Oop

May 2002

‫ﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ واﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔﻟ‬- ٢٠٠٠-٢٠٠٢ © ‫ﻔﻮ ﻇ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴ ﻊ اﻟﺤﻘﻮ ق ﻣﺤ‬ http://www.c4arab.com/

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‫ﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻰﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺨ ل ﺇ‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻤﻔ ﻬ ﻭ ﻡﺍ‬

‫ﺍﺒ ﻁﺔ ﺘ ﻀﻡ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ ﻭﻜﻭﺩ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ‪.‬ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺀ ﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ‪ Object‬ﻫﻭﺃﺠ ﺯ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ‪ Class‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜ ﻥﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻜﻘﺎﻟ ﺏ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺕ ‪ Instances‬ﻋ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﺒﺄ ﻥﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﻫﻲﺃﻭ ﺼﺎ ﻑﻟﻠﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ ﺼﻨﺎﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﻠﻲﻟﻠﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩ؟ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥﺍﻟﻘﻭلﺃ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻴ ﺼ ﻑﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜلﺍﻟﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻷﻨﺸ ﻁﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﺩﺭ ﺘ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔﻟ ﺼﻨﻔﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴ ﺤﻭﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤ ﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪name of the class‬‬

‫‪Vehicle‬‬ ‫‪#NumberOfVehicles: integer‬‬

‫‪description of attributes‬‬ ‫‪or member data‬‬

‫= ‪description of methods‬‬ ‫‪associate code to data‬‬

‫اﺳﻢ اﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻒ‬

‫‪#mark : string‬‬ ‫‪#speed maximal : integer‬‬ ‫‪#speed courante : integer‬‬ ‫)( ‪+ CreateVehicle‬‬ ‫)( ‪+ DestroyVehicle‬‬ ‫)( ‪+ Start‬‬ ‫)‪+ Accelerate(rate : integer‬‬ ‫)( ‪+ Advance‬‬ ‫)( ‪+ MoveBack‬‬ ‫ﻤ ﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻜ ﺏ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪ #‬ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻟﻤﺭ‬

‫و ﺻ ﻒ اﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺋ ﺺ‬ ‫أو اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎ ت اﻷﻋ ﻀﺎء‬

‫و ﺻ ﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ =‬ ‫ﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺗﺨ ﺼﻴ ﺺﻛﻮدﻟ‬

‫‪#‬ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‪ :‬ﺤ ﺯﻤﺔ ﺭﻤﻭ ﺯ‬ ‫‪#‬ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔﺍﻟﻘ ﺼﻭﻯ ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪#‬ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪‬ﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﺸﻴ‬ ‫‪‬ﻡ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﻫﺩ‬ ‫‪+‬ﺃﻗﻠﻊ )(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﺴﺎﺭﻉ )‬ ‫‪ +‬ﺘﻘﺩﻡ )(‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻊ )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﺘﺭ‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﻥ ﺼ ﺤﻴ ﺤﺘﻴ ﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ(‬ ‫‪‬ﻤ ﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺤ ﺯﻤﺔ ﺭﻤﻭ ﺯ )‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻤ ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻗ ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻜل‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ ﺘﺨ ﺹ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔﺃﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻨ ﺕ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔﺍﻟﻘ ﺼﻭﻯ‬

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‫ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤ ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺴﻴﻜﻭ ﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻨﺴﺨﺘﻪﺍﻟﺨﺎ ﺼﺔ ﻤ ﻥ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ‪ :‬ﻨﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻋ ﻥ ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴل )‪.(instance attributes‬‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺨﻠﻕ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﺍﻨ ﻁﻼﻗﺎ ﻤ ﻥ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﺘﻨ ﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺨﻠﻕﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴل )‪(instanciation‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺢ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓﻟﻜل ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴل‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻡﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻴﺴﻤﺢﻟﻨﺎ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡﺍﻟ ـ‪(Unified Modeling Language) UML‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡﺃﻨ ﻅﻤﺔﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨلﺍﻟ ﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺇﻻ ﺒﺎﻹ ﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠ ﺯﺀ ﺒﺴﻴ ﻁ ﻤ ﻥ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺒﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻤﺨﺘﻠ ﻑﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩ‬ ‫ﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒ ﺕ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻨﻼ ﺤ ﻅ ﺇﺫ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻪﺃﻭ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻤﻪ ﺒﻤﺴﺘ ﻁﻴل ﻴﺘﺄﻟ ﻑ ﻤ ﻥ ﺜﻼﺙﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ v‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭ ﻱ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺴﻡﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل‪:‬‬ ‫‪ v‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡﺍﻷﻭﺴ ﻁ ﻴ ﺤﺩﺩﺍﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ ﻭﺃﻨﻭ‬ ‫‪: IdentifierType IdentifierAttribut‬‬ ‫ﺍﻉﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺃﻨﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻬﺎ ) ﺤﺠﺠﻬﺎ(‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻴﻘﺩﻡﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞ ﻤﺭﻓﻘﺔ ﺒﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﺀ ﺘﻌﻠﻕﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺴﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴ ﻁﻴﺭ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰﺃ ﻥﺍﻟﻌﻨ ﺼﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻋ ﻀﻭﻟﻠ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘ ﻁﻴﻼ ﺕﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﹼﻤﺔ ﺒﺭﻜ ﻥ ﻤ ﻁﻭ ﻱ ﺘﺨ ﺼ ﺹﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎ ﺕﺃﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼ ﺤ ﻅﺎ ﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻜ ﺏ )‪(NumberOfVehicles‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻨﻼ ﺤ ﻅﺃ ﻥﺍﻟﺨﺎ ﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻟﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺍ ﻫﺎ ﺒﻔ ﻀل‬ ‫ﻋ ﻥ ﺘ ﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎ ﺕ ﻓﻲﺃ ﻱ ﻭﻗ ﺕ ﻓﻲﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‪ .‬ﺇ ﻥ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﺨﺎ ﺼﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤ ﺤﺘﻭ‬ ‫‪‬ﻡ ﻤ ﺭﻜﺒﺔ )‬ ‫ﺍ ﻫﺎ ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼلﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﻘﺎ ﺹ ﻤ ﺤﺘﻭ‬ ‫‪‬ﺩ ﻤ ﺭﻜﺒﺔ )‪(CreateVehicle‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺸﻴ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺹﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲﻟﻨﻔ ﺱ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻲﻟﺘﻘﺎﺴﻡﺍﻟﺨﻭ‬ ‫‪ .(DestroyVehicle‬ﻫﺫ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺠﺩ ﻱﺍﻤﺘﻼ ﻙ ﻜل ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤ ﻥ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﺨﺎ ﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‪.‬ﻟﻬﺫ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘ ﺤﺴ ﻥﺃ ﻥ ﺘﺘﻘﺎﺴﻡﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻭ ﺤﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺩ(‬ ‫ﺍ )ﺘﺨﻴل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺕﺍﻹﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼ ﺨ ﻁﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲﻟﻠ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‪ .‬ﻨﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻋ ﻥ ﺨﺎ ﺼﻴﺔﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ )‪.(Class Attribut‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎلﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻴﻭ ﻀﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴ ﻥﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﻴ ﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‪:‬‬

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‫‪Instances‬‬

‫‪Class‬‬

‫‪Vehicle‬‬ ‫"‪Mark = "Peugeot‬‬ ‫‪MaximalSpeed=200‬‬ ‫‪CouranteSpeed=165‬‬

‫‪#NumberOfVehicles: integer‬‬

‫‪Instanciation‬‬

‫‪# Mark : string‬‬ ‫‪# MaximalSpeed: integer‬‬ ‫‪# CouranteSpeed: integer‬‬ ‫)( ‪+ CreateVehicle‬‬ ‫)( ‪+ DestroyVehicle‬‬ ‫)( ‪+ Start‬‬ ‫)‪+ Accelerate(rate : integer‬‬ ‫)( ‪+ Advance‬‬ ‫)( ‪+ MoveBack‬‬

‫"‪Mark = "Renault‬‬ ‫‪MaximalSpeed=230‬‬ ‫‪CouranteSpeed=140‬‬

‫‪Class‬‬

‫‪Instances‬‬

‫ﻤ ﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬

‫"‪Mark = "Peugeot‬‬ ‫‪MaximalSpeed=200‬‬ ‫‪CouranteSpeed=165‬‬

‫ﺍﻜ ﺏ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪ #‬ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻟﻤﺭ‬

