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Ex. No:1 First Come First Serve Date:
Aim To simulate the CPU scheduling algorithm for FCFS (First come First Serve).
Algorithm Step 1: Declare the variables Step 2: Input number of processes Step 3: If n is greater than zero n Step 4: Then input their burst time Step 5: Waiting time for first process is zero Step 6: Compute the waiting time for all the processes Step 7: Calculate the average waiting time Step 8: Display the results Step 9: Stop
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PROGRAM #include #include void main() { clrscr(); int a[20],n,w[20]; cout<<"Enter the no. of jobs:"; cin>>n; for(int i=0;i>a[i]; } w[0]=0; for(i=0;i<=n;i++) { w[i+1]=w[i]+a[i]; } cout<<"GANTT CHART\n"; for(i=0;i
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} avg=avg/n; cout<<"\nAVERAGE WAITING TIME:"<
OUTPUT
RESULT The FCFS program was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex. No:2 Shortest Job First Date:
Aim To simulate the CPU scheduling algorithm for SJF (Shortest Job First). Algorithm Step 1: Declare the variables Step 2: Input number of processes Step 3: If n is greater than zero n Step 4: Then input their burst time Step 5: Waiting time for first process is zero Step 6: Compute the waiting time for all the processes Step 7: Calculate the average waiting time Step 8: Display the results Step 9: Stop
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PROGRAM #include #include void main() { int i,j,n,ex[20],a[20]; int w[20],temp,s[20]; clrscr(); cout<<"Enter the no. of jobs:"; cin>>n; cout<<endl; for(i=0;i>ex[i];} for(i=0;i
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for(i=0;i #include #include<stdio.h> struct node { char s[10]; int t; int P; }; void main() { clrscr(); int n,i,j; float avg=0; node x; node a[20]; cout<<"Enter the no. of jobs:"; cin>>n; for(i=0;i>a[i].s; cout<<"Enter the time required:"; cin>>a[i].t; cout<<"Enter the priority of the job:"; cin>>a[i].P; } cout<<"INPUT \n"; cout<<"JOB TIME PRIORITY \n"; for(i=0;i=0)) {a[j+1]=a[j]; j=j-1; } a[j+1]=x; } cout<<"PRIORITY SCHEDULING \n"; cout<<"JOB TIME PRIORITY \n"; Umang Jain [A7605217131]
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for(i=0;i #include void main() { clrscr(); int a[20],r[20],n,e=0,b[20],c=0,w[20],i,j,f=1; int t=3,x[20]; float avg=0; cout<<"Enter the number of jobs:"; cin>>n; for(i=0;i>a[i]; x[i]=0; r[i]=0; b[i]=0; } w[0]=0; cout<<"GANTT CHART\n"; i=0; while(f==1) { if(b[i]==0) { cout<<"| J"<=n) {
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c=0; for(j=0;j Displays the machine id (i.e., name of the system hardware) -n -> Displays the name of the network node. (host name) -r -> Displays the release number of the operating system. -s -> Displays the name of the operating system (i.e.. system name) -v -> Displays the version of the operating system. -a -> Displays the details of all the above five options. SYNTAX: $ uname [option] 13. The ‘finger’ command The finger command with an argument gives you more information about the user. The finger command followed by an argument can give complete information for a user who is not logged onto the system. SYNTAX: $ finger [user-name] EXAMPLE: $ finger periit
1.2 DIRECTORY COMMANDS 1. The ‘pwd’ command: The pwd (print working directory) command displays the current working directory. SYNTAX: $ pwd 2. The ‘mkdir’ command: The mkdir is used to create an empty directory in a disk. SYNTAX: $ mkdir dirname
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EXAMPLE: $ mkdir periit 3. The ‘rmdir’ command: The rmdir is used to remove a directory from the disk. Before removing a directory, the directory must be empty (no files and directories). SYNTAX: $ rmdir dirname EXAMPLE: $ rmdir periit 4. The ‘cd’ command: The cd command is used to move from one directory to another. SYNTAX: $ cd dirname EXAMPLE: $ cd periit 5. The ‘ls’ command: The ls command displays the list of files in the current working directory. SYNTAX: $ ls 1.3 FILE HANDLING COMMANDS 1. The ‘cat’ command: The cat command is used to create a file. SYNTAX: $ cat > filename EXAMPLE: $ cat > periit 2. The ‘Display contents of a file’ command: The cat command is also used to view the contents of a specified file. SYNTAX: $ cat filename 3. The ‘cp’ command: The cp command is used to copy the contents of one file to another and copies the file from one place to another.
