Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi • The second and last monarch of the Pahlavi dynasty • Arya Mehr (Light of the Aryans) • Shahanshah (King of Kings)

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Background • • •

1919-1980 King of Iran from Sept 16th ,1941- Feb 11th 1979 Born in Tehran on October 26,1919; the eldest son of Reza Shah (from his second wife: Tadj ol-Molouk)

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Completed primary school at Institute Le Rosey, in Switzerland then returned to Iran in 1935 Enrolled in Tehran Military School Graduated in 1938

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Start of Reign • September 16, 1941 ,after Reza Shah was forced to abdicate, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, his “Vali Ahd” came to power • This was shortly before his 22nd birthday (October 26th)

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• Shah signed an agreement to cooperate with U.K. and U.S.S.R. • In return, he asked that Iran’s independence be fully recognized • September of 1943- Shah signed the U.N. (originally “League of Nations”) declaration; this got Iran a seat in the U.N.

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TEHRAN CONFERENCE • • • • •

WWII (1939-1945) Shah hosted this conference Codename = EUREKA November 28- December 1st, 1943 “Big Three” Allies - Joseph Stalin (USSR), Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA), and Winston Churchill (England)

Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill

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Tehran Conference "The Three Governments realize that the war has caused special economic difficulties for Iran, and they are agreed that they will continue to make available to the Government of Iran such economic assistance as may be possible, having regard to the heavy demands made upon them by their world-wide military operations, and to the world-wide shortage of transport, raw materials, and supplies for civilian consumption." (Declaration of the Three Powers Regarding Iran— December 1, 1943) • Main concern: to plan the final strategy for the war against “Axis of Power” • Iran had “Rah Ahan e Sarasari”- from Khalije Fars to USSR border • This route was named : “Persian Corridor”

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EY IRAN Composed Hossein Gol-e-Golab Inspired in 1944, after witnessing an ugly incident where an American soldier serving on the Persian Corridor beat up a native Iranian greengrocer, or “Baghal”

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"In 1944, the footsteps of the invading armies in the streets were enough to rattle any patriot and inspired me to write this anthem. Professor Ruhollah Khaleghi wrote the music and despite all the political opposition, it found its way into the heart and soul of the people." Music composed by Rouhollah Khaleghi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ey_Iran http://www.iranian.com/Music/Patriotic/Audio/EyIran.mp3

Iranian Imperial National Anthem http://www.farsitube.com/videos/Political/Imperial_Iranian_National_Anthem

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‫اي ايران اي مرز پرگهر ‪ ،‬اي خاكت سرچشمه هنر‬ ‫دور از تو انديشه بدان ‪ ،‬پاينده ماني و جاودان‬ ‫اي دشمن ار تو سنگ خاره اي من آهنم‪ ،‬جان من فداي خاك پاك‬ ‫ميهنم‬ ‫مهر تو چون شد پيشه ام‪ ،‬دور از تو نيست انديشه ام‬ ‫در راه تو كي ارزشي دارد اين جان ما‪ ،‬پاينده باد خاك ايران ما‬ ‫سنگ كوهت در و گوهر است‪ ،‬خاك دشتت بهتر از زر است‬ ‫‪،‬مهرت از دل كي برون كنم‪ ،‬برگو بي مهر تو چون كنم‬ ‫تا گردش جهان دور آسمان به پاست‪ ،‬نور ايزدي هميشه رهنماي‬ ‫ماست‬ ‫مهر تو چون شد پيشه ام‪ ،‬دور از تو نيست انديشه ام‬ ‫در راه تو كي ارزشي دارد اين جان ما‪ ،‬پاينده باد خاك ايران ما‬ ‫ايران اي خرم بهشت من‪ ،‬روشن از تو سرنوشت من‬ ‫گر آتش بارد به پيكرم‪ ،‬جز مهرت در دل نپرورم‬ ‫از آب و خاك و مهر تو سرشته شد گلم‪ ،‬مهر اگر برون رود‬ ‫تهی شود دلم‬ ‫مهر تو چون شد پيشه ام‪ ،‬دور از تو نيست انديشه ام‬ ‫در راه تو كي ارزشي دارد اين جان ما‪ ،‬پاينده باد خاك ايران ما‬

