Notes - Dictators Blanks

Notes Dictators The Rise of Dictators (pages 758–759) A. Between 1919 and 1939, all the major countries of Europe except France and Great Britain had adopted some form of dictatorial government. B. A new form of dictatorship was the modern ____________________. Totalitarian governments aimed to control all aspects of their citizens’ lives. Totalitarian governments wanted to control the hearts and minds of everyone and used mass propaganda and modern communication to achieve their goals. C. A single leader and a single party led the new totalitarian states. There were no individual freedoms or limits to government power. Individuals were considered subservient to the collective will of the masses, which was controlled by the state. The state demanded that its citizens actively support any of its goals. Fascism in Italy (pages 759–761) A. ____________________ in Italy established the first European Fascist government in the early 1920s. ____________________ glorifies the state above the individual. A strong central government and a single dictator run the state. B. Italy suffered severe economic problems after World War I. There was a great deal of social upheaval. Many Italians were afraid that there might be a Communist takeover as in ____________________ and Mussolini’s movement gained wide support. Mussolini formed groups of armed Fascists called Blackshirts, who attacked socialists and strikers and anyone who opposed the Fascists. C. Mussolini appealed to nationalist pride among Italians. He demanded that Italy get more land from the peace treaties of World War I. In 1922, Mussolini had enough followers that he forced the Italian king to make him his prime minister. As prime minister, Mussolini created a Fascist dictatorship. He added extensive powers to the government and was given the power to pass laws by decree. The police were given authority to arrest anyone. D. In 1926, the Fascists outlawed all opposition. They set up a secret police. At the end of 1926, Mussolini was the only ruler of Italy. He was called Il Duce. E. Mussolini used the secret police to control the people. The Fascists also controlled mass-media outlets. They used the media to spread pro-Fascist propaganda. The Fascists created youth groups that focused on military activities. While the Italian Fascists tried to create a new nation of fit, disciplined, and war-loving people, they still maintained traditional values about the important place of women and families in society. F. Mussolini never achieved the total control over Italy that Hitler and Stalin did in Germany and the Soviet Union. For example, Mussolini still recognized the sovereign independence of the Vatican in Rome and Catholicism as the state religion. G. In all areas of Italian life, there was a large gap between Fascist policies and actual practice. 1

A New Era in the Soviet Union (pages 761–763) A. In the early 1920s, millions died in Russia during a great famine caused by a drought. Industrial output was reduced to 20 percent of that of 1913. The country and government were on the verge of collapse. B. In 1921, Lenin created the ____________________ (NEP). He abandoned war communism in favor of a system of modified capitalism. Peasants could sell produce, and small businesses could be privately owned. The government still controlled heavy industries and banking. C. In 1922, the Communists created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or Soviet Union. The NEP saved the Soviet Union from economic ruin, but the Communists saw it only as a temporary measure. D. In 1924, Lenin died and a bitter struggle for power in the ____________________ ensued. The Politburo was a committee that controlled the policies of the Communist Party. One faction, led by Leon Trotsky, wanted to end the NEP and industrialize the nation at the expense of the peasants. They also wanted to spread communism to other countries. Another faction rejected worldwide communism and wanted to continue the NEP while building a socialist state. E. Trotsky and ____________________ were personal rivals in the Politburo. Stalin held the job of general secretary, and as such had appointed thousands of officials throughout Russia. Stalin used his position to gain complete control over the Communist Party. By 1929, he had removed all the Bolsheviks from power and became a powerful dictator. Trotsky was expelled and ended up in Mexico, where he was killed in 1940, probably on Stalin’s orders. F. The Stalinist Era began a time of radical changes in the Soviet Union. In 1928, Stalin ended the NEP and instituted the First Five-Year Plan. The ____________________ set economic goals for five-year periods. The First Five-Year Plan emphasized industrialization and production of capital goods. The plan greatly increased the output of heavy machinery and production of oil and steel. G. The Five-Year Plans took a heavy toll on the Russian people. Urban housing for millions of workers was terrible. Wages declined. The government dealt with these problems by using propaganda to boost morale. H. Stalin also collectivized agriculture. ____________________ was a system in which the government took over ownership of private farms and had the peasants work them. Many peasants resisted collectivization by hoarding food and killing livestock. Stalin responded by increasing the number of farms in the program. I. During the early 1930s, millions of Russians starved to death due to food shortages from collectivization. Those who resisted Stalin’s programs were sent to Siberian forced labor camps. Stalin conducted purges of Old Bolsheviks and others, many of whom were executed. Others were sent to Siberia. The purges spared no part of society. 2