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SYNTAX: $ cp oldfile newfile EXAMPLE: $ cp cse ece 4. The ‘rm’ command: The rm command is used to remove or erase an existing file SYNTAX: $ rm filename EXAMPLE: $ rm periit 5. The ‘mv’ command: The mv command is used to move a file from one place to another. It removes a specified file from its original location and places it in specified location. SYNTAX: $ mv oldfile newfile EXAMPLE: $ mv cse eee 6. The ‘file’ command: The file command is used to determine the type of file. SYNTAX: $ file filename EXAMPLE: $ file periit 7. The ‘wc’ command: The wc command is used to count the number of words, lines and characters in a file. SYNTAX: $ wc filename EXAMPLE: $ wc periit 8. The ‘Directing output to a file’ command: The ls command lists the files on the terminal (screen). Using the redirection operator ‘>’ we can send the output to file instead of showing it on the screen. SYNTAX: $ ls > filename EXAMPLE: $ ls > periit
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9. The ‘pipes’ command: The Unix allows us to connect two commands together using these pipes. A pipe ( | ) is an mechanism by which the output of one command can be channeled into the input of another command. SYNTAX: $ command1 | command2 EXAMPLE: $ who | wc -l 10. The ‘tee’ command: While using pipes, we have not seen any output from a command that gets piped into another command. To save the output, which is produced in the middle of a pipe, the tee command is very useful. SYNTAX: $ command | tee filename EXAMPLE: $ who | tee sample | wc -l 11. The ‘Metacharacters of unix’ command: Metacharacters are special characters that are at higher and abstract level compared to most of other characters in Unix. The shell understands and interprets these metacharacters in a special way. * - Specifies number of characters ?- Specifies a single character [ ]- used to match a whole set of file names at a command line. ! – Used to Specify Not EXAMPLE: $ ls r** - Displays all the files whose name begins with ‘r’ $ ls ?kkk - Displays the files which are having ‘kkk’, from the second characters irrespective of the first character. $ ls [a-m] – Lists the files whose names begins alphabets from ‘a’ to ‘m’ $ ls [!a-m] – Lists all files other than files whose names begins alphabets from ‘a’ to ‘m’
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12. The ‘File permissions’ command: File permission is the way of controlling the accessibility of file for each of three users namely Users, Groups and Others. There are three types of file permissions are available, they are r-read w-write x-execute The permissions for each file can be divided into three parts of three bits each.
First three bits
Owner of the file
Next three bits
Group to which owner of the file belongs
Last three bits EXAMPLE: $ ls college -rwxr-xr--
1
Lak
Others std
1525
jan10 12:10 college
Where, -rwx The file is readable, writable and executable by the owner of the file. Lak
Specifies Owner of the file.
r-x
Indicates the absence of the write permission by the Group owner of the file.
Std
Is the Group Owner of the file.
r--
Indicates read permissions for others.
