National Id In India

Department of Management Sciences (PUMBA), University of Pune (MBA++)

Feasibility of National ID System in India

Submitted By, NITIN BANKA

1

2

Feasibility of National ID System in India

Acknowledgement We have a great pleasure in submitting the report on “Feasibility of National ID System in India”. The success of any task is incomplete without mentioning the name of the people who made it possible and whose constant guidance and encouragement crowned our efforts with success.

3

We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to our subject teacher Mrs. Pratibha Bhide for her valuable guidance, suggestions and advice from time to time during the making of this report. The support and encouragement provided by her was of great help to us and this is definitely going to be a sound foundation for us and will certainly help us in the future. Our special thanks to Dr. (Capt.) C.M. Chitale and Dr. B.V. Sangvikar for their valuable suggestions. The inputs given by Mr. Manish Verma, Dr. Ashutosh Kolte, Dr. Surbhi Jain, and Mr. Hemant Katole were of immense help during the completion of the project Further, we would like to extend our thanks to all those who, from their valuable time, spare few minutes to give their genuine feedback to our questionnaire. Whether it is the Faculty at PUMBA or students from our department or students from other department. Our sincere thanks to all of them. Also, to make our project fruitful and more worthy, we have relied heavily on the library and computer lab. The facilities provided by them were of immense help during the working of the project. Lastly we are very thankful to all those who helped directly or indirectly contributed in the making of this report.

Contents Chap No. 1

Title Introduction

Page No. 9

4

2

3

Review of Literature

12

2.1 – Importance of National ID

13

2.2 – International Perspective

13

2.3 – Guidelines and Information

14

2.4 - Identity cards in India

15

National ID-A Pioneer Idea

16

3.1 – National ID card in India.

17

3.2 – Issues Concerned with Implementation.

17

3.3 – Present Status of Implementation

19

3.4 – Drawback in Implementation of National ID.

19

3.5 – Unique National ID project

4

5

6

20

3.6 – Key Issues and challenges in Finalising Issue.

21

Data Collection and Data Presentation

22

4.1 – Questionnaire

23

4.2 – Data Collection

25

4.3 – Data Presentation

26

4.3.1 – Tables

26

4.3.2 – Graphical Presentation

30

Statistical Analysis

32

5.1 – Simple Statistical Tools

33

5.2 – Modern Statistical Tools

38

Conclusions

44

5

6.1 conclusions from simple statistical analysis

45

6.2 conclusions from modern statistical analysis

46

6.3 suggestions & recommendations

47

List of Tables Sr.No Chapter No.

Table No.

Description

1

4

4.3.1.1

Group 1 data

2

4

4.3.1.2

Group 2 data

3

4

4.3.1.3

Group 3 data

4

4

4.3.1.4

Group 4 data

5

5

5.1.1

General Purpose services with application of statistical tools

6

5

5.1.2

Security Services with application of statistical tools

7

5

5.1.3

Security Services with application of statistical tools

8

5

5.1.4

Implementation with application of statistical tools

9

5

5.2.1

Table Showing sum of responses for each question for every group.

10

5

5.2.2

one-way ANOVA table

11

5

5.2.3

sum of the responses for specific question for specified group along with the ranks assigned to these Sums

12

6

6.1.1

Conclusions for each question 6

List of Graphs Sr.No Chapter No. Graph No. Description 1

4

4.3.2.1

Graph for responses obtained by group 1.

2

4

4.3.2.2

Graph for responses obtained by group 2.

3

4

4.3.2.3

Graph for responses obtained by group 3.

4

4

4.3.2.4

Graph for responses obtained by group 4.

Appendices: Sr No

Annexure

Page No

1

Annexure 1-Questionnaire

49

2

Annexure 1.1-Questionnaire for group 1

49

3

Annexure 1.2-Questionnaire for

51

7

group 2 4

Annexure 1.3-Questionnaire for group 3

53

5

Annexure 1.4-Questionnaire for group 4

55

8

Chapter 1

Introduction

A National Identification Number is used by the governments of many countries as a means of tracking their citizens, permanent residents and temporary residents for the purposes of work, taxation, government benefits, health care and other functions. Although different countries have different views on the usage of the national identity, a large number of countries have been in favour of having a national identification system in place.

