Microprocessor Lab Manual

IGNO PRACTICAL PROGRAMES Simple Assembly language programs: 1. Write a program to add two numbers present in two consecutive memory location and store the result in next memory location. Prg(add2num.asm) Title add two numbers in consecutive memory location dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Sum of two numbers stored in memory:$" num1 db 20h num2 db 15h sum db ? res db 20 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax mov al,num1 add al,num2 mov sum,al lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h mov dl,sum mov ah,02h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp end Output: Sum of two numbers stored in memory:5

2. Develop program to read a character from console and echo it. Prg(rdecho.asm) Title read a character from console and echo it. dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter a character:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Read a character from console and echo:$" .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ah,01h int 21h mov bl,al lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h mov dl,bl mov ah,02h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp end Output: Enter a character:w Read a character from console and echo:w

3. Develop and execute a program to read 10 chars from console. Prg(rd10chr.asm) Title read a 10 character from console. dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter a 10 character:$" .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h mov cx,00 mov cl,10 rpt: mov ah,01h int 21h mov bl,al loop rpt mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp end Output: Enter a 10 character:1234567890

4. Write a program to exchange two memory variables using MOV and XCHG instruction. Can you do it with just XCHG? Prg(XCHGin.asm) Title to exchange two memory variables using MOV and XCHG instruction dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"First value in memory:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Second value in memory:$" msg3 db 13,10,"After using XCHG instruction:$" msg4 db 13,10,"First value in memory:$" msg5 db 13,10,"Second value in memory:$" value1 db 35h value2 db 32h .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h mov dl,value1 mov ah,02h int 21h lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h mov dl,value2 mov ah,02h int 21h lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h ;exchanging the value mov al,value1 XCHG value2,al mov value1,al

lea dx,msg4 mov ah,09h int 21h mov dl,value1 mov ah,02h int 21h lea dx,msg5 mov ah,09h int 21h mov dl,value2 mov ah,02h int 21h main endp end Output: First value in memory:5 Second value in memory:2 After using XCHG instruction: First value in memory:2 Second value in memory:5

5. Write a program which will read two decimal numbers, then multiply them together , and finally print out the result (in decimal). Prg(mul2dec.asm) Title read two decimal number and multiply them and store it in result dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter first number:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Enter second number:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Result:$" num1 db ? num2 db ? sum db ? res db 20 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov num1,al lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bl,al mov ax,00 mov al,num1 mul bl mov sum,al lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h

mov dl,sum mov ah,02h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp end Output: Enter first number:2 Enter second number:2 Result:♦ Enter first number:7 Enter second number:5 Result:#

6. Write a program to convert the ASCII code to its BCD equivalent. Prg(pkdbcd.asm) Title convert the ASCII code to bcd equivalent dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter the first number:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Result of packed bcd:$" bcd db ? first db ? sec db ? res db 20 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,00 mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bl,al mov ax,00 mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' and bl,0Fh and al,0Fh mov cl,04h rol bl,cl or al,bl mov bcd,al lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h

mov dx,00 mov dl,bcd mov ah,02h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp end OUTPUT: Enter first number:35 Result of packed bcd:05

7. Write a program, which will read in two decimal inputs and print out the sum, in decimal. Prg(desum.asm) Title read 2 decimal number and print there sum dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter first number:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Enter second number:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Sum in decimal number:$" num1 db ? sum db ? res db 20 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov num1,al lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add al,num1 mov sum,al lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h mov si,offset res mov ax,00 mov al,sum call hex2asc

lea dx,res mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx

pop ax ret hex2asc endp end OUTPUT: Enter first number:2 Enter second number:3 Sum in decimal number:05 Enter first number:5 Enter second number:6 Sum in decimal number:11

8. Write a program, which will read in two decimal inputs and print out the smaller of the two, in decimal. Prg(desmall.asm) Title read in two decimal inputs and print out the smaller of the two, in decimal dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter the first number:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Enter the second number:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Smaller of two in decimal:$" num1 db ? small db ? res db 20 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov num1,al lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' cmp al,num1 jb sma mov bl,num1 mov small,bl jmp prin sma :mov small,al prin:lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h

int 21h mov si,offset res mov ax,00 mov al,small call hex2asc lea dx,res mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al

pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end OUTPUT: Enter the first number:5 Enter the second number:2 Smaller of two in decimal:02 Enter the first number:8 Enter the second number:9 Smaller of two in decimal:08

9. Write a program to calculate the average of three given numbers stored in memory. Prg(avgthree.asm) Title calculate average of three given numbers stored in memory dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Sum of three numbers stored in memory:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Average of three numbers stored in memory:$" num1 db 10h num2 db 10h num3 db 10h sum db ? avg db ? res db 20 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax mov al,num1 add al,num2 add al,num3 mov sum,al lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h mov dl,sum mov ah,02h int 21h mov al,sum mov ah,00h mov bl,03 div bl mov avg,al lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h mov dl,avg mov ah,02h

int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp end OUTPUT: Sum of three numbers stored in memory:0 Average of three numbers stored in memory:►

10. Write a program in 8086 assembly language to find the volume of sphere using following formula: V = 4/3∏ r^3. Prg(volsph.asm) Title volume of sphere: dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter the radius:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Volume of sphere is:$" num db ? rad dw ? pi dw ? result dw ? res db 10 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum mov cx,2 mov ax,00 mov al,num mov bx,00 mov bl,num rpt: mov dx,00 mul bl loop rpt mov rad,ax mov ax,00 mov ax,22 mov bx,00 mov bx,7 cwd

mov dx,00 div bx mov pi,ax mov ax,00 mov ax,rad mov bx,00 mov bx,4 mov dx,00 mul bx mov result,ax mov ax,00 mov ax,result mov bx,pi mov dx,00 mul bx mov result,ax mov bx,00 mov bx,3 cwd mov ax,00 mov ax,result mov dx,00 div bx mov result,ax mov si,offset res call hex2asc lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,res

mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readnum proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov num,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add num,al ret readnum endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax

inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: Enter the radius:02 Volume of sphere is:32 Enter the radius:04 Volume of sphere is:256

