Ndx_iqbal.pdf

Petroleum Prospectivity of the Strike Slip Fault Bounded Pishin Frontier Basin, Pakistan* Muhammad Iqbal1, Hayat Ahmed1, Abdul Hameed1, Talat Qureshi2, and Ghulam Murtaza1 Search and Discovery Article #10489 (2013)** Posted April 1, 2013 *Adapted from oral presentation given at PAPG/SPE 2012 Annual Technical Conference, Islamabad, Pakistan, 3-5 December 2012 **AAPG©2012 Serial rights given by author. For all other rights contact author directly. 1 2

Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL), Karachi ([email protected]; [email protected]) Eni Pakistan Limited, Karachi

Abstract The Pishin Basin is a young sedimentary basin that has formed since early Tertiary times. It is located between Chaman transform fault in the west and Ghazaband fault in the east. Its extensions are Katawaz and Makran convergence zones in its northern and southern segments. Pishin Basin forms the boundary zone between Afghan Block and Indian Plate. The Pishin Basin is filled with more than 6,000 m thick flysch-molasse including the Khojak Formation of Oligocene-Lower Miocene and Eocene limestones (Nisai/Nimargh/Wakabi). The Khojak Formation is subdivided into the Murgha Faqirzai Shale and Shaigalu Sandstone. The Murgha Faqirzai grades into the Shaigalu Sandstone mainly in the northern part of Pishin Basin. A similar sequence is termed the Turbat Group, which covers the Makran Ranges (convergence zone) between the Siahan and Nai Rud faults. The Chaman fault proper is marked by Paleocene through Miocene-Pliocene sediments of the Rakhshani Formation, ultramafic rocks, Kharan limestone and the Kamerod Formation. Generally, these sediments entered into the Chaman fault zone from the west with rare fragments of flysch. Flysch sediments are exposed in the core of folded structures, which are bounded by longitudinal faults on both flanks. Splays of Chaman and Ghazaband fault systems dissect the earlier compressional structures and transpressional features related to northward movement of Indian Plate are overprinted on the previous structures. Until the end of the last century, the Pishin Basin remained neglected, however, during the previous decade, a number of exploration blocks have been awarded to E & P companies. As a result, a substantial G & G database has been established including seismic and drilling an exploratory well. This paper discusses the issues related to basin fill history, structural setting, petroleum system, and application of modern exploration techniques coupled with conventional exploration methods, to highlight the efforts and direction to assess the hydrocarbon prospectivity of this frontier basin with special reference to its southern segment.

Selected References Treloar, P.J., and C.N. Izatt, 1993, Tectonics of the Himalayan collision between the Indian Plate and the Afghan Block; a synthesis, in P.J. Treloar and M.P. Searle, (eds.), Himalayan tectonics: Geological Society of London, Special Publications, v. 74, p. 69-87. Vestrum, R.W., V. Dolgov, G. Wittman, L. Csontos, and J. Gittins, 2011, 3D seismic imaging over two structurally complex seismic surveys in the foothills of Pakistan: First Break v. 29/4, p. 61-70. Zuberi, A., and E.P. Dubois, (eds.), 1962, Basin architecture, West Pakistan: Pak-Stanvac Petroleum Project, Pakistan Delegation, 11 p.

PAPG-SPE

ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan Muhammad Iqbal Chief Geologist Pakistan Petroleum Limited, Karachi

Coauthors: Hayat Ahmad, Abdul Hameed,

Talat Qureshi & Ghulam Murtaza

E & P Technologies, Innovations & New Frontiers

ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Location Map • Pishin Basin constitutes the western margin of the IndoPakistan Plate in Pakistan • Pishin Basin is more than 800 km long and 40 to 175 km wide between KhuzdarQuetta and Zhob-Kabul regions • It is bounded in the west and east by left lateral Chaman and Ghazaband transform faults, respectively • Pishin Basin extends to Main Karakorum Thrust (MKT) in the north and Makran region in the south

Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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Exploration Blocks

Ramadan -1

Ramadan -1 of Murgha Faqirzai Concession is the first exploration well in the basin which did not reach Primary target (Eocene Nisai Limestone) despite drilling 4528 m thick sequence

Govt. recently offered sixty exploration blocks for bidding, out of those six are in Pishin Basin Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Objectives Discussing petroleum prospectivity of the Pishin Basin, associated risks and exploration strategy; which include: 

Data Review

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Geological Fieldwork & Lab Analysis (HDIP & Sindh University, Jamshoro)



Gravity-Magnetic Study (BGP-China)



Remote Sensing Study (MDA Federal, USA,2006)



Hydrocarbon Induced Spectral Survey (MDA Federal, USA,2008)



Structural Modeling Study (Dr. Bannert, German Geologist,2009)



Acquisition of 130 LKM Seismic (BGP, 2010)



Processing / reprocessing of Seismic data (TBI, Canada, 2011)



Seismic interpretation / mapping (In-house, 2011)



Identification of possible Eocene Wakabi limestone reflector (Primary target)

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Advance Processing Techniques (RTM- 2011) through GRI China

Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Structural Evolution of Indo-Pakistan Plate

Actual collision between Indo-Pakistan and Afghan Block started in Late Pliocence only

A cross-section across Afghan Block and Indus Basin suggests Mio-Pliocene and Late Pliocene deposition of clastic sediments of Katawaz and Indus Basin on extended IndoPakistan Plate continental and transitional crust, continued till the Early Pliocene that was followed by basin inversion in Late Pliocene (Treloar and Izatt, 1993) Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Stratigraphy and Petroleum System

Stratigraphic succession in the northern (Zhob) and southern (Khojak) segments Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Satellite Image Interpreted Geological Map • Basin fill is more 8000 m thick flysch-molasse of Khojak Fm and limestone of Nisai / Nimargh / Wakabi

• In the east the flysch sediments of the basin thrust over shelf carbonate of Indo-Pakistan Plate • The contact in the east is faulted

• Flysch wedge may host petroleum elements in the east Shaigalu Formation Murgha Faqirzai Fm Wakabi Formation Nimargh Formation

Shirinab Formation Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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Petroleum System Source Rock Wakabi Formation (Late Eocene) 

TOC (upto 0.74%); Tmax (upto 453 oC) and Vitrinite Reflectance (upto 1.3 %) indicate formation falls in wet to dry gas window

Nimargh Formation (Early Eocene) 

Good TOC (upto 3.98%), Tmax (average 480 oC ) and Vitrinite Reflectance (1.3 - 1.6%) indicate formation falls in wet to dry gas window

Shirinab Formation (Jurassic) 

TOC values upto 0.3% indicate low or no-source potential

Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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Petroleum System Source Rocks Sr.No

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M. Murgha Faqirzai (Shale)

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L. Nisai Formation (Mud Slurry)

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480 oC

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o

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L .Paleocene – E. Eocene Flysch

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1.10 %

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Shirinab Formation (Jurassic)

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1.11 %

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Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

Image showing the location of source rock samples from Khojak Segment (GFW-2004 & 2009) AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Petroleum System Gas Seepages

Zhob & Khojak segments Zhob Segment

a

c

b

d

a, b, c - Mud volcano and burning Methane (CH4) flares, d - Methane gas bubbles, Khutkandi gas seepage, Gardab Manda, north of Qila Saifullah (30o 53’ 14’’ N, 68o 28’ 08’’ E) Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

Google Earth image showing the location of gas seepages in Zhob Segment of Pishin Basin. Zuberi & Dubois, 1961 showed 5 seepages AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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Petroleum System Potential Reservoirs Rocks Murgha Faqirzai Formation (Oligocene)---Secondary Reservoir 

Reefoid limestone reported from northern Pishin basin is expected in Nushki Block

Wakabi Formation (Late Eocene - Early Oligocene) ---Primary Reservoir 

Mainly limestone with subordinating sandstone and shale in lower part. Limestone is thick bedded, highly fractured, locally reefoid with corals



Lab analysis show sandstones of 21 - 25% porosity and good permeability

Nimargh Limestone (Early Eocene) 

Thick bedded limestone, rich in fossils with possibility of good intergranular porosity

Shirinab Formation (Jurassic) 

Upper part mainly oolitic and may have reservoir potential

Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

RESERVOIR ROCKS Gross Depositional Environment Map of Eocene (Wakabi Formation)

Scenario-1 Basinal Mud facies are expected in the basin NCFS South Ghulam Jan

Khojak Segment

Chapper

Parodh

E

W

Wakabi Formation Nimargh Formation Shirinab Formation

Schematic depositional models of Eocene rocks on the eastern margin of Khojak Segment. We consider scenario-2 for the Eocene Reservoirs in Khojak Segment in which limestone is expected to be deeper towards the basin

North Guguna

Chappe r Packstone to Grainstone Reefal / coral Lst.

Hapurshi Nala

Wackstone to Packstone Fore Reef/Slope Facies Lst. Shallow Marine X-bedded Calcareous Sandstone/ Siltstone

Parodh

Basinal Muds

Gross Depositional Environment Map of Eocene (Wakabi Formation)

Scenario-2 Wackstone to Packstone facies with chances of Mudstone are expected in the basin

Image showing the location of measured stratigraphic sections in Khojak Segment

NCFS

South Ghulam Jan

Khojak Segment

Chapper

Parodh

E

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North Guguna

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Wackstone to Packstone Fore Reef/Slope Facies Lst.

