Paper 2 May 2001 Physics
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- Words: 2,218
- Pages: 20
Centre Number
Candidate Number
Candidate Name
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE LOCAL EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATE General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
5054/2
PHYSICS PAPER 2 Theory MAY/JUNE SESSION 2001
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the question paper. Additional materials: Answer paper Electronic calculator and/or Mathematical tables Ruler 300 mm
TIME
1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page and on any separate answer paper used. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer any two questions. Write your answers on the lined pages provided and, if necessary, continue on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, fasten any separate answer paper used securely to the question paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Candidates are reminded that all quantitative answers should include appropriate units. Candidates are advised to show all their working in a clear and orderly manner, as more marks are awarded for sound use of physics than for correct answers.
FOR EXAMINER’S USE Section A Section B Q9 Q10 Q11 TOTAL
This question paper consists of 16 printed pages, 1 blank page and 3 lined pages. MML LOC 3244 4/00 QF10452 © UCLES 2001
[Turn over
2
For Examiner’s Use
Section A Answer all the questions in this section.
1
Fig. 1.1 shows a spring. Masses are added to the spring and the extension is measured. The results are shown in Fig. 1.2.
rule
spring
14 extension of spring / cm 12 10 8 6
masses
4 2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 mass / kg Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2
(a) Explain how the extension of the spring is determined with the rule. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [1] (b)
(i) State the mass that stretches the spring to the limit of proportionality. mass = ................................. kg (ii) Calculate the weight of this mass. Take the gravitational force on a mass of 1 kg to be 10 N. weight = ................................ N [2]
(c) State and explain how the graph drawn in Fig. 1.2 is different when the experiment is performed at a place where the gravitational field is weaker. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2]
5054/2/M/J/01
3 2
For Examiner’s Use
Fig. 2.1 shows how the speed of a cyclist varies during a journey.
speed m/s
8 A
7
B
6 E
5
F
4 3 2 1 C D
0 0
50
G 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 time / s Fig. 2.1
(a) Describe the motion of the cyclist between points B and C. .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) State which parts of the graph show the cyclist moving with constant speed. .................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Calculate the distance travelled by the cyclist in the first 250 s of the journey.
distance = ........................... [3]
5054/2/M/J/01
[Turn over
4 3
Fig. 3.1 shows an oil drum floating in water. Force F is the force acting upwards on the bottom surface of the drum caused by the pressure in the water. surface area 0.30 m2 air
water 0.8 m F
Fig. 3.1 (a) On Fig. 3.1 draw and label an arrow X to show the force exerted by the air on the top surface of the drum, and an arrow W to show the weight of the drum. [1] (b) Atmospheric pressure is 100 000 Pa and acts on the top surface of the drum and on the water surface. (i) State the formula that relates pressure, force and area. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) The drum has a top surface of area 0.30 m2. Calculate the force that the air exerts on this surface.
force = ....................................... (iii) The pressure in water increases by 10 000 Pa for each metre increase in depth below the surface. The bottom surface of the drum is 0.8 m below the water surface. Calculate the total pressure in the water at this depth.
pressure = ................................ [5]
5054/2/M/J/01
For Examiner’s Use
5 4
For Examiner’s Use
(a) State what is meant by the boiling point of a liquid. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) A thermocouple thermometer is calibrated at 0 °C and 100 °C. The results are shown in the table.
temperature / °C
0
100
thermocouple output / mV
0
22
(i) Calculate the recorded temperature when the output of the thermocouple is 18 mV.
temperature = ........................... (ii) State one advantage of using a thermocouple thermometer rather than a liquid-inglass laboratory thermometer. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [3]
5054/2/M/J/01
[Turn over
6 5
Fig. 5.1 shows a transformer connected to an alternating current supply. The primary coil has 50 turns and the secondary coil 100 turns. Both coils are made of insulated copper wire and are wound on a soft-iron core. soft-iron core alternating supply amplitude 2 V
output
primary coil 50 turns
secondary coil 100 turns Fig. 5.1
(a) State (i) why the coils are made of copper, .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) why the core is made of soft iron, .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (iii) the cause of the magnetic field in the soft-iron core. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [4]
5054/2/M/J/01
For Examiner’s Use
7
For Examiner’s Use
(b) Fig. 5.2 shows the variation of the output voltage of the transformer with time.
voltage output /V
8
4
0
time
–4
–8 Fig. 5.2 The number of turns on the secondary coil is increased to 150, but the number of turns on the primary coil and the input voltage are unchanged. On Fig. 5.2, draw the variation with time of the output voltage after this increase.
