Micro 02

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UNIVERSITY Of JORDAN Faculty OF Medicine

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LECfURE NO:

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DONE BY:

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'i'i~~'i'i'i'i'i'i'iltlt'iltlt'ilt'iltltltltlt'ilt'i'i

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BY the Dame of Allah

'i ~ In the last lecture we started bacteriology, in this lecture we will continue 'i but at first let us repeat some oftbe important structures of bacteria in It order to nndersu.nd the pathogenesis. ~

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*bow can the bacteria can obey and elaborate certain enzymes, toxins?

As well as following the life of bacteria we can know the structure of bacleria • and releasing Ihe components ofbaclcrial cell mainly induce the , development ortbe imrnunal response, which meaDS an antigen induce ~ production DC antibodies, these antibodies as you know are important to It pl'evenllhe infection. in Ihe future Ihe body will develop a memory which It will help in prevention of reoccur of the developing disease.

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* how the "bacteria can attac"h to our human tissues:

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*lfwe look to any bacterial cell whether cocci or bacilli we can see ; 1. flagella which is usually respousible for attachment of bacterial cells to

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the part of the hody cspecially at the oral cavity.

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2.fimbriae which is smaller in size and in length than the Dagella and has certain important features in relation to adherence and it has a role in , immunal response.

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rr A)Cell adherence rr B)conjugation(traosfer of sex material) 'i rr -Together «Dagella,fimbriae and pilli»are composed of different types of rr proteins and glycoprotein's according to the constrnction of the poly 'i peptide and different amino acid sequence io these poly peptides . rr rr and each of these appendages bas a role in relation to infection or even in

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classification of the organisms into species.

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fi *these appendages are originate from a rigid base called»» ~ 4.Rigi~ cell wall in fact it is divided according to the type of bacteria in

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, nvo major types to :->

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A)Gram positive nacteria. B)Gram ncgative bactcria.

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~ 5.Cvtoplasm which is composcd mainly of water up to 80% within this

~ water we have a large number ofsmalJer inorganic & organic compounds

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1 with ribosomes 1 1 6.Ribosomes composc of 70s (s here in relatiou to sphed pack is the 7 scientist who ti£3covered the components of ribosomes and s is an ) ,utel national unit)

) _. 70s in prol<aryotes composed of two major subunits 40 and 30

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; "in human being this ribosomal number ~ characterized by 80s and two ~ major subunits 50 and 40(as the DR. said that we do not ~ summate these numbers and we will get the mechanism in

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7.Inclusion bodics which act as a reservoir to tbc resources for the encrgy in form of poly phospbate and poly carbohydrate (glycogen).

; "we bavc the most important part of the bacterial ccll namcd as the ~

inclusion of nuclear region which composed of ODe bacterial chromosome

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which is not necessary to bc in the center of the bacterial cell, it now within the cytoplasm aDd it could be concentrated in ODe site in bacterial ceU, this chromosome is contains double strand orD.N.A, incudee in this

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~ chromosome the innervations necessary to production of carbohydrates

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~ "2000-5000 genes are cnough to let the bactcria to produce any type of

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~ and other functions ofthc bacterial cells.

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metabolic activities & other components for the growtb and survive in aoy ~ surface or culture media and it will help to produce very specific enzymes ~ to resist the action of antimicrobial chemicals and drugs, so tbese enzymes ~

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will help bacterial cells to break down the chemical compounds of thc nature or in relation to the human body.

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; "'Bacteria is a very active gcuetic machinery which allow it to be super

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type of organisms and it can resist any affect whether from environment of

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human being.

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In relation to the structure of the cell wall

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; llGram positive bacteria this cell wall composed of three importaot components the major component is the peptido glycans layer which composed of two components: '

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A)l~~acetyl

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B)N-acetyl muramic acid.

glUcosamine.

~ *tbese two components will alternately produce a layer surrounded tbe

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~ **10 addition we have a layer or more in Gram positive bacteria

~ considered as part of cytoplasmic memhrauc tn attach to the peptide glycans layer.

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*In outer part of the cell wall in G:-am positive bacteria of peptide glycans layers composed of 5 layers in comparison to Gram negative bacteria.

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; **Witbin tbcse layers we bave a cross linking tetra peptide and in addition 'f we bave one or two important cbemical component called techooic acid

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and certain specific proteins wbich help the bacterial celis to carry certain

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typcs of moleeulcs fro outside tbe cell to tbc inside.

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~ ***these poly pep tides some times developing resistance against certain ~ typcs of drugs like tbe pe"icillin wbicb called penicillin binding protein. ~ ~

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Note :- Witbout tbcse specification tbe cell wall can not utilize and will die

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~ ~Cell membrane is composed of pbospbolipids &poly peptide proteins and ~

they act as oxidative transfer of all neecssary substanccs from outside tbe

, ceU to inside it.