13. The ‘chmod’ command: The chmod command is used to set the read, write and execute permissions for all categories of users for file. SYNTAX: $ chmod category operation permission file
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Category
Operation
permission
u-users
+ assign
r-read
g-group
-Remove
w-write
o-others
= assign absolutely
x-execute
a-all EXAMPLE: $ chmod u –wx college Removes write & execute permission for users for ‘college’ file. $ chmod u +rw, g+rw college Assigns read & write permission for users and groups for ‘college’ file. $ chmod g=wx college Assigns absolute permission for groups of all read, write and execute permissions for ‘college’ file. 14. The ‘Octal Notations’ command: The file permissions can be changed using octal notations also. The octal notations for file permission are Read permission 4 Write permission
2
Execute permission
1
EXAMPLE: $ chmod 761 college Assigns all permission to the owner, read and write permissions to the group and only executable permission to the others for ‘college’ file. 1.4 GROUPING COMMANDS 1. The ‘semicolon’ command: The semicolon(;) command is used to separate multiple commands at the command line. SYNTAX: $ command1;command2;command3…………….;commandn EXAMPLE: $ who;date 2. The ‘&&’ operator:
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The ‘&&’ operator signifies the logical AND operation in between two or more valid Unix commands. It means that only if the first command is successfully executed, then the next command will executed. SYNTAX: $ command1 && command && command3…………….&&commandn EXAMPLE: $ who && date 3. The ‘||’ operator: The ‘||’ operator signifies the logical OR operation in between two or more valid Unix commands. It means, that only if the first command will happen to be un successfully, it will continue to execute next commands. SYNTAX: $ command1 || command || command3…………….||commandn EXAMPLE: $ who || date 1.5 FILTERS 1. The head filter It displays the first ten lines of a file. SYNTAX: $ head filename EXAMPLE: $ head college $ head -5 college
Display the top ten lines. Display the top five lines.
2. The tail filter It displays ten lines of a file from the end of the file. SYNTAX: $ tail filename EXAMPLE: $ tail college $tail -5 college
Display the last ten lines. Display the last five lines.
3. The pg filter: The pg command shows the file page by page. SYNTAX: $ ls –l | pg 4. The ‘grep’ command: This command is used to search for a particular pattern from a file or from the standard input and display those lines on the standard output. “Grep” stands for “global search for regular expression.”
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SYNTAX: $ grep [pattern] [file_name] EXAMPLE: $ cat > student Arun cse Ram ece Kani cse $ grep “cse” student Arun cse Kani cse 5. The ‘sort’ command: The sort command is used to sort the contents of a file. The sort command reports only to the screen, the actual file remains unchanged. SYNTAX: $ sort filename EXAMPLE: $ sort college OPTIONS: Command
Purpose
Sort –r college
Sorts and displays the file contents in reverse order
Sort –c college
Check if the file is sorted
Sort –n college
Sorts numerically
Sort –m college
Sorts numerically in reverse order
Sort –u college
Remove duplicate records
Sort –l college
Skip the column with +1 (one) option.Sorts according to second column
6. The ‘uniq’ command:
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In any enterprise data processing environment, there is often a duplicate entry creeping in due to faulty data entry. We just saw how sort removes them the –u option. Unix offers a special tool to handle these records SYNTAX: $ uniq filename EXAMPLE: $ cat > student Arun cse Arun cse Ram ece Ram ece Kani cse San cse
$ uniq student Arun cse Ram ece Kani cse San cse 7. The ‘nl’ command: The nl filter adds lines numbers to a file and it displays the file and not provides access to edit but simply displays the contents on the screen. SYNTAX: $ nl filename EXAMPLE: $ nl college 8. The ‘cut’ command: We can select specified fields from a line of text using cut command. SYNTAX: $ cut -c filename
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EXAMPLE: $ cut -c college OPTION: -c – Option cut on the specified character position from each line.
Ex. No:5 The Greatest Among Three Number Date:
Aim To using the shell program to check the greatest among three number. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read three values to check the greatest. Step 3: Check while if [ $first -gt $sec ] if true else if [ $first -gt $third ] Step 4: Check if if [ $sec -gt $third ] if write the output.
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Step 5: Stop the program.
PROGRAM echo "enter first number" read first echo "enter second number" read sec echo "enter third number" read third if [ $first -gt $sec ] ; then if [ $first -gt $third ] ; then echo -e " $first is greatest number " else echo -e " $third is greatest number " fi else if [ $sec -gt $third ] ; then echo -e " $sec is greatest number " else echo -e " $third is greatest number " fi
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fi OUTPUT
RESULT The program for greatest number among three was compiled and executed successfully.
