Mobile Combustion Co2 Emissions Calculation Tool

12/05/2008 Summary of CO2 Emissions From Mobile Sources

Home Page: Mobile Combustion CO2 Emissions Calculation Tool. January 2005. Version 1.3 WRI-WBCSD GHG Protocol Initiative Tip: Do not edit this page. This page displays totals that come from the detailed worksheets you can access by clicking on the sheet tabs below.

Summary of CO2 Emissions (in metric tonnes CO ) 2

Source of Emissions Road

Calculated from fuel use:

Edit details

0.0 mt

Vehicles

Calculated from distance:

Edit details

0.0 mt

Trains Ships Aircraft

Calculated from fuel use:

Edit details

0.0 mt

Calculated from distance:

Edit details

0.0 mt

Calculated from fuel use:

Edit details

0.0 mt

Calculated from distance:

Edit details

0.0 mt

Calculated from fuel use:

Edit details

0.0 mt

Calculated from distance:

Edit details

0.0 mt

Total Emissions:

0.0 mt

12/05/2008 Summary of CO2 Emissions From Mobile Sources

12/05/2008 Summary of CO2 Emissions From Mobile Sources

12/05/2008 Summary of CO2 Emissions From Mobile Sources

12/05/2008 Summary of CO2 Emissions From Mobile Sources

12/05/2008 Summary of CO2 Emissions From Mobile Sources

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Introduction to Worksheets for CO2 Emissions from Mobile Sou

This brief introduction supplements the guidance document, "Fossil Fuel Combustion in Mobile Sources: Gui Please read the accompanying guidance document before using these worksheets.

### The intellectual property rights of this calculation tool belong to WRI and WBCSD, unless stated otherwise in any of the tools. ### Please cite the orginial reference when using this tool. ### ###

Purpose and domain of this section

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Assumptions

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The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels produces carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor, trace amounts of methane (CH4), (N2O) and ash or soot (from incomplete combustion). This workbook makes a simplifying assumption that the combus is 100% complete, whereby all the carbon in fuel is converted to CO2. By itself, this assumption results in an approxim overestimate of CO2 emissions from combustion. This overestimate is offset by a second assumption that by itself wo roughly 1% underestimate of global warming impact. The second assumption is that the emissions of CH4 and N20 fr are so small and uncertain that they may be ignored in the calcuation. Each gram of CH4 and N2O has a greater impa gram of CO2. Even so, the amounts emitted during combustion are so small, and the factors for these emissions are is little benefit in calculating their global warming impact. (Processes other than combustion do produce significant am and these have non-trivial global warming impacts.) The combined effect of these assumptions is likely to alter results a variance that will in most cases be negligible.

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Companies that wish to calculate global warming from N2O and CH4 can do so as a last step, by multiplying their tota with an appropriate small percentage. This is justified because the ratio of N2O and CH4 to CO2 emissions from com across fuels and equipment.

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Calculation Approaches

Two calculation approaches are provided in these worksheets. The first calculates emissions based on amount of fu The second calculates emissions based on distance traveled or equipment activity, i.e. truck kilometers traveled. Co approach or approaches which make best use of available data. When fuel use data is available, it is usually more reli If fuel use data and distance data are of equal quality, the fuel use data should be used (fuel composition varies less th If distance data and fuel economy factors are known, use the calculator provided on the 'fuel use' worksheet to calcula Approaches can be combined, but to avoid double counting do not enter the same activity twice. These guidelines and worksheets are intended to help all companies calculate their direct and/or indirect CO2 emissio Default or average-case factors are included for your information as a possible alternative if custom emission factors a If mobile sources are a significant source of direct emissions for your organization, and your fuel records are not accur recommended that you compile emission factors that accurately reflect the characteristics of the equipment and techn Note that the default emissions per distance factors were developed in the United States and/or Europe, and m not be accurate for countries with different traffic conditions, vehicle sizes, and average number of passenger

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Possible Methods and Related Emission Factors to Calculate CO2 Emissions from Mobile Sources

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Fuel used

Distance

Traveled

###

Fuel per distance factor

###

Fuel used

### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ###

emissions per fuel factor

emissions per fuel factor

emissions per distance factor

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Emissions

###

Emissions

###

Blue line shows calculation sequence for Based on Fuels Worksheet Brown line shows caculation sequence for Based on Distance Worksheet Dotted line shows emission factors built into the calculation of emissions per distance factor

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Suggested Sequence 1 2

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3

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4

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5

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Make a back-up copy of this workbook, in its blank unused state. Determine your direct and indirect emission sources from mobile combustion. If you have both direct and indirec make two copies of the workbook for accounting them separately. Review the default values proposed for emissions factors, and enter any different local default emission factors o custom values that best represent your emission sources. Check coal factors since they vary widely by country. Complete each of the applicable worksheets, filling in relevant light green cells and optional values in cells shade entry row similar to an existing row, select the existing row, then click on the Add a Row button. A new row will b the row you selected. Be certain to change user-entered values in the new row. Worksheets are color coded but may be printed in black and white. Review the Summary on the "Home" page. Totals there should automatically reflect totals computed on each wo Print the Summary page. Make a back-up copy of this completed workbook.

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Top Tips 1

Color Scheme: Labels:

2 3

Click on "Twisties" 6 4 to expand and collapse sections. To add another data entry row, select the row you want duplicated, and click on the "Add a Row" Button. A ne

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Help Warnings

Enter data green cells

Optional data entry light blue cells

Auto calculated value in gray cells

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4 5 6

layout and formulas will be inserted beneath the row you selected. Be sure to change the user-supplied values! Navigate from one spreadsheet to another using the tabs at the bottom of your screen. To print in black and white (without shadings) check the appropriate box in the Sheet tab of the Page Setup com To fit the active section of the workbook to your screen, adjust the zoom percentage shown in the Stardard icon

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Acknowledgements

This workbook was developed by David Cross of RPM Systems, The RETEC Group, Inc., with contributions from Pankaj Bhatia/WRI, Michael Gillenwater/US-EPA, Vincent Camobreco/US-EPA, Matthew Addison/Nexant Inc, a from WRI/WBCSD. All intellectual property rights belong to GHG Protocol Initiative. Please cite the original refere While the workbook is largely self explanatory, for questions or suggestions on workbook mechanics, contact DC For comments on workbook content, contact Pankaj Bhatia at [email protected]. Please visit the GHG Protocol Initiative at www.ghgprotocol.org for other GHG calculation tools.