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\ 2)G"am negative bacteria do not start outside peptide glycans layer called outer membrane layers (Composed of very specific typcs of compounds called Iipo poly saebarrides composed of two units of lipid A Which is a fatty acid witb P04 group and the wbole compound stands for Endo toxic activity olf Gram negative bacteria, tbis means once Gram negative bacteria reaches our body it will induce the Iysozymes in our oral

V cavity which means the lipo sacbarides will be released as a toxic

~ compounds, one it accumulate of lip a poly sacbarides in our body this

~ means we migbt suffer from eodo toxic shock and tbis sbock will cause , the body sufTer from elevation of body temperature ,hypertenSion,

~ headacbe, and may affect our blood system ). ~

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*[0 Gram negative & posiitive we can recognize channels (pores) which

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'r *The second layer called preplasmic which is thin layer of peptide glycans ~ (we have single Jayer associated with glyco proteins to conoect the ollter

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; This peptide glycans layer is only one layer instead ofmaoy layers in Gram ~ positive hacteria.

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'What does mean that we bave many layers of peptide glycans layers in Gram positive bacteria??? This means during we stain many layers will at once .coloured with methylene blue dye which use in staining the Gram positive bactcria,it wiu retain lhe positive charge of methylene group dye withio the peptide glycans layer and this will he rued in association with a]1 acid and the color will not be removed by dccolourization by using alcobol or acetone, so Gram positive Bacteria simply become coloured and improved its colour, the remaining of the colour is due to the preseuce of multi layers of peptide glycans layers

; Where Gram Negative hacteria the cells might he not staiod or coloured ~ and fixed to give 1he light Ted colour

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; ·So we sce 2 colours A)Blue in Gram posilive hacteria ~ B)light red in Gram negative hacteri.

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Note:- We will see this process in the lab in details as we hope ;P

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1 Bacteria of specific anti!!:e:)s When the hacteria rcaches the hlood stream, during the interaction hetween our hlood and the bacterial ceUs ,. our body respoods by ) 'rl producing antibodies. Here we

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must know

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th.t each part of our body stands for specific antigen

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((!!What does the term antigen mean??)) ~ -)In relation tn our body it means foreign bacterias but..... ~ -)In relatinn tn tbc immune system it means auy foreigu body or matcrial R like(carbohydrates and proteins associatcd witb compounds like lipo ~ pbospbate) so as wc said before the body will respond by producing , antibodies.

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Back again to the structures of bacteria :-{ . FlageUa

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~ H-7 is related to the Latin language (Due to O"gclla might Help ~ bacteria to live on tbesurface of the cuJture med· . . )!! ~

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~ "Second important antigen called somatic antigen or O-antigen

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; 0-7 is rclated to the term SOMATIC wbicb in turn related to thc body of ~ tbc bacterial cell. so the O-anligen is rclated tn tbe ccll w,,11 .

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**We can recognize now that CeU wall is important as acts as an antigen which induce the production of specific antibodies ?igainstsomatic

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***The third type of antigens is related to the presence of a special capsule whicb is (eapsule) in bactcria allto type and thc majority of tbe bactcria ~ are capsnled,

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~ 'j In Gram positive and Gram negative the capsule composed of poly

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; sacha rides surrounding tbe cell wall so tbese capsules are like O-antigen ~ and H-antigen induce specific antibodies known as K-antigen . ;

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K~comes from tbe Latiu language ~ Kapsule.

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'S the Importance of the capsule??

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rr~ Capsule is a slime layer it cab be micro or macro according to tbe rr amount of poly sacbarides (small amount means ~ micro and rr large amount means ~ macro)

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; For Example: ~ streptococcus wbicb is tbe causative agent of pneumonia wbicb found in respiratory tract surrounded by large capsule (macro capsule)

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**In bealtby person tbe buman body manage to brak down tbe capsule , according to the type of tbe antibodies and to tbe mecbanisms vf phagocytosis. so it resist tbe action ortbe capsules becau.e iftbe capsule ~ managed to increase in amount within connective tissue it might cause 'severe damage in the tissue.

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~ *In summary the capsule is important in pathogenesis.

~ 1 "'*As we cao see every structure of bacteria has a role in pathogenesis aDd ~

in disease causing feature; so we are always in pathology are interested in

rr capsulated bacteria and tbe type oftbe capsule.

; ***Again In general Gram positive ca sule is composed of poly'sacbarides For example ~ Bacillus anthracis ;.,..JI<;""

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Wbicb is the cansing agent of autbrax wbieb is a dangerous disease on ; animals and human being and the antbracis surrounded by macro capsule.

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Tbe difference between patbogenesis and virulence -7 that the 'f pathogenesis is a general term means bacterial cells which cause infections %and diseases '" But tbe level of patbogenesis migbt be refer to virulence , which means tbat tbe virulence expresses the level of infection or 'i patbogenesis,

'i 'i 'i IDEndo spores some certain types of bacteria con manage to produce ; tbese structures. so wbat does it mean??????

