substance. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) Determine the melting point of the wax in the experiment. melting point = ...................................... [3]
(b) In a second experiment, twice the amount of wax is used, and exactly the same amount of heat energy every second is passed into the wax as in the first experiment. The initial temperature of the wax is also 30 °C. On Fig. 8.1, draw the variation with time of the temperature of the wax in this second experiment. You may assume that the heat needed to warm up the test-tube itself is negligible. [2]
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12 Section B Answer two questions from this section. Use the lined pages provided, and, if necessary, continue on the separate sheets available from the Supervisor.
9
A student performs an experiment to demonstrate the refraction of light by a rectangular glass block. Fig. 9.1 shows, to scale, the outline of the glass block and the paths of the incident and emergent rays that the student draws on a piece of paper.
emergent ray
glass block
incident ray
Fig. 9.1 (a) Describe the apparatus needed and also a method by which the paths of the incident and emergent rays may be drawn on a piece of paper. [3] (b) Take measurements from Fig. 9.1 to find the refractive index of the glass block. Show clearly your working, state the equation that you use and give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. [3]
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13 (c) The student repeats the experiment with the incident ray at different angles. The values obtained for the angles x and y shown in Fig. 9.2 are given in the table.
y
x normal
Fig. 9.2
x/°
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
y/°
0
7
13
20
26
31
36
39
42
Plot a graph of y / ° (y-axis) against x / ° (x-axis). Your axes should end at y / ° = 50 and x / ° = 90. Draw the best curved line through your points. (d)
[4]
(i) Use your graph to estimate the critical angle for glass and explain how you obtained your result. (ii) Explain why it is impossible to obtain a value of y = 50° in this experiment. [3]
(e) The glass block used in the experiment is replaced by one having a larger refractive index. The experiment is repeated and a second graph is plotted. State one similarity and one difference between this second graph and the graph obtained in (c). [2]
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14 10 An engineer wishes to check the volume of air inside a pipe and to check that the pipe is not leaking. He connects a syringe to one end of the pipe and a manometer to the other end, as shown in Fig. 10.1.
syringe
60 cm3
air
0 pipe narrow tube
narrow tube air volume 5000 cm3
water
manometer Fig. 10.1 The syringe initially contains 60 cm3 of air, and the pipe contains 5000 cm3 of air. The volume of the narrow tubes may be neglected. All the air is initially at atmospheric pressure, 1.000 x 105 Pa. The piston is pushed fully down and held steady so that the total volume of air decreases. (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, why the pressure of the air inside the pipe increases when the piston in the syringe is pushed down. [3] (b) In this section, assume the pipe does not leak and that the temperature of the air inside remains constant. When the piston is pushed fully down, calculate (i) the new pressure of the air in the pipe, (ii) the difference in pressure between the air inside and the air outside the pipe, (iii) the depth of water which exerts the same pressure as your value in (ii). [density of water = 1000 kg/m3; g = 10 N/kg] [7] (c)
(i) If the pipe leaks very slowly, state what happens to the levels of water on each side of the manometer when the piston is pushed down and left down. Draw a diagram of the manometer to illustrate your answer. (ii) State how the manometer could be altered to give larger differences in liquid level for the same pressure in the pipe. [5] 5054/2/W99
15 11 Ultrasound and X-rays are both used to provide information about structures inside the human body. Ultrasound is sound having a frequency above the highest audible frequency that humans can hear. X-rays are a region of the electromagnetic spectrum with a higher frequency than visible light. increasing frequency
visible light
X-rays
Fig. 11.1 (a)
(i) Name three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum other than X-rays and visible light. (ii) Copy Fig. 11.1 and on it show the position of the three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum that you have chosen in (i). (iii) Write one or two sentences about each region of the spectrum that you have chosen, describing how the electromagnetic waves are used or how they affect people. (iv) State one property that all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum have in common. [8]
(b) Fig. 11.2 shows ultrasound being used to study an unborn baby. ultrasound receiver
ultrasound source ultrasound beam
Fig. 11.2 (i) Explain how the vibrations of the source produce waves of ultrasound and suggest how these waves are transmitted through the body tissue to the receiver. (ii) Ultrasound used in medicine has a frequency which is about 100 times higher than the maximum frequency that can be heard by humans. Estimate the frequency that might be used for ultrasound in medicine, and calculate its wavelength in the human body. The speed of ultrasound in the human body is 1500 m/s. [7]
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