Outline Of Research Work

OUTLINE OF RESEARCH WORK OF

POST GRADUATE RESEARCH EFFICACY OF CERTAIN AGROCHEMICALS APPLICATION AT FIELD RATES ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF RHIZOSPHERIC SOIL IN MAIZE

Submitted by KOLHE VINAYKUMAR SHIRISH Reg.No. 99M 2008A

Research Guide Mrs. M. G. PATIL Jr. Microbiologist AICRP on Weed Control M.A.U, Parbhani.

Submitted to HEAD DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY P.G. PROGRAMME M.A.U, PARBHANI 431 402 (M.S.)

OUTLINE OF RESEARCH WORK 1. Name of the Student

:

KOLHE VINAYKUMAR SHIRISH

2. Registration No.

:

99M 2008A

3. Degree

:

M.Sc. (Agri.)

4. Year of admission

:

2008

5. Discipline

:

Plant Pathology

6. Major Field

:

Plant Pathology

7. Minor Field

:

Agricultural Statistics, Plant Biotechnology, Entomology, Agril. Extention, Plant Physiology.

8. Title of Thesis

:

“EFFICACY OF CERTAIN AGROCHEMICALS APPLICATION AT FIELD RATES ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF RHIZOSPHERIC SOIL IN MAIZE”

9. Objectives

: 1. To study effect of Agrochemicals on microbial count in rhizospheric soil of maize. 2. To study effect of Agrochemicals on pH, Electrical Conductivity, Organic Carbon of rhizospheric soil of maize. 3. To study effect of Agrochemicals on Microbial Biomass Carbon and Basal Soil respiration in rhizospheric soil. 4. To study effect of Agrochemicals on nitrogen mineralization following the aerobic process. 5. To study effect of Agrochemicals on disease incidence, disease intensity, disease index, grain weight and yield of maize. 2

10. Introduction: Maize (Zea mays L) is one of the most important cereals of the world and provides more human food than any other cereal. Maize is of American origin having been domesticated

about 7000 years ago. Maize

provides

nutrients for humans and animals and serves as a basic raw material for the production of starch, oil and protein, alcoholic beverages, food sweeteners and, more recently, fuel. The area under the maize is continuously increasing over the years. If we examine production figures, global maize production reached its high of 712 million tons during 2004-05. It is inferred that USA has the lion’s share in total global maize production accounting for 30% of the production. Other major maize producers are China (15%), EU – 25 (14%), Brazil (4%) and India (3%). India is the fifth largest producer of maize in the world contributing 3% of the global production. India’s maize production has increased from less than 3 million tones to 15 million tones today. Area brought under maize in India was 35.22 lakh hectares up from 27.36 lakh hectares planted during the corresponding period last year. Microbial a c t i v i t y i s t h e general

term

use d

to

indicate

the

vast range of activities carried out by soil microorganisms Landi et al., (2000). It is markedly influenced by changes in environmental factors and soil conditions Bloem et al., (2006). Biological parameters may rapidly reflect even small changes that occur in soil, providing accurate data about soil quality

Smith and Papendick, ( 1 9 9 3 ) . Pascual et al., ( 2 0 0 0 ) .

Soil

microorganisms, particularly soil fungi, represent a biogeosphere component determining the level of their real toxic effect, since they take part in their detoxification

and

mineralization,

using

them

as carbon

and

energy

sources Dukiã and Mandiã (1998), Nunez e t a l., (2001). fungicides applied perform inhibition of soil fungi development during the first two months following their application Mandiã et al.(2005) Recently, Zhao et al(2008) stated that the application of elemental

sulfur (thirty mg/kg2 ¹) increased the 3

amount of soil microorganism

(bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes), and

enhance soil microbial activity. Das and Mukherjee (1998),. stated that, the Hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) followed by phorate significantly stimulated the populations of (total) bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and aerobic non-sym biotic N 2-fixing bacteria in soil. The complexity of the soil system is determined by the numerous and diverse interactions among its physical, chemical and biological components as modulated by the prevalent environmental conditions (Buscot, 2005). The great array of rootmicrobe interactions results in the development of a dynamic environment known as the rhizosphere where microbial communities also interact. There is a need to study effect of agrochemicals on quality and quantity basis so as to analyze beneficial and harmful effects regarding soil health because world is proceeding in the direction of organic farming and sustainable farming. So, considering the impact of agrochemicals, the present investigation has planned with the following objectives. 1. To study effect of Agrochemicals on microbial count in rhizospheric soil of maize. 2. To study effect of Agrochemicals on pH, Electrical Conductivity, Organic Carbon of rhizospheric soil in maize. 3. To study effect of Agrochemicals on Microbial Biomass Carbon and Basal Soil respiration in rhizospheric soil. 4. To study effect of Agrochemicals on nitrogen mineralization following the aerobic process. 5. To study effect of Agrochemicals on disease incidence, disease intensity, disease index, grain weight and yield of maize.