5054/2/M/J/01
[2]
[Turn over
8 6
For Examiner’s Use
A student uses the electrical circuit shown in Fig. 6.1. variable resistor open switch
cell
lamp
Fig. 6.1 (a) When the switch is closed the lamp lights. Explain how adjusting the variable resistor affects the current. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) The student adds component A to the circuit, as shown in Fig. 6.2. When the switch is now closed the lamp lights after a short delay. variable resistor open switch
A
cell
lamp
Fig. 6.2 (i) Name component A. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain why there is a delay. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (iii) When the switch is opened, the lamp remains lit for a short time. Explain this observation. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [3] 5054/2/M/J/01
9 7
Using a microscope, smoke particles can be seen moving inside a glass tube. They appear as tiny spots of light that move in various directions. The air molecules inside the glass tube cannot be seen with the aid of the microscope. The apparatus is illustrated in Fig. 7.1.
For Examiner’s Use
eye
microscope
smoke particles
lamp
glass tube
Fig. 7.1 (a) State why a microscope is needed to see the smoke particles. .................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Explain why the smoke particles appear as spots of light. .................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) On the diagram below draw a path taken by one smoke particle over a period of time.
smoke particle
glass tube
[1] (d)
(i) State what makes the smoke particles move in this way. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain what the movement of the smoke particles tells us about the movement of the air molecules that cannot be seen. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [3]
5054/2/M/J/01
[Turn over
10 8
A teacher counts the number of particles emitted from a radioactive source, as shown in Fig. 8.1. radioactive source detector
counter Fig. 8.1
(a) State the name of a detector able to detect particles from a radioactive source. .................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) The teacher measures the number of particles emitted in 1 minute from three different sources. The measurements are repeated each hour for four hours. The results are shown in the table. time / hours
number of particles emitted in 1 minute source A
source B
source C
0
160
1600
16000
1
113
800
12700
2
80
400
10000
3
57
200
8000
4
40
100
6350
(i) State and explain which source has the shortest half-life. source with shortest half-life ..................................................................................... reason ...................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................
5054/2/M/J/01
For Examiner’s Use
11
For Examiner’s Use
(ii) The experiment continues until the time is 6 hours. For this time of 6 hours, calculate the number of particles emitted in 1 minute from 1. source A,
number = .................................. 2. source B.
number = .................................. [5]
5054/2/M/J/01
[Turn over
12 Section B Answer two questions from this section. Use the lined pages provided and, if necessary, continue on the separate sheets available from the Supervisor.
9
Fig. 9.1 shows a wind turbine used to produce electricity. The turbine blades are turned by the wind and are connected to an electrical generator.
electrical generator
turbine blade
turbine blade
air wind turbine
Fig. 9.1
Fig. 9.2
(a) Energy can be converted from one form into another. (i) State the useful energy transformations that occur during the operation of a wind turbine. (ii) Describe briefly why more energy is produced per second if 1.
the wind blows faster,
2.
the turbine blades are longer,
3.
the turbine is more efficient.
(iii) State one other energy transformation that produces electricity on a large scale and in which fuel is not burnt. [6] (b) In one revolution the blades sweep out a circle, as shown in Fig. 9.2. In 60 s a volume of 540 000 m3 of air travelling at a speed of 6.0 m/s is incident at right angles on that circle. The density of air is 1.2 kg/m3. Calculate (i) the mass of air that passes through this circle in 60 s, (ii) the initial kinetic energy of this mass of air, (iii) the maximum input power available to the wind turbine. [9]
5054/2/M/J/01
13 BLANK PAGE
5054/2/M/J/01
[Turn over
14 10 Lamps, which operate normally at a potential difference of 12 V, are used in the lighting circuit of a car. The lamps at the front of a car are connected in parallel as shown in Fig. 10.1. Switches are not shown.
