Micro 02

UNIVERmY Of JORDAN Faculty- OF Medicine

LECfURE NO: .

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BY the name of Allah

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In the last lecture we started bacteriology, in this lecture we will continue but at first let us repeat some of the important structures of bacteria in order to understand the pathogenesis . * how the "bacteria can attac"h to our human tissues"? *how can the bacteria can obey and elaborate certain enzymes, toxins? As well as following the life of bacteria we can know the structure of bacteria, and releasing the components of bacterial cell mainly induce the development of the immunal response, which means an antigen induce production of antibodies, these antibodies as you know are important to prevent the infection, in the future the body will develop a memory which will help in prevention of reoccur of the developing disease. "

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*Ifwe look to any bacterial cell whether cocci or bacilli we can see ; 1. flagella which is usually responsible for attachment of bacterial cells to ~ the part of the body especially at the oral cavity.

~ 2.fimbriae which is smaller in size and in length than the flagella and has

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certain important features in relation to adherence and it has a role in ~ immunal response. ~

~ 3.pilli which are larger appendages(protein) , hair like structures, lacking ~ in number than fimbriae, they have two functions· ~

A)Cell adherence B)conjugation(transfer of sex material)

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*Together ((flagella,fimbriae and pilli»are composed of different types of proteins and glycoprotein's according to the construction of the poly peptide and different amino acid sequence in these poly peptides .

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; and each of these appendages has a role in relation to infection or even in ~ classification of the organisms into species.

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*these appendages are originate from a rigid base called»» ~ 4.Rigi~ cell wa.il in fact it is divided according to the type of bacteria in , rwo major typcs to :-> ~ A)Gram positive oacteria. B)Gram negative bacteria.

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~ 5.Cvtoplasm which is composed mainly of water up to 80% within this

~ water we have a large D1~mber of smaller inorganic & organic compounds ( like potassium, sodium, magnesium and small protein units associated f with ribosomes

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1 6.Ribosomes compose of 70s (s here in relation to sphed pack is the 7 scientist who u£3covered the components of ribosomes and s is an f international unit) ) ** 70s in prolGlryotes composed of two major subunits 40 and 30

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**i~ human being this ribosomal number ~ characterized by 80s and two

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~ major subunits 50 and 40(as the DR. said that we do not ~ summate these numbers and we will get the mechanism in

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7.Inclusion bodies which act as a reservoir to the resources for the

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energy in form of poly phosphate and poly carbohydrate (glycogen).

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; ··we have the most important part of the bacterial ceU named as tbe ~ inclusion of nuclear region which composed of one bacterial chromosome which is not necessary to be.in the center of the bacterial cell, it flow 9 within the cytoplasm and it could be concentrated in one site in bacterial ~ cell, this chromosome is contains double strand ofD.N.A, incudee in this ~ chromosome the innervations necessary to production of carbohydrates ~ and other functions of the bacterial cells.

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~ **2000-5000 genes are enough to let the bacteria to produce any type of

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~ metabolic activities & other components for the growth and survive in any ~ surface or culture media and it will help to produce very specific enzymes ~ to resist the action of antimicrobial chemicals and drugs, so these enzymes ~ will help bacterial cells to break down the chemical compounds of the ~ nature or in relation to the human body.

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; ***Bacteria is a very active genetic machinery which allow it to be super ~ type of organisms and it can resist any affect whether from environment of ~ human being. ~

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In relation to the structure of the cell wall Gralll-positive Cell Wall LT.A

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; l)Gram positive bacteria this cell wall composed of three important ~

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components the major component is the peptido glycans layer which composed of two components-: . .

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A.)~~-acetyl gtucosa~in~.

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. B)l~-acetyl muranuc aCId. ~ *these two components will alternately produce a layer surrounded the ~ cytoplasm in between to connect these two compounds by a tetra peptide ~ (4 amino acids called cross linkin1! between these two major' . ~ carbohydrates).

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~ **In addition we have a layer or mO.re in Gram positive bacteria

~ considered as part of cytoplasmic membrane to attach to the pepHde ~ glycans layer.

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*In outer part of the cell wall in Gram positive bacteria of peptide glycans layers composed of 5 layers in comparison to Gram negative bacteria. ;..

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**Within these layers we have a cross -linking tetra peptide and in addition ; we have one or two important chemical component called techonic acid ry and certain specific proteins which help the bacterial cells to carry certain ry types of molecules fro outside the cell to the inside .

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***these poly peptides some times developing resistance against certain types of drugs like the penicillin which called penicillin binding protein .

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*Cell membrane is composed of phospholipids &poly peptide proteins and

~ they act as oxidative transfer of all necessary substances from outside the , cell to inside it.