Ex. No:6 Date:
Even or Odd
Aim To write a program to check if a number is even or odd. Algorithm: Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read the value to check the even or odd. Step 3: Calculate the rem= rem=$(( $n % 2 )). Step 4: check the remainder if 0 then even or else odd. Step 5: Give the output. Step 6: Stop the program.
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PROGRAM echo -n "Enter number : " read n rem=$(( $n % 2 )) if [ $rem -eq 0 ] then echo "$n is even number" else echo "$n is odd number" fi OUTPUT
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RESULT The even/odd program was compiled and executed successfully.
Ex. No:7 Positive or Negative Date:
Aim To using the shell program to check if a number is positive or negative. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read a number.
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Step 3: Run if else loop to check whether the number is negative or positive. Step 4: If negative output “Negative” else “Positive”. Step 5: Stop the program.
.
PROGRAM echo "Enter a Number" read num if [ $num -lt 0 ] then echo "Negative" else if [ $num -gt 0 ] then echo "Positive" else echo "Neither Positive Nor Negative" fi fi
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OUTPUT
RESULT The Positie/Negative program was compiled and executed successfully.
Ex. No:8
Arithmetic operations Date:
Aim To using the shell program to perform arithmetic operations. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program
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Step 2: Read two number and a character. Step 3: Use case ch to check character and enter arithmetic operation related to it. Step 4: Check the case and put the output. Step 5: Stop the program.
.
PROGRAM echo "Enter two number" read a read b echo "Menu" echo "1 Add" echo”2 Substract” echo "3 Multiply" echo "4 Divide" echo "5 Exit" echo "Enter your choice" read ch case $ch in
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1) echo `expr $a + $b`;; 2) echo `expr $a - $b`;; 3) echo `expr $a \* $b`;; 4) echo `expr $a / $b`;; 5) exit;; esac
OUTPUT
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RESULT The program for arithmetic operations was compiled and executed successfully.
Ex. No:9
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Sum of even numbers Date:
Aim To using the shell program to find the sum of even numbers. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read a upper limit number to get sum . Step 3: Initialize the sum and number. Step 4: Use while loop to [ $i -le $n ] and get the output of sum. Step 5: Stop the program.
.
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PROGRAM echo "Enter upper limit" read n i=0 sum=0 while [ $i -le $n ] do sum=`expr $sum + $i` i=`expr $i + 2` done echo "Sum of even number upto $n is : $sum" OUTPUT
RESULT The program to check even numbers was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex. No:10 Factorial of Given Number Date:
Aim
To write a program to find the factorial of the given number . Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read the value of n Step 3: Initialize i=1,f=1. Step 4: Using formula to find the factorial of the given number Step 5: Print the factorial value Step 6: Stop the program.
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PROGRAM echo "enter the number" read n f=1 i=1 while [ $i -le $n ] do f=`expr $f \* $i` i=`expr $i + 1` done echo "the factorial of $n is $f"
OUTPUT
RESULT The factorial program was compiled and executed successfully.
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Open Ended Lab Sessions
Ex. No:11 Swap Three Number Date:
Aim To using the shell program to swap three number. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read three number to swap. Step 3: Use a new variable name Temp. Step 4: temp=$first, first=$second, second=$third,third=$temp. Write the output. Step 5: Stop the program.
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PROGRAM echo “Enter first number” read first echo “Enter second number” read second echo “Enter third number” read third temp=$first first=$second second=$third third=$temp echo "After swapping, numbers are:" echo "first = $first, second = $second, third = $third" OUTPUT
RESULT The program to swap three numbers was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex. No:12 Fibonacci Series Date:
Aim To write a program to perform Fibonacci Series. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read the input value. Step 3: Find the fibonacci series of given number using the formula Fn=Fn-1 + Fn-2 Step 4: Display the fibonacci series Step 5: Stop the program.
