Orthographic Projection
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FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS I Presented by Prof. N. P. Jadhav Prof. S. A. Ladkat Department of Mechanical Engineering Sinhgad Academy of Engineering, Pune
SYLLABUS Unit 1
Curves used in Engineering Practice
Unit 2
Orthographic Projections
Unit 3
Auxillary Projections
Unit 4
Isometric Projections
Unit 5
Interpretation of Given Views/Missing
Unit 6
Views Freehand Sketching
Weightage for each Unit SECTION I Unit 1)
Engineering Curves
15
Unit 2)
Orthographic Projections
20
Unit 3)
Auxillary Projections
15
SECTION II Unit 4)
Isometric Projections
20
Unit 5)
Missing Views
20
Unit 6)
Freehand Sketching
10
NATURE OF QUESTION PAPER SECTION I Q 1) Q 2) Q 3) Q 4) Q 5) Q 5)
Engineering Curves OR Engineering Curves
15
Orthographic Projections OR Orthographic Projections
20
Auxillary Projections OR Auxillary Projections
15
15
20
15
NATURE OF QUESTION PAPER SECTION II Q 7) Q 8) Q 9) Q 10) Q 11) Q 12)
Isometric Projections OR Isometric Projections
20
Missing Views OR Missing Views
20
Freehand Sketching OR Freehand Sketching
10
20
20
10
TERM WORK Sheet No. 1
Engineering Curves To draw any four curves.
Sheet No. 2
Orthographic Views To draw two principal views, one sectional views for two objects
Sheet No. 3
Auxillary Views To draw auxillary views from the given views for any two objects.
Sheet No. 4
Isometric Views Two problems
Sheet No. 5
Missing Views Two problems
BOOKS
1
N.D. Bhatt, Elementary Engineering Drawing
2
P.S. Gill, Engineering Graphics
3
D. N. Johle, Engineering Drawing
4
Engineering Graphics by M. L. Dabhade.
ORTHOGRAPHICS PROJECTIONS
Contents : * * * * * * * * * * *
Types of Drawing Theory of projections Types of projections Perceptive projections Oblique projections Isometric projections Orthographic projections Quadrant systems Principal planes Glass box concept First angle projection method
Contents : * Principal projections * Conversion of pictorial view in to orthographic views * Problems
Types of Drawings
Botanical Drawings ( plants, flowers etc.)
Nature Drawings ( landscape, Geographical scenery etc.) Drawings ( maps etc.)
Portraits ( human faces, expressions etc.)
Zoological Drawings (creatures, animals etc.)
Engineering Drawings
Building Related Drawings
Machine component Drawings
Orthographic Projections
Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)
(FV,TV & SV.-Mech.Engg. terms) (Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms) (Working Drawings 2-D type)
or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term) (Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
Theory of Projection
(Plan e of
Proje
ction
Wall ct)
) s r cto
(Ob
je ) r o r e (P v r se
h c r To
je b O
(
ll a B s y a R t Ligh
w o d Sha )
(P
n o i t c e roj
)
Projection means “To throw Forward”. In this Object are being thrown (projected) forward in the form of Projection. Torch
Ball
Shadow
Torch
Observer
Ball
Object
Shadow
Projection
Wall Projection
Wall
Plane
of
Types of Projection Perspective Projection Oblique Projection Isometric Projection Orthographic Projection
Perspective Projection * Observer is at finite distance. * Rays or Projectors are converging at observer’s eye. * It does not provides exact size and shape of object. f o e n la
e j o pr
n
o cti
P
Object Station point
e j o Pr
n o i ct
Orthographic Projection Latin Origin
* ORTHO means Perpendicular. * Assume that observer is at infinite distance and rays or Projection lines are Parallel to each other and Perpendicular to the Plane of Projection. * Since the projectors are perpendicular to the plane of projection, the view is called Orthographic View and the projection method is called Orthographic projection.
Orthographic Projection * Orthographic projection is a two dimensional projection method. * FV : Length and height of Object
909o 0 o
FO R
F.V .
* As projectors are Parallel to each other, the size of Orthographic View of an object is equal to the actual size of an object.
Oblique Projection * Observer is at infinite distance. * Rays or Projectors are Parallel to each other. * Rays or Projectors are not Perpendicular to the Plane of projection. (i.e. projectors are inclined to the plane of projection i.e. oblique) n
io t c e
f o e lan
j o r p
P
Φ ≠ 90o
Pro je
ctor
s
w o d ha
s
Object
Isometric Projection * Observer is at infinite distance. * Rays or Projectors are parallel to each other & perpendicular to the plane of projection. * All faces of the object are equally inclined to the planes of projection. * All faces of the object are visible in a single view.