12 V
Fig. 10.1 (a) State and explain two advantages of using lamps connected in parallel rather than in series. [4] (b) Fig. 10.2 shows how the current through the filament of a lamp varies as the potential difference across it is altered. 2.0 current / A 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
potential difference / V Fig. 10.2
5054/2/M/J/01
15 (i) For a potential difference of 12 V across the filament calculate 1.
the resistance of the filament,
2.
the electrical power supplied to it.
(ii) State how you know that the filament is behaving as a non-ohmic conductor. [7] (c) The lamp shown in Fig. 10.3 loses energy by conduction, convection and radiation. glass cap
filament Fig. 10.3 Describe in detail how and where the lamp loses energy by these three methods.
5054/2/M/J/01
[4]
[Turn over
16 11 Fig. 11.1 shows an experiment in which a bell rings inside a glass jar.
air glass jar bell
to vacuum pump Fig. 11.1 Sound is heard outside the jar. (a)
(i) Explain how sound is transmitted by the molecules of the air and the jar. (ii) State and explain what is heard outside the jar as the air is removed from the jar. [4]
(b) To investigate a layer of rock underground, an explosion is made on the surface of the Earth. Fig. 11.2 shows the arrangement. explosion made here
detector air
1
surface
2 earth 5
3 layer of rock 4 Fig. 11.2
Sound from the explosion may travel to the detector through air (path 1), through earth (path 2), or by reflection from a layer of rock (path 3). Some sound travels into the layer of rock by path 4.
5054/2/M/J/01
17 The time taken for the sound to reach the detector is shown in the table.
time taken for sound to travel from source to detector / s
path 1
path 2
path 3
0.100
0.020
0.300
(i) Explain why sound arrives first at the detector along path 2. (ii) Given that the speed of sound in air is 320 m/s, calculate the distance between the source of sound and the detector. (iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the speed of sound in earth. (iv) Light and sound are both waves and may be refracted and reflected. The sound travelling along path 5 undergoes total internal reflection. 1.
Explain what is meant by total internal reflection.
2.
Explain how Fig. 11.2 shows that sound travels faster in the layer of rock than it does in earth. [11]
5054/2/M/J/01
[Turn over
18 ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... 5054/2/M/J/01
For Examiner’s Use
19 .........................................................................................................................................................
For Examiner’s Use
......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... 5054/2/M/J/01
[Turn over
20 ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... 5054/2/M/J/01
For Examiner’s Use
Candidate Number
Candidate Name
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE LOCAL EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATE General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
5054/2
PHYSICS PAPER 2 Theory MAY/JUNE SESSION 2001
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the question paper. Additional materials: Answer paper Electronic calculator and/or Mathematical tables Ruler 300 mm
TIME
1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page and on any separate answer paper used. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer any two questions. Write your answers on the lined pages provided and, if necessary, continue on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, fasten any separate answer paper used securely to the question paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Candidates are reminded that all quantitative answers should include appropriate units. Candidates are advised to show all their working in a clear and orderly manner, as more marks are awarded for sound use of physics than for correct answers.
FOR EXAMINER’S USE Section A Section B Q9 Q10 Q11 TOTAL
This question paper consists of 16 printed pages, 1 blank page and 3 lined pages. MML LOC 3244 4/00 QF10452 © UCLES 2001
[Turn over
2
For Examiner’s Use
Section A Answer all the questions in this section.
1
Fig. 1.1 shows a spring. Masses are added to the spring and the extension is measured. The results are shown in Fig. 1.2.
rule
spring
14 extension of spring / cm 12 10 8 6
masses
4 2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 mass / kg Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2
(a) Explain how the extension of the spring is determined with the rule. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [1] (b)
(i) State the mass that stretches the spring to the limit of proportionality. mass = ................................. kg (ii) Calculate the weight of this mass. Take the gravitational force on a mass of 1 kg to be 10 N. weight = ................................ N [2]
(c) State and explain how the graph drawn in Fig. 1.2 is different when the experiment is performed at a place where the gravitational field is weaker. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2]
5054/2/M/J/01
3 2
For Examiner’s Use
Fig. 2.1 shows how the speed of a cyclist varies during a journey.
speed m/s
8 A
7
B
6 E
5
F
4 3 2 1 C D
0 0
50
G 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 time / s Fig. 2.1
(a) Describe the motion of the cyclist between points B and C. .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) State which parts of the graph show the cyclist moving with constant speed. .................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Calculate the distance travelled by the cyclist in the first 250 s of the journey.