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PROGRAM echo "enter the no " read a i=1 j=1 k=1 echo "Fibonacci series is" echo "$i" while [ $k -le $a ] do p=`expr $i + $j` i=$j j=$p k=`expr $k + 1` echo "$i" done OUTPUT
RESULT The fibonacci program was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex. No:13 Check whether the Given Number is Palindrome or not Date:
Aim To using the shell program to check the given number is palindrome or not. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Intialize the value rn=0, x=n Step 3: Check while [$n -gt 0] if true do d=`expr $n % 10` Step 4: Check if [$x -eq $rn] if true write number is palindrome. Step 5: Stop the program.
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PROGRAM Echo “Enter the number to check palindrome” Read num s=0 rev=”” temp=$num while [ $num -gt 0 ] do s=$(( $num % 10 )) num=$(( $num / 10 )) rev=$( echo ${rev}${s} ) done if [ $temp -eq $rev ]; then echo "Number is palindrome" else echo "Number is NOT palindrome" fi
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OUTPUT
RESULT The Palindrome program was compiled and executed successfully.
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Aim To simulate the CPU scheduling algorithm for FCFS (First come First Serve).
Algorithm Step 1: Declare the variables Step 2: Input number of processes Step 3: If n is greater than zero n Step 4: Then input their burst time Step 5: Waiting time for first process is zero Step 6: Compute the waiting time for all the processes Step 7: Calculate the average waiting time Step 8: Display the results Step 9: Stop
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PROGRAM #include
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} avg=avg/n; cout<<"\nAVERAGE WAITING TIME:"<
OUTPUT
RESULT The FCFS program was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex. No:2 Shortest Job First Date:
Aim To simulate the CPU scheduling algorithm for SJF (Shortest Job First). Algorithm Step 1: Declare the variables Step 2: Input number of processes Step 3: If n is greater than zero n Step 4: Then input their burst time Step 5: Waiting time for first process is zero Step 6: Compute the waiting time for all the processes Step 7: Calculate the average waiting time Step 8: Display the results Step 9: Stop
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PROGRAM #include
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for(i=0;i
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for(i=0;i
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c=0; for(j=0;j
1.2 DIRECTORY COMMANDS 1. The ‘pwd’ command: The pwd (print working directory) command displays the current working directory. SYNTAX: $ pwd 2. The ‘mkdir’ command: The mkdir is used to create an empty directory in a disk. SYNTAX: $ mkdir dirname
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EXAMPLE: $ mkdir periit 3. The ‘rmdir’ command: The rmdir is used to remove a directory from the disk. Before removing a directory, the directory must be empty (no files and directories). SYNTAX: $ rmdir dirname EXAMPLE: $ rmdir periit 4. The ‘cd’ command: The cd command is used to move from one directory to another. SYNTAX: $ cd dirname EXAMPLE: $ cd periit 5. The ‘ls’ command: The ls command displays the list of files in the current working directory. SYNTAX: $ ls 1.3 FILE HANDLING COMMANDS 1. The ‘cat’ command: The cat command is used to create a file. SYNTAX: $ cat > filename EXAMPLE: $ cat > periit 2. The ‘Display contents of a file’ command: The cat command is also used to view the contents of a specified file. SYNTAX: $ cat filename 3. The ‘cp’ command: The cp command is used to copy the contents of one file to another and copies the file from one place to another.