Quadrant system
VP 2nd Quad. Y
1ST Quad.
Observer HP
X 3rd Quad.
4th Quad.
Quadrant system
Quadrant
Observer; Object; Plane positions
Position of object w.r.t. planes of projection
First Second Third Fourth
Observer – Object – Plane
Above HP, In Front of VP
Observer – Plane – Object
Above HP, Behind VP
Observer – Plane – Object Observer – Object – Plane
Below HP, Behind VP Below HP, In Front of VP
PRINCIPAL PLANES
TYPES HORIZONTAL PLANE VERTICAL PLANE (H P) (VP)
PROFILE PLANE (PP)
Glass box concept
1st angle projection method P. P. V. P.
H. P.
1st angle projection method NOTE
V.
F.
L.H .
S.V
T.V .
.
Projectors are perpendicular to respective Reference Plane and are also Parallel to each others
NOTE
. .V
F
L.H.S.V.
V. T.
Horizontal plane is rotated clockwise from the left and profile plane is rotated anticlockwise from the top so that all the three principal planes lies in a single plane .
V .P.
P .P.
FV
TV H
LHSV
V .P.
P .P.
FV
TV H
LHSV
X1
X
FV
LHSV
TV Y1
Y
Important points for first angle projection method * Object is situated in the First Quadrant. * Object lies between the observer & Principal Planes. * Orthographic projection of an object obtained on the VP is FV & always lies above the X-Y line. * Orthographic projection of an object obtained on the HP is TV & always lies below the X-Y line. * Orthographic projection of an object obtained on the PP is SV & always lies on the side of FV & above the X-Y line. * RHSV is drawn on the left side of FV. * LHSV is drawn on the right side of FV.
PRINCIPAL PROJECTIONS Direction of Sight
Plane of Projection
Name of Projection
Front Top
Vertical Plane (VP) Horizontal Plane (HP) Profile Plane (PP)
FV or Elevation TV or Plan
Right Hand Left Hand Profile Plane (PP)
RHSV LHSV
Conversion of Pictorial view into Orthographic Views Study of the object. Find the overall size of object i.e. Length, Width & Height. Draw blocks for F.V. (L x H), T.V. (L x W) & S.V. (W x H) in their respective position according to the method of projection. Take suitable distance of above blocks from reference lines (X-Y & X1-Y1).
Draw the view first which gives maximum visibility & which is simple to draw. In respective block, first draw the contour of the view followed by visible edges & at the end draw the hidden details. After drawing all views give all necessary dimensions (specify major dimension).
IMPORANT POINTS
CASE 1 : If line is parallel to both Vertical Plane & Horizontal Plane then Front View & Top View of the line always gives True Length on respective plane.
TL
TL TL
If line is perpendicular to one of the reference plane (say ┴ to H.P.) then the view obtained is always Point view.
IMPORANT POINTS
CASE 2 : If Plane is Parallel to V.P. then in F.V. we get True Shape of Plane while in T.V. only Line View is observed. TS
TS
If Plane is Parallel to H.P. then in T.V. we get True Shape of Plane while in F.V. only Line View is observed.
FOR T V
PROBLEM 1 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
X1
R FO
L
H
SV
FO R
FV
FV
L.H.S.V.
X
Y
TV Y1
FOR T V
PROBLEM 2
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
X1
R FO
L
H
SV
FO R
FV
L.H.S.V.
FV
X
Y
TV Y1
PROBLEM 3 Length = 63 mm Height = 37 + 10 = 47 mm Width = 40 mm F.V. = L x H = 63 x 47 T.V. = L x W = 63 x 40 S.V. = W x H = 40 x 47 X
X1
Y
X
X
Y1
PROBLEM 4 Length = 27+20+27 = 74 mm Height = 8+8+25 = 41 mm Width = 41 mm
F.V. = L x H = 74 x 41 T.V. = L x W = 74 x 41 S.V. = W x H = 41 x 41 X
X1
Y
X
X
Y1
Problem5 - Pictorial view of the object is as shown in fig. draw 1) Front View in direction of Arrow X 2) Top View 3) Right hand side view.
XX
X1
L = 86 F.V
R.H.S.V.