‫‪Instanciation‬‬

‫"‪Mark = "Renault‬‬ ‫‪MaximalSpeed=230‬‬ ‫‪CouranteSpeed=140‬‬

‫‪#‬ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‪ :‬ﺤ ﺯﻤﺔ ﺭﻤﻭ ﺯ‬ ‫‪#‬ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔﺍﻟﻘ ﺼﻭﻯ ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪#‬ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪‬ﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﺸﻴ‬ ‫‪‬ﻡ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﻫﺩ‬ ‫‪+‬ﺃﻗﻠﻊ )(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﺴﺎﺭﻉ )‬ ‫‪ +‬ﺘﻘﺩﻡ )(‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻊ )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﺘﺭ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﻥﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺒﻤﺎﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻤﻴ ﺯﻨﺎ ﺒﻴ ﻥ ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ‬ ‫ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺘﻨ ﻁﺒﻕ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟ ﻙ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻨﻤﻴ ﺯﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ ﺒﻴ ﻥ ﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻭﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴل‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﻴ ﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻭ ﻀﻭ ﺡﺃ ﻥ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﺜﻼﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺃﻗﻠﻊ )(‪Start‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ(‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﺴﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴل )‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﺒ ﺼﻔﺔﺍﻨﻔﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻨ ﺤ ﻥ ﻨﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻋ ﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴل )ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﻴﺠ ﺏﻟﻜل ﻤﺜﻴلﺃ ﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺭ ﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘ ﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻟﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺜﻼﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﺸﻴﺩ ﻋ ﺭﺒﺔ )(‪CreateVehicle‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻫﺩﻓﻪ ﻫﻭ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻋﺭﺒ ﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﺌﻴﺔﻟﻜل ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴل‪ .‬ﺇﺫ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻤ ﻥ ﺘ ﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺒﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗ ﺕ ﺜﺎ ﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺭ ﻱ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜ ﻥ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻨﻼ ﺤ ﻅﺃ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﺭ ﺤﻠﺔﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒ ﺤﺠ ﺯ ﻤﻜﺎ ﻥ ﺫ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻘ ﻁﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻫﻭﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻴﻤﻠ ﻙﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﻼ ﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﻤﺭ ﺤﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩ ﺫ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟ ﺤﺠ ﺯ‪ :‬ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﻤ ﻥ ﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‪.‬ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻜﺫﻟ ﻙ ﺇﻟﻰﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻤﺜﻼ‪ :‬ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎ ﺕ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰﺃ ﻱ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ ﺇ ﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﺘﻘﺒلﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﺇﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭ ﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ :‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺘ ﻁﺒﻕ ﻓﻘ ﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤ ﺤﺩﺩ ﺠﻴﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻡ ﻴﺨ ﺹ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔﺍﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‪ .‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﻴﺩﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔﺍﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﻤ ﻥ ﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴل ﻭﻟﻴ ﺱﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﻠ ﺹ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭ ﺤﻠﺘﻴ ﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭﺃﺩﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺭ ﻱ ﻤ ﻥ ﻗﺒلﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺤﺠ ﺯ ﻤﻜﺎ ﻥ ﺫ‬ ‫ﻤﺭ ﺤﻠﺔﺃﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎ ﺕﻟﺠﻌلﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻴﻨﻔﺫ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﻬﻴﺌ ﺔ ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺭ ﺤﻠﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺨ ﺹﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‬

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‫ﻟﻜﺒ ﺴﻠﺔ‪encapsulation :‬‬ ‫ﻤﻔ ﻬ ﻭ ﻡﺍ‬

‫‪،‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺨ ﻁﻭ ﺕ ﺨ ﻁﻭﺘ ﻙﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻨ ﺤﻭﺃ ﺤﺩ ﻋﻨﺎ ﺼﺭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺴﻠﺔﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭ ﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺘﻜ ﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻔﺎ ﻫﻴﻡ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤ ﻀﻤﻭﻨﻪﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ )ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺼﻪ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞ(‪.‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﻴﺘﺭﻜ ﺏ ﻤ ﻥ ﺭﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫‪ v‬ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺩﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ‪ :‬ﻫﻴﻜل ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻷ ﻱ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﻨﺠﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭﺍ ﺼ ﻁﻼ ﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻨ ﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ )ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ‪ :‬ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺩﺍﻹﺠﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ :‬ﻫﻭ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﻠﻲﺍﻟﻤ ﻁﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻠ ﻙﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺤﻭلﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﻁﺍﻟﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴ ﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺒﻌ ﺽﺃﻭ ﻜلﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻜﺎ ﻥﺍﻟﻌﻤلﺍﻟﻤ ﻁﻠﻭ ﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﺭ ﻱ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﺴﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺨﻠﻕ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤﺅﻗ ﺕ‪...‬‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺨﺩﻤﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻟﻴﺴ ﺕ ﺇ ﺼ ﻁﻼ ﺤﻴﺔ ) ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺴ ﺏﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤ ﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺘ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ( ﺇﻻ ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺭﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫‪ v‬ﺇﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺘﻪ ‪interface‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤ ﺔﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﺌلﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﺩﺭ ﺒﻔ ﻀﻠﻬﺎﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠ ﺏﺃ ﻥ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﺨﻔﻴﺎ ﻋ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ public‬ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‪.‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨ ﺹﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻜلﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺜلﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡﺍﻟﺨﺎ ﺹ ‪ private‬ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‪ :‬ﻭ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﻘﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻜﺎﺌﻨﻴ ﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻴﺎ ﻥﻟ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺨﺎ ﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﻤ ﻥ ﻭﺠﻬﺎ ﺕ ﻨ ﻅﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﺓﻟﻠ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍ ﺕﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﻲ ‪oop‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌ ﻅﻡﻟﻐﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﺔﺍﻟ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺫ‬ ‫ﺘ ﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻤ ﻥ ﻗﺒلﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺒ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺫﻟ ﻙ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘ ﺤﺴ ﻥ ﺇﺨﻔﺎﺀ ﺘﻔﺎ ﺼﻴل ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ ﻋ ﻥﺃﻋﻴ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﻠﻲﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ )ﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﺠﺩﻭل ﺒ ﺤ ﺯﻤﺔ ﺭﻤﻭ ﺯ( ﻤ ﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻥﺍﻟﻠﺠﻭﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﺜﻼﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜلﺍﻟﺩ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺜﻴﺘﻴ ﻥ )ﺒﻌﺩﻴ ﻥ(‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻜﻭﺩﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‪.‬ﺃﻭ ﻜﻤﺜﺎل ﺁﺨﺭ‪:‬ﻟﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭﺃ ﻥ ﺼﻨﻔﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻜلﻟﻨﺎ ﻨﻘ ﻁﺔ ﺒﺈ ﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻴ ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺼل ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻊﺍﻟﻨﻘ ﻁﺔ ﻤ ﻥ ﻤ ﺤﻭﺭ ﻱﺍﻟﻔﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻥ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺘﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌ ﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺠﻴ ﻥ ﻴ ﺤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﺍ ﻜﺎﻨ ﺕﺍﻟﻨﻘ ﻁﺔ ﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻲ ﺇﻋﻼﻡﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲﻟﻴ ﺱ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﻁﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫)‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻗ ﻁﺒﻲﺃﻭ ﺨ ﻁﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻤ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺨﻔﺎﺀ(‬ ‫ﺍﻡ ﺒﻤﺒﺩﺃﺍﻟﻜﺒﺴﻠﺔ )‬ ‫ﻜلﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﻴﺔﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﻻ ﺘﺸﺘﺭ ﻁﺍﻻﻟﺘ ﺯ‬ ‫ﺨ ﺼﻭ ﺼﻴﺎ ﺕ ﻭ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭﺍﻟﻤ ﺼﻤﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ ﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ‪Heritage :‬‬ ‫‪ ٣‬ﺍ‬

‫ﺍﺜﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩ ﺉﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡﺍﻟ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨ ﺼﻴ ﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃ ﻏﻠ ﺏﺍﻷﻨ ﻅﻤﺔﺍﻟ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻌلﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎ ﺼﺭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔ ﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﻭ ﻀﻭﻉ ﻜﺎﻨ ﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻌﻠﻡﺍﻷ ﺤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫) ﻫﻴﺎﺭﺸ ﻲ(‪.‬ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺤﻭل ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨ ﺕ ﺒﺨ ﺼﻭ ﺹ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺘﻴ ﺏﺍﻟ ﺤﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎ ﻥ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﺭﺘﻜ ﺯ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﻋﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭ ﻀﻭﻉﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺹ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﻟﻪﺃ ﻥ ﻴ ﻀﻴ ﻑ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺨﻭ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺹﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ ﺤﺩﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨ ﺏﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﺒﺎﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﻨﺨ ﺼ ﺹ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃﻭﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻷ ﺏﺃﻭ ﻜﺫﻟ ﻙ ﺒﺎﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎ ﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩ ﻱ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻴﺎ‪.‬ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻴ ﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﻟﻜل ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻤﺘﺨ ﺼ ﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕﺃﻭﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻹﺒ ﻥﺃﻭ ﻜﺫﻟ ﻙ ﺒﺎﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻜل ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋ ﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ‪ /‬ﺘﺨ ﺼﻴ ﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺎ ﻋﺩ ﻱ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻫﻭﺇ ﺼﺩﺍ ﺭ ﺨﺎ ﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻨﻔ ﻪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴ ﻥ ﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﻴ ﻥﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻓﻜﺭﺓﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬

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‫‪ .١‬اﻟﻤﺜﺎلاﻷول‪:‬اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ تاﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪Graphic objects‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻜل ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﻨﻘ ﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﻴﺘﻴ ﻥﺍﻟﺨ ﻁﻴﺘﻴ ﻥ ‪ X‬ﻭ‪Y‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺴﻭ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻭ ﻫﺩﻡﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻨ ﺤﺩﺩﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻤﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻹ ﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻨﻌﻴ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔﻟﻬﺫ‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ(‬ ‫ﺍﺀﺓ ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ )‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻔﺫ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻤ ﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﺤﺭ ﻙﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﺴﻨ ﺤ ﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜلﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ‪ObjetGraphic‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻲﺍﻟ ﺼﻔ ﺤﺔﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺌﺭﺓ ‪Line & Circle‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩ‬ ‫ﻨ ﻀﻴ ﻑ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟ ﻙ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ ﻤﺘﺨ ﺼ ﺼﻴ ﻥ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺴ ﻁﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺯ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻟ ﻁﻭل ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺹﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻪ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻘ ﻁﺭ ‪ Rayon‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔﻟﻠﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻪ ﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻟﺨﻭ‬ ‫ﻴ ﻀﻴ ﻑﻟﺫ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴ ﻁﺭ ‪Length & Angle‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺍﺌ ﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻁ ﺭ ﻭﺍ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻜل ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ‪:‬ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ ﻜل ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻤﻤﻴ ﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺼﻪ )ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ(ﺍﻟﺨﺎ ﺼﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩ ﻱﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻭﺭﺜﺎ ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ‪ :‬ﺴﻁ ﺭ ﻭﺩﺍﺌ ﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺎ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺘ ﺤﻘﻴﻕﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ‪GetX‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭل ﻋ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ﻥ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺇ ﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﻭ ﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺼل‬ ‫ﺘ ﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﻗﻊﺍﻟﻨﻘ ﻁﺔ ﻤ ﻥ ﻤ ﺤﻭﺭﺍﻟﻔﻭ‬ ‫ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺼﻬﻤﺎﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﻼ ﺤ ﻅﺃ ﻥ ﻜﻼﺍﻟ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻤﻌ ﻥ ﺠﻴﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹ ﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟ ﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ‪Clear‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺒ ﺤﻴﺙﺃ ﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻌﺭﻴ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ‪ Display‬ﻭﻜﺫ‬ ‫ﺴ ﻁﺭ ﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺘﻨ ﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔﺍﻟﻤ ﺤﻭ‪ :‬ﺇﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺭﺍﻟﺴ ﻁﺭ ﻤﺜﻼ ﺘﺨﺘﻠ ﻑ ﻋ ﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﺸﺭ ﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ ‪Polymorphism‬ﺍﻟﻤ ﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺠﻴ ﻥ ‪ Display‬ﻭ ‪ Clear‬ﻓﻲ ﺇ ﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ ﺴﻁ ﺭ ﻭﺩﺍﺌ ﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ﻥ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻭﻗ ﺕﺍﻟ ﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻔﻴ ﻙ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻌﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔ ﺼﻴل ﺤﻭل ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺔ( ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﻋﺩﺓﺃﺸﻜﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﺀ ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ )ﺃﻭﺍﻹﺠﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻡ ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻹﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺌﺩ ‪overload‬ﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﺸﻜل ﻗﻭ ﻱ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺘ ﺤﻤﻴلﺍﻟ ﺯ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺀ ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ‪/‬ﺍﻹﺠﺭ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜلﺍﻟﻘﻭ ﻱﻟﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻌﺭﻴ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻷ ﺏ ﻤ ﻥ ﻗﺒلﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻊﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ ﻭﻨﻔ ﺱ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻗﻴﻤﺔﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫)ﻨﻔ ﺱ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ ﻭﻨﻭﻉ ﻗﻴﻤﺔﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ(ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺠﻴ ﻥﺃﻨﺸ ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﻬﻡ ﻤﻼ ﺤ ﻅﺔﺃ ﻥ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻌﺎ ﺕ ) ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒ ﻁﻠ ﺏﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺤﻭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻷ ﺏﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻤ ﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺤﺎﺠﺔﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰﺃ ﻱ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺃ ﻱ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﻭﺒﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭ ﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺍﻟﻤ ﻁﻠﻭ ﺏ‪ .‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ ‪ polymorphism‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