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SYNTAX: $ cp oldfile newfile EXAMPLE: $ cp cse ece 4. The ‘rm’ command: The rm command is used to remove or erase an existing file SYNTAX: $ rm filename EXAMPLE: $ rm periit 5. The ‘mv’ command: The mv command is used to move a file from one place to another. It removes a specified file from its original location and places it in specified location. SYNTAX: $ mv oldfile newfile EXAMPLE: $ mv cse eee 6. The ‘file’ command: The file command is used to determine the type of file. SYNTAX: $ file filename EXAMPLE: $ file periit 7. The ‘wc’ command: The wc command is used to count the number of words, lines and characters in a file. SYNTAX: $ wc filename EXAMPLE: $ wc periit 8. The ‘Directing output to a file’ command: The ls command lists the files on the terminal (screen). Using the redirection operator ‘>’ we can send the output to file instead of showing it on the screen. SYNTAX: $ ls > filename EXAMPLE: $ ls > periit
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9. The ‘pipes’ command: The Unix allows us to connect two commands together using these pipes. A pipe ( | ) is an mechanism by which the output of one command can be channeled into the input of another command. SYNTAX: $ command1 | command2 EXAMPLE: $ who | wc -l 10. The ‘tee’ command: While using pipes, we have not seen any output from a command that gets piped into another command. To save the output, which is produced in the middle of a pipe, the tee command is very useful. SYNTAX: $ command | tee filename EXAMPLE: $ who | tee sample | wc -l 11. The ‘Metacharacters of unix’ command: Metacharacters are special characters that are at higher and abstract level compared to most of other characters in Unix. The shell understands and interprets these metacharacters in a special way. * - Specifies number of characters ?- Specifies a single character [ ]- used to match a whole set of file names at a command line. ! – Used to Specify Not EXAMPLE: $ ls r** - Displays all the files whose name begins with ‘r’ $ ls ?kkk - Displays the files which are having ‘kkk’, from the second characters irrespective of the first character. $ ls [a-m] – Lists the files whose names begins alphabets from ‘a’ to ‘m’ $ ls [!a-m] – Lists all files other than files whose names begins alphabets from ‘a’ to ‘m’
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12. The ‘File permissions’ command: File permission is the way of controlling the accessibility of file for each of three users namely Users, Groups and Others. There are three types of file permissions are available, they are r-read w-write x-execute The permissions for each file can be divided into three parts of three bits each.
First three bits
Owner of the file
Next three bits
Group to which owner of the file belongs
Last three bits EXAMPLE: $ ls college -rwxr-xr--
1
Lak
Others std
1525
jan10 12:10 college
Where, -rwx The file is readable, writable and executable by the owner of the file. Lak
Specifies Owner of the file.
r-x
Indicates the absence of the write permission by the Group owner of the file.
Std
Is the Group Owner of the file.
r--
Indicates read permissions for others.
13. The ‘chmod’ command: The chmod command is used to set the read, write and execute permissions for all categories of users for file. SYNTAX: $ chmod category operation permission file
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Category
Operation
permission
u-users
+ assign
r-read
g-group
-Remove
w-write
o-others
= assign absolutely
x-execute
a-all EXAMPLE: $ chmod u –wx college Removes write & execute permission for users for ‘college’ file. $ chmod u +rw, g+rw college Assigns read & write permission for users and groups for ‘college’ file. $ chmod g=wx college Assigns absolute permission for groups of all read, write and execute permissions for ‘college’ file. 14. The ‘Octal Notations’ command: The file permissions can be changed using octal notations also. The octal notations for file permission are Read permission 4 Write permission
2
Execute permission
1
EXAMPLE: $ chmod 761 college Assigns all permission to the owner, read and write permissions to the group and only executable permission to the others for ‘college’ file. 1.4 GROUPING COMMANDS 1. The ‘semicolon’ command: The semicolon(;) command is used to separate multiple commands at the command line. SYNTAX: $ command1;command2;command3…………….;commandn EXAMPLE: $ who;date 2. The ‘&&’ operator:
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The ‘&&’ operator signifies the logical AND operation in between two or more valid Unix commands. It means that only if the first command is successfully executed, then the next command will executed. SYNTAX: $ command1 && command && command3…………….&&commandn EXAMPLE: $ who && date 3. The ‘||’ operator: The ‘||’ operator signifies the logical OR operation in between two or more valid Unix commands. It means, that only if the first command will happen to be un successfully, it will continue to execute next commands. SYNTAX: $ command1 || command || command3…………….||commandn EXAMPLE: $ who || date 1.5 FILTERS 1. The head filter It displays the first ten lines of a file. SYNTAX: $ head filename EXAMPLE: $ head college $ head -5 college
Display the top ten lines. Display the top five lines.
