Transformative Biomass Energy Benefits: Technical Opportunities & Challenges Lee R. Lynd
Thayer School of Engineering & Department of Biology Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
Plenary Roundtable on Opportunities from Science & Technology Meeting of the National Council for Science & Environment January 26, 2006 Washington DC
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Transformative Biomass Energy Benefits: What Could be Achieved? Mature process & production technology, supported by results of the Role of Biomass in America’s Energy Future (RBAEF) project Process technology features
Production of ethanol with coproducts (diesel, gasoline, power, feed, chemicals) High quality fuels competitive with conventional fuels from oil at < $30/barrel Energy value of products ~ 3/4 feedstock energy
Feedstock production
High productivity (tons/acre) Enhanced soilfertility Very high nutrient capture efficiency, recycle of N perhaps other elements
Systemic attributes (lifecycle basis)
Nearzero net greenhouse gas emissions Fossil fuel displacement:fossil energy inputs > 10:1
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Responsiveness to Societal Challenges Security Large reductions in oil importation The dominant energy security challenge for the coming decades A magnet for conflict (Richard Lugar & James Woolsey)
Sustainability Radical reduction of transportation sector greenhouse gases Substantial improvements in the sustainability of agriculture
Rural economy
Increased demand/value for farm products
Substantially alleviate the chronic problem of agricultural overcapacity that has affli U.S. agriculture for a century Improvements of historic proportions in the economic health of rural communities
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Transformative Biomass Energy Benefits Not Just I Think So RBAEF project “Considers & supports the possibility of biomass fuels being a primary transport energy storage medium not a bit player, not only a transition option Environmental community from ambivalent to champion “Cellulosic ethanol is at least as likely as hydrogen to be an energy carrier of choice for a sustainable transportation sector.” (NRDC, UCS) Rocky Mountain Institute/Amory Lovins Biofuels prominently featured in “Winning the Oil End Game” 25 x 25 group Clearest statement to date by the farm community of the possibility & desirability of largescale energy production DOE “Billion tons” report Detailed report documenting largescale biomass availability Energy Future Coalition Supports major biofuels push (R&D & deployment) 4
Transformative Biomass Energy Benefits What do we Need to Do? Science & Technology
Societal & Policy
Conversion Technology Overcoming the recalcitrance of cellulosic biomass Biological Nonbiological Product diversification
Commercial Application Ascend learning curve
Highefficiency integrated processing facilities
Feedstock production
New crops & cropping systems Feedstock storage & delivery systems Integration with processing
Addressed in this talk
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Vehicles
Increase MPG
Keep availability of FFVs ahead of biomass fuel availability
Consensus & Willingness to Act
Sustainability & energy security Biomass energy
Biomass Processing Research Frontiers Feedstock Production (Sunlight Biomass) Productivity Site range Logistics Low inputs
Aqueous AFEX Fundamentals 6
Product Diversification Reactive Products intermediates Metabolic Engineering (product focused)
Corn (wellestablished, low cost) Overcoming the recalcitrance of cellulosic biomass Not a major research frontier Cellulose (not wellestablished)
Enzymatic Large costGasification Acid Hydrolysis Major research frontier Hydrolysis
Pretreatment Dilute acid
Feedstock Activation* Biomass Reactive intermediates
Utilization of all sugars
Lowcost Hydrolysis
Dedicated cellulase production Hydrolysis reactor design & operation
Catalysis (especially aqueous)
Lowcost cellulase production
Better cellulases
Separation CBP/Microbial cellulose utilization Recombinant Strategy
Native Strategy
Focusing Our Attention The cost of processing, not feedstock, is the key factor impeding costcompetitiveness Feedstock
Representative Price
LowCost Cellulosic Residues Cellulosic Energy Crops
0 to $30/dd ton $35 to $50/dd ton
Crude Oil Corn (kernels)
$35 to $70/bbl $2.50/bu
$/GJ 0 to 1.7 2 to 2.9 6.1 to 12.2 5.0
Whether accomplished by enzymatic hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, gasification, or pyrolysis, conversion of cellulosic biomass to reactive intermediates: • Represents the largest cost among process steps • Is the least technologically mature • Has the greatest potential for R&Ddriven improvement 7
Evolution of Biomass Processing Featuring Enzymatic Hydrolysis Biologically Mediated Event Cellulase production
Processing Strategy (each box represents a bioreactor not to scale)
SSF
SHF
O2
O2
SSCF
CBP
O2
Cellulose hydrolysis Hexose fermentation Pentose fermentation
_____________ SHF: Separate hydrolysis & fermentation CBP: Consolidated bioprocessing SSF: Simultaneous saccharification & fermentation SSCF: Simultaneous saccharification & cofermentation 8
Cost of Biological Conversion (¢/gal EtOH)
Cost Comparison: SSCF with Advanced Cellulase vs CBP 0.21 18.8
0.18
Lost Yield 5.59
0.15 0.12 0.09
9.85 8.98 5.59
0.00
1.85
2.27 1.02
0.06 0.03
3.90
1.63 0.83 1.80
Cellulase Production
Utilities Raw materials Capital & related
5.69
7.49
4.23 1.71 0.68 1.84
SSCF
Total
CBP
Plant scale, 5,000 tpd; Hydrolysis conversion, 95%; Fermentation yield, 95%; Ethanol concentration, 50 g/L; Temp, 37oC Cellulase costs based on Wooley et al., 1999.
