Materiale Internet

Help - Help for Webmasters « back to results for "Biodex. se" Below is a cache of http://www.ais.up.ac.za/med/rehabill.htm. It's a snapshot of the page taken as our search engine crawled the Web. We've highlighted the words: biodex se The web site itself may have changed. You can check the current page (without highlighting) or check for previous versions at the Internet Archive. Yahoo! is not affiliated with the authors of this page or responsible for its content.

Date: 27-Feb-2001 Name: rehabilitation Database: Medline <1997 to December 2000> Set Search Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------001 hip/in or groin/in or pelvis/in 95 002 rehabilitation.af. 10557 003 1 and 2 2 004 athletic injuries/rh 143 005 (hip or groin or pelvi$ or thigh).af. 17776 006 4 and 5 2 007 3 or 6 4 008 2 and 5 463 009 exp sports/ 7905 010 8 and 9 49 011 7 or 10 51 012 limit 11 to english 50 013 from 10 keep 2-3,7,10-12,17-21,23,27-28,30-31,33,35,42,45,47 23 -49 014 13 23 <1> Unique Identifier 20275112 Authors Gross MT. Dailey ES. Dalton MD. Lee AK. McKiernan TL. Vernon WL. Walden AC. Institution Program in Human Movement Science, Division of Physical Therapy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel, 27599-7135, USA [email protected] Title Relationship between lifting capacity and anthropometric measures. Source Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 30(5):237-47; discussion 258-61, 2000 May. Abbreviated Source J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 30(5):237-47; discussion 258-61, 2000 May. Local Messages unidentified Abstract STUDY DESIGN: Prospective analysis of relationship between lifting capacity and multiple anthropometric variables. OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between lifting capacity and anthropometric variables and

to model this relationship quantitatively. BACKGROUND: Low-back injuries commonly occur in individuals who perform lifting tasks. Objective data are needed to determine preinjury lifting capacity that, in turn, might be

used to guide decisions during rehabilitation of these injuries. METHODS AND MEASURES: We recorded age and sex and measured the following variables for 35 men and 23 women between the ages of 22 and 40: height, weight, percentage of body fat, torso height, pelvic width, pelvic girth, arm length, thigh girth, and calf girth. Variables were selected for the study on the basis of theoretical modeling or previous research regarding the relationship between study variables and lifting capacity. Subjects also were tested to determine their maximum lifting capacity by using a lordotic lumbar spine lifting technique. RESULTS: Stepwise regression analysis indicated that the combination of sex, age, thigh girth, pelvic girth, and percentage body fat was significantly related to maximum lift capacity (multiple R2 = 0.76). The mean absolute difference (+/- SD) between lifted amount predicted by the regression model and the actual amount lifted was 118.6 +/- 86 N (26 +/- 19.3 lb), which corresponded to an average absolute error of 16% (SD = 14%) of the actual weight lifted. CONCLUSION: The results may be useful in estimating 1 aspect of preinjury lifting capacity. Similar studies are needed to model the requirements of frequency of lift, duration of lifting efforts, variety of hand-object coupling, and combined lifting and reaching. <2> Unique Identifier 20313679 Authors Lemaire ED. Nielen D. Paquin MA. Institution Institute for Rehabilitation Research and Development, The Rehabilitation Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Title Gait evaluation of a transfemoral prosthetic simulator. Source Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 81(6):840-3, 2000 Jun. Abbreviated Source Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 81(6):840-3, 2000 Jun. Local Messages unidentified Abstract OBJECTIVE: To test a prosthetic simulator developed to allow persons without amputation to walk like a person with a transfemoral (TF) amputation. PATIENTS: Five able-bodied subjects; comparison with data from the literature on persons with TF amputations. SETTING: Motion analysis laboratory. DESIGN: Two 45- to 60-minute gait training sessions before subjects walked along a 10-meter walkway. There were 6 trials: 3 walking with a cane, 3 without a cane. MAIN OBJECTIVE MEASURES: Sagittal plane kinematic and kinetic analysis of ankle, knee, and hip: angular velocity, joint moment, and power. RESULTS: Kinematic and kinetic analyses showed that joint mechanics during walking were similar between the test subjects and comparative results from persons with TF amputations (reported in the literature). Test subjects walked slower and moved their hip and knee joints faster (higher angular velocity values during the terminal swing) than the TF amputee subjects, although these results were not statistically significant (p < .05). These findings were consistent with