11. Write a program to evaluates 3 * (x ^ 3) + 4x + 5 if flag = = 1 or evaluates 7x + 8 if flag = = 0 . Assume x is a 16 bit unsigned integer. Prg(flope16.asm) Title program to evaluates 3*(x ^ 3) +4x +5 if flag = 1 ;or evaluate 7x +8 if flag == 0. Assume x is a 16 bit unsigned integer. dosseg .model small .stack .data cr equ 0dh lf equ 0ah msg db cr,lf,"Program to evaluate 2 functions..:$" msg1 db cr,lf,"1. 7x +8.....................:$" msg2 db cr,lf,"2. 3 * ( x ^ 3 ) + 4x +5.....:$" msg3 db cr,lf,"Enter which function of perform ......:$" msg4 db cr,lf,"Enter number <00> for first function...:$" msg5 db cr,lf,"Enter number <01> for second function...:$" msg6 db cr,lf,"Enter any number to exit................:$" msg7 db cr,lf,"Enter number for selecting function:$" msg8 db cr,lf,"Enter value for x:$" msg9 db cr,lf,"Result for 7x + 8 =$" msg10 db cr,lf,"Result for 3 * (x ^ 3 ) + 4x +5=$" fflag dw ? xnum dw ? xpwr dw ? xnump dw ? result db 10 DUP(0) buff db 80 db 0 db 80 DUP(?) .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg int 21h mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg1 int 21h

mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg2 int 21h mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg3 int 21h mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg4 int 21h mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg5 int 21h mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg6 int 21h ;Read for choise strt: mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg7 int 21h call readinteger mov ax,fflag cmp ax,00 je frt cmp ax,01 je sec jne skip frt: call first jmp pnxt sec: call second jmp pnxt ;print result pnxt: mov ax,xnump mov si,offset result call hex2asc mov ah,09h

mov dx,offset result int 21h jmp strt skip: mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readinteger proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2 push bx call atoi pop bx mov fflag,ax pop ax pop bx pop dx ret readinteger endp readinteger1 proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2 push bx call atoi pop bx mov xnum,ax pop ax pop bx

pop dx ret readinteger1 endp first proc near mov ax,00 mov bx,00 mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg8 int 21h call readinteger1 mov bx,07 mov ax,xnum mov dx,00 mul bx add ax,08 mov xnump,ax mov dx,offset msg9 mov ah,09h int 21h ret first endp second proc near mov ax,00 mov bx,00 mov cx,00 mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg8 int 21h call readinteger1 mov cx,02 mov bx,xnum mov ax,xnum pwr: mov dx,00 mul bx

loop pwr mov xpwr,ax mov ax,00 mov bx,00 mov bx,03 mov ax,xpwr mov dx,00 mul bx mov xnump,ax mov ax,00 mov bx,00 mov bx,04 mov ax,xnum mov dx,00 mul bx add ax,05 add ax,xnump mov xnump,ax mov dx,offset msg10 mov ah,09h int 21h ret second endp atoi proc near push bp mov bp,sp push si push dx push cx push bx mov si,[bp+4] ;finding the length of the string mov bx,00 nxtch: mov al,[si] inc bx inc si cmp al,cr

jne nxtch ;cx=length of the string mov cx,bx dec cx ;si is pointing outside the string so adjust dec si mov dx,00 mov bx,01 nxt: dec si push dx ;dx:ax=digit xor dx,dx mov ah,00 mov al,[si] sub al,'0' mul bx pop dx add dx,ax ;generate multiples bx=10,100,1000.... push dx push cx xor dx,dx mov cx,10 mov ax,bx mul cx mov bx,ax pop cx pop dx loop nxt mov ax,dx pop bx pop cx pop dx pop si pop bp ret atoi endp hex2asc proc near push ax

push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end

Output: Program to evaluate 2 functions..: 1. 7x +8.....................: 2. 3 * ( x ^ 3 ) + 4x +5.....: Enter which function of perform ......: Enter number <00> for first function...: Enter number <01> for second function...: Enter any number to exit................: Enter number for selecting function:00 Enter value for x:10 Result for 7x + 8 =78 Enter number for selecting function:01 Enter value for x:3 Result for 3 * (x ^ 3 ) + 4x +5=98 Enter number for selecting function:22

12. Write a program to convert Centigrade (Celsius ) to Fahrenheit temperature measuring scales. Using formula : Celsius = (Fahrenheit – 32 ) * 5 / 9. Prg(farcel.asm) Title convert temperature celsius to Farenheit: dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter a number to find fahrenheit temperature:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Fahrenheit Temperature is:$" num db ? res db 10 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum mov bx,00 mov bx,9 mov ax,00 mov al,num mov dx,00 mul bx mov bx,5 cwd div bx add ax,32 mov si,offset res call hex2asc lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,res

mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readnum proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov num,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add num,al ret readnum endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax

inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: Enter a number to find fahrenheit temperature:28 Fahrenheit Temperature is:82 Enter a number to find fahrenheit temperature:40 Fahrenheit Temperature is:104

13. Write a Program which adds the sales tax in the Price list of items and replace the price list with a new list. Prg(saltax.asm) Title adds the sales tax in the price list of items and replace price list with a new list: dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"How many numbers:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Enter number between 1 to 99:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Enter Price:$" msg4 db 13,10,"Sales tax 2 rupes for less then 100 rupees:$" msg5 db 13,10,"After add sales tax price list is:$" msg6 db 13,10,"Price number is:$" ntable db 100 DUP(0) num db ? temp db ? res db 20 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h ;read all numbers mov si,offset ntable mov ch,00 mov cl,num nread:lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum1 mov al,temp mov [si],al

inc si loop nread mov si,offset ntable mov cx,00 mov cl,num sl: mov ax,00 mov al,[si] add al,2 mov [si],al inc si loop sl lea dx,msg4 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg5 mov ah,09h int 21h mov cx,00 mov cl,num mov si,offset res mov di,offset ntable rpt: mov ax,00 mov al,[di] call hex2asc lea dx,msg6 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,res mov ah,09h int 21h inc di loop rpt mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readnum proc near mov ah,01h

int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov num,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add num,al ret readnum endp readnum1 proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,10 mul bh mov temp,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add temp,al ret readnum1 endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah

jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: How many numbers:04 Enter number between 1 to 99: Enter Price:11 Enter Price:22 Enter Price:33 Enter Price:44 Sales tax 2 rupes for less then 100 rupees: After add sales tax price list is: Price number is:13 Price number is:24 Price number is:35 Price number is:46

Session 5,6,7:Loop and Comparisons: 1. Write a program to find the factorial of decimal number given by user. Prg(fact.asm) Title factorial of a given number dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter a number to find factorial:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Factorial of given number is:$" num db ? res db 10 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum mov ax,01 mov ch,00 mov cl,num cmp cx,00 je skip rpt: mov dx,00 mul cx loop rpt skip:mov si,offset res call hex2asc lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,res mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,4c00h

int 21h main endp readnum proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov num,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add num,al ret readnum endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2

inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: Enter a number to find factorial:03 Factorial of given number is:06 Enter a number to find factorial:05 Factorial of given number is:120

2. Write a program to find n C r for a given n and r Prg(ncrfact.asm) Title nCr of a given number dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Program to compute nCr ...:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Enter n <xx>:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Enter r <xx>:$" msg4 db 13,10,"nCr = :$" n db ? r db ? nmr db ? nf dw ? rf dw ? nmrf dw ? ncr dw ? temp dw ? res db 20 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum1

;n=

lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum2

;r=

mov al,n sub al,r mov nmr,al ;compute nf = n!