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GraphicObject #NumberOfGraphicObjects: integer # Color : ColorType # X: integer # Y: integer + Create () + Destroy () + GetX() + GetY() + SetX() + SetY() + MoveTo(ToX : integer, ToY : integer) + Display () + Clear ()

Base class: general concept

Derived class: specialized concept

Line # Length: integer # Angle: float + Create () + Destroy () + GetLength(): Integer + SetLength(Value: Integer) + Display () + Clear ()

Circle # Rayon: integer + Create () + Destroy () + GetRayon(): Integer + SetRayon(Value: Integer) + Display () + Clear ()

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‫‪ ،‬ﺘﻡﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻥﺃﺠل ﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻱﺍﻟﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻋ ﻥﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻒ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪ ي‪:‬‬ ‫ﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬

‫‪ #‬ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪#‬ﺍﻟﻠﻭ ﻥ‪ :‬ﻨﻭﻉﺍﻟﻠﻭ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ #‬ﺱ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪ #‬ﻉ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪‬ﺩ )(‬ ‫ﺸﻴ‬ ‫‪‬ﻡ )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﻫﺩ‬ ‫‪ +‬ﺨﺫ ﺱ )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﺨﺫ ﻉ )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﻀﻊ ﺱ )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﻀﻊ ﻉ )(‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻤﻭ ﻀﻊ ﻉ ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﺘ ﺤﺭ ﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ )ﻤﻭ ﻀﻊ ﺱ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪+‬ﺃﻨﺸﺭ )(‬ ‫‪+‬ﺃﻤ ﺤﻭ )(‬

‫اﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺘ ﻖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺨ ﺼ ﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬

‫ﺴﻁ ﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺌ ﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪ #‬ﻗ ﻁﺭ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ‬

‫‪ #‬ﻁﻭل‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫‪ #‬ﺯ‬

‫‪‬ﺩ )(‬ ‫ﺸﻴ‬ ‫‪‬ﻡ )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﻫﺩ‬ ‫‪ +‬ﺨﺫﺍﻟﻘ ﻁﺭ )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﻀﻊﺍﻟﻘ ﻁﺭ )(‬ ‫‪+‬ﺃﻨﺸﺭ )(‬ ‫‪+‬ﺃﻤ ﺤﻭ )(‬

‫‪‬ﺩ )(‬ ‫ﺸﻴ‬ ‫‪‬ﻡ )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﻫﺩ‬ ‫‪ +‬ﺨﺫﺍﻟ ﻁﻭل )(‬ ‫‪ +‬ﻀﻊﺍﻟ ﻁﻭل )ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ(‬ ‫‪+‬ﺃﻨﺸﺭ )(‬ ‫‪+‬ﺃﻤ ﺤﻭ )(‬

‫ﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ‪GraphicObject‬‬ ‫ﺘ ﺴﻠ ﺴلﺍ‬ ‫ﺤﺴ ﺏﺍﻟ ـ ‪UML‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ ﻴﺘﻡﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﻬﻡ ﺫﻭ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻴﻜﻭ ﻥ ﻨ ﺤﻭﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻷ ﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕﺍﻹﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺨ ﻁ ﻤﺎﺌل ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﺃ ﻥﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﺫ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل )‪ (italic‬ﻫﻲﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ ﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ‬

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‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل )‪ (italic‬ﻫﻲﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ ﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻁﺭﺓ ﻫﻲﺃﻋ ﻀﺎ ﺀﻟﻠ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺫﻜﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭ ﺏﺃﺩﺒﻲ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻑ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﻠ ﺏﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎ ﻫ ﻙ ﺇﻟﻰﺃ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ‪ MoveTo‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪:‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫)‪method GraphicObject :: MoveTo (Pos X: Integer, Pos Y: Integer‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫]‪[object Clear‬‬ ‫]‪[object Set X : Pos X‬‬ ‫]‪[object Set Y : Pos Y‬‬ ‫]‪[object Display‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎ ﻡﻟﻠﻤﻨ ﻬﺎﺝ ‪MoveTo‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜ ﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻤ ﻥ ﺤﻴﺙﺃ ﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﻤ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﺴ ﻁﺭ ‪Clear‬‬ ‫ﺇﻨﻪ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﻤﻼ ﺤ ﻅﺔﺃ ﻥ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ‪ MoveTo‬ﻷ ﻱ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ‪Line‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ‪ .Circle‬ﻤﺭﺓﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒ ﻁﻠ ﺏ ‪Clear‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺘ ﻁﺒﻴﻕﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ‪ MoveTo‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪Circle‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ ‪Display‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﻴ ﻥﻟﻠ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ‪) Circle‬ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ Circle::Display‬ﻭ ‪( Circle::Clear‬‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎﻟﻭ ﺘﻡ ﺘ ﻁﺒﻴﻕﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ‪ MoveTo‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪Line‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺒ ﻁﻠ ﺏ ‪ Clear‬ﻭ ‪Display‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﻴ ﻥﻟﻠ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ‪) Line‬ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺠﻴ ﻥ ‪Line::Clear‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪.( Line::Display‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﺒﻌ ﻀﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻴﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺘﺨﻠ ﺹ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻤ ﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺒﺴﺎ ﻁﺔ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻭﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻫﺎ ﻓﻲﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﻴﻜﻭ ﻥﺃﻗل ﺤﺠﻤﺎ ﻷﻨﻨﺎ ﺠﻤﻌﻨﺎﺍﻷﻜﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺒ ﺤﻴﺙﻟﻴ ﺱ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻘ ﻁ ﻨﻜﺘ ﺏﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩﺍﻟﺨﺎ ﺹ ﻟﻠ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺴﻴﺭﺍﻟﺘ ﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎ ﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻤﺭ ﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﺠﻌل ﻨ ﻅﺎﻡﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﻬﻴﻜﻼ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭ ﺏ ﺠﻤﻴل‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ ﻁﻭﻴﺭﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻩ ﻻ ﺤﻘﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴ ﺯﻡ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﻘﻭ ﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ( ﻴﺘﻡﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺩﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل )‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨ ﻁﺎﺀ ‪.debug‬‬ ‫ﺍﺕﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻬل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﺜﻐﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴ ﺼﻴﺭ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺇ ﻀﺎﻓﺔﺃ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺒ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪‬ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻜﺎ ﻥﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﻤ ﺼﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻤﻊﺍﻷﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﻴ ﻥﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻴ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻀﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل‪:‬ﻨﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻋ ﻥﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪.differential programming‬‬

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‫ﻟﺒﺔ ﺤﻅﻴﺭﺓﻟﻠﻌﺭﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﻗ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺜﺎلﺍ‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨ ﺼﻴ ﺹ ﻤ ﻥﺃﺠل ﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ﻨ ﻅﺎﻡ ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻡﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎلﺃﺴﻠﻭ ﺏﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺒﻴ ﻥﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﻜﺎﺌﻨﻲ ﻨﺎﺠﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ﻅﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﺭﺒﺎ ﺕ ﺘ ﻀﻡ‪:‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬

‫ﺍ ﺕ ‪Cars‬‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺸﺎ ﺤﻨﺎ ﺕ ‪Trucks‬‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺎ ﺕ ‪Helicopters‬‬ ‫ﻁﻭ‬ ‫ﺴﻔ ﻥ ‪Boats‬‬

‫ﺘﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺇﻨﺠﺎ ﺯ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﻭ ﻀﻊﺃ ﻱ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﺎ ﺕ ﻀﻤ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟ ﺏﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻡﻟﻪ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻬﺩ ﻑ ﻫﻭ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻨ ﻅﺎﻡﺃ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋ ﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺒﻨ ﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺨ ﺼﻭ ﺼﻴﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎ ﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻼ ﺤ ﻅﺃ ﻥﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻉﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﻗﻭﻟﺒﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜل ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﺎ ﺕ‪ .‬ﻨﻨ ﻁﻠﻕ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻷﻨﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺔ ﻭﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨ ﺏﺍﻵﺨﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺘﺭ ﻙﺍﻟ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴ ﻥ‪ :‬ﻁﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻬﻤﺎ ﻤ ﻥ ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﻻﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻘﺎﺴﻡﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻀﺢ ﺒﻴ ﻥﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰﺍﻟﺭ ﻏﻡ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼ ﻑﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟ ﻙ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎ ﻁﺅ‬ ‫ﺍﻉ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻹﺴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨ ﺼﻭ ﺼﻴﺎ ﺕ ﻤ ﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎﺍﻟﻤﺘ ﺤﺭ ﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ ﺒﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﻁﺎ ﺕ ﻜﺎﻹﻗﻼﻉ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻜلﺃ ﺼﻨﺎﻓﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻉﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﺎ ﺕ‪.‬ﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗ ﻑ‪ .‬ﻓﻜل ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎلﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎ ﻥ ﻟﻜل ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤ ﻥﺃﻨﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻨﺴﻤﻴﻪ‪ :‬ﻋ ﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ ﺼلﺃﻭ ﺠﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻨ ﺤ ﺼل ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝﺍﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Vehicle‬‬