new prosthetic users who are more tentative during gait training. However, a perfect simulation would show no difference in kinematic results. CONCLUSION: These results support the use of a TF prosthetic simulator to help health care professionals experience the process of fitting the prosthesis from the client's perspective. <3> Unique Identifier 20116729 Authors Neptune RR. Kautz SA. Zajac FE. Institution Rehabilitation R & D Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA 94304, USA. [email protected] Title Muscle contributions to specific biomechanical functions do not change in forward versus backward pedaling. Source Journal of Biomechanics. 33(2):155-64, 2000 Feb. Abbreviated Source J Biomech. 33(2):155-64, 2000 Feb. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Previous work had identified six biomechanical functions that need to be executed by each limb in order to produce a variety of pedaling tasks. The functions can be organized into three antagonistic pairs: an Ext/Flex pair that accelerates the foot into extension or flexion with respect to the pelvis, an Ant/Post pair that accelerates the foot anteriorly or posteriorly with respect to the pelvis, and a Plant/Dorsi pair that accelerates the foot into plantarflexion or dorsiflexion. Previous analyses of experimental data have inferred that muscles perform the same function during different pedaling tasks (e.g. forward versus backward pedaling) because the EMG timing was similar, but they did not present rigorous biomechanical analyses to assess whether a muscle performed the same biomechanical function, and if so, to what degree. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine how individual muscles contribute to these biomechanical functions during two different motor tasks, forward and backward pedaling, through a theoretical analysis of experimental data. To achieve this objective, forward and backward pedaling simulations were generated and a mechanical energy analysis was used to examine how muscles generate, absorb or transfer energy to perform the pedaling tasks. The results showed that the muscles contributed to the same primary Biomechanical functions in both pedaling directions and that synergistic performance of certain functions effectively accelerated the crank. The gluteus maximus worked synergistically with the soleus, the hip flexors worked synergistically with the tibialis anterior, and the vasti and hamstrings functioned independently to accelerate the crank. The rectus femoris used complex biomechanical mechanisms including negative muscle work to accelerate the crank. The negative muscle work was used to transfer energy generated elsewhere (primarily from other muscles) to the pedal reaction force in order to accelerate the crank. Consistent with experimental data, a phase shift was required from those muscles contributing to the Ant/Post functions as a result of the different limb

kinematics between forward and backward pedaling, although they performed the same biomechanical function. The pedaling simulations proved necessary to interpret the experimental data and identify motor control mechanisms used to accomplish specific motor tasks, as the mechanisms were often complex and not always intuitively obvious. <4> Unique Identifier 99401157 Authors Schache AG. Bennell KL. Blanch PD. Wrigley TV. Institution School of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, 200 Berkeley St., Carlton, Melbourne, Australia. [email protected] Title The coordinated movement of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during running: a literature review. [Review] [138 refs] Source Gait & Posture. 10(1):30-47, 1999 Sep. Abbreviated Source Gait Posture. 10(1):30-47, 1999 Sep. Local Messages unidentified Abstract The purpose of this review article is to summarise the literature to date regarding the movement of the lumbar spine, pelvis and hips during running gait. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional studies are analysed to illustrate the apparent coordination in the angular kinematics of each of these segments during running. Knowledge of this coordination is essential in order to facilitate the successful rehabilitation of running injuries to the back, pelvis, hip and thigh. [References: 138] <5> Unique Identifier 99438480 Authors Carson PA. Title The rehabilitation of a competitive swimmer with an asymmetrical breaststroke movement pattern. Source Manual Therapy. 4(2):100-6, 1999 May. Abbreviated Source Manual Ther. 4(2):100-6, 1999 May. Local Messages unidentified Abstract This case study describes the treatment and management of an 11-year-old competitive swimmer who was repeatedly disqualified from races because of an asymmetrical movement pattern, otherwise called stroke. The treatment was based on the impairments found during the physical examination that were considered relevant to the physical dysfunction resulting in the asymmetrical stroke. This gave rise to the hypothesis that muscle imbalances around the right shoulder and left hip, together with a relative restriction of motion in these joints, were resulting in the transmission of forces up and down the kinetic chain and that these were contributing factors to the asymmetrical breaststroke stroke. An eclectic