H = 44
H = 44
W = 44
Y
W = 44
X
T.V L = 86 Y1
X1
Y
X
Y1
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS I Presented by Prof. N. P. Jadhav Prof. S. A. Ladkat Department of Mechanical Engineering Sinhgad Academy of Engineering, Pune
SYLLABUS Unit 1
Curves used in Engineering Practice
Unit 2
Orthographic Projections
Unit 3
Auxillary Projections
Unit 4
Isometric Projections
Unit 5
Interpretation of Given Views/Missing
Unit 6
Views Freehand Sketching
Weightage for each Unit SECTION I Unit 1)
Engineering Curves
15
Unit 2)
Orthographic Projections
20
Unit 3)
Auxillary Projections
15
SECTION II Unit 4)
Isometric Projections
20
Unit 5)
Missing Views
20
Unit 6)
Freehand Sketching
10
NATURE OF QUESTION PAPER SECTION I Q 1) Q 2) Q 3) Q 4) Q 5) Q 5)
Engineering Curves OR Engineering Curves
15
Orthographic Projections OR Orthographic Projections
20
Auxillary Projections OR Auxillary Projections
15
15
20
15
NATURE OF QUESTION PAPER SECTION II Q 7) Q 8) Q 9) Q 10) Q 11) Q 12)
Isometric Projections OR Isometric Projections
20
Missing Views OR Missing Views
20
Freehand Sketching OR Freehand Sketching
10
20
20
10
TERM WORK Sheet No. 1
Engineering Curves To draw any four curves.
Sheet No. 2
Orthographic Views To draw two principal views, one sectional views for two objects
Sheet No. 3
Auxillary Views To draw auxillary views from the given views for any two objects.
Sheet No. 4
Isometric Views Two problems
Sheet No. 5
Missing Views Two problems
BOOKS
1
N.D. Bhatt, Elementary Engineering Drawing
2
P.S. Gill, Engineering Graphics
3
D. N. Johle, Engineering Drawing
4
Engineering Graphics by M. L. Dabhade.
ORTHOGRAPHICS PROJECTIONS
Contents : * * * * * * * * * * *
Types of Drawing Theory of projections Types of projections Perceptive projections Oblique projections Isometric projections Orthographic projections Quadrant systems Principal planes Glass box concept First angle projection method
Contents : * Principal projections * Conversion of pictorial view in to orthographic views * Problems
Types of Drawings
Botanical Drawings ( plants, flowers etc.)
Nature Drawings ( landscape, Geographical scenery etc.) Drawings ( maps etc.)
Portraits ( human faces, expressions etc.)
Zoological Drawings (creatures, animals etc.)
Engineering Drawings
Building Related Drawings
Machine component Drawings
Orthographic Projections
Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)
(FV,TV & SV.-Mech.Engg. terms) (Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms) (Working Drawings 2-D type)
or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term) (Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
Theory of Projection
(Plan e of
Proje
ction
Wall ct)
) s r cto
(Ob
je ) r o r e (P v r se
h c r To
je b O
(
ll a B s y a R t Ligh
w o d Sha )
(P
n o i t c e roj
)
Projection means “To throw Forward”. In this Object are being thrown (projected) forward in the form of Projection. Torch
Ball
Shadow
Torch
Observer
Ball
Object
Shadow
Projection
Wall Projection
Wall
Plane
of
Types of Projection Perspective Projection Oblique Projection Isometric Projection Orthographic Projection
Perspective Projection * Observer is at finite distance. * Rays or Projectors are converging at observer’s eye. * It does not provides exact size and shape of object. f o e n la
e j o pr
n
o cti
P
Object Station point
e j o Pr
n o i ct
Orthographic Projection Latin Origin
* ORTHO means Perpendicular. * Assume that observer is at infinite distance and rays or Projection lines are Parallel to each other and Perpendicular to the Plane of Projection. * Since the projectors are perpendicular to the plane of projection, the view is called Orthographic View and the projection method is called Orthographic projection.
Orthographic Projection * Orthographic projection is a two dimensional projection method. * FV : Length and height of Object
909o 0 o
FO R
F.V .
* As projectors are Parallel to each other, the size of Orthographic View of an object is equal to the actual size of an object.
Oblique Projection * Observer is at infinite distance. * Rays or Projectors are Parallel to each other. * Rays or Projectors are not Perpendicular to the Plane of projection. (i.e. projectors are inclined to the plane of projection i.e. oblique) n
io t c e
f o e lan
j o r p
P
Φ ≠ 90o
Pro je
ctor
s
w o d ha
s
Object
Isometric Projection * Observer is at infinite distance. * Rays or Projectors are parallel to each other & perpendicular to the plane of projection. * All faces of the object are equally inclined to the planes of projection. * All faces of the object are visible in a single view.
