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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
ECE212 COMMUNICATIONS IV MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS
MICROWAVE PROJECT DESIGN OF MICROWAVE SYSTEM FROM SANTA ANA, BULACAN TO ANGONO, RIZAL
SUBMITTED BY: MARY GRACE ANNE P. VICTORIO 5 ECE – C SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. IRINEO P. QUINTO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
OBJECTIVES ...............................................................................
1
II.
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................
2
III.
SITE DEMOGRAPHY AND DESCRIPTION
IV.
A. NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION ...........................................
3
B. CENTRAL LUZON .................................................................
13
C. SOUTHERN TAGALOG ........................................................
22
PATH DATA A. CALCULATION SHEET ........................................................
32
B. PATH PROFILE ......................................................................
52
C. TRANSMISSION CALCULATION ......................................
61
D. AZIMUTH CALCULATION .................................................
71
V.
CONCLUSION ..............................................................................
74
VI.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................
75
VII.
SPECIFICATION SHEETS .........................................................
76
VIII. MAP ........................................................ SEE ATTACHED ENVELOPE
INTRODUCTION
Microwave technology is vastly used today especially in broadcast and telecommunications as relays and satellite. A microwave system is widely used for its practicality in terms of economic costs, flexibility, and reliability. It is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a frequency ranges from 300MHz to 300GHz. Due to the high frequency, more information can be carried making it ideal for high data rate applications. In addition, this high frequency also limits microwave transmission to a line of sight between the transmitter and receiver. It is not able to penetrate the earth’s surface requiring the placement of repeaters for long ranges. Good microwave transmission engineering should be done in order to meet requirements of carrying information reliably from one point to another. Effort should be made in design that involves data gathering of site data such as terrain, weather, and elevation. These will be the primary deciding factors to be considered to make decisions in others such as equipment and antenna.
I.
SITE DEMOGRAPHY AND DESCRIPTION
II.
PATH DATA
A. CALCULATION SHEET MICROWAVE PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEET CUSTOMER UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS PROJECT NO. 1 FREQUENCY 6.585 GHz SITE A R LATITUDE 15o5’40.54”N 14o53’2.43”N LONGITUDE 120o46’3.03”E 121o3’24.55”E SITE ELEVATION (m) 10 100 TOWER HEIGHT (ft) 50 200 TOWER TYPE SS SS o o AZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 126 3’00.91” 306 3’02.82” PATH LENGTH (km) 41 PATH ATTENUATION (dB) 140.4259425 RIGID WAVEGUIDE (m) N/A N/A FLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE (m) 20.1 22.1 WAVEGUIDE LENGTH (m) 20.1 22.1 WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB) 0.9140475 1.0049975 CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5 CIRCULATOR OR HYBRID LOSS (dB) N/A N/A RADOME LOSS (dB) 0.5u 0.5u TOTAL FIXED LOSSES (dB) 1.9140475 2.0049975 TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 144.3449875 PARABOLA HEIGHT (m) 14 16 PARABOLA DIAMETER (ft) 8 8 REFLECTOR HEIGHT (m) N/A N/A REFLECTOR SIZE, TYPE (m) N/A N/A PARABOLA REFLECTOR SEP. (m) N/A N/A ANTENNA SYSTEM GAIN (dB) 42.21197799 42.21197799 TOTAL GAINS (dB) 84.42395599 NET PATH LOSS (dB) 56.8930423 TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 29 MED. RECEIVED POWER (±2 dB) (dBm) -31.8120873 RECEIVER NOISE THRESHOLD N/A THEORETICAL RF C/N RATIO N/A PRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -72 FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.1879127 RELIABILITY (%) 99.99779896 PROFILE NUMBER 1 ENGINEER: J.D.C.
Date: January 13, 2007
MICROWAVE PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEET CUSTOMER UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS PROJECT NO. 1 FREQUENCY 6.729 GHz SITE R A LATITUDE 14o53’2.43”N 15o5’40.54”N LONGITUDE 121o3’24.55”E 120o46’3.03”E SITE ELEVATION (m) 100 10 TOWER HEIGHT (ft) 200 50 TOWER TYPE SS SS AZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 306o3’02.82” 126o3’00.91” PATH LENGTH (km) 41 PATH ATTENUATION (dB) 140.8714704 RIGID WAVEGUIDE (m) N/A N/A FLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE (m) 22.1 20.1 WAVEGUIDE LENGTH (m) 22.1 20.1 WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB) 0.97903 0.89043 CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5 CIRCULATOR OR HYBRID LOSS (dB) N/A N/A RADOME LOSS (dB) 0.5u 0.5u TOTAL FIXED LOSSES (dB) 1.97903 1.89043 TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 144.7409304 PARABOLA HEIGHT (m) 16 14 PARABOLA DIAMETER (ft) 8 8 REFLECTOR HEIGHT (m) N/A N/A REFLECTOR SIZE, TYPE (m) N/A N/A PARABOLA REFLECTOR SEP. (m) N/A N/A ANTENNA SYSTEM GAIN (dB) 42.21197799 42.21197799 TOTAL GAINS (dB) 84.42395599 NET PATH LOSS (dB) 56.44751441 TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 29 MED. RECEIVED POWER (±2 dB) (dBm) -31.31697441 RECEIVER NOISE THRESHOLD N/A THEORETICAL RF C/N RATIO N/A PRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -72 FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.68302559 RELIABILITY (%) 99.99793275 PROFILE NUMBER 2 ENGINEER: J.D.C.
