Ny B15 Wtc Security Fdr- Entire Contents- 6-18-04 Blot Fax Re Wtc Population 062

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CONFIDENTIAL MEMORANDUM

Technology Services Department TO: FROM: DATE:

Gregory Bumham Safwat Wahba February 21,2002

SUBJECT:

World Trade Center Access Counts

COPY:

Gus Preschle, Alan Reiss, Steve Sehramm

As you requested, we have performed an analysis of the World Trade Center security system database to estimate the number of persons present in the World Trade Center Buildings at the time of the September 11 incident. For this estimate, we selected May 8, 2001 since May 8 was a Tuesday in a month with moderate weather, but not a prime vacation time. The number of security card accesses on Tuesday May 8,2001 between the hours of 12:00 AM and 8:47 AM was as follows:

1 WTC: 2WTC: 4 WTC: 5 WTC: Total:

7,461 6,956 1,303 1,607 17,327

Following are the assumptions and the conditions of the analysis performed on the database: • The year 2001 database contained transactions from January 1 to August 31. • • •

Counts included turnstiles leading to WTC Buildings 1, 2, 4 and 5 including Tower 1 & 2 sub grade elevator entrances at the concourse level. The transaction counts were for the period from 12:00 AM to 8:47 AM. No adjustments were made for the following: o Exits from the building through the turnstiles do not generate transactions; therefore they were not counted, o September 11 * was an election day; therefore some early voters may have arrived

later than on May 8lh. •

Access to the following Buildings and areas is not covered by the World Trade Center Security Access Control system, therefore they are not included in the counts: o 1 WTC Windows On The World and 2 WTC Observation Deck. o WTC Building 3 (Marriott Hotel), Building 6, and Building 7. o WTC Truck Dock including entry through sub grade freight elevator, o Building concourse and shops, o PATH and MTA Train stations

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CONFIDENTIAL

Following are additional details based on the analysis perfonned on all days in the month of May 2001, Counts for May 1 and May 28 (Memorial Day) were not used in the analysis because they were substantially lower than other weekdays. This analysis of the month of May 200] has established the reasonableness of using the May 8 estimates.

Average Daily Counts from 12:00:01 AM to 8:47:00 AM May 2001 ,

-«-•-•—• - •••• ' '

• ' • •• •-

Days Counted

Tuesday May 8 All Tuesdays Ail Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays All Weekdays

Number of Days Counted

i

i WTC Average

2WTC Average

4WTC Average

5WTC Average

Total Average

4 14

7,461 7,495 7,534

6,956 6,783 6,849

1,303 1.265 1,257

1,607 1,593 1,595

17,327 17,135 17,235

21

7.380

6.674

1,237

1,571

16,863

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CONFIDENTIAL

Additionally, detailed counts of transactions by elevator zone entrances and hour of day on May 8, 2001 are provided below;

1 WTC- May 8, 2001 Time of Day

g

12:00:0! to 1:00:00 i;00;OHo 2:00:00 2:00:01 to 3:00:00 3:00:01 to 4:00:00

4:00:01 to 5:00:00 5;00:01 to 6;00;00 <S:QO:G1 to 7:00:00 7:00:01 to 8:00:00 8:00:01 to 8:47:00 Total 12:00:01 to 8:47:00

)

| B Corridor Eaisraace Jo Estrasce to Sub Grade J o^-^o"1 Floor Elevator Elevators Elevators i? 21 34 4 1 9 7 6 5 7 6 4 7j 3 10 17 63 20 31 S 59 146 111 715 1,135 1,435 1,005 1— S0 274 3,004 1,937 ! 1

SW&SE Eatraacc to 7S"1 Floor

NW&NE £sira&€£ to 44'" Floor Elevators

5 6 4 U 30 228 895 1,058 2,246

2 WTC-May 8, 200! NW&SW Estraacs to 44!h Fleor Elevators

Time of Day i 2:00:01 to !;00:00 1:00:01 to 2:00:00 2:00:01 to 3:00:00 3:00:01 to 4;00:00 4:00:01 to 5:00:00 5;00;0l & 6:00:00 6:00:0! tc 7:00:00 , 7:00:01 to S:00-,00 S;00:01 to 8:47:00 Total 12:00:01 to 8:47:00

i

2 1 6 ! 4 ^rv 6V

B Corridor NE&SE Entrance to Eatraace feo Estr&ste t& Su?j Grade K §!b- 40th Floor ?8lb Floor Elevator Eievasors Elevators 1 15 10 9 3 19 fi 4 0 6 5 10 T 3, « 20 { 32 21

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'62

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745

230 797

1,224 2,165

1,245 2,310

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76 169^

642 1,229 2,058 —

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78 423 ,

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wrc & 5 WTC- May s, 2001 '

Time of Ba^ 12iOQ;Ql to i:QQ:QQ (1:00:01 te 2:00:80 2700:01 to 3-.00:06 L 3:00:01 to 4:00:00 4:00:01 to 5:00:00 5:00:01 to 6:00:00 ti.m'Oi to 7:00:00 ?:.OQ:OT toS;QG;QQ S:00;CI te S:47fOO Total il'OOtOi toS:47;CJn

4%TC

\ 2 2 11 32 97 403 74S i,303

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5 WTC

! •\ xl i 5)

11 i

21 i 6! 42 1

124 ! 494 j 893J 1,60? j .'