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All ~ 2nd ed. BelIjamilllCunv'rWlgs. 1986.1

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; At first let's say sometbing (away from tbe question) "in general all types ~ of bacteria cantt survive for a long time outside the body or cutside its ~ nature (environment) like span of growth OraDy type of bacteria"

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• if there is a dryness (lack of water ). or lack of nntrients etc..... most types of hacleria ahoul99% will die which means thallhe dryness ~ limit the growth of the bacterial cell"" only certain type of Gram positive ~ hacilli (haciUus)and (chloslredia) managc 10 resisl dryness by producing ~ endo spores.

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~ Now lei's back to the question and Ihe answer is 7 simply il is a sile of ~ cytoplasm in which waler extrude and the conlents of cyloplasm would be

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concentrated in a core within bacterial cell known as core of tbe cytoplasm

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~ and during endo spores formation the baclerial cell prOduce double cell

~ memhrane and surrounded by the presence nf cortex (pari of cell ~ membrane) this allnws 10 reduce metabolic activity or even slop it ( ~ because there is DO need to aoy activity)" because Any metabolic activity ~ means you must have water in prescnce of metabolism this means that the ~

baeleria become in dormal

stage (silenl stage) Ibis stage exlends in Ihe

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F.f **ooee the codo spore contact with water or moist it become active

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converted from dormal st.geo7 to vege.a.ive ,Iale (living slage) 7

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metabolic activity to increase aod reproduce the metaboEsm materials.

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; "Bacillus grows under aerobic eondilious by the presence of oxygen. ~

*·cblostredia grows under anaerobic conditions in tbe absence of oxygen.

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***The presence of oxygen especialJy in association with vegetative form , which resulted in chemical reactions..

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Growth &Nutrieots

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Bacterial cells are like human body need energy and food (it will nol grow , by tbe presence of water ollly, it must b~ supplied by tbe source of carbon , ~ nilrogen and carbohydrates.)

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"The major component which must be found in any media to let the bacteria

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'r Carbon salts, Nitrogen salts, Water, presence suitable temperature, suitable 9 PH and certain minerals which have a role in membrane activity like sodium 'r ,potassium and sulfur etc... .... 'r 'r If these things found in any environment whether in vitro( outside the body) or 'r in vivo (inside the body) available than any type of bacteria which suitable to 'r grow can manage to utilize the compounds and the co~ditions to begin the 'r reproduction in large number. 'r • You can not imagine in short view how one bacterial cell might multiblied in 'r large number within 24 hours. 'r 'one cell if supplied with the preceding factors (carbon salts etc)it will

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reach rapidly up to 100 million identical cells within one hour.

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Quick summary l-'!."he most important part of the bacterial cell is tbe inelusion of nuelear regIOn.

'r 2- in staining bacteria we could see two colors AJBluc for Gram positive

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, bacteria and B) Light red for Gram negative bacteria.

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'r for flagella B)O-antigeu whieh stands for eell wall C)K antigen which 'r stands for capsule. 'r 'r 4-The capsnle eould be macro or micro depending on the "",ount poly saeharides.

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~ 3- tbere are t~ree impor+.ant types of antigens A)B-antigen which stands

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fiJ anaerobie eonditions.

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; 6-The bacteria has to stages of its life cyele A)Dormal stage 'r B)vegetative stage.

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' ~ ; Some corrections aDd additions to Sheet Number one in micro:

; l)pathogenases means whieh type of diseases eould affeellhe human being. ; 2)profaelor

slale~ulJl..O.JI <;.,J~ ~I ..,....., I

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must be less than 1%

"i 4) in the same page line 21 viruses are not true micro organisms. ." 'i

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; Only great minds can read tbis ~ This is weird, but interesting:!!! Fi yuo ena racd fibs I yuo bvae a sgtrane nmid too Cns yuo raed this? Olney 5S plepoe out of 100 cna . , I cdnuolt b1veiee taht I

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C1uod aulaelty nesdnatnrd waht

~ I was rdanicg. the pbaonmneal pweor oftbe hmu3n mnid, aoccdrnig to a ~

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rscheearcb at cmabridge uincrvtisy, it dseno't rntaetr in waht oerdr the Itteres in a wrod are, the olDy iproamtnt tihng is tbat tbe frsit and Isat

Itteer br in the rghit pelae. the rset ean be a taotl mses and you can still raed it wbotuit a pboerlm. Tihs is bcuseae tbe huamn mnid deas not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a walohe .

; Azanmig huh? Yaeh and 1 awlyas 19huhot slpelings.!!!!!!!

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I want to dedicate this :;heet to aU my colleag\ies It is not a gift it is a right for you . Enjoy reading it (amma howwe hail< ;p;p;p)

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Ahmed Abu-khadigh