Date: January 13, 2007
MICROWAVE PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEET CUSTOMER UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS PROJECT NO. 1 FREQUENCY 6.636 GHz SITE B R LATITUDE 14o31’55.14”N 14o53’2.43”N LONGITUDE 121o19’10”E 121o3’24.55”E SITE ELEVATION (m) 60 100 TOWER HEIGHT (ft) 200 200 TOWER TYPE SS SS o o AZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 344 45’08.02” 164 45’06.96” PATH LENGTH (km) 35 PATH ATTENUATION (dB) 140.7527548 RIGID WAVEGUIDE (m) N/A N/A FLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE (m) 66.1 60.1 WAVEGUIDE LENGTH (m) 66.1 60.1 WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB) 2.990364 2.718924 CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5 CIRCULATOR OR HYBRID LOSS (dB) N/A N/A RADOME LOSS (dB) 0.5u 0.5u TOTAL FIXED LOSSES (dB) 3.990364 3.718924 TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 148.4620428 PARABOLA HEIGHT (m) 60 54 PARABOLA DIAMETER (ft) 10 10 REFLECTOR HEIGHT (m) N/A N/A REFLECTOR SIZE, TYPE (m) N/A N/A PARABOLA REFLECTOR SEP. (m) N/A N/A ANTENNA SYSTEM GAIN (dB) 43.81155497 43.81155497 TOTAL GAINS (dB) 87.62310993 NET PATH LOSS (dB) 53.12964486 TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 29 MED. RECEIVED POWER (±2 dB) (dBm) -31.83893286 RECEIVER NOISE THRESHOLD N/A THEORETICAL RF C/N RATIO N/A PRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -72 FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.16106714 RELIABILITY (%) 99.99984881 PROFILE NUMBER 3 ENGINEER: J.D.C.
Date: January 13, 2007
MICROWAVE PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEET CUSTOMER UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS PROJECT NO. 1 FREQUENCY 6.824 GHz SITE R B LATITUDE 14o53’2.43”N 14o31’55.14”N LONGITUDE 121o3’24.55”E 121o19’10”E SITE ELEVATION (m) 100 60 TOWER HEIGHT (ft) 200 200 TOWER TYPE SS SS o o AZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 164 45’06.96” 344 45’08.02” PATH LENGTH (km) 35 PATH ATTENUATION (dB) 141.1929686 RIGID WAVEGUIDE (m) N/A N/A FLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE (m) 60.1 66.1 WAVEGUIDE LENGTH (m) 60.1 66.1 WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB) 2.6436788 2.9076068 CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5 CIRCULATOR OR HYBRID LOSS (dB) N/A N/A RADOME LOSS (dB) 0.5u 0.5u TOTAL FIXED LOSSES (dB) 3.6436788 3.9076068 TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 148.7442542 PARABOLA HEIGHT (m) 54 60 PARABOLA DIAMETER (ft) 8 8 REFLECTOR HEIGHT (m) N/A N/A REFLECTOR SIZE, TYPE (m) N/A N/A PARABOLA REFLECTOR SEP. (m) N/A N/A ANTENNA SYSTEM GAIN (dB) 44.25176876 44.25176876 TOTAL GAINS (dB) 88.50353753 NET PATH LOSS (dB) 52.68943106 TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 29 MED. RECEIVED POWER (±2 dB) (dBm) -31.24071666 RECEIVER NOISE THRESHOLD N/A THEORETICAL RF C/N RATIO N/A PRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -72 FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.75928334 RELIABILITY (%) 99.99986142 PROFILE NUMBER 4 ENGINEER: J.D.C.
Date: January 13, 2007
B. TRANSMISSION CALCULATION Transmitter Output Power (Pt) = 29 dBm Receiver Threshold = -72 dBm Reliability = 99.99% Fade Margin (FM) = 38 dB Waveguide Length (from antenna base): 6.1 m allowance to equipment Radome Loss = 0.5 dB Connector Loss = 0.5 dB A TO R Frequency = 6.585 GHz Distance = 41 km Waveguide Loss (at 6.46Ghz) = 4.5475 dB/100m Antenna Height (A) = 14m Antenna Height (R) = 16m Receiver Signal level (RSL) = FM + Receiver Threshold RSL = 38 dB – 72 dB RSL = -34 dB Free Space Loss (FSL) = 92.4 + 20log F (GHz) + 20log D(km) FSL = 92.4 + 20log(6.46) + 20log(39) FSL = 140.4259425 dB Waveguide Loss A = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss A = 4.5475 * (14 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss A = 0.9140475 dB Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 4.5475 * (16 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 1.0049975 dB Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss A + Waveguide Loss R Total Waveguide Loss = 0.9140475 + 1.0049975 Total Waveguide Loss = 1.919045 dB Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Connector Loss = 1 dB Total Radome Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Radome Loss = 1 dB Total Fixed Losses A = Waveguide Loss A + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses A = 0.9140475 + 0.5 + 0.5
Total Fixed Losses A = 1.9140475 dB Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses R = 1.0049975 + 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses R = 2.0049975 dB Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Losses = 140.4259425 + 1.919045 + 1 + 1 Total Losses = 144.3449875 dB Total Antenna Gain = RSL – Pt + Total Losses Total Antenna Gain = -34 – 29 + 144.3587025 Total Antenna Gain = 81.3449875 dB Antenna Gain = Total Antenna Gain / 2 Antenna Gain = 81.3449875 / 2 Antenna Gain = 40.67249375 dB Antenna Diameter (B): Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log B (ft) 40.67935125 = 7.5 + 20log (6.46) + 20log B B = 7.053296968 ft Note: Antenna chosen is 8 ft. REVERSE CALCULATION Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log D (ft) Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log (6.46) + 20log 8 Antenna Gain = 41.7664501 dB Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 41.7664501 * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 83.5329002 dB Net Path Loss = Free Space Loss – Total Antenna Gain Net Path Loss = 140.4259425 - 83.5329002 Net Path Loss = 56.8930423 dB Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna Gain – Total Losses Receiver Signal Level = 29 + 83.5329002 - 144.3587025 Receiver Signal Level = -31.8120873 dB Fade Margin = Receiver Signal Level – Receiver Threshold Fade Margin = -31.8120873 + 72 Fade Margin = 40.1879127 dB
Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6 Undp = 2.5*4*0.25*6.54*(39/1.609344)^3*10^(-1*40.1879127/10)*10^-6 Undp = 2.20104 x 10^-05 Reliability = (1 - Undp)*100% Reliability = (1 - 2.20104 x 10^-05)*100% Reliability = 99.99779896%