2. The tail filter It displays ten lines of a file from the end of the file. SYNTAX: $ tail filename EXAMPLE: $ tail college $tail -5 college
Display the last ten lines. Display the last five lines.
3. The pg filter: The pg command shows the file page by page. SYNTAX: $ ls –l | pg 4. The ‘grep’ command: This command is used to search for a particular pattern from a file or from the standard input and display those lines on the standard output. “Grep” stands for “global search for regular expression.”
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SYNTAX: $ grep [pattern] [file_name] EXAMPLE: $ cat > student Arun cse Ram ece Kani cse $ grep “cse” student Arun cse Kani cse 5. The ‘sort’ command: The sort command is used to sort the contents of a file. The sort command reports only to the screen, the actual file remains unchanged. SYNTAX: $ sort filename EXAMPLE: $ sort college OPTIONS: Command
Purpose
Sort –r college
Sorts and displays the file contents in reverse order
Sort –c college
Check if the file is sorted
Sort –n college
Sorts numerically
Sort –m college
Sorts numerically in reverse order
Sort –u college
Remove duplicate records
Sort –l college
Skip the column with +1 (one) option.Sorts according to second column
6. The ‘uniq’ command:
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In any enterprise data processing environment, there is often a duplicate entry creeping in due to faulty data entry. We just saw how sort removes them the –u option. Unix offers a special tool to handle these records SYNTAX: $ uniq filename EXAMPLE: $ cat > student Arun cse Arun cse Ram ece Ram ece Kani cse San cse
$ uniq student Arun cse Ram ece Kani cse San cse 7. The ‘nl’ command: The nl filter adds lines numbers to a file and it displays the file and not provides access to edit but simply displays the contents on the screen. SYNTAX: $ nl filename EXAMPLE: $ nl college 8. The ‘cut’ command: We can select specified fields from a line of text using cut command. SYNTAX: $ cut -c filename
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EXAMPLE: $ cut -c college OPTION: -c – Option cut on the specified character position from each line.
Ex. No:5 The Greatest Among Three Number Date:
Aim To using the shell program to check the greatest among three number. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read three values to check the greatest. Step 3: Check while if [ $first -gt $sec ] if true else if [ $first -gt $third ] Step 4: Check if if [ $sec -gt $third ] if write the output.
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Step 5: Stop the program.
PROGRAM echo "enter first number" read first echo "enter second number" read sec echo "enter third number" read third if [ $first -gt $sec ] ; then if [ $first -gt $third ] ; then echo -e " $first is greatest number " else echo -e " $third is greatest number " fi else if [ $sec -gt $third ] ; then echo -e " $sec is greatest number " else echo -e " $third is greatest number " fi
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fi OUTPUT
RESULT The program for greatest number among three was compiled and executed successfully.
Ex. No:6 Date:
Even or Odd
Aim To write a program to check if a number is even or odd. Algorithm: Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read the value to check the even or odd. Step 3: Calculate the rem= rem=$(( $n % 2 )). Step 4: check the remainder if 0 then even or else odd. Step 5: Give the output. Step 6: Stop the program.
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PROGRAM echo -n "Enter number : " read n rem=$(( $n % 2 )) if [ $rem -eq 0 ] then echo "$n is even number" else echo "$n is odd number" fi OUTPUT
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RESULT The even/odd program was compiled and executed successfully.
Ex. No:7 Positive or Negative Date:
Aim To using the shell program to check if a number is positive or negative. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read a number.
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Step 3: Run if else loop to check whether the number is negative or positive. Step 4: If negative output “Negative” else “Positive”. Step 5: Stop the program.
.