SSCF costs from RBAEF process models, 7 day reaction time Lynd et. al., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 2005
Substituting CBP for SSCF with advanced cellulase: > 4fold reduction in cost of biological processing > 2fold reduction in the cost of processing overall 9
HighlyEfficient Integrated Processing (mature technology, one scenario)
WWT Sludge 1%
Biogas 13% 0.3%
BIOLOGICAL Ag Inputs (Farming, feedstock transport) ~ 5 % 10
22%
35%
19%
GT
FT Synthesis
26% Residue
14%
1%
0.1%
Gas Cleanup
Liquid 16%
0.1%
POX
Solids 25%
1%
Gasification
Cooling/Heat Loss
Other Utilities
7%
4%
21%
0.6%
9%
54%
Drier
2%
96%
Ethanol
WWT
6%
97%
Distillation
100%
CBP
8%
HRSG
Steam 10%
Pretreatment
Feed Handling
100%
THERMOCHEMICAL
Power 3.6%
2%
NH3 1% Feedstock
1.6%
0.8%
Steam Turbine
0.2%
0.1%
Power 5%
FT Gasoline 6% FT Diesel 10%
Scenario Comparison: Fuel price variable, power price constant, 5,000 tpd 2002 2003 ($24/bbl) ($29/bbl) ($0.81/gal) ($0.98/gal)
2004 ($37/bbl) ($1.27/gal)
2005? ($50/bbl) ($1.58/gal)
Internal Rate of Return (%)
70% 65% 60% 55% 50% 45%
EtOH/Rankine EtOH/GTCC EtOH/FT/GTCC EtOH/FT (1X)/CH4 EtOH/FT (w/recycle)/CH4 EtOH/H2 EtOH/Protein/Rankine EtOH/Protein/GTCC EtOH/Protein/FT EtOH/SA/Rankine FT/GTCC DME/GTCC H2/GTCC Rankine GTCC
40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% $5
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$6
$7
$8
$9
$10 $11 $12 $13 $14
$15
Fuel Price ($/GJ gasoline equiv.)
$0.04/kWh $0.20/lb protein 40/60 D/E 7.5% loan rate
Scenario Comparison: Fuel price variable, power price constant, 5,000 tpd 2002 2003 ($24/bbl) ($29/bbl) ($0.81/gal) ($0.98/gal)
Internal Rate of Return (%)
70% 65% 60% 55% 50% 45%
2004 ($37/bbl) ($1.27/gal)
2005? ($50/bbl) ($1.58/gal)
ls) e u ing xf s a s m e ol ( roc n p a TC eth o + i l B ano h t e Bi o
40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15%
uels TC F
10% 5%
Power
0% $5 12
$6
$7
$8
$9
$10 $11 $12 $13 $14
$15
Fuel Price ($/GJ gasoline equiv.)
$0.04/kWh $0.20/lb protein 40/60 D/E 7.5% loan rate
New Crops & Cropping Systems Land use is usually either held constant or extrapolated in analyses of the role of biomass energy production. However, demand for cellulosic feedstocks due to costcompetitive processing technology would very likely result in large changes. Feed protein/feedstock coproduction Winter cover crops Agricultural residue removal, enhanced by appropriate crop rotations New crops developed for bioenergy, integration into agriculture Increase production on underutilized land (e.g. hay, pasture) Feedlot pretreatment to make calories more accessible
Reimagining agriculture to accommodate large scale energy production We have barely scratched the surface in terms of both vision & realization
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Let’s Think Big
Miscanthus, One Season’s Growth Courtesy Steve Long, University of Illinois 14
Integrating Feedstock Production & Processing Observations
The most attractive mature configurations for biomass processing feature biological conversion followed by gasification Gasification features a reducing chemical environment in which nitrogen originating from biomass feedstocks, microbial cells, or enzymes exists primarily as ammonia Nrecovery already practiced industrially SASOL recovers most of the nitrogen present in coal as ammonia
This suggests Energy
X
Fertilizer
Field
Processing Facility
Biomass
With nitrogen recovery
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NonNitrogenous Products (e.g. fuels, power, chemicals)
Reimagining BiomassBased Mobility Chains as if Sustainability & Energy Security Challenges Were Important to Solve CRP Land (30 MM)
U.S. Cropland (400 MM)
Status quo
33 gal Geq/ton, current mpg, no ag. integration, 5 tons/acre*yr 1,088
Advanced processing
90 gal Geq/ton
Efficient vehicles (2.5x)
160
Agricultural integration I. Soy > switchgrass or large biomass soy
86
II. Corn stover (72%)
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LDV HDV
Earlycut switchgrass produces more feed protein/acre than soy; similar benefits from “large biomass soy” Feasibility of stover utilization enhanced by rotation Winter cover crops, other residues, increased productivity of food crops, increased production on underutilized land…
III. Other
0
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400
200 400 600 800 1,000 New Land Required (million acres)
1,200
These values do NOT capture benefits from increased crop productivity due to new crops, cropping practices & rotations likely > VMT increase
Approaches to Energy Planning & Analysis 1. Bury our heads in the sand. Pretend that energy challenges are not real or will go away. 2. Extrapolate current trends. 3. Hope for a miracle (e.g. Hoffert et al., Science, 2002). • Acknowledge the importance of sustainable and secure energy supplies • Dismiss foreseeable options as inadequate to provide for the world’s energy needs • Call for “disruptive” advances in entirely new technologies whose performance cannot be foreseen. 4. Innovate & change. • Define sustainable futures based on mature but foreseeable technologies in combination with an assumed willingness of society to change in ways that increase resource utilization efficiency • Work back from such futures to articulate transition paths beginning where we are now
#1 and #2 do not offer solutions to sustainability and security challenges. #3 should be pursued but is too risky to rely on. #4 is the most sensible choice if it is assumed that challenges associated with sustainability and security are important to solve. 17