R TO A Frequency = 6.8GHz Distance = 39km Waveguide Loss (at 6.8Ghz) = 4.43 dB/100m Antenna Height (A) = 14m Antenna Height (R) = 16m Receiver Signal level (RSL) = FM + Receiver Threshold RSL = 38 dB – 72 dB RSL = -34 dB Free Space Loss (FSL) = 92.4 + 20log F (GHz) + 20log D(km) FSL = 92.4 + 20log(6.8) + 20log(39) FSL = 140.8714704 dB Waveguide Loss A = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss A = 4.43 * (14 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss A = 0.89043 dB Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 4.43 * (16 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 0.97903 dB Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss A + Waveguide Loss R Total Waveguide Loss = 0.89043 + 0.97903 Total Waveguide Loss = 1.86946 dB Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Connector Loss = 1 dB Total Radome Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Radome Loss = 1 dB Total Fixed Losses A = Waveguide Loss A + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses A = 0.89043 + 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses A = 1.89043dB Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses R = 0.97903 + 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses R = 1.97903dB Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Losses = 140.8714704 + 1.86946 + 1 + 1 dB Total Losses = 144.7409304 dB
Total Antenna Gain = RSL – Pt + Total Losses Total Antenna Gain = -34 – 29 + 144.7409304 Total Antenna Gain = 81.74093039 dB Antenna Gain = Total Antenna Gain / 2 Antenna Gain = 81.74093039 / 2 Antenna Gain = 40.8704652 dB Antenna Diameter (B): Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log B (ft) 40.8704652 = 7.5 + 20log (6.8) + 20log B B = 6.855108723 ft Note: Antenna chosen is 8 ft. REVERSE CALCULATION Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log D (ft) Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log (6.8) + 20log 8 Antenna Gain = 42.21197799 dB Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 42.21197799 * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 84.42395599 dB Net Path Loss = Free Space Loss – Total Antenna Gain Net Path Loss = 140.8714704 - 84.42395599 Net Path Loss = 56.44751441 dB Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna Gain – Total Losses Receiver Signal Level = 29 + 84.42395599 - 144.7409304 Receiver Signal Level = -31.31697441 dB Fade Margin = Receiver Signal Level – Receiver Threshold Fade Margin = -31.31697441 + 72 Fade Margin = 40.68302559 dB Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6 Undp = 2.5*4*0.25*6.8*(39/1.609344)^3*10^(-40.6830229/10)*10^-6 Undp = 2.06725 x 10^-05 Reliability = (1 - Undp)*100% Reliability = (1 - 2.06725 x 10^-05)*100% Reliability = 99.99793275%
B TO R Frequency = 6.54GHz Distance = 40km Waveguide Loss (at 6.54Ghz) = 4.524 dB/100m Antenna Height (B) = 60m Antenna Height (R) = 54m Receiver Signal level (RSL) = FM + Receiver Threshold RSL = 38 dB – 72 dB RSL = -34 dB Free Space Loss (FSL) = 92.4 + 20log F (GHz) + 20log D(km) FSL = 92.4 + 20log(6.54) + 20log(40) FSL = 140.7527548 dB Waveguide Loss B = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss B = 4.524* (60 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss B = 2.990364 dB Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 4.524* (54 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 2.718924 dB Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss B + Waveguide Loss R Total Waveguide Loss = 2.990364 + 2.718924 Total Waveguide Loss = 5.709288 dB Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Connector Loss = 1 dB Total Radome Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Radome Loss = 1 dB Total Fixed Losses B = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses A = 2.990364+ 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses A = 3.990364 dB Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses R = 2.718924 + 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses R = 3.718924 dB Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Losses = 140.7527548 + 5.709288 + 1 + 1 Total Losses = 148.4620428 dB
Total Antenna Gain = RSL – Pt + Total Losses Total Antenna Gain = -34 – 29 + 5.709288 Total Antenna Gain = 85.46204279 dB Antenna Gain = Total Antenna Gain / 2 Antenna Gain = 85.55252279 / 2 Antenna Gain = 42.7310214 dB Antenna Diameter (B): Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log B (ft) 42.7310214 = 7.5 + 20log (6.54) + 20log B B = 8.830256549 ft Note: Antenna chosen is 10 ft. REVERSE CALCULATION Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log D (ft) Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log (6.54) + 20log 10 Antenna Gain = 43.81155497 dB Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 43.81155497 * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 87.62310993 dB Net Path Loss = Free Space Loss – Total Antenna Gain Net Path Loss = 140.7527548 - 87.62310993 Net Path Loss = 53.12964486 dB Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna Gain – Total Losses Receiver Signal Level = 29 + 87.62310993 - 148.5525228 Receiver Signal Level = -31.92941286 dB Fade Margin = Receiver Signal Level – Receiver Threshold Fade Margin = -31.92941286 + 72 Fade Margin = 40.07058714 dB Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6 Undp = 2.5*0.25*0.25*6.54*(40/1.609344)^3*10^(-40.07058714/10)*10^-6 Undp = 1.5119 x 10^-06 Reliability = (1 - Undp)*100% Reliability = (1 - 1.5119 x 10^-06)*100% Reliability = 99.99984881%