9

Many countries issued such numbers ostensibly for a singular purpose, but over time, they become a de facto national identification number. For example, the United States originally developed its Social Security Number system as a means of disbursing Social Security benefits. Due to functionality creep, the number has been utilized for other purposes to the point where it is almost essential to have one in order to, among other things, open a bank account, obtain a credit card, or drive a car. In India, the current and previous governments have contemplated for a national identity system in place. Albeit the need of such a system and moreover the benefits which common citizens may accrue from one more identity has been a topic of debate. An average Indian now has to carry at least four to five different identities to prove his identity. The limitation of existing IDs, is that they serve different and limited purposes. As citizens are issued different identity proofs with different purposes, there is lack of a centralized information data system, thus causing redundancy and wastage of resources. Currently, government has been running at least two major national ID projects, which are in pilot phase for the past seven-eight years. In our project we have attempted to find out the feasibility of National ID system in India. We have used random sampling technique for our research purpose. We have considered Pune University to be our population. Out of population we have taken four groups of sixteen sample size each i.e. our total sample size is sixty four. The four groups comprises of first year students of PUMBA, Faculty at PUMBA, second year students at PUMBA and students of other departments outside PUMBA respectively. In our project work we have used average, mean, median, mode and standard deviation among simple statistical techniques. While among the modern methods we have used one way ANOVA and Friedman’s test. While looking for the feasibility of implementation of National ID system we don’t deny the drawbacks of this project. The implementation of this system will require a lot of infrastructure and huge investment. Further it’s questionable whether public sector or government services would be able to maintain such huge database or not? It’s also tough to maintain the security of the database. In India where about 70% of population lives in rural areas and literacy levels are still below the threshold level of 75%, it’s difficult to involve the whole nation in the implementation of National ID system.

10

However, it’s possible to overcome the drawbacks. Government should try to implement the system through public-private partnership. Training should be provided to government staffs. Infrastructural offices should be opened in rural areas in order to facilitate them the services. Finally, all information regarding knowledge of National ID system should be made accessible all over India.

All identity systems carry consequential dangers as well as potential benefits. However, the implementation of National ID system would result in strengthening of the national security, controlling illegal immigration, improving internal law and order, managing the identity of country’s citizens and facilitating e-governance in India.

Chapter 2

11

Review of Literature Importance

2.1- Importance: “Can you imagine how many times you may need to produce your personal profile during your life? How many times you get frustrated when your credentials are not correct? Just imagine, your personal and family information are important from the day you are born - Birth certificate, School admission application,

Citizenship

certificate,

College

admission

form.

Similar

information is required for starting your business, getting driving license for riding your first motorbike, acquiring and transferring properties, registering

12

your marriage, migrating from district to district, casting a vote for your favourite leader, getting a passport for travelling abroad, applying for a job and so many events and in so many situations you will have to disclose your personal identification. So your personal information is scattered everywhere. Besides that, the agencies which deal with you on such situations should process, store, retain your information separately, definitely causing a waste of resources, time and money. On top of that, you cannot expect consistency on the information of the same person in each agency. 2.2 - International perspective: National IDs have been implemented in various forms and mechanisms and serve varied purposes. Many countries have a system of national identity cards, some of which require their citizens to carry them at all times. Most European countries have ID cards. UK has introduced legislation to implement such a system and US has passed the Real ID Act, which critics argue would make driver's licences into de facto national IDs. the European Union, which is examining the possibility of a pan European e-Identity so that European “citizens are freer to travel, find work, access health services, buy property, and register for schools (in any European nation) and it is easier for small and medium enterprises to set up and do business in any member state….(proposes to) also test third-party "identity providers". For example, in Pakistan, all adult citizens must register for the Computerized National Identity Card (CNIC), with a unique number, at age 18. This card is regularly used because of the multiple uses of the card across Pakistan's organizations. In Belgium, everyone above the age of 12 has to carry some means of identification at all times. For Belgians it is the identity card, for foreigners residing in Belgium it can also be a passport, a work permit or a (temporary) residence permit. Since the year 2000, all new identity cards have a chip. 13

2.3 - Guidelines and information: A unique national ID, would give comprehensive, accurate and critical information of each individual citizen, whether permanent or temporary. The guiding principles for Indian national identity system were laid down by the former President, His Excellency APJ Kalam: “It should be a multipurpose, secured and authentic ID card. This card should be akin to the Xerox copy of the individual with the multifactor authentication such as photograph, biometricsfingerprint, iris-based systems and digital signature. India with a population of one billion people should be concerned about providing this card to the citizens at a cost effective basis. Hence there is a need to select the right technology for the preparation of the card and online issue of the card also needs to be determined urgently. This challenge has to be taken up by the consortium of public

and

private

industries,

academic

institutions

with

the

Government.”(Kalam, 2003). Standalone registrations by individual organizations result in redundancy both at state and central level, thus resulting in issuance of multiple cards to a single person. There is an urgent and emerging need for a single integrated registration, which will assign a unique national ID to each citizen of the country. A unique national ID would give comprehensive, accurate and critical information of each individual citizen, whether permanent or temporary. 2.4- Identity cards in India: In India, multiple identification proof cards are being issued to its citizens. Each of these existing ID proofs has limited use. It is essential to study in-depth the pros and cons of existing ID proofs and their system, as it would facilitate creating a comprehensive and exhaustive national ID. The existing ID proofs have their respective pros and cons. Each differs in robustness of usage, coverage, cross acceptance, accuracy and comprehensiveness of data, renewal