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1-Fadayan-e Islam -Founded in 1946 -Founder: Navab Safavi -Goal: transform Iran into an Islamic state -1946- Ahmad Kasravi (an intellectual who had criticized the mullahs) - 1948- ex-Prime Minister Hazir - 1965- Prime Minister Hassan Ali Mansour -1951- Prime Minister Ali Razmara

-1955- Navab Safavi was executed by the Shah's government -However, the group survived -Members were to later serve the Islamic Republic Regime after the 1979 revolution. 9

2-The Communists • “Hezbeh Toodeh” • Were influenced by communistic ideas • Mostly composed of “Roshan Fekrha” • Challenged the monarchy

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3-The Nationalists • • • •

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Another opposition party was the “Melli Gara” party, or the Nationalists They challenged and criticized the monarchy Dr.Mohammed Mossadegh ( May 19th, 1882- March 5th , 1967) : back in the Parliament with Reza Shah now gone Fought: – Against Western influence (USA and England) on Iran – For nationalism – For the benefit of Iran – For complete INDEPENDENCE of IRAN – Nationalization of Oil

He formed “JEBHEYE MELLI” : National Front of Iran Goals: – Establish democracy – End foreing presence in Iranian politics – Nationalize oil resources (against AIOC)

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Mossadegh • • • •

However, attempts to nationalize oild failed Prime Minister General Haj-Ali Razmara (elected in June of 1950), opposed the nationalization bill March 7th , 1951- assasinated by Khalil Tahmasebi Tahmasebi was a member of “Fadayan-e Islam”

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March 15th , 1951- the parliament voted on nationlizationof Iran’s oil industry

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April 28th , 1951- “Majlis” elected Mossadegh as the new prime minester Vote of 79-12 Shah had no choice but to give assent Therefore now, Mossadegh enforced the Oil Nationalization Act AIOC’s control was demolished

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Consequences •

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England = not impressed  Banned export of any oil produced in formely British-controlled refineries  Blockade in the Persian gulf of any attmept to ship oil out of the county  AIOC withdrew its British-trained technicians Results:  Went from over a 100 million dollars a year in exports to Britain, to increasing Iran's debt by nearly 10 million dollars a month. For 2 years, Mossadegh managed to run the country without its main source of income But when times got too difficult, he asked the Shah for emergency power: he wanted to name a Minister of War and the Chief of Staff The shah refused Mossadegh, as a result, resigned

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Return of Mossadegh • New prime minister: Ahmad Qavam (aka Ghavam os-Saltahneh) • He announced his intention to re-establish negotiations with the British and end the oil dispute

• This resulted in a massive outbreak of public protest: Toudehs, radical Muslims, as well as nationlists • Shah quickly removed Qavam and re-appointed Mossadegh • Mossadegh returned under the condition that the Shah accept his request

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The Scandal • Muslims, as well as the “Toodeh” party, proved to be two of Mossadegh's key political allies • Reason: they all wanted to reduce Shah’s authority • The Shah became more and more worried, and decided to remove Mossadegh from power: wrote his “farman” and made Timsar Zahedi deliever it • Failed in his attempt 15

The Scandal- continued • Shah fled, with Soraya, to Baghdad • Faisal II welcomed him • Then fled to Rome, Italy

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End of Mossadegh Era •

The British government was still bitter over the loss of control on the Iranian oil industry

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Truned to USA for help Led USA to believe that Mossadegh was increasingly turning towards Communism and was moving Iran towards the Soviet sphere at a time of high Cold War fears USA and Britain publicly denounced his policies for iran as “harmful” to the country