;nmr = n-r

mov al,n call fact mov nf,ax ;compute nmrf = (n-r)! mov al,nmr call fact mov nmrf,ax ;compute rf = r! mov al,r call fact mov rf,ax ;temp (n-r)! * r! mov dx,00 mov ax,nmrf mul rf mov temp,ax ;ax = ax(nf)/(nmrf*rf) mov ax,nf div temp mov ncr,ax ;convert ax to ASCII form lea dx,msg4 mov ah,09h int 21h mov si,offset res mov ax,ncr call hex2asc lea dx,res mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp fact proc near push cx push dx

mov ch,00 mov cl,al mov ax,01 cmp cx,00 je skip rpt: mov dx,00 mul cx loop rpt skip:pop dx pop cx ret fact endp readnum1 proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov n,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add n,al ret readnum1 endp readnum2 proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov r,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add r,al

ret readnum2 endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end

Output: Program to compute nCr ...: Enter n <xx>:05 Enter r <xx>:02 nCr = :10 Program to compute nCr ...: Enter n <xx>:06 Enter r <xx>:06 nCr = :01

3. Write a program to arrange given n numbers in descending order Prg(décor.asm) Title sort(bubble sort) an given array element in descending order dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"How many numbers:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Enter number:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Entered elements are:$" msg4 db 13,10,"Element:$" ntable db 100 DUP(0) num db ? temp db ? count db ? res db 10 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum ;read all numbers mov si,offset ntable mov ch,00 mov cl,num nread:lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum1 mov al,temp mov [si],al inc si loop nread ;sorting an array elements mov cx,00 mov cl,num

cmp cx,01 je pnxt1

;if(num=01)then print array elements

nxtps:mov dx,00 ;flag =false mov bx,00 ;j=1 nxtj: mov al,ntable[bx] mov ah,ntable[bx+1] cmp ah,0 je skip cmp al,ah jge skip mov ntable[bx],ah mov ntable[bx+1],al mov dl,01 skip: inc bx cmp bx,cx jl nxtj dec cx jz pnxt1 cmp dl,01h je nxtps ;print array elements pnxt1:mov ch,00 mov cl,num mov di,offset ntable mov si,offset res lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h pnxt: lea dx,msg4 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ah,00 mov al,[di] call hex2asc lea dx,res mov ah,09h int 21h inc di

loop pnxt mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readnum proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov num,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add num,al ret readnum endp readnum1 proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov temp,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add temp,al ret readnum1 endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah

rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: How many numbers:04 Enter number:06 Enter number:02 Enter number:01 Enter number:03 Entered elements are: Element:06 Element:03 Element:02 Element:01

4. Write a program, which will read in decimal inputs repeatedly until a zero value is read; at this point , it should print out the sum of the numbers read in so far. Prg(sum0.asm) Title read decimal inputs repeatedly until a zero value is read and print sum of the numbers read in so far: dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter number and get the sum untill 00 is read:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Enter number:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Sum is:$" num db ? temp db ? res db 10 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h ;read numbers mov ax,00 mov temp,al read: lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum mov al,num cmp al,00 je ou mov ax,00 mov al,temp add al,num mov temp,al mov ax,00 mov al,temp mov si,offset res

call hex2asc lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,res mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,00 mov al,temp jmp read ou: mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readnum proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov num,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add num,al ret readnum endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx

add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: Enter number and get the sum untill 00 is read: Enter number:11 Sum is:11 Enter number:22 Sum is:33 Enter number:33 Sum is:66 Enter number:44 Sum is:110 Enter number:00

5. Develop and execute an assembly language program to find the LCM of two 16 bit unsigned integers. Prg(lcm16.asm) Title program to find lcm of two 16 bit unsigned integers. dosseg .model small .stack .data cr equ 0dh lf equ 0ah msg db cr,lf,"Program for LCM of two positive Integers..:$" msg1 db cr,lf,"Enter numbe1:$" msg2 db cr,lf,"Enter number2:$" msg3 db cr,lf,"LCM=:$" num1 dw ? num2 dw ? gcd dw ? num3 dw ? lcm dw ? res db 10 DUP(0) buff db 80 db 0 db 80 DUP(?) .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg int 21h ;Read number1 mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg1 int 21h call readinteger ;Read number2 mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg2 int 21h call readinteger1

;push num1 and num2 into stack mov ax,num1 push ax mov ax,num2 push ax call findgcd add sp,4 ;adjust stack pointer mov gcd,ax ;gcd = findgcd(num[i],num[i+1]) ;LCM = (num1*num2)/gcd(num1,num2) mov ax,num1 mov dx,00 mul num2 div gcd mov lcm,ax ;print LCM mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg3 int 21h mov ax,lcm mov si,offset res call hex2asc mov ah,09h mov dx,offset res int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readinteger proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2

push bx call atoi pop bx mov num1,ax pop ax pop bx pop dx ret readinteger endp readinteger1 proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2 push bx call atoi pop bx mov num2,ax pop ax pop bx pop dx ret readinteger1 endp findgcd proc near push bp mov bp,sp push dx push bx rpt: mov ax,[bp+4] mov bx,[bp+6] cmp ax,bx jl skip mov [bp+6],ax

mov [bp+6],bx skip: mov dx,00 mov ax,[bp+6] div word ptr[bp+4] mov [bp+6],dx cmp dx,00 jne rpt

;num2/num1

mov ax,[bp+4] pop bx pop dx pop bp ret findgcd endp atoi proc near push bp mov bp,sp push si push dx push cx push bx mov si,[bp+4] ;finding the length of the string mov bx,00 nxtch: mov al,[si] inc bx inc si cmp al,cr jne nxtch ;cx=length of the string mov cx,bx dec cx ;si is pointing outside the string so adjust dec si mov dx,00 mov bx,01 nxt: dec si push dx

;dx:ax=digit xor dx,dx mov ah,00 mov al,[si] sub al,'0' mul bx pop dx add dx,ax ;generate multiples bx=10,100,1000.... push dx push cx xor dx,dx mov cx,10 mov ax,bx mul cx mov bx,ax pop cx pop dx loop nxt mov ax,dx pop bx pop cx pop dx pop si pop bp ret atoi endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx

inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: Program for LCM of two positive Integers..: Enter numbe1:150 Enter number2:75 LCM=:150