14

and security of ID proofs and international acceptance. Across all the existing ID proofs being issued there are common concerns, which continue to prevail redundancies of information especially when citizens migrate to another city or state, mismatch of data and lack of centralized database. There are problems of security issues, which continue to prevail due to which there are issues of fraud and forgery of ID proofs. Moreover, out of the existing IDs, PAN card, driving licence, and passport are issued to those who have considerable financial capacity. The profiles of PAN cardholders and passport holders are similar. Ration card is a major source of identification for those who are Below Poverty Line (BPL) and financially marginal citizens. Driving licences can be issued only to those who know to drive and are aware of traffic and driving rules.

Chapter 3

15

National ID- A Pioneer Idea

3.1 Multipurpose National Identity Card in India: MNIC is an initiative of Government of India to issue a Multipurpose National Identity Card to every citizen of the country. It is being contemplated towards a well regulated approach of monitoring and tracking the various benefits being provided by government as well as restricting illicit use of multiple/false identities. Also, both detection and compliance in the tax area could be better managed. Some of the objectives of MNIC as identified are:

16

1) To strengthen national security by controlling illegal immigration. 2) To manage the identity of country’s citizens. 3) To facilitate e-governance in India. The objective is also to help government of India prepare a database on National Population Register (NPR), National Register of Residency (NRR) – for noncitizens, National Register of Indian Citizens (NRIC), National Identity Number (NIN) to each person, etc. The project was initiated under the Vajpayee, NDA government (circa 2002), which has since been continued by the present UPA government under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The project's importance was underscored by President Abdul Kalam in his 2006 Independence Day eve address to the nation.

3.2 Issues concerned for implementation: The following dimensions were considered to be critical for the successful implementation of national ID. 1. Extent of Coverage ‐ Total Cards issued till date ‐ Geographical spread of coverage (as depth of presence in Tier I/II/III cities/villages) 2. Versatility/Acceptability of usage of the ID by institutions (public and private) other than the issuing authority, such as

17

‐ Age Proof ‐ Address Proof ‐ Other identity proofs (e.g., banks, domestic airlines) 3. Robustness of the card issue/delivery process ‐ Problems of bogus IDs ‐ Time taken for issue of card ‐ Card application process (self-application/agents, dependence on other IDs for proof, etc.) ‐ Effectiveness of the verification process (steps taken to verify) 4. Relevance of data - Form of data (electronic version) -Availability in English language -Up-to-datedness of the ID (cleaning/deletion/update)

5. Comprehensiveness of Data - Comprehensiveness of the data - Personal information (DoB, Address, etc.) - Medical details (blood group, etc.) 6. Validity period of ID/Frequency of renewal 7. Information Security Management System ‐ Level of IT Systems Integration (central database) 18

‐ Security/Privacy of Data ‐ Compatibility with other ID systems. ‐ Ease of extension/upgrade of the system 8. Acceptability/Validity of the ID by foreign institutions/countries.

3.3 Present status of implementation: The project has kicked off a fresh round of card distribution to provide two million cards to people above 18 years in 13 districts across 12 states and the union territory of Pondicherry. Earlier plans and reports indicated that the project was in pilot, or was attempted in 20 selected sub-districts of 13 states and union territories.

3.4 Drawbacks in implementation of MNIC: However, there are several implementation issues that the project is encountering in following terms: • Non-availability of proofs for a considerable percentage of the population, especially in the rural areas. • Issues related to distribution of the IDs to each individual. • Issues related to maintenance of the database, once it is created. Considering the large time span that is required to prepare a comprehensive database, the system will face huge issues of obsolescence right from the beginning.

3.5 Unique National ID Project: 19

The UID project being piloted by Planning Commission and being executed by the Department of Communication and Information Technology, aims at studying the feasibility of expanding an existing ID system to generate a unique national ID for each citizen. This project, unlike the MNIC project is not trying to address the issue of citizenship, but is aiming at providing resident IDs to whoever is currently staying in India. After considering the various existing systems, it has been decided to consolidate the electoral database primarily because of the extent of coverage (600 million) it provides. The project is currently in conception stage. The department is mulling over generation of the ID based on the available database. They are in the process of populating data by aggregating information from all districts across the country into a centralized database and cleaning up the information for any irregularities/inconsistencies. They are also defining a formal mechanism for enrolling new members into the database and setting up a formal central authority to maintain and run the system. However, currently no plans have been formalized for distribution of any IDs, which is a serious issue, faced by the MNIC project too. The level of data that the department has been able to match is not more than 80%, which leaves a huge chunk of the population, with false data.