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In response, Mossadegh declared Britain as an “enemy” He cut all dimplomatic relations with Britain

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End of Mossadegh Era April 4th , 1953- CIA director Dulles approved $1 million to be used "in any way that • would bring about the fall of Mossadegh" CIA's Tehran station started to launch a propaganda campaign against Mossadegh • Kermit Roosevelet Jr.,the chief of the CIA's Near East and Africa division • Operation Ajax • He was to design a “Koodeta” •

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• August 19th, 1953 (28 Mordad 1332)- pro-Shah regiments bombarded the prime minister's official residence

Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on August 19th, 1953

• Mossadegh managed to flee from the mob • The next day, he surrendered to General Zahedi • placed under arrest in a comfortable apartment

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Shah’s Return • August 22nd , 1953- Shah returned • Mossadegh was tried for high treason • Zahedi was appointed as the new prime minister officially • However, Shah was scared of Zahedi himself • He appointed him as Iran’s ambassador to Switzerland • New prime minister: Ali Amini • Shah re-gained control:  announced “Hezbeh Toodeh” illegal and arrested supporters

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WHITE REVOLUTION • USA grew in power • President Kennedy started to pressure Shah into reforming human rights and reforms in Iran • 1963- WHITE REVOLUTION = “Enghelab-e Sefid”         

Profit-sharing for industrial workers Government-financed heavy industry projects Nationalization of forests and pastureland “Land Reform” / “Eslahat-e Arzi” Women’s rights: right to VOTE Education in rural areas Literacy Corps Health Corps Free Food for Needy Mothers and for all newborn babies up to the age of two

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Khomeyni’s Appearance •

The Islamic supporters, were opposed to most of these movements including women’s right to vote AND “Eslahat-e Arzi” • Ayatollah Khomeyni gained influence in Qom • Prime Minister: Alam •

15 Khordad, 1342 (1964) – huge uprising in Tehran, Qom, and other major cities • Khomeyni was arrested • Exiled to Turkey • But since major Muslim cities were located in Iraq, he moved there

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Late Pahlavi Era •

Amir Abbas Hoveyda became the prime minister (January 27th , 1965 to August 27th , 1977)

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Unhappiness skyrocketed throughout the country:  Shah became more an more of a dictator  1967- he crowned himself as King of the Kings (Emperor of Iran) and his wife, Farah Diba, as Shahbanoo (Empress)  http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3017839804571160863

 1350 (1972)- OPEC organization: Iran & Saudi Arabia were the leaders  This led to inflation

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KHOMEYNI’S MOVEMENTS

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KHOMEYNI’S MOVEMENTScontinued • Shah asked Sadam to stop Khomeyni's movements • Khomeyni was asked to leave Iraq • He went to Paris, France • Big mistake… • Uprisings got more and more intense • 1357 (1979)- Shah left Iran for “rest” • Prime Minister: Shapoor Bakhtiar (Jebhe Melli) • But the Islamic reformers wanted power, so they opposed him as well 25

KHOMEYNI’S RETURN • • •

February 1, 1979 (1357) -Khomeyni decided to return to Iran Rented an Air-France plane Greeted by people

• Finally, 21-22 Bahman 1357 – royal troops were defeated by rebel troops in armed street fighting

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Shah’s Faith- continued • Most countries were scared to accept Shah • Shah and Farah, first went to Morocco (Sultan Hassan) • He later lived in Moroco, the Bahamas, and Mexico • However, his non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma got very severe • October 22nd , 1979- Jimmy Carter, allowed Shah to get treatment in NYC • Left on December 15th , 1979 • Lived in Isla Contadora, Panama

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The last days • Egypt’s president: Anwar-el Sadat, invited him to live in Egypt • Passed away in Egypt on July 27th , 1980 (at the age of 60) • Sadat gave the Shah a state funeral • Mohammad Reza Pahlavi is buried in the Al Rifa’I Mosque in Cairo, Egypt

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