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rom Mobile Sources

on in Mobile Sources: Guidelines",

amounts of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide assumption that the combustion of carbon mption results in an approximately 1% assumption that by itself would result in a emissions of CH4 and N20 from mobile combustion and N2O has a greater impact on climate than a ors for these emissions are so uncertain, that there on do produce significant amounts of CH4 and N20, ptions is likely to alter results by less than 0.5%,

step, by multiplying their total CO2 emissions to CO2 emissions from combustion varies little

ions based on amount of fuel consumed. ruck kilometers traveled. Companies should use the ailable, it is usually more reliable than distance data. uel composition varies less than vehicle efficiency). uel use' worksheet to calculate fuel consumption.

and/or indirect CO2 emissions from mobile sources. if custom emission factors are not available. ur fuel records are not accurate, it is of the equipment and technology you are operating. tates and/or Europe, and may erage number of passengers per vehicle.

have both direct and indirect emissions,

cal default emission factors or they vary widely by country. optional values in cells shaded light blue. To add a data Row button. A new row will be inserted below

t totals computed on each worksheet.

Auto calculated value in gray cells

Default values light yellow cells

he "Add a Row" Button. A new row with the same

ge the user-supplied values!

et tab of the Page Setup command in the File Menu. shown in the Stardard icon bar.

p, Inc., with contributions from Gwen Parker/WRI, tthew Addison/Nexant Inc, and project team members Please cite the original reference whenever using this tool. book mechanics, contact [email protected].

Part 1. Emissions Calculated from Fuel Used: All Modes of Transport

Home/Summary

Note: Use this worksheet to calculate your emissions from amount of fuel consumed. A

Source Description

B

C D Fuel used Type of Fuel Used

Optional Calculator

E1 E2 F Energy used GJ per Fuel Unit GJ energy

I Emissions metric tonnes

Amount of

Fuel

Fuel

Default

Custom

Used

Default

Custom

H =FxG/1000

fuel used

Units

Type

GJ/unit

GJ/unit

F=BxE

kg CO2/GJ

CO2/GJ

Metric ton CO2

Road transportation Sample fleet

G1 G2 Emissions Factor kg CO2 per GJ

0.00 30,000.00 US gals

Gasoline

US gals

Gasoline

US gals

Gasoline

US gals

Gasoline

US gals

Gasoline

Imp. gals

Gasoline

litres

Gasoline

litres

Gasoline

Metric tonnes

Gasoline

US gals

Diesel

Imp. gals

Diesel

litres

Diesel

Metric tonnes

Diesel

lbs.

CNG

kg

CNG

lbs.

LPG

kg

LPG

US gals

LPG

litres

LPG

0.13 0.13

3,906.12

0.13 0.13 0.13

0.00

0.16 0.03 0.03

0.00

43.57 0.14 0.17

0.00

0.04 44.17 0.0228

0.00

0.0523 0.0209 0.0460

0.00

0.0942 0.0249

0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

30 = litres per 100 km

0.0

69.250 69.250

270.5

69.250 69.250 69.250

0.0

69.250 69.250 69.250

0.0

69.250 74.010 74.010

0.0

74.010 74.010 56.06

0.0

56.06 63.2000 63.2000

0.0

63.2000 63.2000

0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rail transportation

0.00

0.0

Water transportation

0.00

0.0

Aircraft

0.00

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total NOTES

1,000 = Distance traveled 0 = miles per gallon OR 300 litres used

Part 2. Emissions Calculated from Distance Traveled, All Modes of Transport

Home/Summary

Note: Use this worksheet to calculate your emissions if you have activity data only for the distance travelled. A

B

C Transportation Activity Amount

Source Description

Transport description

E1 E2 F CO2 emissions kg CO2 per unit Total emissions Default

Activity

Activity unit

Custom

CO2/unit

CO2/unit

metric tonnes

Vehicle fuel efficiency miles per gallon

24

liters /100 km

3.9

F = CxE/1000

Road transportation activity Measurements in Miles:

kg CO2

Optional Calculator

D

of

Gas Diesel 0.38 0.43 kg CO2 per mile 0.09 0.11 kg CO2 pr km

0.0 Note: Gallons are US Gallons

4.2 l/100km

vehicle miles

0.1610

0.0

small gas auto 29 mpg

hybrid auto

8.1 l/100km

vehicle miles

0.3109

0.0

med gas auto 23 mpg

56 mpg

10.2 l/100km

vehicle miles

0.3920

0.0

large gas auto 19 mpg

12.4 l/100km

vehicle miles

0.4746

0.0

vehicle miles

0.2865

0.0

9.8 l/100km

vehicle miles

0.4330

0.0

16.8 l/100km

vehicle miles

0.6440

0.0

LPG automobile diesel auto

24 mpg

gas light truck

14 mpg

gas heavy truck 6 mpg

39.2 l/100km

vehicle miles

1.5028

0.0

diesel light truck 15 mpg

15.7 l/100km

vehicle miles

0.6928

0.0

diesel heavy truck 7 mpg

33.6 l/100km

vehicle miles

1.4847

0.0

light motorcycle 60 mpg

3.9 l/100km

vehicle miles

0.1503

0.0

your vehicle

0.0

See calculator above to obtain kg per mile

0.0

from fuel efficiency

hybrid auto 56 mpg

4.2 l/100km

passenger miles

0.0895

0.0

small gas auto 29 mpg

8.1 l/100km

passenger miles

0.1727

0.0

med gas auto 23 mpg

10.2 l/100km

passenger miles

0.2178

0.0

large gas auto 19 mpg

12.4 l/100km

passenger miles

0.2636

0.0

passenger miles

0.1591

0.0

9.8 l/100km

passenger miles

0.2406

0.0

16.8 l/100km

passenger miles

0.3578

0.0

LPG automobile diesel auto

24 mpg

gas light truck

14 mpg

gas heavy truck 6 mpg

39.2 l/100km

passenger miles

0.8349

0.0

diesel light truck 15 mpg

15.7 l/100km

passenger miles

0.3849

0.0

diesel heavy truck 7 mpg

33.6 l/100km

passenger miles

0.8248

0.0

light motorcycle 60 mpg

3.9 l/100km

passenger miles

0.0835

0.0

bus (diesel)- long distance

passenger miles

0.0781

0.0

bus (diesel)- urban transit

passenger miles

0.2997

0.0

road freight

short ton miles

0.1033

0.0

(other car mpg below)