6. Write a program for finding largest number in given n numbers. Prg(larnnum.asm) Title largest in given n numbers dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"How many numbers:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Enter number:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Larget number is:$" ntable db 100 DUP(0) num db ? temp db ? res db 10 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum ;read all numbers mov si,offset ntable mov ch,00 mov cl,num nread:lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum1 mov al,temp mov [si],al inc si loop nread mov si,offset ntable mov bl,[si] mov cl,01 nchk: inc si

cmp cl,num je nomore cmp bl,[si] jge skip mov bl,[si] skip:inc cl jmp nchk nomore:mov ah,00 mov al,bl mov si,offset res call hex2asc lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,res mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readnum proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov num,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add num,al ret readnum endp readnum1 proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah

mul bh mov temp,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add temp,al ret readnum1 endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx

pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: How many numbers:05 Enter number:20 Enter number:05 Enter number:00 Enter number:99 Enter number:70 Larget number is:99 How many numbers:06 Enter number:01 Enter number:05 Enter number:04 Enter number:06 Enter number:00 Enter number:03 Larget number is:06 7. Develop and execute a program to sort a given set of 8 bit unsigned integers into ascending order. Prg(ascor.asm) Title sort(bubble sort) an given array element in ascending order dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"How many numbers:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Enter number:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Sorted elements in ascending order are:$" msg4 db 13,10,"Element:$" ntable db 100 DUP(0) num db ? temp db ? count db ? res db 10 DUP('$') .code main proc

mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum ;read all numbers mov si,offset ntable mov ch,00 mov cl,num nread:lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum1 mov al,temp mov [si],al inc si loop nread ;sorting an array elements mov cx,00 mov cl,num cmp cx,01 ;if(num=01)then print array elements je pnxt1 nxtps:mov dx,00 ;flag =false mov bx,00 ;j=1 nxtj: mov al,ntable[bx] mov ah,ntable[bx+1] cmp ah,0 je skip cmp al,ah jle skip mov ntable[bx],ah mov ntable[bx+1],al mov dl,01 skip: inc bx cmp bx,cx jl nxtj

dec cx jz pnxt1 cmp dl,01h je nxtps ;print array elements pnxt1:mov ch,00 mov cl,num mov di,offset ntable mov si,offset res lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h pnxt: lea dx,msg4 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ah,00 mov al,[di] call hex2asc lea dx,res mov ah,09h int 21h inc di loop pnxt

mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readnum proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov num,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add num,al ret

readnum endp readnum1 proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov temp,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add temp,al ret readnum1 endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2

inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: How many numbers:04 Enter number:04 Enter number:03 Enter number:02 Enter number:01 Sorted elements in ascending order are: Element:01 Element:02 Element:03 Element:04 8. Develop and execute an assembly language program to sort a given set of 16 bit unsigned integers into descending order. Prg(decor16.asm) Title program to sort(bubble sort) a given set of 16 bit unsigned integers into descending order using dosseg .model small .stack .data cr equ 0dh lf equ 0ah msg db cr,lf,"Program to sort 16 bit number into descending order..:$" msg1 db cr,lf,"Number of Elements:$" msg2 db cr,lf,"Enter Element:$" msg3 db cr,lf,"After sorting.....:$" msg4 db cr,lf,"Elements are.....:$" msg5 db cr,lf,"Element:$"

count dw ? tab1 dw 20 DUP(0) num dw ? tnum dw ? temp dw ? result db 10 DUP(0) buff db 80 db 0 db 80 DUP(?) .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg int 21h ;Read element count mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg1 int 21h call readinteger mov cx,count mov bx,02

;cx=count ;Table Index bx=tab[1]

rdnxt: mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg2 int 21h call readinteger1 mov ax,tnum mov tab1[bx],ax add bx,2 loop rdnxt ;sorting an array elements mov cx,count ;cx=count add cx,count cmp cx,01 je pnxt

nxts: mov dx,00 mov bx,02

;Table Index bx=tab[1]

nxts1: mov ax,tab1[bx+2] mov temp,ax mov ax,tab1[bx] cmp ax,00 je skip cmp ax,temp jge skip mov tab1[bx+2],ax mov ax,temp mov tab1[bx],ax mov dx,01 skip: inc bx cmp bx,cx jl nxts1 dec cx dec cx jz pnxt cmp dx,01h je nxts ;print result pnxt: mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg3 int 21h mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg4 int 21h mov cx,count mov bx,02

;cx=count ;Table Index bx=tab[1]

rdnxt1: mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg5 int 21h mov ax,tab1[bx] mov si,offset result call hex2asc mov ah,09h

mov dx,offset result int 21h add bx,2 loop rdnxt1 skip2: mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readinteger proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2 push bx call atoi pop bx mov count,ax pop ax pop bx pop dx ret readinteger endp readinteger1 proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2 push bx call atoi

pop bx mov tnum,ax pop ax pop bx pop dx ret readinteger1 endp atoi proc near push bp mov bp,sp push si push dx push cx push bx mov si,[bp+4] ;finding the length of the string mov bx,00 nxtch: mov al,[si] inc bx inc si cmp al,cr jne nxtch ;cx=length of the string mov cx,bx dec cx ;si is pointing outside the string so adjust dec si mov dx,00 mov bx,01 nxt: dec si push dx ;dx:ax=digit xor dx,dx mov ah,00 mov al,[si] sub al,'0' mul bx pop dx add dx,ax

;generate multiples bx=10,100,1000.... push dx push cx xor dx,dx mov cx,10 mov ax,bx mul cx mov bx,ax pop cx pop dx loop nxt mov ax,dx pop bx pop cx pop dx pop si pop bp ret atoi endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al

rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: Program to sort 16 bit number into descending order..: Number of Elements:05 Enter Element:11 Enter Element:44 Enter Element:22 Enter Element:55 Enter Element:33 After sorting.....: Elements are.....: Element:55 Element:44 Element:33 Element:22 Element:11 9. Write a program which adds the sales tax in the price list of items and replace the price list with calculated values. ( Repeated program in session 3 and 4 : Simple assembly programs) 10. Write a program to Convert ASCII number into decimal digit. Prg(ascdec.asm) Title convert ASCII to decimal digit dosseg .model small

.stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter a number:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Decimal number is:$" num db ? res db 10 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum skip:mov si,offset res mov ax,00 mov al,num call hex2asc lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,res mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readnum proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov num,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add num,al ret

readnum endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end

Output: Enter a number:12 Decimal number is:12

11. Write a program for performing the following operation. Z=((A-B)/10*C)*2. Prg(funope.asm) Title perform the following operation Z = ((A-B)/10 *C)*2 dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"The following program performs the operation:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Z = ((A-B)/10*C)*2......$" msg3 db 13,10,"Enter the value for A:$" msg4 db 13,10,"Enter the value for B:$" msg5 db 13,10,"Enter the value for C:$" msg6 db 13,10,"Result Z=:$" numa db ? numb db ? numc db ? numab db ? numabc db ? result db ? res db 10 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum lea dx,msg4 mov ah,09h int 21h call readnum1 lea dx,msg5 mov ah,09h

int 21h call readnum2 ;numab = (A - B) mov ax,00 mov al,numa sub al,numb cwd mov numab,al ;numabc = (numab)/10*C mov ax,00 mov bx,00 mov bl,0Ah mov al,numab mov dx,00 div bx mov bx,00 mov bl,numc mul bx mov numabc,al ;result=(numabc)*2 mov ax,00 mov al,numabc mov bx,00 mov bl,02 mul bx mov result,al mov ax,00 mov al,result mov si,offset res call hex2asc lea dx,msg6 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,res mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp

readnum proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov numa,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add numa,al ret readnum endp readnum1 proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov numb,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add numb,al ret readnum1 endp readnum2 proc near mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov bh,0Ah mul bh mov numc,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' add numc,al ret readnum2 endp

hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end

Output:

The following program performs the operation: Z = ((A-B)/10*C)*2...... Enter the value for A:30 Enter the value for B:10 Enter the value for C:10 Result Z=:40

12. Write a program for adding an array of binary digits. Prg(arbinad.asm) Title program to add array of binary digits dosseg .model small .stack .data cr equ 0dh lf equ 0ah msg db cr,lf,"Program to add array of binary element....:$" msg1 db cr,lf,"How many elements to enter...............:$" msg2 db cr,lf,"Enter Element:$" msg3 db cr,lf,"After adding array element...............:$" msg4 db cr,lf,"Total=:$" count dw ? tab1 dw 20 DUP(0) num dw ? tnum dw ? temp dw ? result db 10 DUP(0) buff db 80 db 0 db 80 DUP(?) .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg int 21h ;Read element count mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg1 int 21h call readinteger mov cx,count mov bx,02 rdnxt: mov ah,09h

;cx=count ;Table Index bx=tab[1]

mov dx,offset msg2 int 21h call readinteger1 mov ax,tnum mov tab1[bx],ax add bx,2 loop rdnxt ;adding array element mov cx,count ;cx=count add cx,count cmp cx,01 je pnxt mov bx,02 mov cx,00 mov cx,count mov dx,00 rpt: mov ax,tab1[bx] add ax,dx mov temp,ax mov dx,temp inc bx inc bx loop rpt ;print result pnxt: mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg3 int 21h rdnxt1: mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg4 int 21h mov ax,temp mov si,offset result call hex2asc mov ah,09h mov dx,offset result int 21h skip2: mov ax,4c00h

int 21h main endp readinteger proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2 push bx call atoi pop bx mov count,ax pop ax pop bx pop dx ret readinteger endp readinteger1 proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2 push bx call atoi pop bx mov tnum,ax pop ax pop bx pop dx ret readinteger1 endp

atoi proc near push bp mov bp,sp push si push dx push cx push bx mov si,[bp+4] ;finding the length of the string mov bx,00 nxtch: mov al,[si] inc bx inc si cmp al,cr jne nxtch ;cx=length of the string mov cx,bx dec cx ;si is pointing outside the string so adjust dec si mov dx,00 mov bx,01 nxt: dec si push dx ;dx:ax=digit xor dx,dx mov ah,00 mov al,[si] sub al,'0' mul bx pop dx add dx,ax ;generate multiples bx=10,100,1000.... push dx push cx xor dx,dx mov cx,10 mov ax,bx mul cx

mov bx,ax pop cx pop dx loop nxt mov ax,dx pop bx pop cx pop dx pop si pop bp ret atoi endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al

pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: Program to add array of binary element....: How many elements to enter...............:02 Enter Element:11 Enter Element:22 After adding array element...............: Total=:33 Program to add array of binary element....: How many elements to enter...............:05 Enter Element:1234 Enter Element:22 Enter Element:134 Enter Element:2134 Enter Element:5432 After adding array element...............: Total=:8956

13. Write a program, which takes the input of 4 digit number, and display the sum of square of digits as given below. Ex: input = 4721 4 ^2 + 7 ^ 2 + 2 ^ 2 + 1 ^ 2 = 16+49+4+1 Result = 70(Display) Title program to sum of square of digits dosseg .model small .stack .data cr equ 0dh lf equ 0ah msg db cr,lf,"Program to sum of square of digits........:$" msg1 db cr,lf,"Enter 4 digits<xxxx>.....................:$" msg2 db cr,lf,"Enter Element:$" msg3 db cr,lf,"After adding digits......................:$" msg4 db cr,lf,"Total=:$" count dw ? tab1 dw 20 DUP(0) num dw ? tnum dw ? temp dw ? result db 10 DUP(0) buff db 80 db 0 db 80 DUP(?) .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg int 21h mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg1 int 21h ;Read element count mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg2

int 21h call readinteger mov cx,00 mov temp,cx mov cx,04 rpt: mov bx,00 mov bx,10 mov ax,00 mov ax,num mov dx,00 div bx mov num,ax mov tnum,dx mov ax,00 mov bx,00 mov ax,tnum mov bx,tnum mov dx,00 mul bx add ax,temp mov temp,ax mov ax,num loop rpt ;print result mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg3 int 21h mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg4 int 21h mov ax,temp mov si,offset result call hex2asc mov ah,09h mov dx,offset result int 21h skip2: mov ax,4c00h int 21h

main endp readinteger proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2 push bx call atoi pop bx mov num,ax pop ax pop bx pop dx ret readinteger endp atoi proc near push bp mov bp,sp push si push dx push cx push bx mov si,[bp+4] ;finding the length of the string mov bx,00 nxtch: mov al,[si] inc bx inc si cmp al,cr jne nxtch ;cx=length of the string mov cx,bx dec cx