approach was used in the analysis, and the subsequent treatment and management, of the problem. To achieve the goal of a symmetrical stroke, the muscle balance/imbalance approaches of Janda (1994), Sahrmann (1988) and Kendall et al. (1993) were used. The joint impairments were treated with techniques described by Maitland (1986) and Mulligan (1996), while the exercise programme included the core/stabilizing approach presented

by

Blanch (1997). The treatment period consisted of four phases of 3 weeks each. The result indicates that early identification and treatment of muscle imbalance syndromes and relative joint restrictions by the physiotherapist and coach working together may be useful in establishing good movement patterns and technique for competitive swimmers. <6> Unique Identifier 99387873 Authors Tyson SF. Institution Centre for Research in Rehabilitation, Department of Health Studies, Brunel University, Isleworth, UK. [email protected] Title Trunk kinematics in hemiplegic gait and the effect of walking aids. Source Clinical Rehabilitation. 13(4):295-300, 1999 Aug. Abbreviated Source Clin Rehabil. 13(4):295-300, 1999 Aug. Local Messages unidentified Abstract OBJECTIVE: To establish baseline measurements of trunk movements during hemiplegic gait, to assess the relationship between trunk movements and walking ability, and to investigate the effect of walking aids on the trunk movements. METHOD: Twenty subjects with a chronic hemiplegia from a stroke, who could walk independently, were recruited. Lateral and vertical movements of the pelvis, and symmetry of these movements were measured using CODA (a three-dimensional movement analysis system) as the subjects walked at their own pace without an aid. They were also tested as they walked with a stick and a tripod to assess the effect of different walking aids. Mean values for the trunk movements and symmetry were calculated, Pearson's correlations assessed the relationship between each trunk movement and gait velocity (a measure of overall walking ability), and the influence of the different aids was assessed using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Lateral displacement was large (mean = 9.9 cm, SD 3.9) and orientated to the sound side, vertical displacement was small (mean = 2.45 cm, SD 1.4). The movements showed marked asymmetry which favoured the hemiplegic side in that there was less movement of, or towards this side. There was a significant relationship (at 5% level) between walking ability and lateral movements (r = 0.6), but not vertical movements (r= 0.41). No significant differences were found with the different aids. CONCLUSION: These results give baseline values for trunk movements during hemiplegic gait and the relationship between the movements and walking ability. The use of walking aid and the type of walking aid did not affect the subjects' trunk movements or walking ability. <7>