0.0

Measurements in Kilometers: hybrid auto 56 mpg

4.2 l/100km

vehicle kilometers

0.1001

0.0

small gas auto 29 mpg

8.1 l/100km

vehicle kilometers

0.1932

0.0

med gas auto 23 mpg

10.2 l/100km

vehicle kilometers

0.2436

0.0

large gas auto 19 mpg

12.4 l/100km

vehicle kilometers

0.2949

0.0

vehicle kilometers

0.1780

0.0

LPG automobile diesel auto

9.8 l/100km

vehicle kilometers

0.2691

0.0

14 mpg

24 mpg

16.8 l/100km

vehicle kilometers

0.4002

0.0

0 gas heavy truck 6 mpg

39.2 l/100km

vehicle kilometers

0.9338

0.0

0 diesel light truck 15 mpg

15.7 l/100km

vehicle kilometers

0.4305

0.0

0 diesel heavy truck 7 mpg

33.6 l/100km

vehicle kilometers

0.9226

0.0

0 light motorcycle 60 mpg

3.9 l/100km

vehicle kilometers

0.0934

0.0

hybrid auto 56 mpg

4.2 l/100km

passenger kilometers

0.0556

0.0

small gas auto 29 mpg

8.1 l/100km

passenger kilometers

0.1073

0.0

0 gas light truck

your vehicle

0.0

See calculator above to obtain kg per km

0.0

from fuel efficiency

med gas auto 23 mpg

10.2 l/100km

passenger kilometers

0.1353

0.0

large gas auto 19 mpg

12.4 l/100km

passenger kilometers

0.1638

0.0

passenger kilometers

0.0989

0.0

passenger kilometers

0.1495

0.0

LPG automobile diesel auto

24 mpg

gas light truck

9.8 l/100km

14 mpg

16.8 l/100km

passenger kilometers

0.2223

0.0

gas heavy truck 6 mpg

39.2 l/100km

passenger kilometers

0.5188

0.0

diesel light truck 15 mpg

15.7 l/100km

passenger kilometers

0.2392

0.0

diesel heavy truck 7 mpg

33.6 l/100km

passenger kilometers

0.5125

0.0

light motorcycle 60 mpg

3.9 l/100km

passenger kilometers

0.0519

0.0

bus (diesel)- long distance

0 passenger kilometers

0.0485

0.0

bus (diesel)- urban transit

0 passenger kilometers

0.1862

0.0 0.0

road freight

Metric tonne kilometers

0.0720

diesel locomotive

passenger miles

0.1719

0.0

Rail transportation

0.0 0.0

diesel locomotive

short ton miles

0.0287

0.0

diesel locomotive

passenger kilometers

0.1068

0.0

diesel locomotive

Metric tonne kilometers

0.0200

0.0

electric locomotive

passenger miles

0.3437

0.0

electric locomotive

short ton miles

0.0574

0.0

electric locomotive

passenger kilometers

0.2136

0.0

electric locomotive

Metric tonne kilometers

0.0400

0.0

coal locomotive

passenger miles

0.2238

0.0

coal locomotive

short ton miles

0.0374

0.0

coal locomotive

passenger kilometers

0.1391

0.0

coal locomotive UK Rail

Metric tonne kilometers

0.0260

0.0

passenger miles

0.0966

0.0

UK Rail

passenger kilometers

0.0600

0.0

US Intercity Rail (e.g. Amtrak)

passenger miles

0.1909

0.0

US Intercity Rail (e.g. Amtrak)

passenger kilometers

0.1186

0.0

US Transit Rail (e.g subway, tram)

passenger miles

0.1604

0.0

US Transit Rail (e.g subway, tram)

passenger kilometers

0.0997

0.0

US Commuter Rail

passenger miles

0.1649

0.0

US Commuter Rail

passenger kilometers

0.1025

0.0

Canadian Rail

passenger miles

0.1662

0.0

Canadian Rail

passenger kilometers

0.1033

0.0 0.0

Boat Water transportation transportation Aircraft

0.0 (distance figures are for one-stop flights, in land miles, not nautical miles- check your source)

0.0

short haul (<452 km)

<281 miles

passenger land miles

Optional Calculation Table # of Flights

Use optional calculator to the right for calculating miles traveled based on number of flights (short, medium or long) 0.2897

0.0

units unit description

Total acrtivity units

1 passenger land miles

0 (copy to green column to left)

medium haul (452 to 1600 km) 281 to 994 miles

passenger land miles

0.2028

0.0

1 passenger land miles

0

long haul (>1600 km)

>994 miles

passenger land miles

0.1770

0.0

1 passenger land miles

0

short haul (<452 km)

<281 miles

short ton land miles

2.3062

0.0

0 tons

0

medium haul (452 to 1600 km) 281 to 994 miles

short ton land miles

1.1677

0.0

0 tons

0

long haul (>1600 km)

>994 miles

short ton land miles

0.8320

0.0

0 tons

0

short haul (<452 km)

<281 miles

passenger land km

0.1800

0.0

1 passenger land miles

0

passenger land km

0.1260

0.0

1 passenger land miles

0

medium haul (452 to 1600 km) 281 to 994 miles long haul (>1600 km)

>994 miles

passenger land km

0.1100

0.0

1 passenger land miles

0

short haul (<452 km)

<281 miles

Metric tonne kilometers

1.5800

0.0

0 metric tons

0

Metric tonne kilometers

0.8000

0.0

0 metric tons

0

medium haul (452 to 1600 km) 281 to 994 miles long haul (>1600 km)

>994 miles

Metric tonne kilometers

0.5700

0.0

0 metric tons

flight of 300 km

186 miles

passenger land km

0.2180

0.0

1 passenger land miles

flight of 900 km

559 miles

passenger land km

0.1420

0.0

1 passenger land miles

nonstop flight 2719 km

1690 miles

passenger land km

0.1170

0.0

1 passenger land miles

0 passenger land km

0.1170

0.0

1 passenger land miles

See more factors below

0 0

Last row above totals enter no data here

Total for indirect emissions calculated from distance traveled

Emissions factors for rail travel Type of Train kg CO 2 per passenger km

0 0 0 0 =??*N98*O98

0.0

0.0

UK Rail1

0.0600

kg CO 2 per passenger mile 0.0966

1 km equals

0.62 miles

US Intercity Rail2 (i.e., Amtrak)

0.1186

0.1909

1 mile equals

1.61 km

US Transit Rail3 (e.g., subway, tram)

0.0997

0.1604

US Commuter Rail4

0.1025

0.1649

Canadian Rail5

0.1033

0.1662

To convert from lbs to kg, multiply by 0.45

1. Source: Railtrack http://www.railtrack.co.uk/our_business/environment/benefits_of_rail/index.cfm gives annual passenger-miles and tonnes of CO2. 2. Sources: TEDB = Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 22, 2002. Table 2.11 and A16. http://www-cta.ornl.gov/data/ EIA = Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2000, Appendix B, Table B1 3.Sources: TEDB = Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 22- 2002, Table 2.11 and Table A.15. Available at http://www-cta.ornl.gov/data. EIA = ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/e-supdoc.pdf, page 5. Note: transit rail is defined as light and heavy rail. For definitions, please see http://www.apta.com/info/define/mode.htm 4. Source: TEDB = Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 22, 2002. Table 2.11 and A14 http://www-cta.ornl.gov/data/ EIA = Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2000, Appendix B, Table B1 Note: commuter rail is defined at http://www.apta.com/info/define/mode.htm. A list of agencies that are considered commuter rail can be found at http://www.apta.com/stats/modesumm/cragency.htm 5. Source: Canada’s Climate Change Voluntary Challenge and Registry Inc. (VCR Inc.), 2002. An Action Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions. P 12. www.vcr-mvr.ca. Please note units are in CO2-eq.

