Model 1

MODEL 1: FFA< 2% Alcoholysis TG X   DGNaEster−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−eq1 k1f   k1r DGNaMethanol  DG x−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− eq 2 k2f   k2r DG X   MGNaEster−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−eq 3 k3f   k3r MGNaMethanol   MG X −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−eq 4 k4f   k4r MG X  GlyNa Ester−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− eq 5 k5f   k5r GlyNaMethanol =Glycerol Ester−−−−−−−−−−−−− eq 6 k6f   k6r Saponification EsterOH  Methanol Salt of Fatty acid −−−−−−−−−−eq 7 k7 TGOH  DGSalt of Fatty acid−−−−−−−−−−−−−eq 8 k8 DGOH  MGSalt of Fatty acid −−−−−−−−−−−−−eq 9 k9 MGOH GSalt of Fatty acid −−−−−−−−−−−−−eq 10 k10 kif = forward reaction rate constant kir =reverse reaction rate constant Assumption: formation of MG, DG &Glycerol is much faster than MGNa, DGNa, GlyNa and much faster than irreversible saponification. k2f , k2r ≫k1f , k1r , k4f , k4r ≫ k3f , k3r , k6f , k6r ≫k5f , k5r , k2 , k4 , k6 k7 , k8 , k9 , k10 --eq 11 dTG =−k1f ∗TG∗X k1r∗DG∗Ester−k8∗TG∗OH --------eq 12 dt

dDGNa k2r∗DG = ∗X -------eq 13 dt  k2∗Methanol  dMGNa k4r∗MG∗X = --------eq 14 dt  k4f ∗M  dGlyNa k6r∗Gly∗X = -------------eq 15 dt  K6f ∗Methanol 

Normalising the whole equation with the concentration of the alcohol ----------eq 16 dTG 1 =−k1f ∗TG∗X ∗methanol  ∗DG∗Ester∗X −k8∗TG∗OH dt K1 dDG =−k3f −k2r ∗DG∗ X ∗Methanol k3r ∗MG∗Ester− k2f ∗MG∗methanol∗ X −k9∗DGk8∗TG∗OH ∗methanol dt K4 K2

------------eq 17

dMG k5r K4f =−k5f −k4r∗MG∗X ∗methanol ∗Gly∗Ester ∗MG∗methanol∗X k10∗MG−k9∗DG∗OH ∗methanol dt K6 K4

--------------------eq 18 dG =−K2−k3∗DG−k4r−k5f ∗MGk6r∗Gly∗X ∗methanol ---------------eq 19 dt dM dE k3r k5f k6f = =k2r∗DG∗methanol k4r∗MG∗methanol ∗MG∗Ester ∗Gly∗Ester ∗Gly∗methanol dt dt K4 K6 K6

---------------------eq 20 dOH dA = =−k7∗Esterk8∗TGk9∗DG k10MG∗OH ∗methanol ------------------eq 21 dt dt NB: this is the first part of the model. The second part will involve Eq 16-21 to be solved analytically and the initial values of the reactants will be used to plot the reaction concentration over a period, t. Literature values of the various reaction rate constants, k will be used. GEPASI and Berkeley Madonna software for Chemical Kinetics will be used to simulate the reaction trend. This trend observed from this simulation of will be compared with the result from literature results of Komers 2002, Noureddiini and Zhu, 1997 and Devender et al 2005.