;si is pointing outside the string so adjust dec si mov dx,00 mov bx,01 nxt: dec si push dx ;dx:ax=digit xor dx,dx mov ah,00 mov al,[si] sub al,'0' mul bx pop dx add dx,ax ;generate multiples bx=10,100,1000.... push dx push cx xor dx,dx mov cx,10 mov ax,bx mul cx mov bx,ax pop cx pop dx loop nxt mov ax,dx pop bx pop cx pop dx pop si pop bp ret atoi endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h

mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: Program to sum of square of digits........: Enter 4 digits<xxxx>.....................: Enter Element:3421 After adding digits......................: Total=:30 Program to sum of square of digits........: Enter 4 digits<xxxx>.....................: Enter Element:6743 After adding digits......................: Total=:110

14. Write a program which should adds two 5-byte numbers (numbers are stored in array NUM1 and NUM2 ) and stores the sum in another array named RESULT. Prg(ad5bnm.asm) Title add 5 byte numbers(num1 and num2 array) and stores the sum array named RESULT dosseg .model small .stack .data len equ 05h msg db 13,10,"To calculate sum of 5 byte number stored in memory.....$" msg1 db 13,10,"Element in first array................................$" msg2 db 13,10,"Element is:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Element in second array...............................$" msg4 db 13,10,"Sum is:$" num1 db 31h, 32h, 33h, 34h, 35h num2 db 31h, 32h, 33h, 34h, 35h sum db 6 DUP(0) res db 10 DUP(0) .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg mov ah,09h int 21h ;print first array element lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h mov cx,00 mov cl,05 mov di,00 nxt: lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h mov dl,num1[di] mov ah,02h

int 21h inc di loop nxt ;print second array element lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h mov cx,00 mov cl,05 mov si,00 nxt1:lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h mov dl,num2[si] mov ah,02h int 21h inc si loop nxt1 ;adding 2 array element mov si,00 mov cx,00 mov cl,05 clc again:mov al,num1[si] adc al,num2[si] mov sum[si],al inc si loop again rcl al,01h and al,01h mov sum[si],al ;printing array sum mov cx,00 mov cl,06 mov si,00 lea dx,msg4 mov ah,09h int 21h

pnxt:mov dl,sum[si] mov ah,02h int 21h inc si loop pnxt mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp end Output: To calculate sum of 5 byte number stored in memory..... Element in first array................................ Element is:1 Element is:2 Element is:3 Element is:4 Element is:5 Element in second array............................... Element is:1 Element is:2 Element is:3 Element is:4 Element is:5 Sum is:bdfhj

15. Write a program which should convert 4 digits BCD number into its binary equivalent. Prg(bcdbin.asm) Title convert 4 digit bcd number into its binary equivalent dosseg .model small .stack .data thou equ 3E8h ;1000 =3E8h msg db 13,10,"To convert bcd number of 4 digit:$" msg1 db 13,10,"Stored in memory to binary equivalent:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Hex number for 10 is 0Ah:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Hex number for 100 is 64h:$" msg4 db 13,10,"Hex number for 1000 is 3E8h:$" msg5 db 13,10,"The number stored in memory is 4567h:$" msg6 db 13,10,"Its Hex number is 11D7h:$" msg7 db 13,10,"After converting bcd number to binary number:$" msg8 db 13,10,"Binary number is:$" bcd dw 4567h hex dw ? res db 40 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg4 mov ah,09h int 21h

lea dx,msg5 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg6 mov ah,09h int 21h ;converting bcd to binary mov ax,bcd mov bx,ax mov al,ah mov bh,bl mov cl,04 ror ah,cl ror bh,cl and ax,0F0Fh and bx,0F0Fh mov cx,ax ;multiplying the number by 10,100,1000 to set to there place value mov ax,0000h mov al,ch mov di,thou mul di mov dh,00h mov dl,bl add dx,ax mov ax,0064h mul cl add dx,ax mov ax,000Ah mul bh add dx,ax mov hex,dx ;printing the binary number ;its hex value is stored in memory lea dx,msg7 mov ah,09h int 21h

lea dx,msg8 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,00 mov si,offset res mov ax,hex call hex2asc mov dx,offset res mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2

inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: To convert bcd number of 4 digit: Stored in memory to binary equivalent: Hex number for 10 is 0Ah: Hex number for 100 is 64h: Hex number for 1000 is 3E8h: The number stored in memory is 4567h: Its Hex number is 11D7h: After converting bcd number to binary number: Binary number is:4567

16. Write a program to conduct a binary search on a given sorted array of 16 bit, unsigned integers. Prg(binser.asm) Title binary search on sorted array of 16 bit,unsigned integer dosseg .model small .stack .data cr equ 0dh lf equ 0ah msg db cr,lf,"Program for Binary search..:$" msg1 db cr,lf,"Number of Elements:$" msg2 db cr,lf,"Enter Element:$" msg3 db cr,lf,"Element to be searched:$" msg4 db cr,lf,"Element found in the list:$" msg5 db cr,lf,"Element Not found in the list:$" msg6 db cr,lf,"Element found at Location:$" count dw ? tab1 dw 20 DUP(0) num dw ? tnum dw ? result db 10 DUP(0) buff db 80 db 0 db 80 DUP(?) .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg int 21h ;Read element count mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg1 int 21h call readinteger mov cx,count mov bx,02

;cx=count ;Table Index bx=tab[1]

rdnxt: mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg2 int 21h call readinteger1 mov ax,tnum mov tab1[bx],ax add bx,2 loop rdnxt mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg3 int 21h call readinteger2 ;performing binary search,cx - low,dx-high,bx-mid mov cx,01 mov dx,count chknxt:cmp cx,dx jg nfound ;bx =mid = (low+high)/2 mov bx,cx add bx,dx shr bx,01 ;read data from the table push bx shl bx,01 mov ax,tab1[bx] pop bx cmp num,ax je found jl lhalf ;low = mid +1 inc bx mov cx,bx jmp skip1 lhalf: dec bx mov dx,bx skip1: jmp chknxt