R TO B Frequency = 6.88GHz Distance = 40km Waveguide Loss (at 6.88Ghz) = 4.3988 dB/100m Antenna Height (B) = 60m Antenna Height (R) = 56m Receiver Signal level (RSL) = FM + Receiver Threshold RSL = 38 dB – 72 dB RSL = -34 dB Free Space Loss (FSL) = 92.4 + 20log F (GHz) + 20log D(km) FSL = 92.4 + 20log(6.88) + 20log(40) FSL = 141.1929686 dB Waveguide Loss B = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss B = 4.3988* (60 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss B = 2.9076068 dB Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 4.3988* (54 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 2.6436788 dB Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss A + Waveguide Loss R Total Waveguide Loss = 2.9076068 + 2.6436788 Total Waveguide Loss = 5.5512856 dB Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per site Total Connector Loss = 1 dB Total Radome Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Radome Loss = 1 dB Total Fixed Losses B = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses A = 2.9076068 + 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses A = 3.9076068 dB Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss R + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses R = 2.6436788 + 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses R = 3.6436788 dB Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Losses = 141.1929686 + 5.5512856 + 1 + 1 Total Losses = 148.8322302 dB
Total Antenna Gain = RSL – Pt + Total Losses Total Antenna Gain = -34 – 29 + 148.8322302 Total Antenna Gain = 85.74425419 dB Antenna Gain = Total Antenna Gain / 2 Antenna Gain = 85.74425419 / 2 Antenna Gain = 42.8721271 dB Antenna Diameter (B): Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log B (ft) 42.8721271 = 7.5 + 20log (6.88) + 20log B B = 8.531353089 ft Note: Antenna chosen is 10 ft. REVERSE CALCULATION Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log D (ft) Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log (6.88) + 20log 10 Antenna Gain = 44.25176876 dB Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 44.25176876 * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 88.50353753 dB Net Path Loss = Free Space Loss – Total Antenna Gain Net Path Loss = 141.1929686 - 88.50353753 Net Path Loss = 52.68943106 dB Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna Gain – Total Losses Receiver Signal Level = 29 + 88.50353753 - 148.7442542 Receiver Signal Level = -31.24071666 dB Fade Margin = Receiver Signal Level – Receiver Threshold Fade Margin = -31.24071666 + 72 Fade Margin = 40.75928334 dB Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6 Undp = 2.5*0.25*0.25*6.88*(40/1.609344)^3*10^(-40.67130734/10)*10^-6 Undp = 1.38584 x 10^-06 Reliability = (1 - Undp)*100% Reliability = (1 - 1.4142 x 10^-06)*100% Reliability = 99.99986142%
Overreach Interference Criteria The sites A and B do not have major obstructions between them and have line of sight. Because of this, the total discrimination should be calculated with a minimum of 50db needed. Distance Discrimination = 20log(AB/RB) Distance Discrimination = 20log(74.65/40) Distance Discrimination = 5.419 dB Antenna A Discrimination = 30 dB Antenna B Discrimination = 32 dB Total Discrimination = Distance + Antenna A + Antenna B Discriminations Total Discrimination = 5.419 + 30 + 32 Total Discrimination = 67.419 dB Distance Discrimination = 20log(AB/RA) Distance Discrimination = 20log(74.65/39) Distance Discrimination = 5.639 dB Antenna A Discrimination = 30 dB Antenna B Discrimination = 32 dB Total Discrimination = Distance + Antenna A + Antenna B Discriminations Total Discrimination = 5.639 + 30 + 32 Total Discrimination = 67.639 dB Based on the calculation, the total discrimination for each exceeds the 50 dB requirement.
C. AZIMUTH CALCULATION SITE A AND R Site A: Latitude: Longitude:
15o5’40.54”N 120o46’3.03”E
A
Site R: Latitude: Longitude:
14o53’2.43”N 121o3’24.55”E
r
r = Latitude A – Latitude R r = 15o5’40.54” - 14o53’2.43” r = 0o12’38.11” a = Longitude A – Longitude R a = 121o3’24.55” - 120o46’3.03” a = 0o17’21.52” Using Napier’s Rule: sin(a) = cot(R) * tan(r) sin(0o17’21.52”) = cot(R) * tan(0o12’38.11”) R = 36o3’02.82” sin(r) = tan(a) * cot(A) sin(0o12’38.11”) = tan(0o17’21.52”) * cot(A) A = 53o56’59.09” Azimuth from True North: A1 = 180o – A A1 = 180o - 53o56’59.09” A1 = 126o3’00.91” R1 = 270o + R R1 = 270o + 36o3’02.82” R1 = 306o3’02.82”
a
R
SITE B AND R Site B: Latitude: Longitude:
14o31’55.14”N 121o19’10”E
Site R: Latitude: Longitude:
14o53’2.43”N 121o3’24.55”E
b = Latitude R – Latitude B b = 14o53’2.43” - 14o31’55.14” b = 0o21’07.29” r = Longitude B – Longitude R r = 121o19’10”- 121o3’24.55” r = 0o5’45.45” Using Napier’s Rule: sin(r) = cot(B) * tan(b) sin(0o5’45.45”) = cot(B) * tan(0o21’07.29”) B = 74o45’08.02” sin(b) = tan(r) * cot(R) sin(0o21’07.29”) = tan(0o5’45.45”) * cot(R) R = 15o14’53.04” Azimuth from True North: R1 = 180o – R R1 = 180o - 15o14’53.04” R1 = 164o45’06.96” B1 = 270o + B B1 = 270o + 74o45’08.02” B1 = 344o45’08.02”
R
b
r
B
III.
CONCLUSION
There are numerous factors that must be considered when designing a microwave system. First of all, you must meet the design requirements such as traffic capacity, frequency, reliability, and location. Once the primary requirements have been considered, additional requirements for transmitter site and geographical path of the microwave signal should be surveyed for suitability. The equipment will have to be chosen to meet the requirements. All of these can be supported by design computations such as losses, gain, signal levels, and reflection.
The designed microwave transmission system is capable of carrying at least the requirement of 1,200 voice channels with room to spare. In addition, the system reliability has exceeded the minimum requirements of 99.99% this further reducing system downtime. The most important in designing this microwave system is being able to correctly survey the path taken of the microwave as it will dictate the items needed to build the system.
IV.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank the Lord for guide me in this project.
I would like to thank Engr. Irineo Quinto for the explanations and discussions in proceeding with this project.
I would like to thank the Choco Mocha and Bibbo and the Hotdogz Groups as well as the entire class of 5ECEC for their assistance and support.
I would like to thank Namria for the maps, Jolis for the photocopying service, Andrew and Harris for the microwave equipment, and Robert F. White for the reference book.