3.6 key issues and challenges in finalising issue: The electoral database that has been chosen is currently available in vernacular language (separate for each state) which needs to be converted into English before further processing. Conversion of data involves lot of time and complications. The conversion to English is being done using software; however there are specific cases where the conversion yields very weird connotations. 20

Chapter 4

21

Data Collection and Data Presentation

In this chapter, following contents has been included 4.1 - Questionnaire 4.2 - Data Collection 4.3 - Data Presentation 4.3.1 - Tables 4.3.2 - Graphical Presentation Now, we will see stated points in details with respected to research work,

4.1 - Questionnaire: In this research work questioner has been designed to cover all the aspects of related area. mainly four areas has been identified for this research work, though these areas won’t 22

give full micro view of all aspects related with National ID but we can get the macro view about all the aspects involved in national ID project. Following are the major areas, - General Purpose Services: It is used as group 1 services in whole research work. These services include all kind of general purpose services Indian citizen will use in his/her daily/routine life (only basic transactions). starting your business, getting driving license for riding your first motorbike, acquiring and transferring properties, registering for marriage, migrating from district to district, casting a vote for favourite leader, tax fillings, getting a passport for travelling abroad, applying for a job and so many events and in so many situations citizen will have to disclose your personal identification .under this area four questions have been asked, these four questions will try to judge these general purpose services inconvenience to Indian Citizen. Questionnaire for this group has been attached in annexure (1) (1). Sample set chosen for this group is first year students .These students will be involved in general purpose services thoroughly as average Indian citizen and they will have more problems and challenges in performing these activities as they are students.

- Public Services: It is used as group 2 services in whole research work. These services includes services like banking operations, healthcare services offered by government, private services like transport, government transportation, rural India services offered by government and private sector, voter’s ID card, employment in government organization, Employees Provident Fund .These area emphasizes on rural aspect of National ID project also it briefly discussed about impact of national ID system on Indian public service scenario. Services like pension fund, banking and postal services, 23

health & medical services, concession in transportation charge also falls under this category. Questionnaire for this group is shown in annexure (1) (2). Administrative people have been selected as sample set for this group so that we can have administrative view on this group questionnaire. It’s so because administrative people are the ones who come in to picture when public transactions will come in to picture.

- Security Services: This part of questionnaire has been set as group 3 in whole research work. Questions related with this area are concerned with security concerns of country as well as security concerns associated with National ID project. These groups of questions take care of legal framework of India after and before implementation of national ID project. Security and confidentiality of data used in national ID system and whole impact and concerns related with security. Questionnaire for this group is shown in annexure (1) (3). Sample set selected for this group is Second year students which are more comfortable with security scenario of country as these students got more circular view of Indian security scenario due improved knowledge and improved experience of MBA degree.

- Implementation: This part has been designated as group no-4 in whole research work. This area mainly deals with present needs for implementation of national ID project as well as future issues

24

related after the implementation of national ID project. This group has main concerns like technology, private service role, administration of national ID system, database management. This area can be taken as technical aspect of National ID system. Questionnaire for this area is shown in annexure (1) (4). Sample set chosen for this questionnaire is other department students which can view this implementation with more impartial view. And different departments have been approached so that we can have diverse views o these issues. 4.2 - Data collection: Data collection has been done with following scenario, Group 1: General purpose services Sample set: First year students of PUMBA Sample size: 16

Group 2: Public Service Sample set: Faculty at PUMBA Sample Size: 16

Group 3: Security services Sample set: Second year students at PUMBA Sample size: 16

Group 4: Implementation

25

Sample Set: Students from other departments in Pune University Sample Size: 16

4.3 - Data Presentation: 4.3.1 – Tables:

Table 4.3.1.1 - Group 1 data has been presented in following table: Group-1 Questions Sample No.

1

2

3

4

1

3

2

3

4

2

3

4

2

3

3

4

3

3

3

4

2

3

2

2

5

3

1

4

3

6

4

3

2

2

7

3

3

2

3

8

4

4

2

2

9

4

3

2

3

10

3

3

3

2

11

3

3

3

3

12

3

2

2

2

13

4

4

1

3

14

3

2

3

2

15

4

3

2

3

16

3

1

2

2

26

Table 4.3.1.2 - Group 2 data has been presented in following table: Group-2 Questions Sample No.

1

2

3

4

1

3

1

3

2

2

3

4

3

2

3

2

4

4

2

4

3

3

3

2

5

3

3

3

2

6

3

4

3

4

7

4

2

2

3

8

2

4

3

2

9

1

4

4

3

10

2

4

3

1

11

4

4

4

4

12

1

2

3

3

13

3

1

3

2

14

3

3

4

2

15

3

4

4

2

16

2

2

3

2

Table 4.3.1.3 - Group 3 data has been presented in following table:

27

Group-3 Questions Sample No.