;Data not found in the list nfound:mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg5 int 21h jmp skip2 ;Data found in the list ;location of element is in bx register found: mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg4 int 21h mov ax,bx mov si,offset result call hex2asc ;print result mov ah,09h mov dx,offset msg6 int 21h mov ah,09h mov dx,offset result int 21h skip2: mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readinteger proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2 push bx call atoi pop bx mov count,ax pop ax pop bx pop dx

ret readinteger endp readinteger1 proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2 push bx call atoi pop bx mov tnum,ax pop ax pop bx pop dx ret readinteger1 endp readinteger2 proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2 push bx call atoi pop bx mov num,ax pop ax pop bx pop dx ret

readinteger2 endp atoi proc near push bp mov bp,sp push si push dx push cx push bx mov si,[bp+4] ;finding the length of the string mov bx,00 nxtch: mov al,[si] inc bx inc si cmp al,cr jne nxtch ;cx=length of the string mov cx,bx dec cx ;si is pointing outside the string so adjust dec si mov dx,00 mov bx,01 nxt: dec si push dx ;dx:ax=digit xor dx,dx mov ah,00 mov al,[si] sub al,'0' mul bx pop dx add dx,ax ;generate multiples bx=10,100,1000.... push dx push cx xor dx,dx mov cx,10 mov ax,bx

mul cx mov bx,ax pop cx pop dx loop nxt mov ax,dx pop bx pop cx pop dx pop si pop bp ret atoi endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al

pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: Program for Binary search..: Number of Elements:05 Enter Element:5 Enter Element:99 Enter Element:250 Enter Element:545 Enter Element:999 Element to be searched:100 Element Not found in the list: Program for Binary search..: Number of Elements:05 Enter Element:5 Enter Element:99 Enter Element:250 Enter Element:545 Enter Element:999 Element to be searched:250 Element found in the list: Element found at Location:03

Session 8:Strings 1) Write a program which takes 2 string as input and display the concatenated string. Prg(strcon.asm) Title string concat dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter a string with dolar symbol as a break:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Enter second string with dolar symbol as a break:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Concated string is:$" strg db 20 DUP(0) .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea di,strg lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h first:mov ah,01h int 21h cmp al,24h je next ; inc di mov [di],al inc di jmp first next: lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h second:mov ah,01h int 21h cmp al,24h je con ; inc di mov [di],al inc di jmp second

con : lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h lea di,strg dis: mov al,[di] cmp al,0 je ou mov dl,al mov ah,02h int 21h inc di jmp dis ou: mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp end Output: Enter a string with dolar symbol as a break:saint$ Enter second string with dolar symbol as a break:alosius$ Concated string is:saintalosius

2) Write a program which converts string lower case character to upper case characters and upper case character to lower case characters. Prg(strul.asm) Title convert string upper case to lower case and lower case to upper case dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter a string with dolar symbol as a break:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Modified string is:$" buf db 80 DUP(0) revbuf db 80 DUP(0) strlen db ? .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h lea si,buf read: mov ah,01h int 21h mov [si],al inc si cmp al,24h je check jmp read check:lea si,buf lea di,revbuf start:mov al,[si] cmp al,'$' je dis cmp al,60h jb lower cmp al,7Ah jb upper jmp start

lower:cmp al,40h jb skip cmp al,5Ah jb up up:add al,20h mov [di],al inc di inc si jmp start upper:cmp al,60h ja lo lo: sub al,20h mov [di],al inc di inc si jmp start skip: mov [di],al inc si inc di jmp start dis:mov al,'$' mov [di],al lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,revbuf mov ah,09h int 21h ou:mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp end Output: Enter a string with dolar symbol as a break:SaiNt$ Modified string is:sAInT

3) Write a program for reversing a given string. Prg(strrev.asm) Title reversing a string dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter a string with dolar symbol as a break:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Reverse of a string is:$" strg db 20 DUP(0) restr db 20 DUP(0) .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax mov es,ax mov di,00 lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h read:mov ah,01h int 21h cmp al,24h je next inc di mov strg[di],al jmp read next: mov si,00 start:cmp di,0 je dmsg2 mov al,strg[di] mov restr[si],al inc si dec di jmp start dmsg2:lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h

dis:mov al,restr[di] cmp al,0 je ou mov dl,al mov ah,02h int 21h inc di jmp dis ou: mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp end Output: Enter a string with dolar symbol as a break:saint$ Reverse of a string is:tnias

4) Write a program to determine a given string is a palindrome. If ‘Yes ‘ output the message “The given string is a palindrome”. If ‘NO’ output the message “No it is not a palindrome”. Prg(strpal.asm) Title string palindrome dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter a string with dolar symbol as a break:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Reverse of a given string is:$" msg3 db 13,10,"String length is:$" msg4 db 13,10,"Is Palindrome:$" msg5 db 13,10,"Not a Palindrome:$" buf db 80 DUP(0) revbuf db 80 DUP(0) strlen db ? .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h lea si,buf read: mov ah,01h int 21h mov [si],al inc si cmp al,24h je cou jmp read cou: lea si,buf mov bx,00 count:mov al,[si] inc si ;inc bl cmp al,24h je rev inc bx jmp count

rev: lea di,revbuf lea si,buf add si,bx mov cx,00 mov cx,bx dec si revst:mov al,[si] mov [di],al dec si inc di loop revst lea di,revbuf lea si,buf add di,bx add si,bx mov al,[si] mov [di],al dis:lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,revbuf mov ah,09h int 21h lea si,buf lea di,revbuf mov cx,bx check:mov al,[si] cmp [di],al jne pal inc di inc si loop check lea dx,msg4 mov ah,09h int 21h jmp ou pal:lea dx,msg5 mov ah,09h

int 21h ou:mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp end Output: Enter a string with dolar symbol as a break:srrs$ Reverse of a given string is:srrs Is Palindrome:

5) Write a program to search a character in a given string and calculate the number of occurrence of the character in the given string. Prg(strchr.asm) Title count character occourence in a string dosseg .model small .stack .data msg1 db 13,10,"Enter a string with dolar symbol as a break:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Enter a character to count:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Number of times occoured in a given string:$" buf db 80 DUP(0) chr db 10 DUP('$') strlen db ? res db 10 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h mov si,offset buf read: mov ah,01h int 21h mov [si],al inc si cmp al,24h je next jmp read next: lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h read1:mov si,offset chr mov ah,01h int 21h mov [si],al inc si mov al,24h mov [si],al

mov bx,00 mov si,offset buf mov ax,00 mov di,offset chr check:mov al,[si] cmp al,[di] je count cmp al,'$' je dis inc si jmp check count:inc bl inc si jmp check dis:mov strlen,bl lea si,res mov ax,00 mov al,strlen call hex2asc lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,res mov ah,09h int 21h ou:mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h

mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output:

Enter a string with dolar symbol as a break:saintalosius$ Enter a character to count:a Number of times occoured in a given string:02