Unique Identifier 99202634 Authors Eisner WD. Bode SD. Nyland J. Caborn DN. Institution Physical Therapy Program, College of Allied Health Professions, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0284, USA. Title Electromyographic timing analysis of forward and backward cycling. Source Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 31(3):449-55, 1999 Mar. Abbreviated Source Med Sci Sports Exerc. 31(3):449-55, 1999 Mar. Local Messages unidentified Abstract PURPOSE: Backward walking to running progressions are becoming a popular, nontraditional component of functional knee rehabilitation programs. The purpose of this electromyographic (EMG) and motion analysis study was to compare the activation duration of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, medial hamstrings, lateral hamstring, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles during forward and backward cycling. We hypothesized that the hamstrings would demonstrate greater activation duration during backward cycling. METHODS: The right lower extremity of 12 healthy subjects (6 male and 6 female) was instrumented with surface EMG electrodes and retroreflective markers to confirm lower extremity kinematic consistency between conditions. RESULTS: Statistical analysis of hip, knee, and ankle kinematics (200 Hz sampling rate) and gender failed to reveal significant differences between conditions (P > 0.05). Quadrant analysis of muscle activation duration with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons revealed that medial and lateral hamstring activation duration was greater during the early recovery phase (quadrant III) of backward cycling than forward cycling (P < 0.00156). Rectus femoris activation duration was greater in the early propulsive phase of backward cycling (quadrant 1) (P < 0.00156) and in the early recovery phase of forward cycling (quadrant III) (P < 0.00156). CONCLUSIONS: These findings lend support for the use of backward cycling during the early recovery phase (quadrant III) to achieve a selective hamstring muscle response of relatively decreased patellofemoral stress and anterior cruciate ligament strain. <8> Unique Identifier 99221445 Authors Hesse S. Konrad M. Uhlenbrock D. Institution Klinik Berlin, Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Free University, Berlin, Germany. Title Treadmill walking with partial body weight support versus floor walking in hemiparetic subjects. Source Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 80(4):421-7, 1999 Apr. Abbreviated Source

Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 80(4):421-7, 1999 Apr. Local Messages unidentified Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare the gait of hemiparetic subjects walking on a treadmill with various body weight supports and walking on the floor. DESIGN: Hemiparetic subjects walked on a treadmill, secured in a harness, with no body weight support and with 15% and 30% body weight relief, and walked on a floor. SETTING: Kinematic laboratory of a department of rehabilitation. SUBJECTS: Eighteen hemiparetic stroke patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gait cycle parameters and kinesiologic electromyogram of six muscles of the affected side and of two muscles of the nonaffected side. RESULTS: On the treadmill, patients walked more slowly because of a reduced cadence, with a longer single stance period of the paretic limb, more symmetrically, and with a larger hip extension (multivariate profile analysis, p<.05). The mean functional activities of the gastrocnemius muscle and of the first crest of the erector spinae of the paretic side were smaller on the treadmill (univariate test, p<.05). Further, the premature activity of the gastrocnemius muscle, indicating spasticity, was less on the treadmill (univariate test, p<.05); correspondingly the qualitative muscle pattern analysis revealed less co-contraction between the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles in 11 of the 18 subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Treadmill training with partial body weight support in hemiparetic subjects allows them to practice a favorable gait characterized by a greater stimulus for balance training because of the prolonged single stance period of the affected limb, a higher symmetry, less plantar flexor spasticity, and a more regular activation pattern of the shank muscles as compared with floor walking. <9> Unique Identifier 99180892 Authors Buschbacher RM. Shay T. Institution Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA. Title Martial arts. [Review] [36 refs] Source Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 10(1):3547, vi, 1999 Feb. Abbreviated Source Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 10(1):35-47, vi, 1999 Feb. Local Messages unidentified Abstract The martial arts have a reputation for being a high-risk activity, but are generally practiced in a safe environment. This article presents the results of a survey which is used to calculate risk of injury per 1000 hours of practice. The injury rate compares favorably with other mainstream activities; in fact, the martial arts are generally considered safer than most. The most common injuries occur to the wrist, hand, finger, foot, knee, head, and thigh. Special issues of importance for prevention and treatment of these injuries are discussed. [References: 36]