PROGRAM echo "Enter a Number" read num if [ $num -lt 0 ] then echo "Negative" else if [ $num -gt 0 ] then echo "Positive" else echo "Neither Positive Nor Negative" fi fi
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OUTPUT
RESULT The Positie/Negative program was compiled and executed successfully.
Ex. No:8
Arithmetic operations Date:
Aim To using the shell program to perform arithmetic operations. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program
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Step 2: Read two number and a character. Step 3: Use case ch to check character and enter arithmetic operation related to it. Step 4: Check the case and put the output. Step 5: Stop the program.
.
PROGRAM echo "Enter two number" read a read b echo "Menu" echo "1 Add" echo”2 Substract” echo "3 Multiply" echo "4 Divide" echo "5 Exit" echo "Enter your choice" read ch case $ch in
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1) echo `expr $a + $b`;; 2) echo `expr $a - $b`;; 3) echo `expr $a \* $b`;; 4) echo `expr $a / $b`;; 5) exit;; esac
OUTPUT
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RESULT The program for arithmetic operations was compiled and executed successfully.
Ex. No:9
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Sum of even numbers Date:
Aim To using the shell program to find the sum of even numbers. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read a upper limit number to get sum . Step 3: Initialize the sum and number. Step 4: Use while loop to [ $i -le $n ] and get the output of sum. Step 5: Stop the program.
.
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PROGRAM echo "Enter upper limit" read n i=0 sum=0 while [ $i -le $n ] do sum=`expr $sum + $i` i=`expr $i + 2` done echo "Sum of even number upto $n is : $sum" OUTPUT
RESULT The program to check even numbers was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex. No:10 Factorial of Given Number Date:
Aim
To write a program to find the factorial of the given number . Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read the value of n Step 3: Initialize i=1,f=1. Step 4: Using formula to find the factorial of the given number Step 5: Print the factorial value Step 6: Stop the program.
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PROGRAM echo "enter the number" read n f=1 i=1 while [ $i -le $n ] do f=`expr $f \* $i` i=`expr $i + 1` done echo "the factorial of $n is $f"
OUTPUT
RESULT The factorial program was compiled and executed successfully.
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Open Ended Lab Sessions
Ex. No:11 Swap Three Number Date:
Aim To using the shell program to swap three number. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read three number to swap. Step 3: Use a new variable name Temp. Step 4: temp=$first, first=$second, second=$third,third=$temp. Write the output. Step 5: Stop the program.
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PROGRAM echo “Enter first number” read first echo “Enter second number” read second echo “Enter third number” read third temp=$first first=$second second=$third third=$temp echo "After swapping, numbers are:" echo "first = $first, second = $second, third = $third" OUTPUT
RESULT The program to swap three numbers was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex. No:12 Fibonacci Series Date:
Aim To write a program to perform Fibonacci Series. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Read the input value. Step 3: Find the fibonacci series of given number using the formula Fn=Fn-1 + Fn-2 Step 4: Display the fibonacci series Step 5: Stop the program.
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PROGRAM echo "enter the no " read a i=1 j=1 k=1 echo "Fibonacci series is" echo "$i" while [ $k -le $a ] do p=`expr $i + $j` i=$j j=$p k=`expr $k + 1` echo "$i" done OUTPUT
RESULT The fibonacci program was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex. No:13 Check whether the Given Number is Palindrome or not Date:
Aim To using the shell program to check the given number is palindrome or not. Algorithm Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Intialize the value rn=0, x=n Step 3: Check while [$n -gt 0] if true do d=`expr $n % 10` Step 4: Check if [$x -eq $rn] if true write number is palindrome. Step 5: Stop the program.
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PROGRAM Echo “Enter the number to check palindrome” Read num s=0 rev=”” temp=$num while [ $num -gt 0 ] do s=$(( $num % 10 )) num=$(( $num / 10 )) rev=$( echo ${rev}${s} ) done if [ $temp -eq $rev ]; then echo "Number is palindrome" else echo "Number is NOT palindrome" fi
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OUTPUT
RESULT The Palindrome program was compiled and executed successfully.
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