ECE212 COMMUNICATIONS IV MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS
MICROWAVE PROJECT DESIGN OF MICROWAVE SYSTEM FROM SANTA ANA, BULACAN TO ANGONO, RIZAL
SUBMITTED BY: MARY GRACE ANNE P. VICTORIO 5 ECE – C SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. IRINEO P. QUINTO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
OBJECTIVES ...............................................................................
1
II.
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................
2
III.
SITE DEMOGRAPHY AND DESCRIPTION
IV.
A. NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION ...........................................
3
B. CENTRAL LUZON .................................................................
13
C. SOUTHERN TAGALOG ........................................................
22
PATH DATA A. CALCULATION SHEET ........................................................
32
B. PATH PROFILE ......................................................................
52
C. TRANSMISSION CALCULATION ......................................
61
D. AZIMUTH CALCULATION .................................................
71
V.
CONCLUSION ..............................................................................
74
VI.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................
75
VII.
SPECIFICATION SHEETS .........................................................
76
VIII. MAP ........................................................ SEE ATTACHED ENVELOPE
INTRODUCTION
Microwave technology is vastly used today especially in broadcast and telecommunications as relays and satellite. A microwave system is widely used for its practicality in terms of economic costs, flexibility, and reliability. It is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a frequency ranges from 300MHz to 300GHz. Due to the high frequency, more information can be carried making it ideal for high data rate applications. In addition, this high frequency also limits microwave transmission to a line of sight between the transmitter and receiver. It is not able to penetrate the earth’s surface requiring the placement of repeaters for long ranges. Good microwave transmission engineering should be done in order to meet requirements of carrying information reliably from one point to another. Effort should be made in design that involves data gathering of site data such as terrain, weather, and elevation. These will be the primary deciding factors to be considered to make decisions in others such as equipment and antenna.
I.
SITE DEMOGRAPHY AND DESCRIPTION
II.
PATH DATA
A. CALCULATION SHEET MICROWAVE PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEET CUSTOMER UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS PROJECT NO. 1 FREQUENCY 6.585 GHz SITE A R LATITUDE 15o5’40.54”N 14o53’2.43”N LONGITUDE 120o46’3.03”E 121o3’24.55”E SITE ELEVATION (m) 10 100 TOWER HEIGHT (ft) 50 200 TOWER TYPE SS SS o o AZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 126 3’00.91” 306 3’02.82” PATH LENGTH (km) 41 PATH ATTENUATION (dB) 140.4259425 RIGID WAVEGUIDE (m) N/A N/A FLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE (m) 20.1 22.1 WAVEGUIDE LENGTH (m) 20.1 22.1 WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB) 0.9140475 1.0049975 CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5 CIRCULATOR OR HYBRID LOSS (dB) N/A N/A RADOME LOSS (dB) 0.5u 0.5u TOTAL FIXED LOSSES (dB) 1.9140475 2.0049975 TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 144.3449875 PARABOLA HEIGHT (m) 14 16 PARABOLA DIAMETER (ft) 8 8 REFLECTOR HEIGHT (m) N/A N/A REFLECTOR SIZE, TYPE (m) N/A N/A PARABOLA REFLECTOR SEP. (m) N/A N/A ANTENNA SYSTEM GAIN (dB) 42.21197799 42.21197799 TOTAL GAINS (dB) 84.42395599 NET PATH LOSS (dB) 56.8930423 TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 29 MED. RECEIVED POWER (±2 dB) (dBm) -31.8120873 RECEIVER NOISE THRESHOLD N/A THEORETICAL RF C/N RATIO N/A PRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -72 FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.1879127 RELIABILITY (%) 99.99779896 PROFILE NUMBER 1 ENGINEER: J.D.C.
Date: January 13, 2007
MICROWAVE PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEET CUSTOMER UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS PROJECT NO. 1 FREQUENCY 6.729 GHz SITE R A LATITUDE 14o53’2.43”N 15o5’40.54”N LONGITUDE 121o3’24.55”E 120o46’3.03”E SITE ELEVATION (m) 100 10 TOWER HEIGHT (ft) 200 50 TOWER TYPE SS SS AZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 306o3’02.82” 126o3’00.91” PATH LENGTH (km) 41 PATH ATTENUATION (dB) 140.8714704 RIGID WAVEGUIDE (m) N/A N/A FLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE (m) 22.1 20.1 WAVEGUIDE LENGTH (m) 22.1 20.1 WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB) 0.97903 0.89043 CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5 CIRCULATOR OR HYBRID LOSS (dB) N/A N/A RADOME LOSS (dB) 0.5u 0.5u TOTAL FIXED LOSSES (dB) 1.97903 1.89043 TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 144.7409304 PARABOLA HEIGHT (m) 16 14 PARABOLA DIAMETER (ft) 8 8 REFLECTOR HEIGHT (m) N/A N/A REFLECTOR SIZE, TYPE (m) N/A N/A PARABOLA REFLECTOR SEP. (m) N/A N/A ANTENNA SYSTEM GAIN (dB) 42.21197799 42.21197799 TOTAL GAINS (dB) 84.42395599 NET PATH LOSS (dB) 56.44751441 TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 29 MED. RECEIVED POWER (±2 dB) (dBm) -31.31697441 RECEIVER NOISE THRESHOLD N/A THEORETICAL RF C/N RATIO N/A PRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -72 FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.68302559 RELIABILITY (%) 99.99793275 PROFILE NUMBER 2 ENGINEER: J.D.C.
