Migration
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Migration's benefits don't go down to the poor?
Economic benefits of international labor migration "have not trickled down to the poor and less developed regions in the country." In sharp contrast, Go added, the regions in Mindanao, which have high levels of poverty incidence, have the lowest proportion of OFWs. These include the conflict-ridden Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (the poorest region where the smallest proportion of migrant workers come from), Central Mindanao (region 12), Southern Mindanao (region 11), Northern Mindanao (region 10), and Western Mindanao (region 9). Poverty incidence versus number of OFWs per region The National Capital Region, according to the 1997 FIES, has 6.4 percent of its residents at or below the poverty threshold, and contributes 19.1 percent of the country's total OFWs. Impacts on OFW, family, community vary accordingly Urban families benefit more from migration than rural families 'The most disquieting aspect of international labor migration'
Table 1: Remittance figures (from Go, 2002; Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) January to July 1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2001
Total (in US$ million)
5,741,835 7,367,989 6,794,550 6,050,450 6,031,271 4,263,594 3,416,044
Land-based (in US$ million)
5,484,223 7,093,440 5,948,341 5,123,773 4,937,922
Sea-based (in US$ million)
257,612
274,549
846,209
926,677 1,093,349
Remittances as % of Export Earnings 1
22.8 percent
16.7 percent
19.4 percent
Not Not available available
Remittances as % of Gross National Product (GNP) 2
6.6 percent
7.1 percent
8.7 percent
Not available
Not available
Remittances/OFW (US$)Total
$7,679.4
$8,859.6
$8,117.5
$7,189.0
$7,194.7
Land-based
$9,806.8 $11,112.3 $9,289.5
$7,964.8
$7,770.9
Sea-based
$1,366.9
$4,672.5
$5,334.5
$1,420.3
$4,302.3
3,560,995 2,804,910 702,599
611,134
1 - From 1990 to 1999, the percentage of remittances to export earnings is 20.3 percent 2 - From 1990 to 1999, the percentage of remittances to GNP is 5.2 percent
Table 2: 1997 Distribution of OFWs and Poverty Incidence of Families by Region (Go, 2002) Island Group / Region Philippines
% Distribution of OFWs 100.00
National Capital Region
19.1
Luzon
53.2
* Cordillera Autonomous Region
Rank
Poverty Incidence of Families (%)
Rank
31.8
1
6.4
15
30.1
2.0
12
42.5
5
12.6
3
37.8
10
5.0
6
32.1
12
* Region 3: Central Luzon
12.0
4
15.4
14
* Region 4: Southern Tagalog
18.9
2
25.7
13
2.7
9
50.1
2
* Region 1: Ilocos * Region 2: Cagayan Valley
* Region 5: Bicol Visayas
15.4
38.2
* Region 6: Western Visayas
9.4
5
39.9
8
* Region 7: Central Visayas
4.2
7
34.4
11
* Region 8: Eastern Visayas
1.8
14
40.8
6
Mindanao
12.3
44.6
* Region 9: Western Mindanao
3.0
8
40.1
7
* Region 10: Northern Mindanao
1.3
15
47.0
4
* Region 11: Southern Mindanao
2.6
10
38.2
9
* Region 12: Central Mindanao
2.4
11
50.0
3
* Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
1.9
13
57.3
1
Economic benefits of international labor migration "have not trickled down to the poor and less developed regions in the country." In sharp contrast, Go added, the regions in Mindanao, which have high levels of poverty incidence, have the lowest proportion of OFWs. These include the conflict-ridden Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (the poorest region where the smallest proportion of migrant workers come from), Central Mindanao (region 12), Southern Mindanao (region 11), Northern Mindanao (region 10), and Western Mindanao (region 9). Poverty incidence versus number of OFWs per region The National Capital Region, according to the 1997 FIES, has 6.4 percent of its residents at or below the poverty threshold, and contributes 19.1 percent of the country's total OFWs. Impacts on OFW, family, community vary accordingly Urban families benefit more from migration than rural families 'The most disquieting aspect of international labor migration'
Table 1: Remittance figures (from Go, 2002; Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) January to July 1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2001
Total (in US$ million)
5,741,835 7,367,989 6,794,550 6,050,450 6,031,271 4,263,594 3,416,044
Land-based (in US$ million)
5,484,223 7,093,440 5,948,341 5,123,773 4,937,922
Sea-based (in US$ million)
257,612
274,549
846,209
926,677 1,093,349
Remittances as % of Export Earnings 1
22.8 percent
16.7 percent
19.4 percent
Not Not available available
Remittances as % of Gross National Product (GNP) 2
6.6 percent
7.1 percent
8.7 percent
Not available
Not available
Remittances/OFW (US$)Total
$7,679.4
$8,859.6
$8,117.5
$7,189.0
$7,194.7
Land-based
$9,806.8 $11,112.3 $9,289.5
$7,964.8
$7,770.9
Sea-based
$1,366.9
$4,672.5
$5,334.5
$1,420.3
$4,302.3
3,560,995 2,804,910 702,599
611,134
1 - From 1990 to 1999, the percentage of remittances to export earnings is 20.3 percent 2 - From 1990 to 1999, the percentage of remittances to GNP is 5.2 percent
Table 2: 1997 Distribution of OFWs and Poverty Incidence of Families by Region (Go, 2002) Island Group / Region Philippines
% Distribution of OFWs 100.00
National Capital Region
19.1
Luzon
53.2
* Cordillera Autonomous Region
Rank
Poverty Incidence of Families (%)
Rank
31.8
1
6.4
15
30.1
2.0
12
42.5
5
12.6
3
37.8
10
5.0
6
32.1
12
* Region 3: Central Luzon
12.0
4
15.4
14
* Region 4: Southern Tagalog
18.9
2
25.7
13
2.7
9
50.1
2
* Region 1: Ilocos * Region 2: Cagayan Valley
* Region 5: Bicol Visayas
15.4
38.2
* Region 6: Western Visayas
9.4
5
39.9
8
* Region 7: Central Visayas
4.2
7
34.4
11
* Region 8: Eastern Visayas
1.8
14
40.8
6
Mindanao
12.3
44.6
* Region 9: Western Mindanao
3.0
8
40.1
7
* Region 10: Northern Mindanao
1.3
15
47.0
4
* Region 11: Southern Mindanao
2.6
10
38.2
9
* Region 12: Central Mindanao
2.4
11
50.0
3
* Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
1.9
13
57.3
1
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