Air Travel factors for flights with different distances

[Based on Emission Factors provided by DEFRA (Table 9, Environmental Reporting - Guidelines for Company Reporting on GHG Emissions) for short haul and long haul flights]

Passenger calculations for bus travel based on ridership Average miles per gallon, 6.7

(DEFRA & US - DOT)

per US DOT table VM1, 1999

10 kg CO2/gallon (DEFRA says 9.99, a lower estimate than some others) AverageAssumed intercity

Assumed urban 6

6.7

9

Grams CO2/mile, per bus

2500.0

1666.7

1492.5

1111.1

g/ psgr Mile, 5 pasengers

500.0

333.3

298.5

222.2

g/ psgr Mile, 10 pasengers

250.0

166.7

149.3

111.1

g/ psgr Mile, 15 pasengers

166.7

111.1

99.5

74.1

inter-city: 48.5 g CO2 per passenger km

g/ psgr Mile, 20 pasengers

125.0

83.3

74.6

55.6

urban: 186.2 g CO2 per passenger km

Miles per gallon:

g/ psgr Mile, 30 pasengers g/ psgr km, 5 pasengers

4

83.3

55.6

49.8

37.0

310.7

207.1

185.5

138.1

g/ psgr km, 10 pasengers

155.3

103.6

92.7

69.0

g/ psgr km, 15 pasengers

103.6

69.0

61.8

46.0

g/ psgr km, 20 pasengers

77.7

51.8

46.4

34.5

g/ psgr km, 30 pasengers

51.8

34.5

30.9

23.0

Miles per gallon for typical vehicles, EPA/USA Other default emission factors are from: IPCC. 1997. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reference Manual

shaded cells approximate estimates derived from Btu/passenger mile estimates from US DOT

Conversion Factors and General References For most activities, the reporting worksheets include all the detail needed including default emission factors. The tables given below are provided as a general resource for those users w ho may wish to develop custom factors, or trace the derivation of factors given.

Home/Summary

Energy and Weight Volume Conversions Distance Factors and Conversions Table 3 Linear Measure: English Unit Metric Units 1 inch = 1000 mil = 2.54 centimeters (cm) 1 foot (ft) = 12 inches = 30.48 cm or 1 yard = 36 inches = 91.44 cm or 1 mile = 5280 ft = 1.61 kilometers (km) or 1 nautical mile = 1.149 miles = 1.85 kilometers (km) To convert liters per 100 km to miles per gallon, invert (liters per 100 km/3.785/100*1.6093) [gallons per liter * km per mile] To convert miles per gallon to liters per 100 km, divide 100 by (mpg/3.785*1.6093)

0.3 meters (M)

0.91 meters (M) 0.87 nautical miles (nm)

Converting Energy Units (worksheet) Table 4 Megajoule

Convert fuel use from Btus Tonne oil

(MJ) 1 x 10

Fuel type Sample

-3

To Gigajoule

Kilowatt

equivalent (toe)

hours (kWh)

1.05506 x 10 -6

41.86

3.6 x 10 -3

240.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

(GJ)

0.000253 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

Sources: International Energy Annual, 1998 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/convheat.html BP Group Reporting Guidelines, 2000

Converting Mass Units (worksheet) Table 5 Convert fuel use from Short tons Long tons

Pounds (lb)

0.91

1.02

4.5359 x 10 -4

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

To Metric tons

Fuel type 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

Sources: International Energy Annual, 1998 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/convheat.html BP Group Reporting Guidelines, 2000

Emissions Factors for Electricity Summary of English to Metric conversions Transportation Fuels Emissions Factors Table 9 Emission factors in blue shaded columns are from IPCC, 1999, Volume 2, Section 1, if not otherwise noted. Heating values in blue shaded columns are from API, 2001, if not otherwise noted. Values in other columns is derived arithmatically except as commente Fuel type Lower heat value (derived) (derived) (derived) (derived) (derived) Typical density kg CO2/tonne IEA kg CO2 / GJ GJ / liter (API, 2001) GJ/ US gallon GJ/Imp Gal GJ/tonne kgCO2/liter kgCO2/US gal lb / gal (API, 2001) Density* (UK DETR) (IPCC, 1999) Gasoline / petrol 69.25 0.0344 0.1302 0.1564 43.5674 2.3822 9.0166 6.59 0.739 t/m3 3135 Kerosene 71.45 0.0357 0.1351 0.1623 44.0768 2.5508 9.6546 6.76 3150 Jet Fuel 70.72 (EIA) 44.5900 0.780 t/m3 10.009 Aviation gasoline 69.11 (EIA) 0.0343 0.1299 0.1561 2.3774 8.9984 Diesel 74.01 0.0371 0.1404 0.1687 44.1667 2.7458 10.3927 7.49 0.840 t/m3 3142 Distillate fuel oil No.1 74.01 0.0371 0.1404 0.1687 43.9211 2.7458 10.3927 7.05 3142 Distillate fuel oil No.2 74.01 0.0371 0.1404 0.1687 43.9211 2.7458 10.3927 7.05 3142 Residual Fuel oil#4 74.01 0.0379 0.1435 0.1723 2.8050 10.6168 3142 Residual Fuel oil#5 77.30 0.0397 0.1503 0.1805 39.9535 3.0688 11.6154 8.29 0.930 t/m3 3117 Residual Fuel oil#6 77.30 0.0405 0.1533 0.1841 40.7586 3.1307 11.8495 8.29 0.930 t/m3 3117 LPG 63.20 0.0249 0.0942 0.1132 45.9779 1.5737 5.9564 4.52 Lubricants 73.28 0.0382 Anthracite 98.30 0.02860 GJ / kg 28.6000 1747.30 Bituminous coal 94.53 0.03023 GJ/kg 30.2300 2236.80 Butane 0.0258 4.84 (liquid) 1685.50 Propane 62.99 (EIA) 0.0240 47.3373 4.24 (liquid) 0.507 t/m3 Sub-bituminous coal 96.00 Wood, wood waste 100.44 (EIA) 1730.00 0.039 GJ / standard Natural gas 56.06 0.673 t/m3 cubic meter API, 2001(for heating Source: IPCC IEA (UK DETR) values) (unless noted) Density:: International Energy Annual, 1998 Technical http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/convheat.html Data on Fuel, 1977, J.W. Rose; J.R. Cooper

d.