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Chapter 2

In WTC 2, 96 people mentioned hearing a message over the communication system to "stay in or return to their office." The majority of them, 69 people, decided to disregard the instructions and continued their evacuation. The 16 people who decided to remain in their offices or decided to turn back didn't have time to travel very far before the second plane hit; at that point they all resumed their evacuation downward. Among the accounts analyzed, 27 people reported having a disability, and 47 were injured that morning. All these people were supported in their evacuation by coworkers. Half of them stated that they started their evacuation immediately, and one-third mentioned some delay to get organized and seek first-aid. Several people who were disabled or injured evacuated the towers swiftly as occupants formed a single line to let them through rapidly down the stairwell. Many people (143 in WTC 1 and 26 in WTC 2) mentioned being reassured and feeling safe when meeting firefighters in the building. Although the emergency crews disrupted the evacuation in the stairwell by going against traffic, the people appreciatively cheered them on. Phone calls were made by 151 survivors to family and friends to give and obtain information; 20 people called their bosses or colleagues; and another 12 people made calls to authorities. Another 14 people used e-mail wireless technology and pagers to exchange information, which seems to be the only reliable devices used from inside the stairwells. Telephone Interviews The survey objectives of the telephone interviews called for collecting 800 computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI) of persons occupying either of the two WTC towers at the time of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Attempts were made to equally divide the respondents among WTC 1 and WTC 2 occupants (i.e., n = 400 occupant interviews from each tower). Within each of the WTC buildings, independent, proportionate, stratified samples of survivors were drawn. Eight-hundred three telephone interviews were completed, with 440 from WTC 1 and 363 from WTC 2. Additional discussion of the sampling methodology and disposition can be found in Appendix 0. A response rate analysis indicated differential nonresponse, more noticeably near the impact floors in WTC 1. In other words, respondents were less likely to complete a telephone interview if they had been near the impact floor than respondents who had been lower in the building. Thus, percentages presented in this summary are weighted, unless otherwise indicated. Weighting preserves the ability to accurately generalize the results. Population of WTC 1 and WTC 2 on September 11, 2001 ^

The total building population is the sum of survivors and decedents. At the time of this report, the City of New York has officially determined that 2,749 people were killed at the WTC on September 11, 2001; no official breakdown of where people were killed presently exists. While an analysis of this issue by Dennis Cauchon, a reporter for USA Today, in the months immediately following September 11, 2001, was remarkably complete (Cauchon 2001), differences exist between his projections and the official numbers from the City of New York and other official sources. These differences are shown in able 2—8. For example, the number of first responders depends on the definition of first responder. The City of New York published an occupational analysis of WTC decedents based on a Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and State and Federal agencies). Four hundred and thirty-three decedents' occupations were listed as firefighting, police, or security. This number exceeds ^

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Progress on the World Trade Center Investigation

by 30 the number of FDNY, NYPD, and PAPD reported killed. This may be attributable to private security forces present inside the towers on September 11 and/or first responders not employed by New York City or PANYNJ. NIST is attempting to resolve these differences in order to fully understand the initial building population. Table 2-8. Reports of WTC decedents. Official Numbers

Decedent

USA Today"

WTC 1 occupants

1,434 -

At or above impact

1,360

Below impact

72

WTC 2 occupants

599

At or above impact

595 --s

Below impact

4

First responders (total)

433b'c

FDNY

I:

479

343C

NYPD

8

*T

23f

37s

PAPD

157d

UA 175 and AA I I

157

Uncertain location in towers

147

Bystanders

Oo\6

Total number of decedents 2,749b'1' a. Cauchon, Dennis. 'For many on September, 11, 2001, survival was no accident.' USA Today, December 20, 2001. b. Summary of Vital Statistics 2002: The City of New York. Bureau of Vital Statistics, NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. December 2003. c. Table WTC 8: Occupation of Decedents. All decedents classified as 'protective service' occupations, which includes firefighting, police, and guards. d. World Trade Center Building Performance Study. FEMA403. May 2002. Includes 10 hijackers as passengers. e. Increasing FDNY's Preparedness (McKinsey Report). Available at: http://www.ci.nyc. ny.us/html/fdny/html/mck_report/index.shtml f. Available at http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/nypd/html/memorial_ 01.html g. Available at http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/ PortAuthorityPolice/InMemorium/ h. Does not include 10 airplane hijackers for whom the City has not issued death certificates.