‫‪Boat‬‬

‫‪Helicopter‬‬

‫‪RollingVehicle‬‬

‫‪Truck‬‬

‫‪Car‬‬

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‫ﻋﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫‪‬ﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﺩ ﻭ‬

‫ﻁﻭﺍﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﻤﻤﻜ ﻥﻟﻸ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﻤ ﻥﺃﺠل ﺤ ﻅﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺒﺎ ﺕ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ‬

‫ﺴﻴﺎ ﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺸﺎﺤﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻨﻤ ﻭﺫﺝﻟﺤﻅﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﺭﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﺘﺒﻌﻨﺎﺃﺴﻠﻭ ﺏﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ‪ :‬ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻥﺃﺠل ﺘ ﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭ ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﻠ ﺼﻨﺎﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎ ﺼﺭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﺢﻟﻨﺎ ﺒﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻭ ﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇ ﻁﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻫﺫ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻤ ﻁ ﻤﺴﺘ ﺤﺴ ﻥﻟﺨﻠﻕ ﺘﺴﻠﺴلﺃ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻤﻰﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺝﺃ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻀﻤ ﻥ ﻨ ﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺘﻌﻠﻕﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺒﺈﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻠﻭ ﺏﺍﻟﺘﺨ ﺼﻴ ﺹ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺇﺫ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻜﻭ ﻥ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻟ ﻁﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺴﻌ ﺕﺍﻹﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻁﺎﺌ ﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻁﻭﺍﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺇ ﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ )ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼلﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ( ‪AerialVehicle‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨ ﺤ ﺼل ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻡﺍﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Vehicle‬‬

‫‪Boat‬‬

‫‪AerialVehicle‬‬

‫‪Airplane‬‬

‫‪Helicopter‬‬

‫‪RollingVehicle‬‬

‫‪Truck‬‬

‫‪Car‬‬

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‫ﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﻤﻤﻜ ﻥﻟﻸ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﻤ ﻥﺃﺠل‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺤ ﻅﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﺭﺒﺎ ﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇ ﻀﺎﻓﺔﺍﻟ ﻁﺎﺌﺭ‬

‫ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﻁﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻁﺎﺌ ﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻁﻭﺍﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫‪‬ﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﺩ ﻭ‬

‫ﺸﺎﺤﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺴﻴﺎ ﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴ ﺏ ﻴﺄﺨﺫﺃ ﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺇﺴﻡ ‪taxonomy‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻤ ﻥﺃﺠل ﻭ ﻀﻊ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﺒ ﻁﺔﻟﺠﻌل ﺘ ﺼﻨﻴ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ ﺩﻭﻤﺎ ﻋ ﻥ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺘ ﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻴﺒ ﺤﺙﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨ ﺼ ﺼﻭ ﻥ ﻓﻲﺍﻟ ﺤﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲﺃ ﺤﺴ ﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺤﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺩﺃﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨ ﺼﻴ ﺹ ﻫﻭ ﺒﺩﻴﻬﻲ ﻭﻗﻭ ﻱ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴ ﻑﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﺭﻓﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻜل ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻓﺭﻋﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻴ ﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪﺃﻭ ﺘﻭﺭﻴﺜﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺸﺠﺭﺓﺍﻹﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ‪abstract :‬‬ ‫‪ .٣ .٣‬ﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﻁﻴﺎ ﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻻﺒﺩ ﻭﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺤ ﻅﻨﺎﺃ ﻥﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺀﺓ ﻤﺘﻤﻌﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ﻥ ﻷ ﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻟﻴ ﺱ ﻤ ﻥ ﺒﺎ ﺏ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﻕﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺨ ﻁ ﻤﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻡﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ .‬ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﻜﺎﻨ ﺕ ﻻ ﺘﻤﻨﺢ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎ ‪implementation‬‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻭل ﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﺫ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻻ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍلﺍﻟﻐﻤﻭ ﺽ؟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺠﻬﺎ ﺘ ﺼﻴﺭﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ ﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﺫﻟ ﻙﻟﻸ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪﺃ ﻥ ﻴﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺕ )ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ(‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴ ﺯﻭل ﻋﻨﻬﺎﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺘ ﺼﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨ ﺕ ﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻨﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻋﻡﺃ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﺤﺴﻴﺔ ‪.concrete‬ﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟ ﺤﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲﺍﻟﻭ ﺤﻴﺩﺓﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻫﺩ ﻑﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ؟ ﻫﻭ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺇ ﻁﺎﺭ ﻋﻤلﻟﻸ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﻓﻲﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭلﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻉ )‬

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‫‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔﻟﺘ ﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ ‪.polymorphism‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺒ ﻥ‪(...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷ ﺏ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩ‪/‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻤ ﻥﺍﻟ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎﺃ ﻥ ﻨﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺕ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ :‬ﻋ ﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻋ ﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ﻥ ﺘﺭﻤ ﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻴﻘﻠﻊ ﻭﻴﺒ ﻁ ﺊ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﺭﻉﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﻭﻗ ﻑ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺘﺭﻤ ﺯ ﺇﻟﻰﺃ ﻱ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﺤﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﺃﻭ ﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓﺃﻭ ﺸﺎ ﺤﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺀ ﻜﺎ ﻥ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺴﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺒﺩﻓﺘﺭ ﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‪ .‬ﺒﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﺤﺴﻲﺃﻭ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺘ ﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﺘ ﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟ ﺤﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﻠ ﻙ ﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻌﻤﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﺢﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤ ﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﺘ ﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﺎﺘﺒﺎﻉﺃﺴﻠﻭ ﺏﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،polymorphism‬ﻭ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬

‫ﻟ ﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍ ﻡﺍ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺼﻌ ﻭﺒﺎﺕﺍ‬ ‫‪ .٤‬ﺍ‬

‫ﺴﻨﺭﻯ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴ ﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎ ﻥﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭ ﻥ ﺘ ﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴلﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴ ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺭ ﺨﺎ ﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ ﻴﺠ ﺏﺃ ﻥ ﺘﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻫﻭ ﺇ ﺼﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻌﺒﺎ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻥ ﺼﻨﻔﻪﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩ ﻱ "‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬

‫ﺪا‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .٠ ١ .٤‬ﺗﺴﻠﺴ ﻞ ﻣ ﻜﺜ ﻒ ﺟ‬

‫ﻴﺠ ﺏﺍﻻﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻜﺜﻴ ﻑ ﻭﺇﺜﻘﺎلﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﺒﺎﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻨ ﻅﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺜﻼ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻔﻬﻡ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺸﺘﻕﺍﻟ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ ﻗﻁ ﻭ ﻜﻠﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﻠ ﺤﺩﺍﻵ ﻥ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺄ ﻥﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻴ ﻥ ﻫﺫﻴ ﻥﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴ ﻥ ﻴﺘ ﻁﻠ ﺏ ﻤﻨﺎ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴ ﻥ‪ .‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺴﺒ ﺏﻟﻭ ﻥﺍﻟﺸﻌﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺀﻟﻠﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃ ﺼﻔ ﺭ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻜﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻜﻠﺏ_‬ ‫ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕﺍﻟ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ ﻜﻠﺏ_‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺜﻘلﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﻷﺴﺒﺎ ﺏ ﺒﺴﻴ ﻁﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﺎ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻷ ﺤﺴ ﻥ ﺩﻤﺞ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﺓﺃ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺔﺍﻟﻠﻭ ﻥ )ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴ ﻁﺔ( ﻀﻤ ﻥ ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ )ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ(ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻜﻠﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻡﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﺠ ﺏﺍﻟ ﺤﺭ ﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺩﻤﺞﺃ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﻭﺴﻴ ﻁﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭ ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻴﺠ ﺏ ﺤﺫﻓﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬ﻟﺫ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻙ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻭﺴﻴ ﻁ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻀﺭﻭﺭ ﻱ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻠ ﻙﺃ ﻱﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬

‫‪base‬‬

‫‪example of a‬‬ ‫‪superfluous class‬‬ ‫)‪( intermediary1‬‬ ‫)ﻭﺴﻴ ﻁ ‪(١‬‬

‫‪intermediary1‬‬

‫‪paper 1‬‬

‫‪intermediary2‬‬

‫‪paper 3‬‬

‫‪paper 2‬‬

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‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻭ ﺴﻴﻁ ‪١‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋ ﻥ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻁﻔﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫)ﻭﺴﻴ ﻁ ‪(١‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺭﻗﺔ ‪١‬‬

‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ‪٢‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺭﻗﺔ‪٣‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺭﻗﺔ‪٢‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ‪ ١‬ﻻ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻜﺎ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻗﺎﻋﺩ ﻱ ﻴﻤﺘﻠ ﻙ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥﺍﺒﻨﻴ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺜﻘﺎل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻀﺭﻭﺭ ﻱﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠﺴل‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ )ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨ ﻁﻪ ﺒﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﺎﺌل( ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺤﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﺤﺫﻓﻪ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﻭﻗ ﺕ ﻻ ﻴ‪‬ﺸﺘﻕ ﺇﻻ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪﺃ ﻥ ﻴﻤﺘﻠ ﻙ ﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺕ )ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ(‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎلﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓﻟﻐﻭﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻨﺴ ﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺇ ﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺼﻪ ﻓﻲﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ‪ .٢‬ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺫ ﻱ ﻻ ﻴ ﻤﻠﻙ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎ ﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬

‫ﺪ‪construction inheritance :‬‬ ‫‪ .٠ ٢ .٤‬وراﺛﺔاﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴ‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨ ﺹ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺜﺎل ﺁﺨﺭ ﺴﻴ ﺊ ﻓﻴﻡ ﻴﺨ ﺹﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎلﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺇ ﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﺫﺭﻴﺎ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﻤﻼ ﺤ ﻅﺔﺃ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺈ ﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺜﺎﻨﻲﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل‬ ‫ﺃ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘ ﻁﻴل ﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋ ﻥ ﺴ ﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭ ﺨﺎ ﺹ ﻤ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻷ ﻥﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‪" :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘ ﻁﻴل ﻫﻭ ﺇ ﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ ﻓﻲﺍﻟ ﺤﺎﻟﺔﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺼﺎﺭ ﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﻁﺭ "ﻟﻴ ﺱﻟﻬﺎﺃ ﻱ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬

‫‪.٤‬‬

‫ﺎﺳﻘﺔ‪the conceptual incoherence :‬‬ ‫‪ .٠ ٣‬اﻟﺘﺼﻮراتاﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻨ‬

‫ﺍ ﺕ ﻀﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺜﻼﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻁﺎﺌ ﺭﺍﻟﻤ ﺯﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ ﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻷ ﺤﻴﺎ ﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘ ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺅﺩ ﻱﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺴﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺘ ﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﺜﻼﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﺩﺠﺎﺠﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻤ ﻥ ﻓ ﺼﻴﻠﺔﺍﻟ ﻁﻴﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﻴﻁﻴ ﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻨﺎ ﻴﻌﻠﻡﺃ ﻥﺍﻟﺩﺠﺎﺠﺔ ﻻ ﺘ ﻁﻴﺭ ﺭ ﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔﺃﻭ ﻋ ﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭ ﺏﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤ ﻥ ﻓ ﺼﻴﻠﺔﺍﻟ ﻁﻴﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻨﺴﺘ ﻁﻴﻊﺃ ﻥ ﻨﻘﻭل " ﺩﺠﺎﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻁﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﺘﺨ ﺼ ﺹ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻤﺞ ﻤﺩﻋﻭ ﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺘ ﻁﺭ ﺡ ﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺫﻟ ﻙ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ ﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﻁﺎﺌ ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎﺃ ﻥ ﺘﻭﺭﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﺇ ﻥﻟ ﺯﻡﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻤ ﺤﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺍﻟ ﻁﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﻡ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ ‪polymorphism‬ﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻴ ﻁﺭ ﺡﺃ ﻱ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺍ ﻓﻲﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻓﻲﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩ ﻱ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻥ ﻴﻜﻭ ﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻨ ﺹ ﻋﻠﻰﺃ ﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺠﺎ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻴﺜﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ‪the multiple inheritance :‬‬ ‫ﻟ ﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔﺍ‬ ‫‪ . ٥ .٣‬ﺍ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙﻨﺴﻤﺢ ﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻥ ﻴﻤﺘﻠ ﻙﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻭﺴﻊﻟﻠﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻷﺒﺎﺀﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﻌ ﻁﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺒﺎﻟﻠﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬ﻟﻨﻔﺭ ﺽﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺭﻴﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻨﻨﺘﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ٌﺸﻜل ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﻫﻭﻓ ﺭﻜﺭﺍﻓ ﺕ ‪) Hovercraft‬ﻟﻡﺃﺠﺩﻟﻬﺎ ﻤ ﺼ ﻁﻠ ﺤﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎ( ﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺤ ﻅﻴﺭﺓﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻨﻘﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪‬ﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﻭﻗ ﺕ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪(..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻓ ﺕ ﻫﻭ ﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ )ﺒﺎﺨﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻌﻠﻡﺃ ﻥ ﻫﻭﻓﺭﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺃ ﻥ ﻨﻘﻭﻟﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫‪RollingVehicle‬‬

‫‪Boat‬‬

‫‪Hovercraft‬‬

‫ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﺍ ﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻫﻭﻓ ﺭﻜﺭﺍﻓ ﺕ‬

‫ﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋ ﻥﺍ ﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎلﺍ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺒل ﺘ ﻁﺭ ﺡ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲﺃﺸﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟ ﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﻜلﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎلﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﻟﻭ ﻜﺎ ﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻨﺎ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻴﻴ ﻥ ﻴﻤﻠﻜﺎ ﻥ ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠ ﺏﺃ ﻥ ﻨ ﺤﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺕ ﺘﺸﺘﺭ ﻁ ﺇﺫ ﻥ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺘﺸﺎﺒ ﻙ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻹﺸﻜﺎل ﺇﻟ ﺤﺎﻕﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺃﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎ ﺼﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﻡﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ ﺤل ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ ﺘﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻲﺃﻨﻪﺃ ﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺘﺘ ﺤﻭلﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺤﺩﺓ ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼلﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ‪B‬‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻨﺠﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ‪ D‬ﻴﺭ ﺙ ﻨﺴﺨﺘﻴ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ‪A‬‬ ‫ﻋ ﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ‪C‬‬ ‫ﺍلﺍﻟﻤ ﻁﺭﻭ ﺡ ﺒﺄ ﻱ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺘﻴ ﻥ ﺴﻴ ﺤﺘﻔ ﻅ؟ ﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺕ ﻜﺎﻟﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺅ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺤﺩﺜ ﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻠ ﺱ ﺒﻠ ﺱ ﺘﻘﺘﺭ ﺡ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﺢﺒﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﻤﻌ ﻀﻠﺔﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻜﺔ ﺇﺫ‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤ ﻥ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎ ﺕﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻗﺎﻋﺩ ﻱ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻷﺠلﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤ ﻥ ﺁﻟﻴﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻡﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ ‪ .polymorphism‬ﻭﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻨﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺸﺎﻜلﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﻤﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻤ ﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻔﻲﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﻜﺎﻟﺴﻲ ﺒﻠ ﺱ ﺒﻠ ﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺎ( ﺘﻘﺘﺭ ﺡ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﺒﺎ ﻫﺎﻤﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺍﺠ ﻬﺎﺕ‪the interfaces :‬‬ ‫‪ . ٦ .٣‬ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺡ ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺩﻓﻌ ﺕ ﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻟﻤ ﺼﻤﻤﻴ ﻥ ﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺕ ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻗﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜلﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒ ﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻤ ﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺕ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺤﻠﻭل‪ .‬ﺇﻟﻰﺃ ﻥ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺁﻟﻴﺎ ﺕﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺎ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺒ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺀ ﺜﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰﺍ ﺤﺘﻭ‬ ‫ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ )ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ(‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻗﻴﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ ﻀﻊﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﻬﺎﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻤﻴ ﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜلﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔﻟﻠﻐﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻜﺎﻨ ﺕ ﺘﻤﻠ ﻙ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ‪ Implement‬ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺕ ﻤ ﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻥ ﺘﻜﻭ ﻥﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺨﻠﻕ ﻋﻼﻗﺎ ﺕ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴ ﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠ ﻑﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﹼﺫﺓﻟﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻀﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔﺃﺒﻭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺨ ﺼﻭ ﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﻔﺫ ﺒ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤ ﺤﺎﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫‪polymorphs‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺕ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔﺍﻟ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻜل ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻤﺎ ﻴ ﺤﻠﻭﻟﻪ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Smalltalk‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻤ ﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻟﻐﺔﺍﻟﺴﻲﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﻴﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎﺍﻟﺒﻌ ﺽ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ( ﻭ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﺼﺔﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﻔﺭ ﺽ ﻤﺜﻼﺃ ﻥ ﻨ ﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﻗﻭﻟﺒﺔ ﻏﻭ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻥﺃﺠل ﺘﺜﺒﻴ ﺕﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﺩلﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻜل‬ ‫ﻭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻌ ﺽ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔﻟﻔﺭﻭﻉ ﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺠ ﺏﺃ ﻥ ﺘﺘﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺘﺭ ﺡ ﻋﺭ ﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻡ )ﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﻻ ﻴﺠ ﺏﺃ ﻥ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﻟﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔﻟﻠﻌﺭ ﺽ ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﺘ ﺤﺴ ﻥ ﺭﺒ ﻁ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺩل ﺫﻟ ﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺴﻴﺌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘ ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭ ﺽ(‬ ‫ﻴﺠ ﺏﺃ ﻥ ﺘ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻡ‪ .‬ﻨﺸﻴﺭﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ ﺇﻟﻰﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨ ﺕ ﻜلﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤ ﻥ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﻜلﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﺘﺜﻘل ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩ ﻱ ﻴﻘﺘﺭ ﺡ ﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﻟﻠﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻨ ﻅﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻟﻴ ﺱﺒﺎﻟﺒﺴﺎ ﻁﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻡﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴ ﺯ ﺒﻴ ﻥﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﺩ ﺇﻨﺠﺎ ﺯﻩ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ ﺒﺒﻴﺌﺔﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞﺍﻟﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ ﺼﻤﻡ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘ ﺼﻭﺭ )‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻤ ﻥ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺘ ﺯﻭﻴﺩﻩ ﺒﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻫلﻴﺠ ﺏﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻪ ﻓﻘ ﻁ ﻤ ﻥ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻭﻓ ﺭﻜﺭﺍﻓ ﺕ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺨﻠﻕ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃﻭﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻤ ﻥ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ ﻤ ﻥ ﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺘ ﺯﻭﻴﺩﻩ ﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺀ ﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺠﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻷﻭﻟﻭﻴﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍلﻟﻴﺴ ﺕ ﺒﺴﻴ ﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﺴﺅ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺘﻴ ﻥ ﻤﻌﺎ‪.‬ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋ ﻥ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﺘ ﺯﻭﻴﺩﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﺭﺓﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴ ﻁﺭ ﺡ ﻤﺸﻜل ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻋ ﻁﺎﺀ ﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﺍﻷﻓ ﻀل ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤلﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺒﻴﺌﺔﺍﻟﺘ ﻁﺒﻴﻕﺍﻟﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺸﺨ ﺼﻴﺔ ﺼﺎﻨﻊﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ‪:aggregation‬‬ ‫‪ ٤‬ﺍ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺘﻌﺭﻴ ﻑ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﻴﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﻤﺭﺓﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ "ﻤﻜ ﻭ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴ ﻥ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎﺃ ﻥ ﻨﻘﻭلﺃ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻨ ﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‪ ."...‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻥ‪"...‬ﺃﻭ "ﻴﻤﻠﻙ‪"...‬ﺃﻭﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ "‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻤ ﻥ ﺇﻁﺎ ﺭ‪ .‬ﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺕ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔﺃ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﻤ ﻥ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ ﺭﺓ ﻤﻜﻭ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻤ ﻥ ﻤﺤ ﺭﻙ‬