1

2

3

4

1

1

1

1

1

2

3

1

1

1

3

4

3

1

3

4

4

3

3

1

5

3

3

3

3

6

2

2

1

2

7

3

2

3

2

8

3

1

2

4

9

3

3

1

1

10

2

4

1

2

11

1

3

3

1

12

1

3

3

2

13

1

1

3

2

14

2

3

3

3

15

3

3

1

2

16

3

3

1

2

28

Table 4.3.1.4 - Group 4 data has been presented in following table,

Group-4 Questions Sample No.

1

2

3

4

1

4

2

3

2

2

3

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

3

3

4

4

5

1

4

4

3

6

1

3

3

4

7

3

3

3

4

8

1

2

3

3

29

9

3

3

4

2

10

4

3

3

3

11

3

3

3

3

12

4

3

3

4

13

4

1

4

4

14

4

4

3

1

15

3

3

3

4

16

3

3

3

4

4.3.2 - Graphical Presentation:

Group 1

Group 1, 1, 3, 25%

Group 1, 4, 4, 33%

1 2 3

Group 1, 3, 3, 25%

Group 1, 2, 2, 17%

Graph 4.3.2.1 – Graph for responses obtained by group 1.

30

4

Group 2

Group 2, 4, 2, 22%

Group 2, 1, 3, 34%

1 2 3

Group 2, 3, 3, 33%

Group 2, 2, 1, 11%

4

Graph 4.3.2.2 – Graph for responses obtained by group 2.

Group 3

Group 3, 4, 1, 25%

Group 3, 1, 1, 25%

1 2 3

Group 3, 3, 1, 25%

Group 3, 2, 1, 25%

Graph 4.3.2.3 – Graph for responses obtained by group 3.

31

4

Group 4

Group 4, 4, 2, 18%

Group 4, 1, 4, 37%

1 2 3

Group 4, 3, 3, 27%

4 Group 4, 2, 2, 18%

Graph 4.3.2.4 – Graph for responses obtained by group 4.

Chapter 5

32

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

5.1 - SIMPLE STASTICAL TOOLS In this chapter we have discussed about the various statistical tools which we have prominently used in our research work. These are some of the statistical tools which we have used given below: Mean: It is the simple average of the given data. Median: It is the middle value of the given data arranged either in ascending or descending order. Mode: It is the highest frequent item in the data. 33

Standard Deviation: Standard Deviation is defined as the square root of the average of squares of deviation, when such deviations for the values of individual items in a series are obtained from the mean. Summation: It gives the collective view of the given data or series. The above tools are used in the following manner in our research work as given below: Mean: Mean is showing the average response given by the respondents of a particular question, e.g. in group-1 the mean of responses for question-1 is 3.31.It means on a scale of 1to 4 the average scale of responses of all the individuals in the sample is 3.31. Median: Median is showing the middle number in the scale of responses given by the sample if these scale are arranged in either ascending or descending order, e.g. in group-1 the median scale of responses is 3 it shows there are equal number of scales given below or above 3. Mode: Mode is showing the highest number of responses given by the respondents, e.g. in group-1 the highest number of responses given by the respondents is 3 which is the mode of the responses of the question-1. Standard Deviation: Standard deviation is showing the fluctuation of the responses of the different respondents in the sample about the sample mean, e.g. In group-1 the standard deviation is .60 and the mean is 3.31.It mean the responses of the respondents in the sample vary in the interval of Mean +/- S.D. i.e. 3.31 +/- .60. These are the tables created from the responses obtained from the respective samples. These tables show the applications of the above stated statistical tools. This table also shows applications of above stated statically tools on the received data 34

Table 5.1.1: Group 1- General Purpose services with application of statistical tools

Group-1 Questions Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1 3 3 4 2 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 3

2 2 4 3 3 1 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 4 2 3 1

3 3 2 3 2 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 3 2 2

4 4 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2

MEAN Std Deviation MODE MEDIAN

3.31 0.60 3 3

2.75 0.93 3 3

2.38 0.72 2 2

2.63 0.62 3 3

Table5.1.2 Group 2: Public Services with application of statistical tools:

35

Group-2 Questions Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 2 1 2 4 1 3 3 3 2

2 1 4 4 3 3 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 1 3 4 2

3 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3

4 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 2 3 1 4 3 2 2 2 2

Mean

2.63

3.0625

3.25

2.38

Mode 3 4 3 Median 3 3.5 3 Std. Deviation 0.89 1.12 0.58 Table 5.1.3: Group 3- Security Services with application of statistical tools

2 2 0.81

given on the next page:

36

Table 5.1.4 - Group 4: Implementation with application Group-3 Questions Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Mean Mode Median Std. Deviation of statistical tools.