distance = ........................... [3]
5054/2/M/J/01
[Turn over
4 3
Fig. 3.1 shows an oil drum floating in water. Force F is the force acting upwards on the bottom surface of the drum caused by the pressure in the water. surface area 0.30 m2 air
water 0.8 m F
Fig. 3.1 (a) On Fig. 3.1 draw and label an arrow X to show the force exerted by the air on the top surface of the drum, and an arrow W to show the weight of the drum. [1] (b) Atmospheric pressure is 100 000 Pa and acts on the top surface of the drum and on the water surface. (i) State the formula that relates pressure, force and area. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) The drum has a top surface of area 0.30 m2. Calculate the force that the air exerts on this surface.
force = ....................................... (iii) The pressure in water increases by 10 000 Pa for each metre increase in depth below the surface. The bottom surface of the drum is 0.8 m below the water surface. Calculate the total pressure in the water at this depth.
pressure = ................................ [5]
5054/2/M/J/01
For Examiner’s Use
5 4
For Examiner’s Use
(a) State what is meant by the boiling point of a liquid. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) A thermocouple thermometer is calibrated at 0 °C and 100 °C. The results are shown in the table.
temperature / °C
0
100
thermocouple output / mV
0
22
(i) Calculate the recorded temperature when the output of the thermocouple is 18 mV.
temperature = ........................... (ii) State one advantage of using a thermocouple thermometer rather than a liquid-inglass laboratory thermometer. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [3]
5054/2/M/J/01
[Turn over
6 5
Fig. 5.1 shows a transformer connected to an alternating current supply. The primary coil has 50 turns and the secondary coil 100 turns. Both coils are made of insulated copper wire and are wound on a soft-iron core. soft-iron core alternating supply amplitude 2 V
output
primary coil 50 turns
secondary coil 100 turns Fig. 5.1
(a) State (i) why the coils are made of copper, .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) why the core is made of soft iron, .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (iii) the cause of the magnetic field in the soft-iron core. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [4]
5054/2/M/J/01
For Examiner’s Use
7
For Examiner’s Use
(b) Fig. 5.2 shows the variation of the output voltage of the transformer with time.
voltage output /V
8
4
0
time
–4
–8 Fig. 5.2 The number of turns on the secondary coil is increased to 150, but the number of turns on the primary coil and the input voltage are unchanged. On Fig. 5.2, draw the variation with time of the output voltage after this increase.
5054/2/M/J/01
[2]
[Turn over
8 6
For Examiner’s Use
A student uses the electrical circuit shown in Fig. 6.1. variable resistor open switch
cell
lamp
Fig. 6.1 (a) When the switch is closed the lamp lights. Explain how adjusting the variable resistor affects the current. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) The student adds component A to the circuit, as shown in Fig. 6.2. When the switch is now closed the lamp lights after a short delay. variable resistor open switch
A
cell
lamp
Fig. 6.2 (i) Name component A. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain why there is a delay. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (iii) When the switch is opened, the lamp remains lit for a short time. Explain this observation. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [3] 5054/2/M/J/01
9 7
Using a microscope, smoke particles can be seen moving inside a glass tube. They appear as tiny spots of light that move in various directions. The air molecules inside the glass tube cannot be seen with the aid of the microscope. The apparatus is illustrated in Fig. 7.1.
For Examiner’s Use
eye
microscope
smoke particles
lamp
glass tube
Fig. 7.1 (a) State why a microscope is needed to see the smoke particles. .................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Explain why the smoke particles appear as spots of light. .................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) On the diagram below draw a path taken by one smoke particle over a period of time.
smoke particle
glass tube
[1] (d)
(i) State what makes the smoke particles move in this way. .................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain what the movement of the smoke particles tells us about the movement of the air molecules that cannot be seen. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [3]
5054/2/M/J/01
[Turn over
10 8
A teacher counts the number of particles emitted from a radioactive source, as shown in Fig. 8.1. radioactive source detector
counter Fig. 8.1
(a) State the name of a detector able to detect particles from a radioactive source. .................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) The teacher measures the number of particles emitted in 1 minute from three different sources. The measurements are repeated each hour for four hours. The results are shown in the table. time / hours
number of particles emitted in 1 minute source A
source B
source C
0
160
1600
16000
1
113
800
12700
2
80
400
10000
3
57
200
8000
4
40
100
6350
(i) State and explain which source has the shortest half-life. source with shortest half-life ..................................................................................... reason ...................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................