Coal, GJ per tonne by country Converting from Miles per Gallon to grams CO2 per km, also Liters per 100 km Table 11 9.02 kg CO2/gallon gas 10.39 kg CO2/gallon diesel A B Miles per Kg CO2 gallon per mile 9.016627/A 4 2.2542 5 1.8033 6 1.5028 7 1.2881 8 1.1271 9 1.0018 10 0.9017 11 0.8197 12 0.7514 13 0.6936 14 0.6440 15 0.6011 16 0.5635 17 0.5304 18 0.5009 19 0.4746 20 0.4508 21 0.4294 22 0.4098 23 0.3920 24 0.3757 25 0.3607 26 0.3468 27 0.3339 28 0.3220 29 0.3109 30 0.3006 31 0.2909 32 0.2818 33 0.2732 34 0.2652 35 0.2576 36 0.2505 37 0.2437 38 0.2373 39 0.2312 40 0.2254 41 0.2199 42 0.2147 43 0.2097 44 0.2049 45 0.2004 46 0.1960 47 0.1918 48 0.1878 49 0.1840 50 0.1803 51 0.1768 52 0.1734 53 0.1701 54 0.1670 55 0.1639 56 0.1610 57 0.1582 58 0.1555 59 0.1528 60 0.1503 61 0.1478 62 0.1454 63 0.1431 64 0.1409 65 0.1387 66 0.1366 67 0.1346

C G CO2 per mile x 1000 2254.2 1803.3 1502.8 1288.1 1127.1 1001.8 901.7 819.7 751.4 693.6 644.0 601.1 563.5 530.4 500.9 474.6 450.8 429.4 409.8 392.0 375.7 360.7 346.8 333.9 322.0 310.9 300.6 290.9 281.8 273.2 265.2 257.6 250.5 243.7 237.3 231.2 225.4 219.9 214.7 209.7 204.9 200.4 196.0 191.8 187.8 184.0 180.3 176.8 173.4 170.1 167.0 163.9 161.0 158.2 155.5 152.8 150.3 147.8 145.4 143.1 140.9 138.7 136.6 134.6

See transport fuels emissions factors above 2.38 kg CO2/ liter gas for CO2/gallon sources 2.75 kg CO2/ liter diesel D E F G Km per Gas Diesel Liters per mile g CO2/km g CO2/km 100 km col E x= 10.392743235/9.016627 C/D To convert miles per gallon to liters per 100 km, divide 100 by (mpg/3.785*1.6093) 1.61 1401 1,614.5 58.8 Shaded table to left is used as 1.61 1121 1,291.6 47.0 basis of values in worksheet 1.61 934 1,076.3 39.2 for distance traveled by vehicles. 1.61 800 922.6 33.6 1.61 700 807.2 29.4 1.61 623 717.5 26.1 1.61 560 645.8 23.5 1.61 509 587.1 21.4 1.61 467 538.2 19.6 1.61 431 496.8 18.1 1.61 400 461.3 16.8 1.61 374 430.5 15.7 1.61 350 403.6 14.7 1.61 330 379.9 13.8 1.61 311 358.8 13.1 1.61 295 339.9 12.4 1.61 280 322.9 11.8 1.61 267 307.5 11.2 1.61 255 293.5 10.7 1.61 244 280.8 10.2 1.61 233 269.1 9.8 1.61 224 258.3 9.4 1.61 215 248.4 9.0 1.61 208 239.2 8.7 1.61 200 230.6 8.4 1.61 193 222.7 8.1 1.61 187 215.3 7.8 1.61 181 208.3 7.6 1.61 175 201.8 7.3 1.61 170 195.7 7.1 1.61 165 189.9 6.9 1.61 160 184.5 6.7 1.61 156 179.4 6.5 1.61 151 174.5 6.4 1.61 147 169.9 6.2 1.61 144 165.6 6.0 1.61 140 161.4 5.9 1.61 137 157.5 5.7 1.61 133 153.8 5.6 1.61 130 150.2 5.5 1.61 127 146.8 5.3 1.61 125 143.5 5.2 1.61 122 140.4 5.1 1.61 119 137.4 5.0 1.61 117 134.5 4.9 1.61 114 131.8 4.8 1.61 112 129.2 4.7 1.61 110 126.6 4.6 1.61 108 124.2 4.5 1.61 106 121.8 4.4 1.61 104 119.6 4.4 1.61 102 117.4 4.3 1.61 100 115.3 4.2 1.61 98 113.3 4.1 1.61 97 111.3 4.1 1.61 95 109.5 4.0 1.61 93 107.6 3.9 1.61 92 105.9 3.9 1.61 90 104.2 3.8 1.61 89 102.5 3.7 1.61 88 100.9 3.7 1.61 86 99.4 3.6 1.61 85 97.8 3.6 1.61 84 96.4 3.5

Miles per Gallon, US cars and small trucks, by year Table 12 to 15 are from National Transportation Statistics, 2000, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, USA http://www.bts.gov/btsprod/nts/Ch4_web/4-23.htm ...v/ntda/nts/NTS99/data/Chapter4/4-23.html Table 12 See also: Average Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Passenger Cars and Light Trucks http://www.bts.gov/ntda/nts/NTS99/ch4index.html Average U.S. passenger car fuel efficiency, Miles per gallon Transp Energy Data book: http://www-cta.ornl.gov/data/tedb20/Index.html (mpg) (calendar year) 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Passenger car 15.9 17.4 20.2 21.1 21 20.5 20.7 21.1 21.2 Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle 12.2 14.3 16.1 17 17.3 17.4 17.3 17.3 17.2 New vehicle fuel efficiency (mpg)a (model year) Light-duty vehicle (passenger cars plus light trucks) Domestic 21.4 24 23.9 24.4 23.9 24.3 23.7 23.8 24.1 Imported 28.6 30.3 28.5 28.4 27.9 28.1 27.7 27.9 27.7 Passenger car Domestic 22.6 26.3 26.9 27.3 27 27.8 27.5 27.7 28.3 Imported 29.6 31.5 29.9 30.1 29.2 29.6 29.6 30.3 29.7 Light truck (<8,500 lbs GVWR) Domestic 16.8 19.6 20.3 20.9 20.5 20.7 20.5 20.3 20.5 R 22.2 Imported 24.3 26.5 23 23 22.7 22.8 22.1 21.5 CAFE standards (mpg)a (model year) Passenger car 20 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 Light truck 16.0/14.0 b 19.5 20 20.2 20.2 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 a Assumes 55% city and 45% highway-miles. The source calculated average miles per gallon for light-duty vehicles by taking the reciprocal of the sales-weighted average of gallons per mile. This is called the harmonic average. b 2 Wheel Drive/4 Wheel Drive. No combined figure available for this year. KEY: CAFE = Corporate Average Fuel Economy; GVWR = gross vehicle weight rating; mpg = miles per gallon; R = revised; U = data are unavailable NOTE: The fuel effic iency figures for light duty vehicles represent the sales-weighted harmonic average of the combined passenger car and light truck fuel economies. SOURCES: Average U.S. passenger car fuel efficiency: 1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A. 1995-98: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1. New vehicle fuel efficiency (based on model year production): 1980-90: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, final fuel economy calculations for the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, as cited in Internet site www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/fuelecon/index.html. 1991-99: Manufacturer's preliminary estimates for the U.S. Department of Transportation, as cited in National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Automotive Fuel Economy Program, Twenty-Fourth Annual Report to Congress, Calendar Year 1999, Internet site www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/fuelecon/index.html. CAFE standards: 1980-99: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Automotive Fuel Economy Program, Twenty-Fourth Annual Report to Congress, Calendar Year 1999, Internet site www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/fuelecon/index.html. Below, Transportation Energy DATA book edition 20 - 2000, Table 8.1, miles per gallon for trucks 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Trucks with 6+ tires 5.8 6.1 6.2 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.8 Combination trucks 5.3 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9