1 1

2 1

3 1

4 1

3

1

1

1

4

3

1

3

4

3

3

1

3

3

3

3

2

2

1

2

3

2

3

2

3

1

2

4

3

3

1

1

2

4

1

2

1

3

3

1

1

3

3

2

1

1

3

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

1

2

3

3

1

2

2.44

2.44

1.94

2

3

3

1

2

3

3

1.5

2

1.03

0.96

0.99

0.89

Group-4 37

Questions Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Mean Mode Median Std. Deviation

1 4

2 2

3 3

4 2

3

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

1

4

4

3

1

3

3

4

3

3

3

4

1

2

3

3

3

3

4

2

4

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

3

3

4

4

1

4

4

4

4

3

1

3

3

3

4

3

3

3

4

2.93

2.93

3.31

3.18

3

3

3

4

3

3

3

3

1.06

0.77

0.47

0.91

5.2 - MODERN STASTICAL TOOLS In this section we applied modern statistical tools to test the hypothesis about the feasibility of implementation of NATIONAL ID SYSTEM in INDIA. 38

Therefore we are using two modern techniques to test the Hypotheses about the feasibility of implementing the system. These two techniques are: (a) ANOVA (analysis of variance) (b) FRIEDMAN’S

TEST

(a) ANOVA In ANOVA we are using One-Way ANOVA. Hypothesis testing using this tool is shown below, Let, Hypothesises are: Ho: There is no difference of group opinion on feasibility of National Id. H1: There is difference of group opinion on feasibility of National Id. Table 5.2.1 – Table showing sum of responses for each question for every group. Respondent Group

Xi

Q. No.

1

2

3

4

P

1

53

42

39

47

181

2

44

49

39

47

179

3

38

52

31

53

174

4

42

38

32

51

163

Xj

177

181

141

198

697

There are three steps to be completed to perform the test. (A)Intermediate Results

39

1. Find the total sum (T) of all entries in table 5.2.1 T

=

Σi ΣiXiXi

=

697

2. Find the correction factor(c): C = T2/n

=

(697)2

=

30363

3. Find out total sum of squares (TSS): TSS =

ΣXij2 - C

=

- 30363

=

758

4. Find out summation of squares between columns (SSBC): SSBC =

ΣXj2 - C

=

30793.75 – 30363

=

430.75

5. Find out summation of square within these observations (SSW): SSW = TSS – SSBC = 327.25

=

758 – 430.75

(B) Preparation of ANOVA table: Table 5.2.2 - Preparation of one-way ANOVA table

Deg free of

MSS

1 SSBC 430.7 5

c-1 = 3

SSBC/c-1 = 430.75 / 3 143.58

2 SSW

327.2 5

n-c = 12

SSW/n-c = 327.25 / 12 = 526/27.27

3 TSS

758

15

∴ F ratio = MMS1/MMS2 = 143.58/27.27 = 5.26 40

=

(C)Decision Process:

Fcal = 5.26

FTable = F0.05(3,12) = 3.49

Fcal > FTable

There is significance difference Thus, H1 accepted and Ho rejected.

Hence there is difference in opinion of different groups. Thus, according to this test most of the people think that National ID project is not feasible in India.

(b) Friedman`s Test:

Let Hypothesis Ho: The system is feasible to be implemented in India. H1: It is not feasible to be implemented in India.

Procedure to check the validity of hypothesis: Step-15.2.3- Table showing sum of the responses for specific question for specified group along with the ranks assigned to these Sums. [Highest sum being the Rank 1] 41

Q.No.

Group-1

Group-2

Group-3

Group-4

1

12(1)

9(3)

4(4)

11(2)

2

12(2.5)

12(2.5)

6(4)

14(1)

3

13(1)

12(2.5)

11(4)

12(2.5)

4

9(4)

11(2.5)

11(2.5)

19(1)

5

11(3.5)

11(3.5)

12(1.5)

12(1.5)

6

11(2.5)

14(1)

7(4)

11(2.5)

7

11(2.5)

11(2.5)

10(4)

13(1)

8

12(1)

11(2)

10(3)

9(4)

9

12(2)

12(2)

8(4)

12(2)

10

11(2)

10(3)

9(4)

13(1)

11

12(2.5)

16(1)

8(4)

12(2.5)

12

9(3)

9(3)

9(3)

14(1)

13

12(2)

9(3)

7(4)

13(1)

14

10(4)

12(1.5)

11(3)

12(1.5)

15

12(3)

13(1.5)

9(4)

13(1.5)

16

8(4)

9(2.5)

9(2.5)

13(1)

Rj

41.5

37

55.5

27

Where Rj = sum of the ROMs in the jth column.

