Organic Chem(ms

Vincent Lombardi The pride of success is hard work, dedication to the job at hand, and determination that whether we win or lose, we have applied the best of ourselves to the task at hand.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic compounds are produced by living things. Inorganic compounds are produced by non-living natural processes or by human intervention in the laboratory. Organic compounds contain carbon. Organic compounds contain carbonhydrogen bonds.

• Organic compounds are unstable. • They are combustible, decomposing and charring at moderately high temperatures. • They are mostly non electrolytes, with a few being weak electrolytes. • Insoluble in water and other polar solvents. • Contain same kind and number of atoms and differences in structure, they exhibit different properties, called isomerism.

• Inorganic compounds are more stable. • During combustion, inorganic substance will not produce a black soot. • Inorganic reactions occur almost instantly upon putting them together, whereas even when appropriate catalysts are employed. • They posses an electric current and mostly ionic bonds.

NAME OF TEST

COMPOUND TESTED

OBSERVATIO N

INTERPRETAT ION

I. Ignition a.) Flammability

Ethyl alcohol Water

b.) Charring

II. Solubility

Blue Organic flame/inflammab le Non flammable Inorganic

Sucrose

Caramelized and produces black substance

Organic

Sodium chloride

No reaction

Inorganic

Napthalene in water Napthalene in

insoluble

Organic/inorgani cOrganic/organic

ether NaCl in water

soluble

NaCl in ether

insoluble

soluble

Inorganic/inorga nic Inorganic/organi c

III. Electrical Conductivity

1 M sucrose

No light

Covalent bond Covalent bond

1 M NaCl

Bright light

Ionic bond

95% ethyl alcohol

No light

Organic compounds contain carbonhydrogen bonds.

1.) CHROMATOGRAPHY 2.) DISTILLATION 3.) SUBLIMATION 4.) EXTRACTION 5.) CRYSTALLIZATION

CHROMATOGRAPHY • Originally concerned with the separation of natural pigments which form colored zones or bands on a column. PRINCIPLE: Separation of the components of a mixture by allowing the components to be disturbed in two phases, one being stationary, and the other, mobile.

CLASSIFICATION (based on the distribution system employed) 1.) ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY a.) Gas-liquid Chromatography Mobile phase; vapor Stationary phase; liquid carried by an inert support 2.) LIQUID-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY Distribution of components between 2 immiscible liquids – flowing solvent (mobile phase) – solvent held by inert solid (stationary phase)

Note: Solutes are not free diffuse as readily through the water carried by the inert support, but rather stay in spots of relatively high concentration II. PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY 1.) Paper Chromatography – Separation of solutes of different partition coefficients by means of a mobile solvent moving over the paper. – Stationary phase: filter paper saturated with water – Mobile phase: immiscible solvents

Rf- partition coefficient can be used for the identification of a substance since each component has a definite characteristic rate of travel on the paper when using a specific solvent.

distance traveled by the component (mm) Rf=

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ distance traveled by the mobile phase (mm)

• FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF MIGRATION: • • • • • • •

Molecular weight Temperature Concentration Purity of the solvent Type of paper used Length of the strip Size of developing chamber

• Chromatography

DISTILLATION Method usually employed for the purification of liquid organic substances Principle: • Conversion of the liquid to the vapor state with the aid of heat and conversion of the vapor back to the liquid state.

TYPES OF DISTILLATION • • • •

Simple Distillation Fractional Distillation Diminished Pressure Distillation Stream Distillation SIMPLE DISTILLATION • components should have a large boiling point difference (more than 20 ºC) to obtain efficient separation

• The more volatile component will distill over first in almost pure form at a definite constant temperature • The second component will distill over when boiling point again remains constant for a long period of time

COMPLEXITIES WHEN DISTILLING MIXTURE OF MISCIBLE ORGANIC LIQUIDS: • -Neither compound distills independently of the other; thus, the distillate contains a mixture of two compounds • -The boiling point of a mixture is not constant but changes during distillation

The distillation of mixtures Repeated volatilization and condensation happens produces a vapor which within a special contains a higher fractionating column percentage of the lower which results in a very boiling substance than good separation of the that remaining in the components of the distilling flask. mixture FRACTIONAL • DISTILLATION The process of collecting separate fractions according to arbitrary boiling point ranges during the distillation of a moisture of substances.