1997 21.5 17.2

1998 R21.6 R17.2

1999 21.4 17.1

23.3 27.6

23.7 26.9

28.1 30

28.2 28.4

22.1

20.5 22.9

20.4 22.5

27.5 20.7

27.5 20.7

27.5 20.7

1997 7 6.1

1998 7 6.1

23.3 27.5

R

R

R

27.8 30.1 20.1

R

R

Energy Intensity of Passenger Transportation Table 13

http://www.bts.gov/btsprod/nts/Ch4_web/4-20.htm

Bureau of Transport Statistics, USDept of Transportation

Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes-Ground (Excerpts] 1960 1965 AirR Certificated air carrier Domestic operations 8,633 10,118 International operat. 9,199 10,292 HighwayB Btu per passenger mile Passenger car 4,495 4,455 Other2 axle vehicle N N Motorcycle a a N N Transit Motor Bus N N Amtrak Long distance motor bus

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1991

1992

10,185 10,986

7,746 8,465

5,272 8,866

5,047 5,103

4,932 4,546

4,671 4,609

4,841 6,810 2,500 N N

4,743 6,571 2,345 N

4,348 5,709 2,125 2,742 2,148

4,267 4,971 1,896 3,396 2,094

3,812 3,654 4,451 4,277 1,990 1,917 3,723 2,064

3,767 1,978

1993

4,564 4,258 3,703 4,256 1,990

1994

4,558 4,099

1995

4,444 4,145

3,785 4,275 2,063 4,038 2,035

3,771 4,345 2,135 3,944 2,023

1996

4,382 4,173 3,721 4,539 2,227

4,162 1,935

1997

4,183 4,108

1998 P

4,146 4,168

3,702 4,560 2,250 4,155 1,838

4,123 4,278

3,657 3,672 4,563 4,591 2,295 2,330 4,228 3,729 2,200 2,138 1000 (according to Davis 98, in Chapter 5, DOT Annual report for 1999

4,196 2,148

a Included in passenger car. b For 1995 and subsequent years, highway passenger-miles were taken directly from Highway Statistics rather than derived from vehicle-miles and average occupancy, as is the case for 1960-1994. KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised. NOTES: To calculate total Btu, multiply fuel consumed (see tables 4-21, 4-22, 4-24, 4-25) by 135,000 Btu/gallon for air carrier, 125,000 Btu/gallon for passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, and motorcycle, and 138,700 Btu/gallon for transit motor bus and Amtrak. SOURCES: Air: Certificated air carriers: Passenger-miles: 1960-99: Air Transport Association, Internet site http://www.air-transport.org/public/industry, as of July 5, 2000. Fuel consumed: 1960-99: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Internet site http://www.bts.gov/oai/fuel/fuelyearly.html, as of July 5, 2000. Highway Passenger car: 1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A. 1995-98: Ibid. Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1. Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle: 1970-94: Ibid., Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A. 1995-98: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1. Motorcycle: 1970-85: Ibid., Highway Statistics Summary to 1985, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A. 1990-98: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1. Transit motor bus: 1980-98: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: March 2000), tables 30, 42; and 65. Amtrak: 1975-98: Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department, personal communications.

Table 14

http://www.bts.gov/btsprod/nts/Ch4_web/4-21.htm

Bureau of Transport Statistics, USDept of Transportation

Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All Servicesa 1960 1965 Aircraft-miles (millions) Domestic operations 858 International operations 182 Available seat-miles (millions) Domestic operations 52,220 International operations 13,347 Passenger-miles (millions) Domestic operations 30,557 International operations 8,306 Fuel consumed (million gallons) Domestic operations 1,954 International operations 566 Seats per aircraft Domestic operations 60.9 International operations 73.3 Seat-miles per gallon Domestic operations 27 International operations 24 Energy intensiveness (Btu/passenger-mile) b Domestic operations 8,633 International operations 9,199 Load factor (%) R58.5 Domestic operations R62.2 International operations a b

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1998 P

1997

2,068 475

1,948 377

2,523 401

3,046 415

3,854 807

3,854 807

3,995 904

4,157 961

4,380 980

4,629 998

4,811 1,043

4,911 1,114

5,031 1,191

5,176 1,197

213,160 51,960

241,282 61,724

346,028 86,507

445,826 110,963

543,638 171,561

551,562 186,468

557,989 194,784

571,489 200,151

585,438 198,893

603,917 203,160

626,389 208,682

640,319 216,913

649,442 224,728

686,940 230,909

51,887 16,789

104,147 27,563

131,728 31,082

200,289 54,363

270,584 65,819

332,566 115,389

338,085 125,211

347,931 130,622

354,177 135,508

378,990 140,391

394,708 145,948

425,596 153,067

442,640 160,779

455,799 163,656

479,689 171,908

3,889 1,280

7,857 2,243

7,558 1,949

9,096 1,938

12476 R 4311

12,812 R4511

13187 R4658

13,660 4,964

13,877 5,186

14,402 5,250

103.1 109.4

123.9 163.7

137.1 215.7

133.7 203

130.5 203.6

130.2 200.1

131.1 194.7

129.1 188.7

132.7 192.9

83.6 104.0

10115 R2488

R

146.4 245.7

11506 R3940

11,637 3,945

R

R

141.1 212.6

143.1 231.1

11,763 R4,120

11959 R4113

R

R

139.7 215.5

R

137.4 208.7

R

24 23

27 23

32 32

38 45

44 41

47 47

47 47

47 47

48 49

47 46

47 45

48 45

47 44

47 43

48 44

10,118 10,292

10,185 10,986

7,746 8,465

6,131 4,813

5,047 5,103

4,671 4,610

4,647 4,253

4,564 4,258

4,558 4,099

4,444 4,161

4,382 4,173

4,183 4,108

4,146 4,168

4,123 4,278

4053 4,123

48.9 R 53

54.6 54.4

58 62.8

61.2 67.3

61.3 67.1

62.4 67.1

62 67.6

67.9 73.3

69.1 74.1

70.2 72.8

69.8 74.4

54.7 56.8

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

60.7 64.6

R R

R R

64.7 70.6

R

R

65.4 71.8

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

U.S. owned carriers only. Operation of foreign-o wned carriers in or out of the United States not included. Calculation based on unrounded figures not shown here.

KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; P = preliminary; R = revised NOTES: Aircraft-miles includes all four air-carrier groups (majors, nationals, large regionals, and medium regionals), scheduled and charter, passenger, and all-cargo. Fuel consumed includes majors, nationals, and large regionals, scheduled and charter, passenger, and all-cargo. Passenger-miles includes all four air-carrier groups, scheduled and charter, passenger service only. International operations include operations outside the United States, including those between the United States and foreign countries and the United States and its territories or possessions. Heat equivalent factor used for Btu conversion is 135,000 Btu/gallon. SOURCES: Aircraft-miles, available seat-miles, passenger-miles, and load factor: 1960-80: Air Transport Association, Internet site http://www.air-transport.org/public/industry, as of July 5, 2000. 1985-98: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington DC: Annual December issues). 1960-99: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Internet site http://www.bts.gov/oai/fuel/fuelyearly.html, as of July 5, 2000. Seats per aircraft, seat-miles per gallon, and energy intensiveness: Derived by calculation.

Comparative Analysis of per passenger mile data provided in US DOT Tables Btu/ Psgr_Mile Aircraft carriers

Domestic International Ground Passenger car Other2 axle vehicle Motorcycle

1998

Joule/ P_Mile

g CO@ / P-km GJ per P_Mile

x 1055

4,034 4255870 4,070 4293850

kg CO2/GJ IPCC, by fuel

g CO2 /P_Mile g CO@ / P-km =IxH

lb CO2/P_mile

= J/1.6093

0

71.5

304.3

189.1

0

71.5

0

69.3

307

190.8

267.4

166.2

0

73.3

342.5

212.8

0

69.3

153.8

95.6

=j/453.6 g CO@ / P-km 0.6709 0.6768

g CO@ / P-km DETR

Union Concerned Scientists pg 57,265, Consumer's Guide to Effective Environmental Choices

180long

37.7

110short

0.5895 0.7551 0.3391

These UCS impacts include

1997

3,657.00 3858135 4,427.00 4670485 2,104.00 2219720

1999

1,134 284 94,787 29,533

66.6

# of riders Bus Analysis

12

upstream

6.7

gallons per mile

lifecycle emissions

1280.6

g CO2 per mile

106.72

per mile per rider

UCS

66.31

per km per rider

66.6 66.6

DOPT 98

Transit Motor Bus Amtrak, train Long Distance Bus

3,835.00 4045925 2,200.00 2321000

0

1,000 1055000

0

0

74.1

299.7

186.2

74.1

171.9

106.8

74.1

78.1

48.5

0.6607 0.3790 0.1722

may havemisplaced a decimal place in footnoot on 265 60 train

26.6 22.2

Energy Intensity of Rail Freight, Truck Freight Table 15

http://www.bts.gov/btsprod/nts/Ch4_web/4-25.htm

Bureau of Transport Statistics, USDept of Transportation

Energy Intensity of Class I Railroad a Freight Service Revenue freight ton-miles (millions) Car-miles (millions) Tons per car load Fuel consumed (million gallons) Energy intensiveness (Btu/revenue freight ton-mile) Energy intensiveness (Btu/car-mile) a

1960 572,309 28,170 44 3,463 839 17,051

1965 697,878 29,336 49 3,592 714 16,983

1970 764,809 29,890 55 3,545 643 16,450

1975 754,252 27,656 61 3,657 672 18,341

1980 918,958 29,277 67 3,904 589 18,495

1985 876,984 24,920 68 3,110 492 17,310

1990 1,033,969 26,159 67 3,115 418 16,516

1991 1,038,875 25,628 66 2,906 388 15,727

1992 1,066,781 26,128 66 3,005 391 15,952

1993 1,109,309 26,883 64 3,088 386 15,932

1994 1,200,701 28,485 63 3,334 385 16,234

1995 1,305,688 30,383 65 3,480 370 15,886

1996 1,355,975 31,715 67 3,579 366 15,652

1990 440838.44 0 0.03 0.02 0 331.9 301.9

1991 409318.37 0 0.03 0.02 0 357.5 280.3

1992 412190.64 0 0.03 0.02 0 355.0 282.3

1993 407336.83 0 0.03 0.02 0 359.2 278.9

1994 406316.8 0 0.03 0.02 0 360.1 278.2

1995 390003.72 0 0.03 0.02 0 375.2 267.1

1996 386223.71 0 0.03 0.02 0 378.9 264.5

1997 ### 31,660 63 3,575 368 15,662

1998 ### 32,657 64 3583 361 15218

Class I railroads are those that have operating revenues of $255 million or more.

KEY: Btu = British thermal unit

NOTE: The heat equivalent factor used for Btu conversion is 138,700 Btu/gallon.

SOURCE: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: November 2000), pp. 34, 37, and 40.

Converting to other units Joules per ton mile (@1055/btu) Gigajoules per ton mile (@ 10^9 per) Kg CO2 per ton mile (74.067/gj) Kg CO2 per tonne-km Gallons per ton-mile Ton-miles per gallon Kj/tonne-km