J. Stalin overturned social legislation passed in the early 1920s. These included laws protecting rights of women, such as divorce and being able to work outside the home. Authoritarian States in the West (pages 763–764) A. Authoritarian states were similar to totalitarian states. They were concerned with preserving a social order, but unlike totalitarian states they did not try to create a new mass society that had complete control over the people. B. In most of the countries of eastern Europe, authoritarian governments replaced parliamentary governments. Parliamentary systems in eastern Europe failed in part because there was no tradition of democracy and most of the peasants were illiterate. Landowners and the churches feared that democracy would lead to revolution. They supported authoritarian governments to keep order. Czechoslovakia was the only country to keep a democratic government. C. In 1936, General ____________________ used the military forces to revolt against the democratic government in ____________________. A civil war broke out. Germany and Italy supported Franco’s side. The Soviet Union and volunteers from other countries supported the republican government. Franco won the civil war after he captured ____________________ in 1939. He then began an authoritarian dictatorship that lasted for many decades. Hitler and His Views (pages 766–767) A. ____________________ was born in Austria, failed secondary school, and was rejected by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. It was in Vienna that he developed his ideas. Racism, particularly against the Jewish people, was at the core of Hitler’s ideas. He was an extreme nationalist and understood the use of propaganda and terror. B. Hitler served on the Western Front for four years during World War I. Then he entered politics in Germany. In 1919, he joined an extreme right-wing nationalist party in ____________________. By 1921, Hitler controlled the party and renamed it the ________________________________________, or Nazi Party for short. C. Within two years, the Nazi Party had grown to 55,000 people with 15,000 in the militia. In 1923, Hitler staged an uprising in Munich—called the Beer Hall Putsch—which was quickly crushed. Hitler was sent to prison. D. While in prison, Hitler wrote ____________________, in which he outlined his basic ideas and plans. His ideas combined German nationalism, anti-Semitism, and anticommunism. He also embraced the notion that stronger nations should expand to obtain living space (____________________) and that superior leaders should rule over the masses. Rise of Nazism (pages 767–768) A. Hitler realized that the way to power was through legal means, not through violent overthrow of the government. When he got out of prison, he worked to expand the Nazi 3

Party throughout Germany. By 1929, the Nazis had a national party organization, and by 1931 it was the largest political party in the ____________________, or parliament. B. Germany’s economic problems helped the rise of the Nazi Party. Many people were in desperate situations, which made extreme political parties far more attractive. Hitler appealed to national pride and militarism to gain the support of the German people. Victory of Nazism (page 768) A. After 1930, the Reichstag had little power. As Hitler’s power grew, more and more right-wing industrial leaders, aristocrats, military officers, and high-level bureaucrats wanted him to lead the country. In 1933, the Nazis pressured President Hindenburg to allow Hitler to become chancellor and create a new government. B. Within two months, Hitler had set up the government. The Nazis were in complete control. In March 1933, the Reichstag passed the ____________________, which gave the government the power to ignore the constitution and pass laws to deal with the nation’s problems. The act gave Hitler a legal basis for his actions. He had become a dictator, appointed by the Reichstag. C. Once in power, the Nazis established control over all aspects of government. Jews were purged from the civil service, and trade unions were dissolved. ____________________ were set up for Nazi opponents. All political parties except the Nazis were abolished. The Nazis had set up the basis for a totalitarian state. When Hindenburg died, the Nazis abolished the presidency and Hitler became Germany’s only leader. He was known to the German people as their Führer (leader). The Nazi State, 1933–1939 (pages 769–771) A. Hitler had a goal in creating a total state. He wanted to develop an ____________________ racial state to dominate Europe and possibly the world. Nazis wanted the Germans to create a new empire as the Romans had done. Hitler thought there had been two previous German empires (Reichs): the Holy Roman Empire and the German Empire of 1871 to 1918. Hitler called his empire the Third Reich. B. Hitler demanded active involvement from the German people. The Nazis used economic policies, mass rallies, organizations, and terror to control the country and further their goals. C. While Hitler ruled absolutely over the Nazi Party, there were internal struggles within the party. To control the nation, the Nazis used the SS or “Guard Squadrons.” Under the direction of ____________________, the SS controlled all the police forces. Terror and ideology drove the SS. Terror included repression, murder, and death camps. Himmler’s goal was to further the Aryan race. D. Hitler put people back to work through public works projects and grants to private construction companies. He also embarked on a massive rearmament program to stimulate the economy. Unemployment dropped and the depression seemed to be ending.

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E. The Nazis staged mass demonstrations and spectacles. Some of the largest were held in ____________________. The Nazis also controlled both the Catholic and Protestant churches as well as all schools. F. Women played a special role in the Aryan state as the bearers of Aryan children. The Nazis said that women were to be wives and mothers, while men were to be warriors and political leaders. The Nazis also controlled the types of work that women could do and strongly encouraged them to stay home. G. Once in power, the Nazi Party enacted programs against Jewish people. In 1935, the Nazis passed the “____________________,” which prevented Jews from being German citizens, forbade marriages between Jews and German citizens, and required Jews to wear yellow Stars of David and to carry identification cards saying they were Jewish. H. On the night of November 9, 1938, Nazis burned Jewish synagogues and destroyed thousands of Jewish businesses. They killed at least 100 people and sent thirty thousand Jewish men to concentration camps. This night was called ____________________ (“night of shattered glass”). After Kristallnacht, Jews were barred from all public transportation, schools, and hospitals. They could not own, manage, or work in a retail store. Jews were encouraged to leave Germany.

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