In the above table, figures are the summation of responses given by a respondent to particular questions and figures in the brackets are the ROMs given to these numbers row wise. Step – II

b = No. of observation each column = 16

42

t = No. of treatments = 4

Step-III

Use formula and calculate χ 2Cal χ 2Cal =

12 /bt (t+1) * ΣR2j – 3b( t + 1)

= 12 * [(41.5)2 + (37)2 + 5(5.5)2 + (27)2] - 3 *16 (4+1) 16 *4 (4+1)

= 12/320 * 6900.5 - 240

= 18.76

Step-IV

Calculation of χ 2 table

χ 2 table = table value of χ 2 (sig. level) (Dot)

Significance level = 5% = 0.05

Degrees of freedom = t-1 = 4 – 1 = 3

∴ χ 2 table = χ 2 (0.05)(3) = 7.815

χ 2 Cal > χ 2 table 43

18.76 > 7.815

∴ Difference is significant.

∴ we will accept H1 and reject Ho.

Thus, the implementation of National ID system in India is differing from individual to individual.

44

Chapter 6

Conclusions

6.1 – Conclusions from Simple Stastical Analysis. Statistical Tool Standar d Mode Deviati on

Q.No .

Mean

1

3.31

0.60

3

3

2

2.75

0.93

3

3

45

Median

Conclusion

Personal profile need to be produced more than often People often get frustrated when credentials are not correct

Cost of implementation the project wi increase little bit burden on govt. This project will curb tax evasion by 4 2.63 0.62 3 3 private sector moderately People think that a problem with the I 5 2.63 0.89 3 3 will be resolved causing delay most o the times People are uncertain about the same lev 6 3.0625 1.12 4 3.5 of awareness in urban & rural area Somewhat the present public service 7 3.25 0.58 3 3 scenario will be improved Rural India will be able to utilize on th 8 2.38 0.81 2 2 system moderately Scenario of national security will chan 9 2.44 1.03 3 3 to some extent Illegal immigrations can be controlled 10 2.44 0.96 3 3 some extent People think that confidentiality can b 11 1.94 0.99 1 1.5 maintained but it can be food for data theft Whole legal framework will be improv 12 2 0.89 2 2 to a little extent Most of the people agree upon the 13 2.93 1.06 3 3 implementation of public-private mod For maintaining huge data base govt 14 2.93 0.77 3 3 should take help of private sector To catch up the speed required for thi 15 3.31 0.47 3 3 project govt employees need appropria training Public sector will improve somewhat b 16 3.18 0.91 4 3 can’t be at par with private sector Table 6.1.1 – Table showing Conclusions for each question. (Above Table) 3

2.38

0.72

2

2

6.2 - Conclusions from Modern Stastical Analysis: (1)ANOVA Test:Here we are using one-way ANOVA. The hypothesis are-

46

Ho : There is no difference of group opinion on feasibility of National Id. H1 : There is difference of group opinion on feasibility of National Id. Fcal = 5.26 FTable = F0.05(3,12) = 3.49 Fcal > FTable There is significance difference ∴ H1 is accepted & Ho is rejected. Hence, there is difference of group opinion on feasibility of National Id.

(2)FREDMAN’S Test :The hypothesis areHo : The system is feasible to be implemented in India. H1 : It is not feasible to be implemented in India. X2Cal= 18.76 X2 table = X2 (0.05)(3) = 7.815 X2 Cal > X2 table 18.76 > 7.815 Difference is significant. ∴ we will accept H1 and reject Ho. Means, The implementation of National ID system in India is differing from individual to individual.

47

Thus most of the people think that National ID project is not feasible in India.

6.3 - Suggestion :( For Effective Implementation) 1. Public Private partnership -Training to the government employees. - Public model to administer within supervision of Private Sector. 2. Proper Infrastructural Development at the rural places. 3. Sufficient mass Awareness about National ID in all parts of the country. 4. Transparancy in the implementation of project. 5. Education of rural population of India about resources available (Like IT resources, Manpower resources etc)

48

Annexure

49

Annexure 1: Questionnaire Annexure 1.1: Questionnaire for Group 1 Dear All, We are conducting a research study on ‘Feasibility of Unique National ID project in INDIA’. In order to have any kind of information about ‘National ID project’, you can ask to our correspondent. We are looking for your valuable response to following questions in order to determine feasibility of this project. Group No-1 Name: Age: Gender: Email:

Theses are some General purpose questions related with routine works of every Indian Citizen. Answer should be given within ranks 1 to 4 and ranks are defined for each question.

