Myca.docx

The National Statistics Office reported that Philippine employment dipped to 37.82 million in April 2013 from the 37.84 million in April 2012. The Philippine economy grew by 6.8 percent in 2012, while first quarter gross domestic product for 2013 soared to 7.8 percent, the fastest in Asia. The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) said the country's unemployment rate increased by 0.6 percent due to a lower level of employment amid a slightly higher labor force level. Majority of the unemployed were high school graduates (31.7 percent), college graduates (21.3 percent) and college undergraduates (14.6 percent), the state agency noted. About half (48.2 percent) of the unemployed were aged 15-24 years old, 27.5 percent of which are male while 20.7 percent are female. Business ( Article MRec ), pagematch: 1, sectionmatch: 1 "There is a need to improve the employability of worker applicants, particularly those with secondary and tertiary education. A more effective partnership among firms or establishments, academe and the government will provide useful inputs to the curriculum design," NEDA Deputy Director-General Emmanuel Esguerra said. NEDA added that greater diversification of production and processing of agricultural by-products is also necessary as the seasonality of agricultural employment remains a challenge in the country's economy. Employment in the agricultural sector posted a loss of 624,000 workers amid gains in the industry and services sectors which generated 224,000 and 380,000 jobs, respectively. The Bureau of Agricultural Statistics reported that farmers were hesitant to plant due to the El Niño while others were still recovering from the damage wrought by typhoons Pablo and Quinta in the last quarter of 2012. This, along with inadequate water supply and intense heat, is expected to result in lower agricultural output for April to June 2013. For her part, NEDA Assistant Director-General Rosemarie Edillon said the country needs to attract more investments to create employment for the people, especially after Fitch Ratings and Standard & Poor's upgraded the country's credit rating to investment grade level.

The main purpose of this study is to examine how gender division of labor interacts with economic growth with endogenous capital and knowledge. The model describes a dynamic interdependence among wealth accumulation, knowledge accumulation, and gender division of labor under perfect economic competition. To deal with the complicated issues related to growth with gender, we build the model on the basis of the neoclassical growth theory, gender economics and new growth theory. The growth mechanism of capital accumulation is based on the Solow model and knowledge dynamics is based on the learning-by-doing model by Arrow. The modeling of time distribution of man and woman is influenced by Becker's approaches. By applying an alternative approach to household behavior, we synthesize these forces of economic growth with gender in an integrated manner. We examine dynamic properties of the model and simulate the model. The dynamic system has either a unique equilibrium or multiple equilibrium points, depending on creativity and knowledge utilization efficiency of man and woman. By simulation, we also examine how the economic variables are affected by changes in the parameters such as the propensities to save and to work, creativity, and knowledge utilization efficiency.

Labor Force The Philippines is a country that has one of the biggest available pools of qualified workers (aged 15–64) in the world in absolute terms which ranks 13th largest in the world behind countries like Vietnam, Japan, and Mexico. In 2010 its people qualified for work had reached 55.5M. On its working age group’s ratio to the country’s total population, it ranks 147th at 61%, bordering the middle and bottom third of the world ranking, by virtue of its relatively large population of elderly and children combined. With this large pool of available workers, the Philippines has more than 38M people that belong to the labor force which is one of the largest in the world almost making it to the top ten notwithstanding a relatively mediocre participation rate of 64.5%. The labor force has consistently grown by an average 2% for the past three years. This labor force is dominated by people that have an educational attainment below the tertiary level which make up 71%.

Employment Out of this labor force 36.2M Filipinos are employed and this number has been increasing by an average of more than 2% in the last three years. This proportion of employed working people in the Philippines constitutes 59% of the population, a relatively large percentage that belongs to the upper-third in the world ranking. The Philippines ranks relatively low in its employed worker-to-GDP ratio with only $8,260[1] which hints about the country’s productivity issues. Nevertheless, this GDP per employed worker has been growing by an average of 3% over the last decade. Most of these employed workers are in the field of Services (50%), followed by Agriculture (34%) and Industry (15%) with the lowest share. There has been a considerable employment growth in each of the Services and Industry sector of about 4% since 2009 while employment in the Agricultural sector has been fluctuating. A large portion of these employed workers are salary/wage workers and then followed by self-employed people.

Unemployment and under-employment Meanwhile there are about 2.7M Filipinos that are unemployed which constitutes about 7.4% of the labor force. This is the lowest rate the Philippines enjoys since 1996, before the country suffered from the Asian Financial Crisis. After unemployment rate peaked in 2000, it has been on a steep decline by an average of 8.5% each year through to 2010. Out of this unemployed group of workers, 88% is roughly split between people who at least had a high school or a college education. A large proportion of college graduates are nursing graduates whose numbers now sum up to about 200,000 according to a report by Philippine Nurses Association.]As of 2011, it is estimated that about 7M are underemployed . It went back up after it fell in 2010 at 6.5M. Visibly underemployed people, people working less than 40 hours per week, cover 57% while the rest is made up by Invisible underemployed people, those who work over 40 hours per week but wants more hours.

Architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancy industry dominates the sector Preliminary results of the 2010 Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Insudtry (ASPBI) showed that the Philippines had a total of 586 establishments with Total Employment (TE) of 20 and over engaged in Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities. Figure 1 shows that architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancy registered the highest number of establishment with 148, comprising 25.3 percent of the total. Advertising, ranked second with 17.6 percent and management consultancy activities, third with 16.4 percent.

More than half of the establishments are located in the National Capital Region (NCR) There were six regions in the country for Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities section without representative samples for establishments with TE of 20 and over, namely: Regions I, II, IV-B, XII, Caraga and ARMM. Across major island group, 88.6 percent of the establishments were located in NCR followed by Rest of Luzon with 6.0 percent. Establishments located in Mindanao areas registered the least with only 2.4 percent. Architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancy industry employ the most number of workers In 2010, establishments engaged in Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities generated jobs for 53,140 persons. Majority (99.5%) were paid employees while the remaining 0.5 percent were unpaid workers. Architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancy, having the most number of establishments also employed the most number of workers with 15,975 (30.1%). Establishments engaged in management consultancy activities and advertising ranked second and third with 10,191 employees (19.2%) and 6,981 employees (13.1%), respectively. (See Fig.2) In terms of ratio of employment per establishment, an estimated 91 workers per establishment were recorded for the sector. The labor-intensive industry was registered in research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering industry with 177 workers per establishments.