Quadrant system
VP 2nd Quad. Y
1ST Quad.
Observer HP
X 3rd Quad.
4th Quad.
Quadrant system
Quadrant
Observer; Object; Plane positions
Position of object w.r.t. planes of projection
First Second Third Fourth
Observer – Object – Plane
Above HP, In Front of VP
Observer – Plane – Object
Above HP, Behind VP
Observer – Plane – Object Observer – Object – Plane
Below HP, Behind VP Below HP, In Front of VP
PRINCIPAL PLANES
TYPES HORIZONTAL PLANE VERTICAL PLANE (H P) (VP)
PROFILE PLANE (PP)
Glass box concept
1st angle projection method P. P. V. P.
H. P.
1st angle projection method NOTE
V.
F.
L.H .
S.V
T.V .
.
Projectors are perpendicular to respective Reference Plane and are also Parallel to each others
NOTE
. .V
F
L.H.S.V.
V. T.
Horizontal plane is rotated clockwise from the left and profile plane is rotated anticlockwise from the top so that all the three principal planes lies in a single plane .
V .P.
P .P.
FV
TV H
LHSV
V .P.
P .P.
FV
TV H
LHSV
X1
X
FV
LHSV
TV Y1
Y
Important points for first angle projection method * Object is situated in the First Quadrant. * Object lies between the observer & Principal Planes. * Orthographic projection of an object obtained on the VP is FV & always lies above the X-Y line. * Orthographic projection of an object obtained on the HP is TV & always lies below the X-Y line. * Orthographic projection of an object obtained on the PP is SV & always lies on the side of FV & above the X-Y line. * RHSV is drawn on the left side of FV. * LHSV is drawn on the right side of FV.
PRINCIPAL PROJECTIONS Direction of Sight
Plane of Projection
Name of Projection
Front Top
Vertical Plane (VP) Horizontal Plane (HP) Profile Plane (PP)
FV or Elevation TV or Plan
Right Hand Left Hand Profile Plane (PP)
RHSV LHSV
Conversion of Pictorial view into Orthographic Views Study of the object. Find the overall size of object i.e. Length, Width & Height. Draw blocks for F.V. (L x H), T.V. (L x W) & S.V. (W x H) in their respective position according to the method of projection. Take suitable distance of above blocks from reference lines (X-Y & X1-Y1).
Draw the view first which gives maximum visibility & which is simple to draw. In respective block, first draw the contour of the view followed by visible edges & at the end draw the hidden details. After drawing all views give all necessary dimensions (specify major dimension).
IMPORANT POINTS
CASE 1 : If line is parallel to both Vertical Plane & Horizontal Plane then Front View & Top View of the line always gives True Length on respective plane.
TL
TL TL
If line is perpendicular to one of the reference plane (say ┴ to H.P.) then the view obtained is always Point view.
IMPORANT POINTS
CASE 2 : If Plane is Parallel to V.P. then in F.V. we get True Shape of Plane while in T.V. only Line View is observed. TS
TS
If Plane is Parallel to H.P. then in T.V. we get True Shape of Plane while in F.V. only Line View is observed.
FOR T V
PROBLEM 1 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
X1
R FO
L
H
SV
FO R
FV
FV
L.H.S.V.
X
Y
TV Y1
FOR T V
PROBLEM 2
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
X1
R FO
L
H
SV
FO R
FV
L.H.S.V.
FV
X
Y
TV Y1
PROBLEM 3 Length = 63 mm Height = 37 + 10 = 47 mm Width = 40 mm F.V. = L x H = 63 x 47 T.V. = L x W = 63 x 40 S.V. = W x H = 40 x 47 X
X1
Y
X
X
Y1
PROBLEM 4 Length = 27+20+27 = 74 mm Height = 8+8+25 = 41 mm Width = 41 mm
F.V. = L x H = 74 x 41 T.V. = L x W = 74 x 41 S.V. = W x H = 41 x 41 X
X1
Y
X
X
Y1
Problem5 - Pictorial view of the object is as shown in fig. draw 1) Front View in direction of Arrow X 2) Top View 3) Right hand side view.
XX
X1
L = 86 F.V
R.H.S.V.
H = 44
H = 44
W = 44
Y
W = 44
X
T.V L = 86 Y1
X1
Y
X
Y1
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