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2)G'ram negative bacteria do not start outside peptide glycans layer called outer membrane layers (Composed of very specific types of ry compounds called Iipo poly sacharrides composed of two units of lipid A ry Which is a fatty acid with P04 group and the whole compound stands for ry Endo toxic activity of Gram negative bacteria t this means once Gram ~ negative bacteria reaches our body it will induce the lysozymes in our oral ~ cavity which means the lipo sacharides will be released as a toxic ry compounds, one it accumulate of lipo poly sacharides in our body this ry means we might suffer from endo toxic shock and this shock will cause ~ the body suffer from elevation of body temperature ,hype'rterision, ry headache, and may affect our blood system ).

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*In Gram negative & positive we can recognize channels (pores) which allow the molecules to reach the cytoplasm passively.

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(we have single layer associated with glyco proteins to connect the outer membrane with the inner membrane)

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; This peptide glycans layer is only one layer instead of many layers in Gram ~ positive bacteria.

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*What does mean that we have many lavers of peptide eJvcans layers in Gram positive bacteria??? This means during we stain many layers will at once eilloured with methylene blue dye which use in staining the Gram positive bacteria,it will retain the positive charge of methylene group dye within the peptide glycans layer and this will be fixed in association with a~ acid and the color will not be removed by decolourization by using alcohol or acetone, so Gram positive Bacteria simply become coloured and improved its colour, the remaining of the colour is due to the presence of multi layers of peptide glycans layers Where Gram Negative bacteria the cells might be not staind or coloured and fixed to give the tight red colour

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we see 2 colours A)Blue in Gram positive bacteria B)light red in Gram negative bacteria

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We will see this process in the lab in details as we hope ;P

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Bacteria of specific antigens When the bacteria reaches the blood stream, during the interaction between our blood and the bacterial cells; our body r-espoods -by producing antibodies. H rewe must know that each part of our body stands for specific antigen

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«!!What does the term antigen mean??» ~ -)In relation to our body it means foreign bacterias but.. ... 9 - )In relation to the immune system it means any foreign body or material ~ Iike(carbohydrates and proteins associated with compounds like lipo ~ phosphate) so as we said before the body will respond by producing , antibodi~.

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Back again to the structures of bacteria :-{ . Flagella

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~ ~ H-? is related to the Latin language (Dne to flagella might Help ~ bacteria to live on the surface of the culture med~'l)!!

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~ **Second important antigen called somatic antigen or O-antigen

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; 0-7 is related to the term SOMATIC which in turn related to the body of ~ the b~cteti-al cell, 'so the O-~ntigen is related to the cell ~all :

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**We can recognize now that Cell wall is important as acts as an antigen

~ which induce the production of specific antibodies ~gainst somatic ~ an~igens.

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~ ***The third type of antigens is related to the pr~ence of a special capsule ~ which is (capsule) in bacteria auto type and the majority of the bacteria ~ are capsuled.

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rv· In Gram positive and Gram negative

the capsule composed of poly ; sacharides surrounding the cell wall so these capsules are I~ke O-antigen ~ and H-antigen induce specific antibodies known as K-antIgen .

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; K-7comes from the Latin language -7 Kapsule.

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Mhat Is the Importance of the capsul." ~

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Capsule is a slime layer it cab be micro or macro acco,rding to the amount of poly sacharides (small amount means -7 micro and large amount means -7 macro)

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; For Example: -7 streptococcus which is the causative agent of pneumonia ~whicb found in respiratory tract surrounded by large capsule (macro

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**In healthy person the human body manage to brak down the capsule ~accordjDg to the type of the antibodies and to the mechanisms tif ~ phagocytosis, so it resist the action of the capsules becau!;e if the capsule ~ managed to increase in amount within connective tissue it might cause '1 severe damage in the tissue.

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'1 Which is the causing agent of anthrax which is a dangerous disease on ~ ** We might use the term capsule as a virulence factor !!!!!!

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; *** Again In general Gram positive ca sule is composed of poly:sacharides rv For example -7 Bacillus antbracis o~l ~

~ animals and human being and the anthracis surrounded by macro capsule.

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** As we can see every structure of bacteria bas a role in pathogenesis and

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in disease causing feature; so we are always in pathology are interested in capsulated .bacteria and the type of the capsule.

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*In summary the capsule is important in pathogenesis.

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, The difference between pathogenesis and virulence ~ that the ~ pathogenesis is a general term means bacterial cells which cause infections ~ and diseases '" But the level of pathogenesis might be refer to virulence ~ which means that the virulence expresses the level of infection or ~ pathogenesis.

