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TAXOL® (paclitaxel) for Adjuvant Treatment of  Node Positive Breast Cancer Oncologic Drug Advisory Committee   Adjuvant Chemotherapy of Breast 

Cancer

Larry Norton, M.D.

Memorial Sloan­Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York

Adjuvant Chemotherapy  of Primary Breast Cancer:  What We Know

• Chemotherapy Improves Disease­Free and  Overall Survival • Polychemotherapy > Monochemotherapy • Multiple Cycles > Single Exposure • No Major Advantage to Durations > 3 Months • Anthracycline Combinations > CMF

Early Breast Cancer Trialists’  Collaborative Group  Impact of Prolonged Polychemotherapy On  Reducing (in % ± SD) Annual Odds of...  Comparison (N)

Recurrence

Death

CMF vs. Nil (8,150)

+24 ± 3

+14 ± 4

CMF+ vs. Nil (3,218)

+20 ± 5

+15 ± 5

Anthracyclines+ vs. CMF (6,950)

+12 ± 4

+11 ± 5

Longer vs. Shorter (6,104)

+7 ± 4

­1 ± 5 

Lancet Vol. 352, 9/98

Simulation of Impact of Chemotherapy Annual Odds of  Recurrence:

% Free of Recurrence

100

Nil = 15%/Yr

80

CMF = 11.4%/Yr  (Reduced by 24%)

60

AC = 10%/Yr  (Reduced by 12%)

40 AC CMF Nil

20 0

0

2

4

6

Years

8

10

Adjuvant Chemotherapy  of Primary Breast Cancer:  What Else We Know

• Adriamycin Doses < 40mg/m2  are  Inferior  to 60 mg/m2 (CALGB 8541)               • Cyclophosphamide Doses > 600 mg/m2  are not Superior (NSABP B­22) • Chemotherapy Seems More Effective  in ER­ Than ER+ Disease (EBCTCG)

Early Breast Cancer Trialists’  Collaborative Group  Impact of Prolonged Polychemotherapy On  Reducing (in % ± SD) Annual Odds of...  Subgroup (N)

Recurrence

Death

Age < 50, ER­ (1398)

+40 ± 7

+35 ± 9

Age < 50, ER+ (1115)

+33 ± 8

+20 ± 10

Age ≥ 50, ER­ (3240)

+30 ± 5

+17 ± 6

Age ≥ 50, ER+ (6793)

+18 ± 4

+9 ± 5 

Lancet Vol. 352, 9/98

Adjuvant Chemotherapy  of Primary Breast Cancer:  How To Improve

• Dose­Escalate Anthracycline? • Integrate New Agents? – Chemotherapy? – Biological Agents?

• Improve Drug Scheduling? – Dose­Density, Sequential?

Recently Approved New Drugs for the  Treatment of (Advanced) Breast Cancer: • • • •

Paclitaxel Docetaxel Capecitabine Trastuzumab

Adjuvant Chemotherapy  of Primary Breast Cancer:  Why Paclitaxel?

• Active as First Chemotherapy for Stage IV:   52­59% Response Rates                    (M.D. Anderson, MSKCC et al.) • Active after Extensive Prior Chemotherapy,  Including Anthracycline­Resistant Disease:    22­30% Response Rates                              (NCI, MSKCC et al.)

“Normal” Dose Intensity & Dose Escalation

1012

Cell Number

1010 108 106 104 102 1 0

1

2

3 Months

4

5

6

7

“Normal” Dose Intensity & Dose Escalation

1012

Cell Number

1010 108 106 104 102 1 0

1

2

3 Months

4

5

6

7

“Normal” Dose Intensity & Increased Dose Density

1012

Cell Number

1010 108 106 104 102 1 0

1

2

3 Months

4

5

6

7

“Normal” Dose Intensity & Increased Dose Density

1012

Cell Number

1010 108 106 104 102 1 0

1

2

3 Months

4

5

6

7

Alternating Therapy is Not Dose Dense

1012

Cell Number

1010 108 106 104 102 1 0

1

2

3 Months

4

5

6

7

Sequential Therapy is Dose Dense

1012

Cell Number

1010 108 106 104 102 1 0

1

2

3 Months

4

5

6

7

Stage II Breast Cancer with  ≥4 Involved Axillary Lymph Nodes Doxorubicin

CMF

Bonadonna et al., JAMA, 1995

Stage II Breast Cancer with  >4 Involved Axillary Lymph Nodes % at 10 Years

60 50 40

Relapse­Free Survival Overall Survival

30 20 10 0

A­CMF

CMF/A

p = .002

Bonadonna et al., JAMA, 1995

CALGB 9141 (Pilot) Node­Positive Stage II­IIIA (N=172)

Cyclophosphamide 2000 mg/m2

Paclitaxel 175 mg/m2

+ G-CSF

Doxorubicin 75 mg/m2 130/145 (89.7%)of Patients Starting Paclitaxel Completed Rx. On Paclitaxel: 25% Grade IV Leukopenia 4% Grade IV Thrombocytopenia Demetri et al., ASCO­1997

Intergroup 0148/CALGB 9344

Doxorubicin mg/m2

Randomize

Cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2

Paclitaxel 175 mg/m2

60 75 90

G­CSF

No Further  Chemotherapy

Tamoxifen forHR(+)

Node­Positive Stage II­IIIA

Relationship of CALGB 9344 (Int 0148) to Current U.S. Cooperative Group Trials

NSABP B­28

Node­Positive Stage II­IIIA Paclitaxel 225 mg/m2 Cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2

Doxorubicin  60 mg/m2

(Survival) No Further  Chemotherapy

Concomitant Tamoxifen x 5 Years for HR(+)  or Postmenopausal (Age ≥ 50)

Intergroup/CALGB 9741  Node­Positive Stage II­IIIA

3­Week Cycles

2­Week Cycles (w/ G­CSF)

Doxorubicin (A) 60 mg/m2 Paclitaxel (T) 175 mg/m2 Cyclophosphamide (C) 600 mg/m2

Intergroup/SWOG 4­9 LN+ Trial

Randomize

A

C A

T

C

STAMP I  or  STAMP V

Intergroup/ECOG Stage II Trial HER2 (­)

Tamoxifen if HR(+)

Paclitaxel Cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2

Doxorubicin  60 mg/m2

Docetaxel

Integration of Biological Agent: Trastuzumab (Herceptin)

NSABP Stage II Trial Paclitaxel Cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2

Tamoxifen if HR(+)

HER2 (+)

Doxorubicin  60 mg/m2

Etc.

Herceptin

HER2 (+)

Paclitaxel

Cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2

Tamoxifen if HR(+)

Intergroup/NCCTG Stage II Trial

52 wks Doxorubicin  60 mg/m2

52 wks

Herceptin

Cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2

Paclitaxel 90 mg/m2

Surgery  & RT

Doxorubicin  60 mg/m2

Dexrazoxane  or Not

Herceptin  or Not

Tamoxifen if HR(+)

CALGB Stage IIIB Trial (HER2+)

Herceptin  for a Year  or Not

Summary of Advantages of This Approach • Integrates Paclitaxel – Active as a Single Agent – Active Post­Anthracycline

• Minimizes Incremental Toxicity • Allows Integration of Biological Therapy

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