<10> Unique Identifier 99186447 Authors Nadeau S. Arsenault AB. Gravel D. Bourbonnais D. Institution School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Title Analysis of the clinical factors determining natural and maximal gait speeds in adults with a stroke. Source American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 78(2):123-30, 1999 Mar-Apr. Abbreviated Source Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 78(2):123-30, 1999 Mar-Apr. Local Messages MED Abstract The objective of this study was to identify the most important clinical variables determining gait speed in persons with stroke. Sixteen chronic stroke subjects (mean age, 47.9 (+/-15.6) yr; mean time post-stroke, 43.9 (+/-36.5) mo) able to walk independently without a brace participated in the study. The impairments in motor function, sensation of the paretic lower limb, and balance were evaluated with the Fugl-Meyer Assessment. A spasticity index was used to assess the muscle tone of the plantarflexors. The maximal strengths in plantarflexion and hip flexion were measured with a Biodex dynamometric system. Cinematography and foot-contact data collected on the paretic side were used to determine the comfortable and maximal gait speeds. The level of association between gait speeds and the clinical variables were first examined with Pearson's correlation coefficients and, then, with multiple linear regression analyses using the stepwise method. Results revealed that the motor function of the lower limb, balance, and hip flexion strength were significantly related to comfortable and maximal gait speeds (0.5 < r < 0.88; P < 0.05). For the comfortable gait speed, the regression analysis selected only the hip flexor strength as a significant variable (R2 = 0.69). For maximal gait speed, the variables retained were hip flexor strength, sensation at the lower limb, and plantarflexor strength (R2 = 0.85). The present results suggest that strength and sensation at the lower limb are important factors to consider in determining the gait capacity of chronic stroke subjects. <11> Unique Identifier 99124195 Authors Carpenter DM. Nelson BW. Institution Prevention First, Minneapolis, MN 55416, USA. Title Low back strengthening for the prevention and treatment of low back pain. Source Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 31(1):18-24, 1999 Jan. Abbreviated Source Med Sci Sports Exerc. 31(1):18-24, 1999 Jan. Local Messages unidentified

Abstract PURPOSE: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) remains one of the most difficult and costly medical problems in the industrialized world. A review of nineteenth and early twentieth century spine rehabilitation shows that back disorders were commonly treated with aggressive and specific progressive resistance exercise (PRE). Despite a lack of scientific evidence to support their efficacy, therapeutic approaches to back rehabilitation over the past 30 yr have focused primarily upon passive care for symptom relief. Recent spine rehabilitation programs have returned to active reconditioning PRE centered around low back strengthening to restore normal musculoskeletal function. Research has shown that lumbar extension exercise using PRE significantly increases strength and decreases pain in CLBP patients. It appears that isolated lumbar extension exercise with the pelvis stabilized using specialized equipment elicits the most favorable improvements in low back strength, muscle cross-sectional area, and vertebral bone mineral density (BMD). These improvements occur with a low training volume of 1 set of 8 to 15 repetitions performed to volitional fatigue one time per week. CLBP patients participating in isolated lumbar extension PRE programs demonstrate significant reductions in pain and symptoms associated with improved muscle strength, endurance, and joint mobility. Improvements occur independent of diagnosis, are long-lasting, and appear to result in less re-utilization of the health care system than other more passive treatments. Low back strengthening shows promise for the reduction of industrial back injuries and associated costs. <12> Unique Identifier 99378983 Authors Mitchell JC. Giannoudis PV. Millner PA. Smith RM. Institution Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom. Title A rare fracture-dislocation of the hip in a gymnast and review of the literature. [Review] [12 refs] Source British Journal of Sports Medicine. 33(4):283-4, 1999 Aug. Abbreviated Source Br J Sports Med. 33(4):283-4, 1999 Aug. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Posterior fracture-dislocation of the hip is an uncommon injury in athletics and leisure activities. It is more commonly seen in high energy motor vehicle accidents and occasionally in high energy sporting activities. A rare case is reported of posterior fracture-dislocation of the hip joint that occurred in a young athlete during gymnastics. This unusual mechanism of injury illustrates the great forces sustained by the hip joint of gymnasts. Early reduction and operative treatment led to a congruent and stable hip joint. After rehabilitation, she returned to light sporting activities after six months. [References: 12] <13> Unique Identifier 99153755 Authors Hesse S. Jahnke MT. Institution

Schaffrin A.