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‫ﺍ ﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕﺃﻭ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩ ﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎلﺍﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺇﻟ ﺯ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕﺃﻭﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ ﻤﺜﻴل ﻋ ﻥ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﺤﺎﻭ ﻴ ﺤﻘﻕ ﻫﻭ ﻜﺫﻟ ﻙ ﻤﺒﺩﺃﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀﺍﻟﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻜﺎﺭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺜﻼ ﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ﻋﺠﻼ ﺕ ﻤ ﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬ﺃ ﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺭﻜ ﺏ ﻤ ﻥﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻋﺠﻼ ﺕ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ ﻱ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎﺃ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﺠﻼ ﺕ(‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ﺫ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫)ﻤﻊ ﺇ ﻫﻤﺎل ﻋﺠﻠﺔﺍﻟﻨﺠﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ ٤‬ﻤ ﻥ ﺠﺎﻨ ﺏ‬ ‫ّﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﹸﻤﺘﻠ ﻙ ﻤ ﻥﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤ ﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻜﺎﺭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻟﻴﺔﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺫ ﻥ ‪ ١‬ﻤ ﻥ ﺠﺎﻨ ﺏﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜِ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﱠ ﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎلﺍﻵﺘﻲﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﺜﺒﻴ ﺕﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎ ﻫﻴﻡ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Wheel‬‬

‫‪Chassis‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬

‫‪Motor‬‬

‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪Car‬‬

‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻁﺎ ﺭ‬

‫‪٤‬‬

‫ﻤﺤ ﺭﻙ‬

‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫ﺴﻴﺎ ﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔﻟﻠ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎلﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺩﺃﻨ ﻅﻤﺔﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ‪ UML‬ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺴﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭ ﻥ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘﻪ ﻤﻌﻴ ﻥ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﻭ‬ ‫ّ ﺏ‪.‬ﺃﻤﺎﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻻ ﺕ ﻓﺘﻜﻭ ﻥ ﻤ ﺤﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ‪.aggregation‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴ ﻥ ﻴﻜﻭ ﻥ ﺠﻬﺔﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜِ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺤﺩﺓ(‪.‬‬ ‫ّ ﺏ ﺘﻜﻭ ﻥ ﺒﺠﺎﻨ ﺏﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴ ﻥ )ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎ ﻥ‪ :‬ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﻜﺎﺭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻟﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜِ‬ ‫ﻜ ﺏ ﺘﻜﻭ ﻥ ﺒﺠﺎﻨ ﺏﺍﻟﺨ ﻁ )ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎ ﻥ‪ :‬ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺘﻠ ﻙﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻋﺠﻼ ﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ v‬ﻜﺎﺭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻟﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﺭﱠ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬

‫ﻟﻭﺍﺠ ﻬﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓﺃ ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜﺘﻨﺎ ﻭﺏﻟﻠ ﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔﺍ‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺍ‬

‫ﺍﺜﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃ ﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻴﻜﻭ ﻥ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎ ﻥ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ﻤﻔﺎ ﻫﻴﻡ ﺘ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﺠﺄﺓ ﻨﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﻤﺞﺃﻭﺍﻜ ﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ ﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻨﻔﺭ ﺽ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻨ ﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﺴﻜﺭ ﻱ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﻁﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫‪AWACS‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻴ ﻑ ﻨﻘﻭﻟ ﺏ )ﻨ ﺼﻨﻊ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻟ ﺏ( ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺘﻠ ﻙ ﺭ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭ ﻀﻌﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬

‫ﺍﺜﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‪:‬ﻨﺸﺘﻕﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺃﻭﺍﻜ ﺱ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ ﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺭ ﻭ ﻁﺎﺌ ﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤلﺍﻟﻭ‬

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‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻻﻗﻁ ) ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﻜل‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻨ ﻅﻴ ﻑﻟﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺘﻕﺃﻭﺍﻜ ﺱ ﻤ ﻥ ﻁﺎﺌ ﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻉﺍﻟﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺔ ﻁﻴﺎ ﺭﺓ ) ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔﺁ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻨ ﻅﻴ ﻑﻟﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺘﻕﺃﻭﺍﻜ ﺱ ﻤ ﻥ ﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻉﺍﻟ ﻁﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﻜلﺃﻨﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺔ ﻁﻴﺎ ﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺘﻴ ﻥ ﻻﻗﻁ ﻭﺁ‬ ‫ﻨﺨﻠﻕ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺃﻭﺍﻜ ﺱ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻨ ﺯﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎلﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻨ ﻅﻴ ﻑﻟﻬﺎ ﺨﺎ ﺼﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺘﻕﺃﻭﺍﻜ ﺱ ﻤ ﻥ ﻁﺎﺌ ﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺘﻕﺃﻭﺍﻜ ﺱ ﻤ ﻥ ﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺭﻟﻬﺎ ﺨﺎ ﺼﻴﺔ ﻁﺎﺌ ﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﺨﻠﻕ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺃﻭﺍﻜ ﺱ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻨ ﺯﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﺨﺎ ﺼﻴﺘﻴ ﻥ‪ :‬ﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺭ ﻭ ﻁﺎﺌ ﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻅﻬﺭﺃ ﻥ ﺒﻌ ﺽ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺘﻭ ﻀﺢ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻏﻨﻰﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﻟﻤﻌ ﻁﻴﺎ ﺕ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﻟ ﻁﺭﻕ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴ ﺕﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝﺃ ﺤﺴ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ ﻤﻊﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺕ ﻤﻊﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺁ ﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻡﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﻟ ﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺴ ﺕ ﺒﺎﻟ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪٣ ,٢ ،‬‬ ‫‪٢ ,٢ ،‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ ﻴﻔ ﻀلﺍﻟ ﺤﺎﻻ ﺕ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃ ﻱ ﻤ ﺼﻤﻡ ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺫﻟ ﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﺩ‬ ‫‪.١,٣ ،‬‬ ‫‪١,٢ ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭ ﻥ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻔ ﻀل ﺤﺎﻻ ﺕﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻨﻔ ﺱ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺼﺎﻨﻊﺍﻟ ﻁﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎ ﺕﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻴ ﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠ ﻑﺍﻟ ﺤﺎﻻ ﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺘ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Interfacing‬‬ ‫‪plots flying‬‬

‫‪Interfacing‬‬ ‫‪Detector‬‬

‫‪Radar‬‬

‫‪Airplane‬‬

‫‪AWACS 2.3‬‬ ‫‪AWACS 2.2‬‬ ‫‪AWACS 2.1‬‬ ‫‪AWACS 1‬‬

‫ﻟﻭﺍﺠ ﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺔﺃﻭﺍﻜ ﺱ ﺒﺎ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍ ﻡﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﻭ‬

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‫‪ǎ‬‬

‫‪ǚ‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺠ ﻬﺔ ﻻﻗﻁ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺭ‬

‫ﻁﺎﺌ ﺭﺓ‬

‫‪Ǜ‬‬

‫واﻛ ﺲ ‪٣٫٢‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫واﻛ ﺲ ‪٢ ٫٢‬‬ ‫أ‬

‫واﻛ ﺲ ‪١ ٫٢‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫واﻛ ﺲ ‪١‬‬ ‫أ‬

‫ﻟ ﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﻘﻁﻌﺔﺘﺸﻴ ﺭ ﺇ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻬﻡﺍ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻀﻤﻥﺍ‬

‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔﺃﻨ ﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺜﺎﺒ ﺕ ﻓﻴﻡ ﻴﺨ ﺹ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﻤﺜﻴلﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻭﻗ ﺕﺍﻟ ﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺒﺴﺎ ﻁﺔ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﺒ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ )ﻤ ﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ‪.UML‬ﺃﻴ ﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ( ﻭ ﺤﻴﺙﺍﻹﺴﻡ ﻴﻜﻭ ﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤ ﺼ ﻁﻠﺢ ‪.Interface‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨ ﺼﻴ ﺹ ﻭﻟﻜ ﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺨ ﻁ ﻤﺘﻘ ﻁﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺴﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺫﻟ ﻙﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﺜﻴلﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻤ ﻥ ﻗﺒلﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‪ .‬ﺭﺃ ﺱﺍﻟﺴﻬﻡ ﻴﻜﻭ ﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﻪ ﻨ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺝ ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻭ ﻀﻴﺢﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪Airplane‬‬

‫‪Interfacing‬‬ ‫‪plots flying‬‬

‫‪AWACS 3.2‬‬

‫‪AWACS 3.1‬‬

‫‪AWACS 3.3‬‬

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‫ﻁﺎﺌ ﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺭ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺍﻜ ﺱ ‪٢,٣‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﺍﻜ ﺱ ‪١,٣‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﺍﻜ ﺱ ‪٣,٣‬‬

‫ﻟ ﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺔﺃﻭﺍﻜ ﺱ ﺒﺎ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍ ﻡﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﻭ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬

‫ﻟ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ‪: Polymorphisme‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍ‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺘﻌﺭﻴ ﻑ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ ﻫﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩ ﺉﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﺘﻜ ﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‪.‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻷ ﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪﺍﺴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷ ﺤﺭﻯ ﻫﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻥ ﻴﺘﺨﺫ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﻩ ﻓﻲﺃ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼلﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴ ﻥ ﻴ ﺼﻨﻔﻪ ﺁﺨﺭﻭ ﻥ ﻀﻤ ﻥﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉﺃ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﻨ ﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل‪.‬‬ ‫ةﺗﻌﺪداﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ت‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .٢ .٥‬ﻗﻮ‬ ‫ﺴﻭ ﻑ ﻨﺒﻴ ﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ‪GraphicObject‬‬ ‫ﺍﺌﺭ ﻭﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻤﺜﻠﺜﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫‪.‬ﺃ ﻱ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤ ﺯﻴﺞ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎلﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻤﻤﻜ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ )‪ .(notion of pointers downward compatibility‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻕﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎ ﺯﻟﻲﻟﻠﻤﺅﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻤ ﺭﺠﻊ ‪ ("Reference‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻤﺘﺨ ﺼ ﺹ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻤﺅﺸﺭ )ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺕ "ﺍ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﺌﻤﺎﺃ ﻥ ﻴﺅﺸﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻁﻠ ﺏﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺃﻨﺸ ﺭ ‪Display‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻜﻭ ﻥﻟ ﺯ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺘﺨ ﻁﻴ ﻁ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺤﺎﻓ ﻅﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻌﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺭ ﺫﻟ ﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻤﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠ ﻑ ﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭﻟﻜلﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻴﺔﻟﻨﻔ ﺱ ﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﺇﻨﻪﺍﻟﺸﺭ ﻁ ﻗﺒلﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎﺍﻵ ﻥﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻜﻭﺩﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪:‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻥ‬ ‫‪method Drawing :: Display‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫‪for every GraphicObject include‬‬

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‫{‬ ‫]‪[Object Display‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫}‬

‫ﻟ ﺼﻔﺎﺕﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤ ﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺇ ﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺓﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴ ﺏﻟﻠﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴ ﺏ‪.‬ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕﻟﻠﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺃﻨﺸ ﺭ ﻴ ﻀﻤ ﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺭﺒ ﻁﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﺃﻭ ‪.late Bending‬‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴ ﺯﻡﺍﻟﻌﺠﻴ ﺏ ﺘﺭﺘﻜ ﺯ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﺴﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔﻟﻬﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺸﻔﹼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺒ ﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺔ ﻴ‪ ‬ﺤﺴ ﺏﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘ ﺤﺭﻴﺭﺍﻟﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺀﺃﻭ ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻥ ﻁﻠ ﺏ ﺇﺠﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺭ ﺽ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺠﺎ ﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻤﻜﺎ ﻥ‬ ‫‪‬ﺭﻉ )‪ .(early Bending‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔﺍﻟﺭﺒ ﻁﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‪ :‬ﺇﻨﻪﺍﻟﺭﺒ ﻁﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻥﺍﻟ ﻁﻠ ﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺍﻟﻤ ﻁﻠﻭ ﺏ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻓﻲﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻴﻨﺸ ﺊﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻋﻨﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺘﺤ ﺭﻙ ﺇ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻨﻔﺭ ﺽ ﻤﺜﺎﻻ ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻤﺒﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭ ﻥ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫‪MoveTo‬‬ ‫ﺍﻉﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻜﻭ ﺩ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺼﺎﻟ ﺤﺎ ﻷ ﻱ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤ ﻥﺃﻨﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﺸﺭ ﺤﻨﺎﻩ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﻴﺎ ﺕ ﺜﻡ ﻨﺸﺭ‪ .‬ﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻟ ﻺ ﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤ ﺤﻭ ﻤﺘﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻨ ﻁﺒﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺘ ﺤﺭﻴ ﻙ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺒﻔ ﻀل ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ ‪ polymorphism‬ﻷﻨﻪ ﻤ ﻁﻠﻭ ﺏﺃ ﻥ ﺘﻜﻭ ﻥ ﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﻌﻤل ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺩ ﻫﻲﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﻁﻠﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ ﺤﻭ ﻭ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎﺃ ﻥﺍﻟﻤ ﺤﻭ ﻴﺘﻠﺨ ﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺴﻡﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻭﻟﻜ ﻥ ﺒﻠﻭ ﻥﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﺸﻲ ﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻴ ﻑ ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺍﻟﻤ ﺤﻭ ﺒﻬﺫ‬ ‫‪method GraphicObject :: Delete‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫]‪[Object SetColor: BackgroundColor‬‬ ‫]‪[Object Display‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨ ﻬﺎﺝ ‪delete‬‬ ‫ﻟ ﺼﻔﺎﺕﻓﻲﺍ‬ ‫ﺇ ﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬

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‫اﺋﺪ ‪Overloading‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺎﺟﻊﻟﺘﻌﺪداﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ت‪:‬اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞاﻟﺰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺌﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺘﺭ ﺤﺔ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻤ ﻥ ﻗﺒلﻟﻐﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘ ﺤﻤﻴلﺍﻟ ﺯ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ ﺘ ﺤﻤل ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻹﺴﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍل ‪ /‬ﺇﺠﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺨ ﺼﻴ ﺹ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻌﺎ ﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞ ‪ /‬ﺩﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻨﻘﺩﺭﺃ ﻥ ﻨﻘﺘﺭ ﺡ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻌﻴ ﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴ ﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺃﻨﺸ ﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎﺃﺭ ﺩﻨﺎﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺴﻴ ﻁ ﻨﺸﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﺎ ﺏ ‪.Default‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﻤ ﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻥ ﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ v‬ﺘ ﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺴﻴ ﻁ ﺒﺒﺎﺭ‬

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‫ﻛﺔ ‪The Relation of Association :‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔاﻟﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴ ﺕﺍﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ( ﻫﻲ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﺭ ﻀﻨﺎ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺔ )‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ‪Aggregation‬‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻱ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻜﺎﻨ ﺕﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ ‪ Heritage‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜل ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬

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‫ﺍﻜﺔ ﻴ ﺼﻌ ﺏ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺭﺠﻡﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ "‪ ...‬ﻫﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺨﺎ ﺹ ﻤ ﻥ ‪ ."(IS A) ...‬ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔﺍﻟﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﺘﺒﺎ ﺱ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎﺍﻟﻘﻭل‪ ..." :‬ﻴﺘ ﺼل ﻤﻊ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺤﺴ ﺏ ﻤﺨﺘﻠ ﻑﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭﻴ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤ ﺯ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴ ﺯﻴﺔ " ‪ ." USES A‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻟ ﺤﺎﻻ ﺕ‬ ‫‪،"...‬ﺃﻭ "‪ ...‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ‪"...‬‬ ‫ﺃ ﻥ ﺘﺨﺘﻠ ﻁﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻋﻼﻗﺔﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ‪ ...") aggregation‬ﻴﺘﺭﻜ ﺏ ﻤ ﻥ ‪ ("...‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎلﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﺴﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺤﻘﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺎ ﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻨﻔﺭ ﺽ ﻤﺜﺎﻻ ﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺒ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔﺍﻟ ﺤﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻥﺃﺠل ﺘﺜﺒﻴ ﺕﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎ ﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭ ﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭﺍﻟﻤ ﺼﻤﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤ ﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﺫﻜﹼﺭﺃ ﻥ ﻤﺒﺩﺃﺍﻟﻜﺒﺴﻠﺔ ﺸﺨ ﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺎ ﺕ ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﺘﺘﻜﻭ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔﺍﻟ ﺤﻴﻭ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉﺃﻗﻔﺎ ﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺤﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺱ‬ ‫‪ v‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺤﺭ‬ ‫ﻴ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻭ ﻀﻭ ﺡﺃ ﻥ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎ ﺕ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ‪.aggregation‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻴ ﻥ ﺇﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺎ ﺕ ) ﺤﺴ ﺏ ﻗﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺤﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗ ﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃ ﻱ ﺤﺎﺭ ﺱ ﻴﺠ ﺏﺃ ﻥ ﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻭ ﺽ ﺫﻟ ﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﻤ ﻥ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃ ﻱ ﻗﻔ ﺹ ﻴ ﺤﻭ ﻱ ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍل‬ ‫ﺍ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻷﻗﻔﺎ ﺹ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﻤﻨﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻨ ﻅ ﻑ ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺓﺍﻟ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﺤﺴ ﺏ ﺇﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺎ ﺕ ) ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺤﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎ ﺕﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺼﻠﺔﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ‪) aggregation‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭﺃ ﻥ ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺎ ﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺠﻌل ﻜل ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴ ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤ ﻥ ﻗﺒلﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ( ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻴ ﺱ ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻨ ﺤ ﺼل ﺇﺫ ﻥ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺘ ﺼﻤﻴﻡﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﺴﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺤﻘﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔﺃﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ﻀﻤ ﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔﺍﻟﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻊﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ‪aggregation‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺴﻭ ﻑ ﻨ ﺤﺩﺩ ﻜﺎﺭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺕ ﻭﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺀﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺘ ﻁﻴﻊ ﻗﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻨﻔﻴ ﻥ ﻗﻔ ﺹ ﻭ ﺤﺎ ﺭ ﺱ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﱠ ﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺤﺎ ﺭ ﺱ ﻭﺍ ﺤﺩﻓﻘﻁ"‬ ‫‪‬ﻨﻅ‬ ‫ﻟﻰ ﻥ ﻗﻔ ﺹ ‪ /‬ﺃ ﻱ ﻗﻔ ﺹ ﻴ‬ ‫ّ ﻑ ﻤﻥ ‪٠‬ﺇ‬ ‫‪‬ﻨﻅ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫"ﺃ ﻱ ﺤﺎ ﺭ ﺱ ﻴ‬

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‫‪Zoo‬‬

‫*‬

‫*‬ ‫‪is cleaned by ١‬‬

‫‪Cage‬‬ ‫‪containing‬‬

‫*‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫‪Guardian‬‬

‫‪clean‬‬ ‫‪feeds١‬‬

‫*‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪is fed by‬‬

‫‪Animal‬‬

‫‪is contained‬‬

‫ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎ ﺕ‬

‫*‬

‫*‬ ‫ﻳُﻨ ﻈَ ﻒ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪١‬‬

‫ﻗﻔ ﺹ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻮ ي‬

‫ِﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﻨ ﻈ‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫ﺤﺎ ﺭ ﺱ‬