~ ~ ~ ,IDEndo spores some certain types of bacteria can manage to produce

~ these structures, so what does it mean??????

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Figure 2-8. Bacterial spores. The spore contains the entire DNA genome of the bacterium surround<>d by a thick, resistant coat. (Modified and reproduced, with p<>rmission, trom Tortora G, Funk 8, Case C: Microbiology: An Introduction. 2nd ed. BenjaminiCummings, 1986_)

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; At first let's say something (away from the question) "in general all types of bacteria can't survive for a long time outside the body or cutside its ; nature (environment) like span of growth of any type of bacteria"

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* if there is a dryness (lack of water ) , or lack of nutrients etc. .... ~ most types of bacteria about 990/0 will die which means that the dryness ~ limit the growth of the bacterial cell"" only certain type of Gram positive ~ bacilli (bacillus)and (chlostredia) manage to resist dryness by producing 'Y endo spores.

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~ Now let's back to the question and the answer is ~ simply it is a site of

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~ cytoplasm in which water extrude and the contents of cytoplasm would be

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concentrated in a core within bacterial cell known as core of the cytoplasm and during endo spores formation the bacterial cell produce double cell membrane and surrounded by the presence of cortex (part of cell membrane) this allows to reduce metabolic activity or even stop it ( because there is no need to any activity) " because Any metabolic activity means you must have water in presence of metabolism this means that the bacteria become in dormal stage (silent stage) this stage extends in the form of endo spores.

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**once the endo spore contact with water or moist it become active converted from dorinal stage~ to vege'~a~ive ::;tate (living stage) ~ metabolic activity to increase and reproduce the metaboEsm materials.

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; **Bacillus grows under aerobic conditions by the presence of oxygen. ~ **chlostredia grows under anaerobic conditions in the absence of oxygen.

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***The presence of oxygen especially in association with vegetative form , which resulted in chemical reactions..

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Growth &Nutrients

~ Bacterial cells are like human body need energy and food (it will not grow

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~ by the presence of water only, it must be supplied by the source of carbon,

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~ nitrogen- and carbohydrates.)

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Simple & Complex

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~ **T~e major component which must be found in any media to let the bacteria

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, survIve are : ~ Carbon salts, Nitrogen salts, Water, presence suitable temperature, suitable ~ PH and certain minerals which have a role in membrane activity like sodium ~ ,potassium and sulfur etc... ... .

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~ If these things found in any environment whether in vitro( outside the body) or ~ in vivo (inside the body) available than any type of bacteria which suitable to ~ grow can manage to utilize the compounds and the cO];l:ditions to begin the ~ reproduction in large number. ~ * You can not imaginein short view how one bacterial cell might multiblied in ~ large number within 24 hours. ~ *one cell ifsupplied with the preceding factors ( carbon salts etc)it will ~ reach rapidly up to 100 million identical cells within one hour.

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Quick summary

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fi( 1- ~he most important part of the bacterial cell is the inclusion of nuclear

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} ~ , v ~ g e l , 3- there a re t~lree impor~ant types of antigens A)H-antigen which stands , ~ for flagella B)O-antigen which stands for cell wall C)K antigen which ~ ~ stands for capsule. ,

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2- in staining bacteria we could see two colors A)Blue for Gram positive bacteria and B) Light red for Gram negative bacteria.

4-The capsule could be macro or micro depending on the art0unt poly sacharides. . .

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5-Somc bacteria grow under aerobic conditions and the others under anaerobic conditions.

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; 6-The bacteria has to stages of its life cycle A)Dormal stage rv B)vegetative stage.

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; Some corrections and additions to Sbeet Nnmber one in micro:

~ l)pathogenases means which type of diseases could affect the human being. ~

; 2)profactor

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~ 3)in page no.l line 19 must be less than 1 %

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4) in the same page line 21 viruses are not true micro organisms.

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; Only great minds can read this ~ This. is weird, but interesting:!!!

Fi yuo ena raed tihs ~ yuo hvae a sgtrane mnid too ena yuo raed this? Olney 55 pJepoe out of100 ena. ~ I ednuolt bJveiee taht I ~ Cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht ~ I was rdanieg. the phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoc.cdrnig to a

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rscheearch at cmabri ge uinervtisy , it dseno't mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tiling is that the frsit and Isat ltteer br in the rghit pclae . the rset can be a taotl mses and you can still raed it whotuit a pboerIm. Tibs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed erv~y Iteter by istlef, bilt the wrod as a wa ohe .

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; Azanmig huh? Yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpelings.!!!!!!!

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I want to dedicate this.:; eet to all my colleagi;Ies It is not a gift it is a right for you Enjoy reading it (amma howwe haik ;p;p;p)

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