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11. Review of Literature: Effect of fungicide on soil properties and plant parameters: Shukla et al.(1990) had given the details of effects of mancozeb, carbendazim and copper oxychloride on soil population of fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes and algae. In general, treatments reduced the number of microorganisms, although carbendazim stimulated fungal and bacterial population to ascertain extent. Anonymous (2006) conducted research at Cornell University reported that fungicides have little effect on long term population of putting green microbes. Cycon (2007) reported that the most adverse effect of fungal population was observed in the soil treated with the fungicide mixture. All the dosages used for mancozeb + dimethomorph significantly decreased the numbers of fungi one day after fungicide application, at the highest dosage the number of fungi drastically decreased and become one order lower as compared to the control. Effect of herbicide on soil properties and plant parameters: Ayansina and Oso (2006) suggested that herbicide treatment at both recommended and 1.5 X recommended rates resulted in decrease in microbial counts. Higher concentration of herbicides treatment resulted in much lower microbial counts compared to soil treated with recommended dose. Mishra and Chandrabhanu (2006) The herbicide could affect root nodulation and also change effectiveness of rhizobia especially after long-term exposer to residues of persistent herbicides. Effect of Azospirillum seed treatment on soil properties and plant parameters: FALLIK et al.,(1988) Noticed high concentration of Pseudomonas (108 cfu g1

sand) diminished the influence of Azospirillum on root surface area. Azospirillum

did not contribute to the increase of root surface area once the organic matter mixed with sand exceeded 1% by weight. Okon (1994) and Bashan (1999). The nitrogen-fixing Azospirillum bacteria are known to benefit plant development and yield under appropriate conditions.

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12. PROGRAMME OF RESEARCH WORK 1. To study effect of Agrochemicals on microbial count in rhizospheric soil of maize. 2. To study effect of Agrochemicals on pH, Electrical Conductivity, Organic Carbon of rhizospheric soil in maize. 3. To study effect of Agrochemicals on Microbial Biomass Carbon and Basal Soil respiration in rhizospheric soil. 4. To study effect of Agrochemicals on nitrogen mineralization following the aerobic process. 5. To study effect of Agrochemicals on disease incidence, disease intensity, disease index, grain weight and yield of maize. METHODOLOGYCROP

:

Maize (Zea mays L)

VARIETY

:

Karveer

DESIGN

:

RBD (Randomized Block Design)

TREATMENTS

:

Eight

REPLICATION

:

Three

PLOT SIZE

:

3.6 X 3.6 m2

TREATMENT DETAILST1

Weedy Check (Control)

T2

Mechanical Weeding (M.W.)

T3

Atrazin @ 0.75 Kg/ ha PE. (Pre- Emergence)

T4

Atrazin @ 1.5 Kg/ ha PE. (Pre- Emergence)

T5

Atrazin @ 0.75 Kg/ ha PE. (Pre- Emergence) followed by 2,4- D @ 0.5 Kg/ ha (Post- Emergence).

T6

Carbendazim @ 3g/kg seed

T7

Carbendazim @ 2g/kg seed

T8

Seed Treatment with Azospirillum @ 250g/ 10 Kg seeds.

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OBSERVATION DETAILS A. Microbial Count: 1. Total Bacterial Count. 2. Total Fungal Count. B. Chemical Properties of Soil: 3. pH of Soil. 4. E.C. (Electrical Conductivity) of Soil. 5. O.C. (Organic Carbon) of Soil. 6. Nitrogen Mineralization (Aerobic). C. Biological Properties of Soil: 7. Microbial Biomass Carbon of Soil. 8. Basal Soil Respiration. D. Plant Disease Diagnosis: 9. Disease incidence 10. Disease Index E. Plant Parameters: 11. Grain weight 12. Yield TIME OF OBSERVATIONMAIZE 1) At maximum vegetative growth stage (30 DAS). 2) At flowering stage (50 DAS). 3) At harvest (100- 110 DAS).

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13. LITERATURE CITEDAnonymous (2006). Non-target effects of fungicide application on microbial populations of putting greens. Green Section Record, USA, 1- 6. Anonymous (2007a). http://www.ficci.com Anonymous (2007b). http://www.sopa.org/introduction.htm Anonymous (2007c). Hindu Survey of India. Ayansina A. D. V. and Oso B. A.(2006). Effect of two commonly used herbicides on soil microflora at two different concentrations. African J. Biotechnol., 5(2):129-132. Bashan Y (1999) Interactions of Azospirillum spp. in soils: a review. Biol. Fertil. Soils 29: 246–256. Bloem, D., W. Hopkins and A. B enedetti, 2006. Microbiological Methods for Assessing Soil Quality. C A B I Publishing, C A B International, Oxford shire, U K. Buscot F. 2005. What are soils? In: Buscot F, Varma S,eds. Microorganisms in soils: roles in genesis and functions. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag, 3–18. Cycon, M. and Piotrowska Seget Z. (2007). Effect of selected pesticides on soil microflora involved in organic matter and nitrogen transformation: Pot experiment. Polish J. Ecol., 55(2): 207- 220. Das, A .C. and D . Mukherjee, 1998. Insec ticidal effe cts on soil microorganisms and their biochemical processes related to soil fertility. World J. of Microbiology and biotechnology, 14(6): 903-909. FALLIK E, OKON Y, FISCHER M.(1988) Growth response of maize roots to Azospirillum inoculation: effect of soil organic matter content,