‫*‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫*‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ى ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬

‫ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻳﻄﻌﻢ‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫ﻳُﻄﻌﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬

‫ﻟﺸﺭﺍﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻤﺜﺎل ﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﺎﻴ ﺼﻌ ﺏ ﺘ ﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ﻤﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺭ ﻏﻡ ﺫﻟ ﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺎ ﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺭﻜ ﺏ ﺤﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻔﺎ ﺹ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺱﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﻴ ﺤﺩﺩﺃ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺭﻜ ﺏ ‪aggregate‬ﺍﻟ ﺤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘ ﺼﻤﻡ ﺒﻬﺫ‬

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‫‪Zoo‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪Cage‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪is cleaned by‬‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫‪Guardian‬‬

‫‪clean‬‬

‫‪0..n‬‬

‫‪feeds١‬‬

‫‪Animal‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬

‫‪0..n‬‬ ‫‪is fed by‬‬

‫ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻗﻔ ﺹ‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫ﹶ ﻑ ﻤ ﻥ ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﻨ ﻅ‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﻨ ﻅِ ﻑ‬

‫‪0..n‬‬

‫ﺤﺎ ﺭ ﺱ‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪٠‬‬

‫ِﻢ‬ ‫ﻳُﻄﻌ‬

‫‪0..n‬‬ ‫ﻳُﻄﻌﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬

‫ﻟﺸﺭﺍﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺏﺁﺨﺭﻟﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‬ ‫ذجاﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ٧‬ﺧﺘﺎم ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺒﺴ ﻁﺔﻟﺠ ﺯﺀ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎ ﻫﻴﻡﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺔ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻗﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻷ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎ ﻫﻴﻡ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻤﻴ ﺯ‬ ‫ﺍل ﻁﻭﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴ ﻥ ﻴﺭﻯﺃﻨﻪ ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎ ﺼﺭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﻓﻌل‬ ‫ﺍﺠ ﺏ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭ ﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘ ﻁﺔﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻉﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺁﺨﺭﻭ ﻥ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻭ ﻥﺃﻨﻭ‬ ‫ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺒ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒ ﻁ ﺒﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭﺍﻟﻤ ﺼﻤﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻜﻠﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡﺍﻟﻜﺒﺴﻠﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺤﻔ ﻅﻬﺎ ﻫﻲﺃ ﻥﺍﻟﻘﻭﻟﺒﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺩ ﺇﻨﺠﺎ ﺯﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘ ﻁﺒﻴﻕﺍﻟﻤﺭ‬

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‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﺩ ﺒﺫﻟ ﻙﺍﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻫﻭﺍﻷﻭل ﻤ ﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰﺃ ﻥ ﻫﺫ‬ ‫ﻗﺒلﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺭﺩﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺸﺨ ﺼﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻗﺩ ﻴﻨﻘ ﺼﻪﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎ ﻫﻴﻡﺃﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨ ﻅﻴﻡﺃﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔﺍﻟﺸﺭ ﺡ‬ ‫ﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺸﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺤﺎﺘﻜﻡ ﻭﺇ ﻀﺎﻓﺎﺘﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻗﺘﺭ‬

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‫ا ت‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ٨‬ﻗﺎﻣﻮ ساﻟﻤﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻤ ﺼﻁﻠ ﺢ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻌ ﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴ ﺯ ﻱ‬

‫ﻟﺸ ﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺇ ﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍل ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‬ ‫‪Object‬‬ ‫ﻤﻭ ﺤﺩ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺸﻴﺌﺎ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﺴﻘﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻔ ﺼﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟ ﺼﻭﺭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤ ﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫‪Instance‬‬ ‫ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﺃﻭ ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤ ﻥ ﻨﻔ ﺱ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫‪Instanciation‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕﺃ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻤﻊﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻭﻤﻴﺔﻟﺘ ﺤﻭ ﻱ ﺒﺫﻟ ﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻤﻴ ﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪Heritage‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇ ﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻤﻴ ﺯ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻒاﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖﻫﻮإ ﺻﺪار ﺧﺎ ص ﻣﻦاﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻒاﻟﻘﺎ ﻋﺪي‬ ‫ﺇﺨﻔﺎﺀ ﺒﻌ ﺽﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ ﻋ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡﻟ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ Encapsulation‬ﻜﺒﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼ ﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭ ﻏﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭﺃﺴﻠﻭ ﺏ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘ ﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎ ﺕ ﻜل ﺼﻨ ﻑ )ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴ ﻥ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ( ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪Aggregation‬‬ ‫‪،‬ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﺠﺎﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭﺃﺴﻠﻭ ﺏ ﻴﺴﻤﺢﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻥ ﻴﺘﺨﺫ ﻋﺩﺓﺃﺸﻜﺎل‬ ‫‪ Polymorphism‬ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ ﻭﻤﻊ ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﻁﻠ ﺏ ﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺘ ﺤﻤل‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ﻥ ﺘﺨﺘﻠ ﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨﻔ ﺱﺍﻹﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﻟ ﺏ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤ ﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺼﻨ ﻑ‬ ‫‪Class‬‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻤ ﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎﺍﻟﻤﺸﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍلﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺔ ﻤ ﻥﺍﻟﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ‬ ‫‪Method‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺩﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺀﺍﻟﻤ ﺤﻤﻴﺔﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺴﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠ ﻑﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ‬ ‫‪Attributes‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔﺃﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎ ﺼﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔﺍﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺌ ﺹ ﻭ‬ ‫‪‬ﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻴ‬ ‫‪Constructor‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔﻟﻠﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﺃﻭل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔﻟﺨﻠﻕﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘ ﺤ ﻁﻴﻡﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌ ﻥﺒﻌﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫‪‬ﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻬ ﺩ‬ ‫‪Destructor‬‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺭﺓﺍﻟﻤ ﺤﺠﻭﺯﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘ ﺤﺭﻴﺭﺍﻟﺫ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍلﺃ ﻥ ﺘﻜﻭ ﻥﻟﻬﺎﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻤﺢﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺃﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘ ﺤﻤﻴلﺍﻟ ﺯ‬ ‫‪Overload‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜ ﻥ ﺒﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻤ ﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺨﺎ ﺹ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﺨﺘﻠ ﻑﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ )ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫‪Interface‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﻀﻲ‪(...‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺞﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺀ ﺘ ﺼﻨﻴ ﻑﻟﻠﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ )ﻓﻲﺃ ﻱ ﺼﻔﺔ(‬ ‫ﺇﺠﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪Modeling‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺏ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻﺴﺘﺨﻼ ﺹ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻗﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻭﺍﻟ ﺼﻨ ﻑﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻻ ﻴﻤﺘﻠ ﻙ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫‪Page‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺘﺭﺒ ﻁ ﺒﻴ ﻥﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻜﻭ ﻥ ﻤ ﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴ ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺔ‬ ‫‪ Association‬ﺍﻟﺸﺭ‬ ‫‪aggregation.‬‬

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‫ﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻰﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺨ ل ﺇ‬

‫ﺕ‪2 ......................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﺎﺌﻥ‪2 ............................................................................................................ :‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺒﺴﻠﺔ‪5 ........................................................................ : ENCAPSULATION‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ‪6 .............................................................................................. HERITAGE:‬‬ ‫‪3‬ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪7 .................................................. GRAPHIC OBJECTS‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﺕﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺜﺎ لﺍﻷﻭ ل‪:‬ﺍ‬ ‫‪3. 1.‬ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺔ ﺤﻅﻴ ﺭﺓﻟﻠﻌ ﺭﺒﺎ ﺕ‪11 .......................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﻗﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺜﺎ لﺍ‬ ‫‪3. 2.‬ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠ ﺭﺩﺓ‪13 ............................................................................ABSTRACT :‬‬ ‫‪3. 3.‬ﺍﻷ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻑﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ‪14 ................................................................... :‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤ ﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡﺍ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎ ﺕﺍ‬ ‫‪3. 4.‬ﺍ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺴﻞ ﻣﻜﺜ ﻒ ﺟﺪا‪14 .......................................................................................:‬‬ ‫‪3. 4. 01.‬ﺗ ﺴ‬ ‫‪3. 4. 02.‬وراﺛ ﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ‪15 .............................................. CONSTRUCTION INHERITANCE :‬‬ ‫ﺎﺳﻘ ﺔ‪15 ............................ THE CONCEPTUAL INCOHERENCE :‬‬ ‫‪3. 4. 03.‬اﻟﺘ ﺼﻮرا ت اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻨ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ‪16 ............................................... THE MULTIPLE INHERITANCE:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔﺍ‬ ‫‪3. 5.‬ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺕ‪17 ............................................................................. THE INTERFACES :‬‬ ‫‪3. 6.‬ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺘ ﺭﻜﻴﺏ ‪17 .................................................................................. AGGREGATION:‬‬ ‫‪4‬ﺍ‬ ‫‪4. 1.‬ﺘﻌ ﺭﻴ ﻑ‪17 ............................................................................................................ :‬‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺕ‪18 ........................................................:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓﺃﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺘ ﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏﻟﻠﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔﺍ‬ ‫‪4. 2.‬ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ ‪21 ..................................................................... POLYMORPHISME :‬‬ ‫‪5‬ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍ‬ ‫‪5. 1.‬ﺘﻌ ﺭﻴ ﻑ‪21 ............................................................................................................ :‬‬ ‫ﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ‪21 .............................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫‪5. 2.‬ﻗﻭﺓﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺯﺍﺌﺩ ‪22 ........................................OVERLOADING‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴ لﺍ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺼﻔﺎ ﺕ‪:‬ﺍ‬ ‫‪ 5. 3.‬ﺸﻜ ل ﻨﺎﺠﻊﻟﺘﻌﺩﺩﺍ‬ ‫‪ 6‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔاﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺔ ‪22 .......................................THE RELATION OF ASSOCIATION :‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺋﻦ‪25 ................................................................................................... :‬‬ ‫‪7‬ﺧﺘﺎمﻧﻤﻮذجاﻟ‬ ‫‪8‬ﻗﺎﻣﻮ ساﻟﻤﻔﺮدات‪27 ..................................................................................................... :‬‬

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