Lab Assignment: 1) Write and run an assembly language program that accepts two input values of single ASCII digit each, converts these values to binary and multiplies the two values. The Result is kept in AL register. Prg(2isamul.asm) Title program to accepts two input values of single ASCII digit, ;converts these values to binary and multiplies the two values ;Result is kept in AL register dosseg .model small .stack .data msg db 13,10,"Program to accepts two numbers from single ASCII digit:$" msg1 db 13,10,"Multiply two numbers and store it in AL register:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Enter two values whose result is less then 250:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Enter the two number <xx>:$" msg4 db 13,10,"First number in 10th position is :$" msg5 db 13,10,"Second number in 1th position is:$" msg6 db 13,10,"Result is:$" num1 db ? num2 db ? total db ? res db 20 DUP('$') .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h ;reading the two number lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h

call readinteger ;printing the two numbers ;printing the first number lea dx,msg4 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,00 mov si,offset res mov al,num1 call hex2asc mov dx,offset res mov ah,09h int 21h ;printing the second number lea dx,msg5 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,00 mov si,offset res mov al,num2 call hex2asc mov dx,offset res mov ah,09h int 21h ;multiplying the two numbers mov ax,00 mov bx,00 mov bl,num2 mov al,num1 mul bl mov total,al ;printing the total lea dx,msg6 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,00 mov si,offset res

mov al,total call hex2asc mov dx,offset res mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readinteger proc near mov bx,00 mov bl,10 mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mul bl mov num1,al mov ah,01h int 21h sub al,'0' mov num2,al ret readinteger endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx

inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2 inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp end Output: Program to accepts two numbers from single ASCII digit: Multiply two numbers and store it in AL register: Enter two values whose result is less then 250: Enter the two number <xx>:23 First number in 10th position is :20 Second number in 1th position is:03 Result is:60

2) Write and run an assembly program that checks if two strings are identical. Assume that the strings are stored one after the other in the memory. In case the two strings are identical the program output should be IDENTICAL, otherwise the output should be NOT IDENTICAL. Prg(stride.asm) Title program to check if two string are identical or not. dosseg .model small .stack .data msg db 13,10,"Program to check two strings entered identical or Not:$" msg1 db 13,10,"End the string with dolor as break symble:$" msg2 db 13,10,"Enter two strings of equal length:$" msg3 db 13,10,"Enter first string:$" msg4 db 13,10,"Enter the second string:$" msg5 db 13,10,"Entered two string are identical:$" msg6 db 13,10,"Entered two string are not identical:$" buf db 80 DUP(0) revbuf db 80 DUP(0) .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h ;reading first string lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h lea si,buf read: mov ah,01h int 21h mov [si],al

inc si cmp al,24h je sec jmp read ;reading second string sec: lea dx,msg4 mov ah,09h int 21h lea si,revbuf read1: mov ah,01h int 21h mov [si],al inc si cmp al,24h je cou jmp read1 cou: mov bx,00 mov cx,00 lea si,buf cou1: mov al,[si] inc si cmp al,24h je dis inc bx jmp cou1 dis: lea si,buf lea di,revbuf mov cx,00 mov cx,bx check:mov al,[si] cmp [di],al jne pal inc di inc si loop check lea dx,msg5 mov ah,09h int 21h

jmp ou pal:lea dx,msg6 mov ah,09h int 21h ou:mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp end Output: Program to check two strings entered identical or Not: End the string with dolor as break symble: Enter two strings of equal length: Enter first string:saint$ Enter the second string:saint$ Entered two string are identical: F:\masm>stride Program to check two strings entered identical or Not: End the string with dolor as break symble: Enter two strings of equal length: Enter first string:staint$ Enter the second string:saint$ Entered two string are not identical: 3) Write and run a assembly subroutine that multiplies two numbers passed to it as parameters. You must write and run the appropriate main program that calls the subroutine. Prg(submul.asm) Title program to multiply two numbers passed as parameter dosseg .model small .stack .data cr equ 0dh lf equ 0ah msg db cr,lf,"Program to multiply two number passed as paramets to subfunction....:$" msg1 db cr,lf,"Enter firs numbe:$" msg2 db cr,lf,"Enter second number:$" msg3 db cr,lf,"After multiply the two number.......................:$" msg4 db cr,lf,"Total=:$" num1 dw ?

num2 dw ? total dw ? result db 30 DUP(0) buff db 80 db 0 db 80 DUP(?) .code main proc mov ax,@data mov ds,ax lea dx,msg mov ah,09h int 21h lea dx,msg1 mov ah,09h int 21h call readinteger lea dx,msg2 mov ah,09h int 21h call readinteger1 ;multiplying the two numbers lea dx,msg3 mov ah,09h int 21h call multiple ;printing the total lea dx,msg4 mov ah,09h int 21h mov ax,00 mov si,offset result mov ax,total call hex2asc mov dx,offset result mov ah,09h int 21h

mov ax,4c00h int 21h main endp readinteger proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2 push bx call atoi pop bx mov num1,ax pop ax pop bx pop dx ret readinteger endp readinteger1 proc near push dx push bx push ax mov ah,0ah mov dx,offset buff int 21h mov bx,offset buff add bx,2 push bx call atoi pop bx mov num2,ax pop ax pop bx pop dx

ret readinteger1 endp atoi proc near push bp mov bp,sp push si push dx push cx push bx mov si,[bp+4] ;finding the length of the string mov bx,00 nxtch: mov al,[si] inc bx inc si cmp al,cr jne nxtch ;cx=length of the string mov cx,bx dec cx ;si is pointing outside the string so adjust dec si mov dx,00 mov bx,01 nxt: dec si push dx ;dx:ax=digit xor dx,dx mov ah,00 mov al,[si] sub al,'0' mul bx pop dx add dx,ax ;generate multiples bx=10,100,1000.... push dx push cx xor dx,dx

mov cx,10 mov ax,bx mul cx mov bx,ax pop cx pop dx loop nxt mov ax,dx pop bx pop cx pop dx pop si pop bp ret atoi endp hex2asc proc near push ax push bx push cx push dx push si mov cx,00h mov bx,0Ah rpt1: mov dx,00 div bx add dl,'0' push dx inc cx cmp ax,0Ah jge rpt1 add al,'0' mov [si],al rpt2: pop ax inc si mov [si],al loop rpt2

inc si mov al,'$' mov [si],al pop si pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax ret hex2asc endp multiple proc near mov ax,num1 mov bx,num2 mul bx mov total,ax ret multiple endp end Output: Program to multiply two number passed as paramets to subfunction....: Enter firs numbe:10 Enter second number:10 After multiply the two number.......................: Total=:100 Program to multiply two number passed as paramets to subfunction....: Enter firs numbe:20 Enter second number:20 After multiply the two number.......................: Total=:400 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>END<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

5. Write a program to find the sum of two BCD numbers stored in memory. (Repeat of programe 1 in session 3 and 4 :Simple assembly program) 6. Develop and execute an assembly language program to find the HCF of two unsigned 16 bit numbers. 7. Write a program to convert a string in upper case to lower case of lower case to upper case.( Repeated in session 8: Strings)