1960 885423.08 0 0.07 0.04 0.01 165.3 606.3

1965 753157.39 0 0.06 0.04 0.01 194.3 515.7

1970 678253.7 0 0.05 0.03 0 215.7 464.4

1975 709475.51 0 0.05 0.04 0 206.2 485.8

1980 621645.89 0 0.05 0.03 0 235.4 425.7

1985 518916.69 0 0.04 0.03 0 282.0 355.3

The following values are drawn from "Comprehensive Truck Size and Weight (TS&W) Study" Phase 1-Synthesis, Working Paper 12, Feb, 1995, by Batelle Team for Federal Highway Admin and US Dept of Transportation Study summarized For year Truck Rail Ratio kJ/tonne-km Rail to Truck Truck to Rail Bronzinei, pg 6 1972 1,693 496 0.29 3.41 Rose, pg 6 1977 2045 636 0.31 3.22 Transport Canada 1976 1631 396 0.24 4.12 Kahn ? 1357 313 0.23 4.34 US DOT/FRA Rail vs Truck Efficiency: The Relative Fuel Efficiency of Truck Competitive Rail Freight and Truck Operations Compared in a range of corridors (1991) Container truck Rail Ratio 1. This factor is very general and should only be used if more specific data is not available. Data on specifc a fleet, equipment ton miles per type,gallon company, transportation contractor, region, national, etc will often be more accurate (fleet-specific is generally most accurate, while national factors are generally least accurate). Steps Range: 90-140 300-1000 should be taken to determine appropriate, accurate factors for your specific situation. Compare at: 110 400 3.64 1 These In comparison comparative with other studies datasuggest sources,rail thisis factor 3 to may 4 times be near morethe efficient smallerthat endtrucks of the spectrum per ton-mile of estimates or tonne-km. of freight weight-distance factors. US Dept. of Energy data suggests US economy truck freight wide Therefore truckthat freight is estimated at 3.6 times .02kg kgCO2/tonne-km CO2/tonne_kmis 2 to 3.5 times larger than .72 kg CO2/tonne-km. (Transportation Energy Data Book, 23rd Ed., US DOE, Tables 2.14, 2.15, A.6. http://www-cta.ornl.gov/data/Index.html). However, this tool continue to cite this factor as a general estimate based on peerreviewed studies.

1997 ### Joules per ton mile (@1055/btu) 0 Gigajoules per ton mile (@ 10^9 per) 0.03 kg CO2 per ton mile (74.067/gj) 0.02 kg CO2 per tonne-km 0 gallons per ton-mile 377.3 ton-miles per gallon 265.6 Kj/tonne-km

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Frequently Asked Questions for Mobile Sources Module Excel mechanics

When I save the file, I get a message from Excel saying it is in an earlier version. What do I do? This workbook was deliberately designed as an Excel 95 file, so that users with Excel 95 could use it. You may sav in any version of Excel (5/95 or higher), but if saved as a Excel 97 document, someone using Excel 95 will not be ab You may click either the yes or the no buttons on the dialog box that Excel presents when you save the file. I get a message from Excel saying a cell is protected. What do I do? Worksheets have been protected to restrict data entry to cells shaded yellow and light blue. If you must unprotect a go to the Tools menu and select the Protection subcommand. Select the option to unprotect sheet, which toggles. When the file was distributed, there was no password. Generally, keep worksheets protected to prevent errors. To make a cell editable when the sheet is protected, first unprotect the sheet. Then select the cell, and using the Fo activate the protection tab on the command dialog box and make sure the Locked option is not checked. (It toggles re-protect the worksheet using the Tools Protection Command. How can I insert rows (without messing up the twisties and the rows they collapse and hide)? Select a data entry row you would like to copy, then click on the "Add a Line" button located near the top of each wo How can I delete a row? We are not expecting users to delete rows. However, if you wish to delete a row, select the entire row and delete it Deleting a row will create errors, because it confuses the numbering scheme in hidden column A that is used to disp number of rows in each section. To rememdy these errors, after deleting a row, USE THE TOOLS/ MACRO COMM and run the FIX ROWS macro before re-protecting the worksheet. This updates the row numbering scheme in hidd column A, which is used so the "Twisties" can open and close the correct number of rows in the section below them The workbook pauses to calculate each time I add a number. Can I speed this up? Under the tools menu, select the Options subcommand, then the tab labeled Calculation. Set calculation to manua turns off Excel's default setting which is to recalculate the entire sheet with every change. Enter as much data as yo press on the F9 button to calculate the entire worksheet at once.

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Module

could use it. You may save it using Excel 95 will not be able to open it. n you save the file.

ue. If you must unprotect a worksheet, otect sheet, which toggles. ected to prevent errors. ct the cell, and using the Format Cell command is not checked. (It toggles). Finally,

ted near the top of each worksheet page.

the entire row and delete it using the Edit menu delete command. olumn A that is used to display and collapse the appropriate E TOOLS/ MACRO COMMAND numbering scheme in hidden s in the section below them.

. Set calculation to manual- this . Enter as much data as you like, then

Macros

MACROS PAGE This page contains macros (programs) automate that features of this workbook. Do not modify this page! Last revised 10/10/2001 David Cross 203-776-2358 ext 225 Welcome Auto Open macro, runs when file opens #MACRO? #MACRO? Assigns address of worksheet to variable name #MACRO? Assigns name of workbook to variable name #MACRO? gets pathway name of macro file Err:502 Checks to see if in DOS or Mac environment #MACRO? Sets file separator for MAC #MACRO? skips to rest of welcome Macro Err:502 sets proper DOS name turns off calculation? =OPTIONS.CALCULATION(3,,,0.001,,FALSE) #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? these rows set screen to be viewable on most computers #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? to make sure column A has the right numbers so that #MACRO? twisties and totals reference correct rows.

Addrow

Adds a row above the row #MACRO? the calling button is on

=ECHO(FALSE) #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? get reference of cell #MACRO? get location of "C" #MACRO? get row #MACRO?

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Macros #MACRO? #MACRO? copy down repeated material from above #MACRO? #MACRO? correct row numbering scheme in column A #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? ShowCloseblock

opens and closes "twisty" sections #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? get reference of cell #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? get rows to do #MACRO? get status of section #MACRO? if open, close, otherwise open

Close section #MACRO? #MACRO? install closed button #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? Open section #MACRO? #MACRO? install closed button #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO?

Fix_Sheets #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? turn off screen refresh

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Macros #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? Fix_rows #MACRO? Fixes row numbering so twisty boxes #MACRO? select proper number of rows, also, totals work #MACRO? correct row numbering scheme in column A #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? Go_Home #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? Go_Introduction #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? Go_D1_Road #MACRO? #MACRO? Go_Reference #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? Go_FAQ #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? Go_D1_air #MACRO? #MACRO? Go_D1_boat

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Macros #MACRO? #MACRO? Go_D1_rail #MACRO? #MACRO? Go_In2_Distance #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? Go_In2_Rail #MACRO? #MACRO? Go_In2_Boat #MACRO? #MACRO? Go_In2_Air #MACRO? #MACRO?

Add_Data_Row #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? 0 #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? what shade is it? 0 #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? Alert here #MACRO? #MACRO?

get_color

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Macros #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? zSee_full_size #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? turn off screen refresh #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO? #MACRO?

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Macros

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Macros

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Macros

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Macros

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Macros

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Version 1.0 October 2001

Version 1.1 September 2003 Fixed Macros leading from introduction to calculation pages.

Version 1.2 October 2003 Added passenger train emission factors based on distance and type of service such as intercity, commuter, and subway. These are particularly applicable to commuting emission estimates. Version 1.3 January 2005 Updated Table 5.4 in the guidance to correct the "Litres fuel per km" values.