Shallow Marine X-bedded Calcareous Sandstone/ Siltstone

Showing thickness in various measured sections in the Khojak Segment. Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

Parodh

Basinal Muds

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

TRAPS

Geological map of Nushki Block showing surface anticlines (leads)

Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Gravity and Magnetic Survey The basin is developed in E. Paleogene so surface folds were taken shallow i.e. did not involve deeper rocks but two identified gravity highs inferred highs and lows in the sub surface about 3km deep

Residual Gravity Contour RESIDUAL GRAVITY MAPMap of Block 2966-1 2552000

RESIDUAL MAGNETIC Magnetic Residual Anomaly MAP Map of Block 2966-1 (Nushki)

Residual Gravity Contour Map of Block 2966-1 (Nushki)

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AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al. 550000

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Correlation of Gravity & Spectral Anomalies Spectral Anomaly Map RESIDUAL MAGNETIC MAP Magnetic Residual Anomaly Map of Block 2966-1 (Nushki)

Residual Contour Map ResidualGravity Gravity Contour Mapof ofBlock Block2966-1 2966-1 RESIDUAL GRAVITY MAP RESIDUAL GRAVITY MAP

Residual ResidualGravity GravityContour ContourMap MapofofBlock Block2966-1 2966-1(Nushki) (Nushki)

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High ranked anomalies follow gravity highs. Spectral anomalies may indicate subsurface traps. Anomalies are aligned along highs

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7 Pr o p os ed Se is m ic Pr og ra

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Highly-ranked Nushki anomalies 3 and 19 lie directly on anticlines

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Nushki anomaly 7 just west of Galangur Anticline has a strong 16 pattern on thematic maps. Strong anomaly adjacent to long NE-trending fault and on trend with Galangur Anticline and Anomaly 7

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ASTER VNIR (3,2,1) Nushki anomaly 7 just west of Galangur Anticline has a strong pattern on thematic maps

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Showing 19 high ranked anomalies. Anomalies 7 & 11 are promising

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

Slide 15

ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Conceptual Structural Model

Sweet Spot

?

Eocene Flysch? Paleocene Flysch

? Paleocene Flysch

Oceanic Crust Flysch of Khojak segment thrusts on shelf sediments of Indo-Pakistan Plate in the E with a faulted contact. In the west shelf carbonate and flysch of Afghan Block are in contact with flysch sediments of Nushki Block (modified after Bannert, 2009). Paleozoic salt at the base of Indian Plate with detachment is projected from Salt Range in the north. Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Seismic Survey

East-West interpreted seismic section (dip line) thorough Nushki Block (Khojak Segment) Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Conclusion

Eocene limestone has good source and reservoir potential

Positive indicator

Gas shows on logs in Murgha Faqirzai sands in Ramdan-1 well and reported gas seepages

Positive indicator

Good TOC and high VR (due to thrusting) expected in subsurface

Positive indicator

Sweet spot along the east margin of the basin possible where flysch are lying on Mesozoic shelf carbonate of Indo-Pakistan Plate and may host HC elements at shallow depth

Positive indicator

Inferred Wakabi reflector may be a deceptive reflector in the overlying Murgha Faqirzai sands

Risk

Thick flysch, poor seismic quality ,wide spacing and no offset well

Risk

RTM on inferred Eocene reflector showed no significant results

Risk

Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Recommendations



Pishin Basin is considered a potential candidate for exploration with improved technology

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Close space 2D seismic along the eastern part of the basin is recommended to investigate

reservoir reflector and its extension beneath the basin 

Construction of a tectonic and Paleogene carbonate shelf model and possibility of

Oligocene-Miocene clastic reservoirs play is recommended to understand that the basin is tectonically separated or covered with marginal facies 

Pishin basin deserves to be classified a special prospectivity zone wherein the enigmatic nature of flysch can be resolved only through drilling by a consortium of E & P companies

Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

Slide 19

ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

References 

Ahmad, R., 1991, Pishin Basin: Status and prospects, PJHR, vol. 3, p.27-33

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Ahmad, R. and J. Afzal, 2002, Sequence Stratigraphy of the mixed carbonate-siliciclastic System of the Eocene Nisai Formation, Pishin Basin: Distribution of source rocks and reservoir facies. SPE-PAPG ATC 2002 proceedings.

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Hunting Survey Corporation. Ltd., 1960, Reconnaissance Geology of part of West Pakistan, Maracle Press Ltd. Ottawa, Canada.

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MDA, November 2006, Remote Sensing Study of the Balochistan Area, 41 pages, Annex AE, Final Report of MDA Federal Inc., Rockville4 MD, USA.

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MDA, November 2008, Detection of Hydrocarbon Microseepage-induced Spectral Anomalies on Satellite Imagery of Northern Balochistan, Report of MDA Federal Inc. Rockville, MD, USA.

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Qayyum, M., A. R. Niem and R. D. Lawrence, 1996, Newly discovered Paleogene deltaic sequence in Katawaz Basin, Pakistan and its tectonic implications, Geology, 24 (9), p. 835838.

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Structural Modeling Study of PPL Khuzdar, Kalat and Nushki ELs. (Bannert Dietrich 2009)

Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Acknowledgments Management of Pakistan Petroleum Ltd. and Eni, Pakistan for paper publication

Moin Raza Khan DMD, PPL and Nasir Ahmad Manager Exploration, Eni Pakistan for review of draft paper Haider Ai Shah (PEL) for review of final manuscript

Dr. Nadeem Ahmad, Sr. Manager Exploration, PPL and Tahir Maqsood (Manager Tullow) for coordination

Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012

Thanks

Prospectivity of the Strike-slip Fault Bounded Pishin Fold Belt Basin, Pakistan

AUTHORS: Iqbal. Muhammad et al.

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