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number of rhizosphere bacteria and timing of inoculation. Soil Biol. Biochem, 20, 45. Jeffries P, Barea JM . 2001. Arbuscular mycorrhiza: a key component of sustainable plant–soil ecosystems. In: Hock B, ed. The Mycota: fungal associations, Vol. IX. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer, 95–113. Kennedy AC. 1998. The rhizosphere and spermosphere. In: Sylvia DM, Fuhrmann JJ, Hartel PG, Zuberer DA, eds. Principles and applications o f soil microbiology. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 389 -407. Kloepper JW, Zablotowick RM, Tipping EM, Lifshitz R. 1991.Plant growth promotion mediated by bacterial rhizosphere colonizers. In: Keister DL, Cregan PB, eds. The rhizosphere and plant growth. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 315–326. Kjoller,

R.

and

R osend a hl,

2000.

E ffect

of fungic id e s o n

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: differential responses in alkaline phosphatase activity of external and internal hyphae, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 31: 361-365. Landi, L., G. Renella, J.L. Moreno, L. Falchini and P. Nannipieri, 2000. Influence of cadmium on the metabolic

quotient,

L

-:

D–

glutamic acid respiration ratio and enzyme activity: microbial biomass ratio u n d er laboratory conditions. Appl. Soil E col., 7: 245–255. Mishra, J. S. and Chandra Bhanu, (2006). Effect of herbicides on weeds, nodulation and growth of rhizobium in summer black gram (Vigna mungo). Indian J. weed sci., 38(1 & 2):150-153. Nunez, A .E. A . Cabalero a n d J . Romas, 2 0 0 1 .Biological Degradation o f 2 ,4 , 6 -Trinitrotoluene, Microbiology and Molecular Biology 9

Reviews, 65(3): 335-352. Pascual, J.A., C. Garcia, T. Hernandez, J.L. Moreno and M. Ros, 2000. Soil microbial activity as biomarker of degradation and remediation processes. Soil Biol. Biochem., 32: 1877-1883. Okon Y (1994) Azospirillum/plant Associations. CRC Press, Boca Raton. Shukla D. S., Chaturvedi R. and Shrivastav S. K. (1990). Effect of various fungicides on microbial population of soil and some soil factors. J. Environ. Biol., 11(3):291-298. Singh, B. P., Agarwal, V.K. (1993). Effect of fungicidal seed treatments and rhizobium inoculations on nodulation in soybean. Seed Research 21(1):63-65. Smith,

L.J.,

R.I.

Papendick,

1993.

Soil

orga nic matter dynamics and

crop residue management (In Soil Microbial Ecology,

Ed.

B.

Metling) - Marcel Dekker, New York. Wardle, D .A. and D. Parkinson, 1 990. Effects of three herbicides on soil microbial biomass and activity lant Soil, 122: 21-28. Z ha o, Y., X.

X in, B.

Dongmei and H. Feng, 2008. Effects o f Sulfur

Fertilization in nitrogen and carbon transformation Pesticides, in: T he Powdery Mildews.

D .M.

London.

10

Spencer, ed. Academic

Press,

14.

FACILITIES

REQUIRED

AND

THEIR

AVAILABILITY Field facilities are available at All India coordinated Research Project on Weed Control, MAU, Parbhani that will be made available for present study. Laboratory facilities are available in Department of Plant Pathology, Department of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, MAU; Parbhani.

15. PLACE OF RESEARCH WORK All India coordinated Research Project on Weed Control Laboratory, MAU, Parbhani and Department Of Plant Pathology, MAU, Parbhani. Date: Signature Of Student (Kolhe V. S.) Chairman (Mrs. M. G. Patil) Junior Microbiologist, AICRP On Weed Control, MAU, Parbhani. Recommended byHead Of Department, Department of Plant Pathology, MAU, Parbhani. Approved By, 11

Associate Dean (PG), College Of Agriculture, MAU, Parbhani.

16.

ORW

PROPOSED

BY

THE

ADVISORY

COMMITTEE Date: Signature Of Student (Kolhe V. S.) Chairman Mrs. M. G. Patil Junior Microbiologist, AICRP On Weed Control, MAU, Parbhani. MembersDr. G. D. Deshpande, Head Of Department, Department of Plant Pathology, MAU, Parbhani.

Dr. P. V. Khalikar, Associate Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, MAU, Parbhani.

Dr. K. S. Kulthe, Associate Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, MAU, Parbhani.

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Recommended By, Head Of Department, Department of Plant Pathology, MAU, Parbhani. Approved By, Associate Dean (PG), College Of Agriculture, MAU, Parbhani.

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