5054/2/M/J/01
For Examiner’s Use
11
For Examiner’s Use
(ii) The experiment continues until the time is 6 hours. For this time of 6 hours, calculate the number of particles emitted in 1 minute from 1. source A,
number = .................................. 2. source B.
number = .................................. [5]
5054/2/M/J/01
[Turn over
12 Section B Answer two questions from this section. Use the lined pages provided and, if necessary, continue on the separate sheets available from the Supervisor.
9
Fig. 9.1 shows a wind turbine used to produce electricity. The turbine blades are turned by the wind and are connected to an electrical generator.
electrical generator
turbine blade
turbine blade
air wind turbine
Fig. 9.1
Fig. 9.2
(a) Energy can be converted from one form into another. (i) State the useful energy transformations that occur during the operation of a wind turbine. (ii) Describe briefly why more energy is produced per second if 1.
the wind blows faster,
2.
the turbine blades are longer,
3.
the turbine is more efficient.
(iii) State one other energy transformation that produces electricity on a large scale and in which fuel is not burnt. [6] (b) In one revolution the blades sweep out a circle, as shown in Fig. 9.2. In 60 s a volume of 540 000 m3 of air travelling at a speed of 6.0 m/s is incident at right angles on that circle. The density of air is 1.2 kg/m3. Calculate (i) the mass of air that passes through this circle in 60 s, (ii) the initial kinetic energy of this mass of air, (iii) the maximum input power available to the wind turbine. [9]
5054/2/M/J/01
13 BLANK PAGE
5054/2/M/J/01
[Turn over
14 10 Lamps, which operate normally at a potential difference of 12 V, are used in the lighting circuit of a car. The lamps at the front of a car are connected in parallel as shown in Fig. 10.1. Switches are not shown.
12 V
Fig. 10.1 (a) State and explain two advantages of using lamps connected in parallel rather than in series. [4] (b) Fig. 10.2 shows how the current through the filament of a lamp varies as the potential difference across it is altered. 2.0 current / A 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
potential difference / V Fig. 10.2
5054/2/M/J/01
15 (i) For a potential difference of 12 V across the filament calculate 1.
the resistance of the filament,
2.
the electrical power supplied to it.
(ii) State how you know that the filament is behaving as a non-ohmic conductor. [7] (c) The lamp shown in Fig. 10.3 loses energy by conduction, convection and radiation. glass cap
filament Fig. 10.3 Describe in detail how and where the lamp loses energy by these three methods.
5054/2/M/J/01
[4]
[Turn over
16 11 Fig. 11.1 shows an experiment in which a bell rings inside a glass jar.
air glass jar bell
to vacuum pump Fig. 11.1 Sound is heard outside the jar. (a)
(i) Explain how sound is transmitted by the molecules of the air and the jar. (ii) State and explain what is heard outside the jar as the air is removed from the jar. [4]
(b) To investigate a layer of rock underground, an explosion is made on the surface of the Earth. Fig. 11.2 shows the arrangement. explosion made here
detector air
1
surface
2 earth 5
3 layer of rock 4 Fig. 11.2
Sound from the explosion may travel to the detector through air (path 1), through earth (path 2), or by reflection from a layer of rock (path 3). Some sound travels into the layer of rock by path 4.
5054/2/M/J/01
17 The time taken for the sound to reach the detector is shown in the table.
time taken for sound to travel from source to detector / s
path 1
path 2
path 3
0.100
0.020
0.300
(i) Explain why sound arrives first at the detector along path 2. (ii) Given that the speed of sound in air is 320 m/s, calculate the distance between the source of sound and the detector. (iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the speed of sound in earth. (iv) Light and sound are both waves and may be refracted and reflected. The sound travelling along path 5 undergoes total internal reflection. 1.
Explain what is meant by total internal reflection.
2.
Explain how Fig. 11.2 shows that sound travels faster in the layer of rock than it does in earth. [11]
5054/2/M/J/01
[Turn over
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For Examiner’s Use
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For Examiner’s Use
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[Turn over
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For Examiner’s Use
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