1. “Can you imagine how many times you may need to

produce your personal profile during your life? 1-Very Rarely 2. Rarely 3. Often 4. Most Often Your Response:

50

2. How many times you get frustrated when your

credentials are not correct? 1-Very Rarely 2. Rarely 3. Often 4. Most Often Your Response:

3. Whether the cost for the launching “National ID

Project” will results in heavy burden on government and in turn on you? 1. No Cost 2. Little Cost 3. Costlier 4. Very Costly Your Response: 4. Do you think, this project will curb tax evasion by

private sector? 1. Not effectively 2. to some Extent 3. Effectively 4. to large extent Your Response: Thank you for your Valuable Response and time.

51

Annexure 1.2: Questionnaire for Group 2 Dear All, We are conducting a research study on ‘Feasibility of Unique National ID project in INDIA’. In order to have any kind of information about ‘National ID project’, you can ask to our correspondent. We are looking for your valuable response to following questions in order to determine feasibility of this project. Group No-2 Faculty Name: Age: Gender: Email: These are some public services questions related with routine works of every Indian Citizen. Answer should be given within ranks 1 to 4 and ranks are defined for each question. 5. “Once the National ID Project has been implemented

and some problems occur for your ID, do you think it will resolve as early as possible? 1. Very early. 2 Early 3. Delay 4. Not resolved Your Response: 6. Do you think that same level of awareness about the National ID can

52

be created at urban as well as rural areas? 1. Not Possible 2. Little chances 3. Uncertain 4. Possible Your Response: 7 Do you think the National ID Project will help to improve your present public service scenario? 1. No Way 2. Public services will turn more 3. Somewhat 4. Public service will change forever. Your Response: 8. Do you think Rural India will able to utilize /capitalize on National ID System? 1. Not effectively 2. to some Extent 3. Effectively 4. to large extent Your Response:

Thank you for your Valuable Response and time.

53

Annexure 1.3: Questionnaire for Group 3 Dear All, We are conducting a research study on ‘Feasibility of Unique National ID project in INDIA’. In order to have any kind of information about ‘National ID project’, you can ask to our correspondent. We are looking for your valuable response to following questions in order to determine feasibility of this project.

Group No-3 Name: Age: Gender: Email:

Theses are some security related questions related with routine works of every Indian Citizen. Answer should be given within ranks 1 to 4 and ranks are defined for each question.

9. Do you think it will strengthen national security? 1. National Security Issue will remain same.

54

2. Scenario of national security will change for some time but ultimately concern will remain. 3. It may help to change security scenario somewhat not totally. 4. National security will be strengthened a lot. Your Response:

10.Do you think it will control illegal immigration? 1. Illegal Immigration can not be controlled in any way. 2. Illegal Integration can not be related with this project. 3. Problem of Illegal Immigration can be controlled to some project using this project. 4. Illegal Immigration will be stopped due to this project. Your Response: 11.What do you think about the confidentiality of your data? 1. In India you can not believe on any one for Confidentiality of data. 2. Confidentiality can be maintained but it will be food for data theft. 3. to some extent, It is Possible 4.100% Confidentiality will be there. Your Response: 12.Do you think the whole legal framework will get improved due to this project?

55

1. Not Possible 2. Little Extent 3. Till Acceptable Level but not totally 4. Perfectly Possible. Your Response: Thank you for your Valuable Response and time.

Annexure 1.4: Questionnaire for Group 4 Dear All, We are conducting a research study on ‘Feasibility of Unique National ID project in INDIA’. In order to have any kind of information about ‘National ID project’, you can ask to our correspondent. We are looking for your valuable response to following questions in order to determine feasibility of this project. Group No-4 Name: Age: Gender: Email:

56

Theses are some Implementation related questions related with routine works of every Indian Citizen. Answer should be given within ranks 1 to 4 and ranks are defined for each question. 13.Should technology be handed over to private sector? 1. No Way 2. Uncertain 3. Public-Private Model can be formed 4. Yes. Your Response: 14.Do you think maintaining huge database will be possible on the part of the government? 1. NO 2. Can’t Say 3. Government should take help of private sector. 4. Yes Your Response: 15. Do you think government employees will catch up the speed required by National ID Project? 1. No 2. Can not say anything 3. They require appropriate training to catch up the speed. 4. They can catch up. Your Response: 16.Whether private and public services will be at par due to National ID Project? 1. Not Possible for Public Services to catch with private Sector. 57

2. Not Possible for private sector to catch with Public Sector. 3. Public sector will improve somewhat but can not be at par with private Sector. 4. Its highly possible. Your Response:

Thank you for your Valuable Response and time.

Reference List: -

Creation of a Single National ID: Challenges & Opportunities for India: Paper Published by IIM Ahmedabad.

- Report from Income Tax department of India - Report from planning commission of India. - Issues raised by ministry of Home Affairs. -

National ID systems of western countries like US, Canada etc

58

59