Date: January 13, 2007
MICROWAVE PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEET CUSTOMER UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS PROJECT NO. 1 FREQUENCY 6.636 GHz SITE B R LATITUDE 14o31’55.14”N 14o53’2.43”N LONGITUDE 121o19’10”E 121o3’24.55”E SITE ELEVATION (m) 60 100 TOWER HEIGHT (ft) 200 200 TOWER TYPE SS SS o o AZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 344 45’08.02” 164 45’06.96” PATH LENGTH (km) 35 PATH ATTENUATION (dB) 140.7527548 RIGID WAVEGUIDE (m) N/A N/A FLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE (m) 66.1 60.1 WAVEGUIDE LENGTH (m) 66.1 60.1 WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB) 2.990364 2.718924 CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5 CIRCULATOR OR HYBRID LOSS (dB) N/A N/A RADOME LOSS (dB) 0.5u 0.5u TOTAL FIXED LOSSES (dB) 3.990364 3.718924 TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 148.4620428 PARABOLA HEIGHT (m) 60 54 PARABOLA DIAMETER (ft) 10 10 REFLECTOR HEIGHT (m) N/A N/A REFLECTOR SIZE, TYPE (m) N/A N/A PARABOLA REFLECTOR SEP. (m) N/A N/A ANTENNA SYSTEM GAIN (dB) 43.81155497 43.81155497 TOTAL GAINS (dB) 87.62310993 NET PATH LOSS (dB) 53.12964486 TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 29 MED. RECEIVED POWER (±2 dB) (dBm) -31.83893286 RECEIVER NOISE THRESHOLD N/A THEORETICAL RF C/N RATIO N/A PRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -72 FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.16106714 RELIABILITY (%) 99.99984881 PROFILE NUMBER 3 ENGINEER: J.D.C.
Date: January 13, 2007
MICROWAVE PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEET CUSTOMER UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS PROJECT NO. 1 FREQUENCY 6.824 GHz SITE R B LATITUDE 14o53’2.43”N 14o31’55.14”N LONGITUDE 121o3’24.55”E 121o19’10”E SITE ELEVATION (m) 100 60 TOWER HEIGHT (ft) 200 200 TOWER TYPE SS SS o o AZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 164 45’06.96” 344 45’08.02” PATH LENGTH (km) 35 PATH ATTENUATION (dB) 141.1929686 RIGID WAVEGUIDE (m) N/A N/A FLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE (m) 60.1 66.1 WAVEGUIDE LENGTH (m) 60.1 66.1 WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB) 2.6436788 2.9076068 CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5 CIRCULATOR OR HYBRID LOSS (dB) N/A N/A RADOME LOSS (dB) 0.5u 0.5u TOTAL FIXED LOSSES (dB) 3.6436788 3.9076068 TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 148.7442542 PARABOLA HEIGHT (m) 54 60 PARABOLA DIAMETER (ft) 8 8 REFLECTOR HEIGHT (m) N/A N/A REFLECTOR SIZE, TYPE (m) N/A N/A PARABOLA REFLECTOR SEP. (m) N/A N/A ANTENNA SYSTEM GAIN (dB) 44.25176876 44.25176876 TOTAL GAINS (dB) 88.50353753 NET PATH LOSS (dB) 52.68943106 TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 29 MED. RECEIVED POWER (±2 dB) (dBm) -31.24071666 RECEIVER NOISE THRESHOLD N/A THEORETICAL RF C/N RATIO N/A PRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -72 FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.75928334 RELIABILITY (%) 99.99986142 PROFILE NUMBER 4 ENGINEER: J.D.C.
Date: January 13, 2007
B. TRANSMISSION CALCULATION Transmitter Output Power (Pt) = 29 dBm Receiver Threshold = -72 dBm Reliability = 99.99% Fade Margin (FM) = 38 dB Waveguide Length (from antenna base): 6.1 m allowance to equipment Radome Loss = 0.5 dB Connector Loss = 0.5 dB A TO R Frequency = 6.585 GHz Distance = 41 km Waveguide Loss (at 6.46Ghz) = 4.5475 dB/100m Antenna Height (A) = 14m Antenna Height (R) = 16m Receiver Signal level (RSL) = FM + Receiver Threshold RSL = 38 dB – 72 dB RSL = -34 dB Free Space Loss (FSL) = 92.4 + 20log F (GHz) + 20log D(km) FSL = 92.4 + 20log(6.46) + 20log(39) FSL = 140.4259425 dB Waveguide Loss A = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss A = 4.5475 * (14 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss A = 0.9140475 dB Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 4.5475 * (16 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 1.0049975 dB Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss A + Waveguide Loss R Total Waveguide Loss = 0.9140475 + 1.0049975 Total Waveguide Loss = 1.919045 dB Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Connector Loss = 1 dB Total Radome Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Radome Loss = 1 dB Total Fixed Losses A = Waveguide Loss A + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses A = 0.9140475 + 0.5 + 0.5
Total Fixed Losses A = 1.9140475 dB Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses R = 1.0049975 + 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses R = 2.0049975 dB Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Losses = 140.4259425 + 1.919045 + 1 + 1 Total Losses = 144.3449875 dB Total Antenna Gain = RSL – Pt + Total Losses Total Antenna Gain = -34 – 29 + 144.3587025 Total Antenna Gain = 81.3449875 dB Antenna Gain = Total Antenna Gain / 2 Antenna Gain = 81.3449875 / 2 Antenna Gain = 40.67249375 dB Antenna Diameter (B): Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log B (ft) 40.67935125 = 7.5 + 20log (6.46) + 20log B B = 7.053296968 ft Note: Antenna chosen is 8 ft. REVERSE CALCULATION Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log D (ft) Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log (6.46) + 20log 8 Antenna Gain = 41.7664501 dB Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 41.7664501 * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 83.5329002 dB Net Path Loss = Free Space Loss – Total Antenna Gain Net Path Loss = 140.4259425 - 83.5329002 Net Path Loss = 56.8930423 dB Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna Gain – Total Losses Receiver Signal Level = 29 + 83.5329002 - 144.3587025 Receiver Signal Level = -31.8120873 dB Fade Margin = Receiver Signal Level – Receiver Threshold Fade Margin = -31.8120873 + 72 Fade Margin = 40.1879127 dB
Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6 Undp = 2.5*4*0.25*6.54*(39/1.609344)^3*10^(-1*40.1879127/10)*10^-6 Undp = 2.20104 x 10^-05 Reliability = (1 - Undp)*100% Reliability = (1 - 2.20104 x 10^-05)*100% Reliability = 99.99779896%