Using the known eligibility rates allows for a projection of the survivors of WTC 1 and WTC 2 present in the building at 8:46 a.m. on September 11, 2001. The analysis indicates that WTC 1 had approximately 7,500 ± 750 surviving occupants, while WTC 2 had approximately 7,900 ± 900 surviving occupants. Thus, the total population of survivors from both towers was 15,400 ± 1,200. Table 2-9 summarizes the projection of population of WTC 1 and WTC 2 on September 11, 2001. Pending resolution of decedent locations, the total building population at the time of the first airplane impact was 17,400 ± 1,200, calculated using the building decedent locations reported by Cauchon.

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Chapter 2

Table 2-9. Occupancy estimates on September 11, 2001, by tower. WTC1 Total WTC2 Estimated total population 7,500 7,900 15,400 of survivors Statistical Precision Calculations Sample n Standard error (p) Standard error (total) Confidence limits at 5%

427

376

803

1 .90 %

1.92%

1.36%

750

900

1,200

±1,470

±1,790

±2,320

Number of Occupant Decedents Decedents

1,434"

599"

2,033a-2,236b

8,500

17,400

Total Building Population Total population

8,900

a. Calculated as 2,749 - 343 FDNY - 23 NYPD - 1 47 airplane passengers (not including hijackers). b. Calculated as 2,749 - 403 First Responders - 157 airline passengers (not including hijackers).

Previous Evacuation Experience Whether an occupant had a previous evacuation experience may have affected the decisions an individual made during the September 1 1 , 2001 , evacuation. NIST will conduct further analysis to develop this hypothesis. Of the WTC 1 occupants present on September 1 1, 2001, 16 percent (n = 64) were also present during the 1993 bombing. Sixty percent (n = 38) of WTC 1 evacuees in 1993 reported that they evacuated immediately, 30 percent (n = 20) reported that they waited to evacuate, and 9 percent (n = 6) did not recall. Most (95 percent [n = 53]) who were able to recall their evacuation decision felt that they made the right decision, while 5 percent (n = 3) did not believe they made the right decision. Similarly, 16 percent (n = 59) of WTC 2 evacuees on September 1 1, 2001, also evacuated in 1993. In WTC 2, however, only 75 percent (n = 42) felt that they made the right decision in 1 993, possibly due to the fact that many more waited to evacuate in 1 993 in WTC 2 (69 percent [n = 39]) than did so in WTC 1 . Only 31 percent (n = 17) who reported their decision evacuated immediately from WTC 2 in 1993, keeping in mind that the bomb had a more significant impact on WTC 1 in 1993. Preparedness and Training Long a cornerstone of public policy on the emergency preparedness of office workers around the country, the Port Authority required tenants to conduct fire drills every 6 months and appoint employee floor wardens and searchers. Sixty-six percent (n = 529) of WTC 1 and WTC 2 occupants reported participation in at least one fire drill in the 12 months immediately prior to September 11, 2001. Seventeen percent (n = 139) reported that they did not participate in any fire drills in the 12 months prior to September 11, and 17 percent (n = 135) did not know. Fire drill participation rates were similar between the two towers (as shown in Table 2-10).

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Progress on the World Trade Center Investigation

by 30 the number of FDNY, NYPD, and PAPD reported killed. This may be attributable to private security forces present inside the towers on September 11 and/or first responders not employed by New York City or PANYNJ. NIST is attempting to resolve these differences in order to fully understand the initial building population. Table 2-8.

Reports of WTC decedents. Official Numbers

Decedent

USA Today"

WTC 1 occupants

1,434

At or above impact

1,360

-

\f\. Cauchon, Dennis. 'For many on

WTC 2 occupants

72 599

At or above impact

595 -v

Below impact

4

Below impact First responders (total)

433b'c

<•

479

343e

FDNY

8

NYPD

23f

37e

PAPD

UA 175 and AA 11

157d

157 147

2,749h'h

2,826

Uncertain location in towers Bystanders

(lO;

Total number of decedents

accident.' USA Today, December 20, 2001. b. Summary of Vital Statistics 2002: The City of New York. Bureau of Vital Statistics, NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. December 2003. c. Table WTC 8: Occupation of Decedents. All decedents classified as 'protective service' occupations, which includes firefighting, police, and guards. d. World Trade Center Building Performance Study. FEMA 403. May 2002. Includes 10 hijackers as passengers. e. Increasing FDNY's Preparedness (McKinsey Report). Available at: http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/fdny/ntml/inck_report/index.shtml f. Available at http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/nypd/htrnl/rnemonal_ 01.html g. Available at http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/ PortAuthorityPolice/lnMemorium/ h. Does not include 10 airplane hijackers for whom the City has not issued death certificates.

Using the known eligibility rates allows for a projection of the survivors of WTC 1 and WTC 2 present in the building at 8:46 a.m. on September 11, 2001. The analysis indicates that WTC 1 had approximately 7,500 ± 750 surviving occupants, while WTC 2 had approximately 7,900 ± 900 surviving occupants. Thus, the total population of survivors from both towers was 15,400 ± 1,200. Table 2-9 summarizes the projection of population of WTC 1 and WTC 2 on September 11, 2001. Pending resolution of decedent locations, the total building population at the time of the first airplane impact was 17,400 ± 1,200, calculated using the building decedent locations reported by Cauchon.

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