Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds

Organic Compouds 

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Contain both Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Four major groups    

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates 

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Contain Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), and Hydrogen (H) H and O are often in a 2:1 ratio Basic Unit is a monosaccharide (simple sugar)  

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Pentose – 5 carbon sugar Hexose – 6 carbon sugar

Always end in –ose: Maltose, Fructose

Sugars 

Most sugars end in –ose   

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Mono – glucose, fructose, galactose Di – maltose, lactose, sucrose Poly – starches, cellulose, glycogen

Used as a source of energy Components of cell wall (cellulose)

Sugars 

Pentose

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Hexose 

Glucose C6H12O6

Hydrolysis 

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A complex organic compound is broken down into a simpler substance through the addition of H2O, using hydrolytic enzymes Maltose + H2O  Glucose + Glucose disaccharide mono saccharine

Dehydration synthesis 

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Complex substance made from a simpler one by removing H2O using a synthesis enzyme Glucose + Glucose  Maltose + H2O Further Dehydration Synthesis will result in another polysaccharide

Lipids 

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Contain Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) Ratio of H:O is much bigger then 2:1 but the ratio is not consistent Includes fats, cholesterol, waxes, and oils Used as stored energy and as cell structures Building block of lipids are fatty acids

Lipids 

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Look like large carbon chains Saturated : all single bonds Unsaturated: has at least one double or triple bond Energy is stored in the bonds

Proteins 

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Made up of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and Sulfur (S) Made up of building blocks called amino acids.  

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There are 20 main amino acids 12 of these amino acids are made in the body 8 can not be made in the body and must be ingested, they are the 8 essential amino acids

Amino Acids 

Made up of:   

Amino group (-NH2) Carboxyl group (-COOH) Other group called “R” group which is a variable side chain

Polypeptides  

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Make up most proteins Proteins differ in order and “R” group Made by dehydration synthesis of many amino acids