R TO A Frequency = 6.8GHz Distance = 39km Waveguide Loss (at 6.8Ghz) = 4.43 dB/100m Antenna Height (A) = 14m Antenna Height (R) = 16m Receiver Signal level (RSL) = FM + Receiver Threshold RSL = 38 dB – 72 dB RSL = -34 dB Free Space Loss (FSL) = 92.4 + 20log F (GHz) + 20log D(km) FSL = 92.4 + 20log(6.8) + 20log(39) FSL = 140.8714704 dB Waveguide Loss A = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss A = 4.43 * (14 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss A = 0.89043 dB Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 4.43 * (16 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 0.97903 dB Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss A + Waveguide Loss R Total Waveguide Loss = 0.89043 + 0.97903 Total Waveguide Loss = 1.86946 dB Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Connector Loss = 1 dB Total Radome Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Radome Loss = 1 dB Total Fixed Losses A = Waveguide Loss A + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses A = 0.89043 + 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses A = 1.89043dB Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses R = 0.97903 + 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses R = 1.97903dB Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Losses = 140.8714704 + 1.86946 + 1 + 1 dB Total Losses = 144.7409304 dB
Total Antenna Gain = RSL – Pt + Total Losses Total Antenna Gain = -34 – 29 + 144.7409304 Total Antenna Gain = 81.74093039 dB Antenna Gain = Total Antenna Gain / 2 Antenna Gain = 81.74093039 / 2 Antenna Gain = 40.8704652 dB Antenna Diameter (B): Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log B (ft) 40.8704652 = 7.5 + 20log (6.8) + 20log B B = 6.855108723 ft Note: Antenna chosen is 8 ft. REVERSE CALCULATION Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log D (ft) Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log (6.8) + 20log 8 Antenna Gain = 42.21197799 dB Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 42.21197799 * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 84.42395599 dB Net Path Loss = Free Space Loss – Total Antenna Gain Net Path Loss = 140.8714704 - 84.42395599 Net Path Loss = 56.44751441 dB Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna Gain – Total Losses Receiver Signal Level = 29 + 84.42395599 - 144.7409304 Receiver Signal Level = -31.31697441 dB Fade Margin = Receiver Signal Level – Receiver Threshold Fade Margin = -31.31697441 + 72 Fade Margin = 40.68302559 dB Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6 Undp = 2.5*4*0.25*6.8*(39/1.609344)^3*10^(-40.6830229/10)*10^-6 Undp = 2.06725 x 10^-05 Reliability = (1 - Undp)*100% Reliability = (1 - 2.06725 x 10^-05)*100% Reliability = 99.99793275%
B TO R Frequency = 6.54GHz Distance = 40km Waveguide Loss (at 6.54Ghz) = 4.524 dB/100m Antenna Height (B) = 60m Antenna Height (R) = 54m Receiver Signal level (RSL) = FM + Receiver Threshold RSL = 38 dB – 72 dB RSL = -34 dB Free Space Loss (FSL) = 92.4 + 20log F (GHz) + 20log D(km) FSL = 92.4 + 20log(6.54) + 20log(40) FSL = 140.7527548 dB Waveguide Loss B = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss B = 4.524* (60 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss B = 2.990364 dB Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 4.524* (54 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 2.718924 dB Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss B + Waveguide Loss R Total Waveguide Loss = 2.990364 + 2.718924 Total Waveguide Loss = 5.709288 dB Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Connector Loss = 1 dB Total Radome Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Radome Loss = 1 dB Total Fixed Losses B = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses A = 2.990364+ 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses A = 3.990364 dB Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses R = 2.718924 + 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses R = 3.718924 dB Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Losses = 140.7527548 + 5.709288 + 1 + 1 Total Losses = 148.4620428 dB
Total Antenna Gain = RSL – Pt + Total Losses Total Antenna Gain = -34 – 29 + 5.709288 Total Antenna Gain = 85.46204279 dB Antenna Gain = Total Antenna Gain / 2 Antenna Gain = 85.55252279 / 2 Antenna Gain = 42.7310214 dB Antenna Diameter (B): Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log B (ft) 42.7310214 = 7.5 + 20log (6.54) + 20log B B = 8.830256549 ft Note: Antenna chosen is 10 ft. REVERSE CALCULATION Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log D (ft) Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log (6.54) + 20log 10 Antenna Gain = 43.81155497 dB Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 43.81155497 * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 87.62310993 dB Net Path Loss = Free Space Loss – Total Antenna Gain Net Path Loss = 140.7527548 - 87.62310993 Net Path Loss = 53.12964486 dB Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna Gain – Total Losses Receiver Signal Level = 29 + 87.62310993 - 148.5525228 Receiver Signal Level = -31.92941286 dB Fade Margin = Receiver Signal Level – Receiver Threshold Fade Margin = -31.92941286 + 72 Fade Margin = 40.07058714 dB Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6 Undp = 2.5*0.25*0.25*6.54*(40/1.609344)^3*10^(-40.07058714/10)*10^-6 Undp = 1.5119 x 10^-06 Reliability = (1 - Undp)*100% Reliability = (1 - 1.5119 x 10^-06)*100% Reliability = 99.99984881%
R TO B Frequency = 6.88GHz Distance = 40km Waveguide Loss (at 6.88Ghz) = 4.3988 dB/100m Antenna Height (B) = 60m Antenna Height (R) = 56m Receiver Signal level (RSL) = FM + Receiver Threshold RSL = 38 dB – 72 dB RSL = -34 dB Free Space Loss (FSL) = 92.4 + 20log F (GHz) + 20log D(km) FSL = 92.4 + 20log(6.88) + 20log(40) FSL = 141.1929686 dB Waveguide Loss B = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss B = 4.3988* (60 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss B = 2.9076068 dB Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 4.3988* (54 + 6.1) / 100 Waveguide Loss R = 2.6436788 dB Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss A + Waveguide Loss R Total Waveguide Loss = 2.9076068 + 2.6436788 Total Waveguide Loss = 5.5512856 dB Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per site Total Connector Loss = 1 dB Total Radome Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2 Total Radome Loss = 1 dB Total Fixed Losses B = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses A = 2.9076068 + 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses A = 3.9076068 dB Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss R + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Fixed Losses R = 2.6436788 + 0.5 + 0.5 Total Fixed Losses R = 3.6436788 dB Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome Loss Total Losses = 141.1929686 + 5.5512856 + 1 + 1 Total Losses = 148.8322302 dB
Total Antenna Gain = RSL – Pt + Total Losses Total Antenna Gain = -34 – 29 + 148.8322302 Total Antenna Gain = 85.74425419 dB Antenna Gain = Total Antenna Gain / 2 Antenna Gain = 85.74425419 / 2 Antenna Gain = 42.8721271 dB Antenna Diameter (B): Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log B (ft) 42.8721271 = 7.5 + 20log (6.88) + 20log B B = 8.531353089 ft Note: Antenna chosen is 10 ft. REVERSE CALCULATION Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log D (ft) Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log (6.88) + 20log 10 Antenna Gain = 44.25176876 dB Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 44.25176876 * 2 Total Antenna Gain = 88.50353753 dB Net Path Loss = Free Space Loss – Total Antenna Gain Net Path Loss = 141.1929686 - 88.50353753 Net Path Loss = 52.68943106 dB Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna Gain – Total Losses Receiver Signal Level = 29 + 88.50353753 - 148.7442542 Receiver Signal Level = -31.24071666 dB Fade Margin = Receiver Signal Level – Receiver Threshold Fade Margin = -31.24071666 + 72 Fade Margin = 40.75928334 dB Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6 Undp = 2.5*0.25*0.25*6.88*(40/1.609344)^3*10^(-40.67130734/10)*10^-6 Undp = 1.38584 x 10^-06 Reliability = (1 - Undp)*100% Reliability = (1 - 1.4142 x 10^-06)*100% Reliability = 99.99986142%
Overreach Interference Criteria The sites A and B do not have major obstructions between them and have line of sight. Because of this, the total discrimination should be calculated with a minimum of 50db needed. Distance Discrimination = 20log(AB/RB) Distance Discrimination = 20log(74.65/40) Distance Discrimination = 5.419 dB Antenna A Discrimination = 30 dB Antenna B Discrimination = 32 dB Total Discrimination = Distance + Antenna A + Antenna B Discriminations Total Discrimination = 5.419 + 30 + 32 Total Discrimination = 67.419 dB Distance Discrimination = 20log(AB/RA) Distance Discrimination = 20log(74.65/39) Distance Discrimination = 5.639 dB Antenna A Discrimination = 30 dB Antenna B Discrimination = 32 dB Total Discrimination = Distance + Antenna A + Antenna B Discriminations Total Discrimination = 5.639 + 30 + 32 Total Discrimination = 67.639 dB Based on the calculation, the total discrimination for each exceeds the 50 dB requirement.
C. AZIMUTH CALCULATION SITE A AND R Site A: Latitude: Longitude:
15o5’40.54”N 120o46’3.03”E
A
Site R: Latitude: Longitude:
14o53’2.43”N 121o3’24.55”E
r
r = Latitude A – Latitude R r = 15o5’40.54” - 14o53’2.43” r = 0o12’38.11” a = Longitude A – Longitude R a = 121o3’24.55” - 120o46’3.03” a = 0o17’21.52” Using Napier’s Rule: sin(a) = cot(R) * tan(r) sin(0o17’21.52”) = cot(R) * tan(0o12’38.11”) R = 36o3’02.82” sin(r) = tan(a) * cot(A) sin(0o12’38.11”) = tan(0o17’21.52”) * cot(A) A = 53o56’59.09” Azimuth from True North: A1 = 180o – A A1 = 180o - 53o56’59.09” A1 = 126o3’00.91” R1 = 270o + R R1 = 270o + 36o3’02.82” R1 = 306o3’02.82”
a
R
SITE B AND R Site B: Latitude: Longitude:
14o31’55.14”N 121o19’10”E
Site R: Latitude: Longitude:
14o53’2.43”N 121o3’24.55”E
b = Latitude R – Latitude B b = 14o53’2.43” - 14o31’55.14” b = 0o21’07.29” r = Longitude B – Longitude R r = 121o19’10”- 121o3’24.55” r = 0o5’45.45” Using Napier’s Rule: sin(r) = cot(B) * tan(b) sin(0o5’45.45”) = cot(B) * tan(0o21’07.29”) B = 74o45’08.02” sin(b) = tan(r) * cot(R) sin(0o21’07.29”) = tan(0o5’45.45”) * cot(R) R = 15o14’53.04” Azimuth from True North: R1 = 180o – R R1 = 180o - 15o14’53.04” R1 = 164o45’06.96” B1 = 270o + B B1 = 270o + 74o45’08.02” B1 = 344o45’08.02”
R
b
r
B
III.
CONCLUSION
There are numerous factors that must be considered when designing a microwave system. First of all, you must meet the design requirements such as traffic capacity, frequency, reliability, and location. Once the primary requirements have been considered, additional requirements for transmitter site and geographical path of the microwave signal should be surveyed for suitability. The equipment will have to be chosen to meet the requirements. All of these can be supported by design computations such as losses, gain, signal levels, and reflection.
The designed microwave transmission system is capable of carrying at least the requirement of 1,200 voice channels with room to spare. In addition, the system reliability has exceeded the minimum requirements of 99.99% this further reducing system downtime. The most important in designing this microwave system is being able to correctly survey the path taken of the microwave as it will dictate the items needed to build the system.
IV.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank the Lord for guide me in this project.
I would like to thank Engr. Irineo Quinto for the explanations and discussions in proceeding with this project.
I would like to thank the Choco Mocha and Bibbo and the Hotdogz Groups as well as the entire class of 5ECEC for their assistance and support.
I would like to thank Namria for the maps, Jolis for the photocopying service, Andrew and Harris for the microwave equipment, and Robert F. White for the reference book.