Lucke D.

Reiter F.

Konrad M.

Klinik Berlin, Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Free University, Germany. Title Immediate effects of therapeutic facilitation on the gait of hemiparetic patients as compared with walking with and without a cane. Source Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology. 109(6):515-22, 1998 Dec. Abbreviated Source Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 109(6):515-22, 1998 Dec. Local Messages MED (-1988) Abstract OBJECTIVES: Although the neurodevelopmental technique (Bobath) is the most widely used approach in the gait rehabilitation of hemiparetic subjects in Europe, there is little neurophysiological evidence for its presumed effects on gait symmetry and facilitation of paretic muscles during the therapeutic intervention. The study, therefore, investigated the immediate effects of gait entrainment by a physical therapist on the gait of hemiparetic subjects. METHODS: Cycle parameters, gait symmetry, hip joint movement and the electromyographic activity of several lower limb muscles were assessed in 22 patients during a classic intervention by five Bobath therapists and while walking with and without a cane. RESULTS: Multivariate statistics revealed that, while being assisted by the therapist, patients walked faster (P = 0.022), with a longer relative stance period of the affected leg (P = 0.005), a higher symmetry (P = 0.002), larger hip extension (P = 0.001) and more activation (P = 0.026) of the Mm. triceps surae, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and gluteus medius as compared to walking with and without a cane. Extensor spasticity of the plantar-flexor tended to increase (n.s.). In five subjects, no after-effect could be documented 1 h after a gait training of 30 min. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed a more balanced walking pattern in conjunction with facilitation of various weight bearing muscles during the therapeutic intervention. A prolonged single stance period of the affected leg, an unobstructed hip movement, enhanced weight acceptance and a faster gait seemed to be responsible for the observed immediate effects of the therapeutic intervention. <14> Unique Identifier 99127428 Authors Mares SC. Institution Williamsburg Medical Arts-Greensprings Medical Center, VA 23185, USA. Title Hip, pelvic, and thigh injuries and disorders in the adolescent athlete. [Review] [24 refs] Source Adolescent Medicine. 9(3):551-68, vii, 1998 Oct. Abbreviated Source Adolesc Med. 9(3):551-68, vii, 1998 Oct. Local Messages

unidentified Abstract The common injuries and disorders that affect the hip joint, pelvis, and thigh and its surrounding tissues are discussed in this chapter. The clinician's challenge is to determine the severity of the injury and select the correct treatment and rehabilitation. Careful observation, diagnostic tests, and a thorough medical history aids this selection. The characteristics of several sports injuries are highlighted with the essential components of effective treatment and physical rehabilitation. [References: 24] <15> Unique Identifier 99006276 Authors DeVita P. Hortobagyi T. Barrier J. Institution Department of Exercise and Sport Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA. [email protected] Title Gait biomechanics are not normal after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and accelerated rehabilitation. Source Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 30(10):1481-8, 1998 Oct. Abbreviated Source Med Sci Sports Exerc. 30(10):1481-8, 1998 Oct. Local Messages unidentified Abstract PURPOSE: Accelerated rehabilitation for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction surgery is designed to return injured people to athletic activities in approximately 6 months. The small amount of empirical data on this population suggests, however, that the torque at the knee joint may not return until 22 months after surgery during walking and even longer during running. Although the rehabilitation has ended and individuals have returned to preinjury activities, gait mechanics appear to be abnormal at the end of accelerated programs. The purpose of this study was to compare lower extremity joint kinematics, kinetics, and energetics between individuals having undergone ACL reconstruction and accelerated rehabilitation and healthy individuals. METHODS: Eight ACL-injured and 22 healthy subjects were tested. Injured subjects were tested 3 wk and 6 months (the end of rehabilitation) after surgery. Ground reaction force and kinematic data were combined with inverse dynamics to predict sagittal plane joint torques and powers from which angular impulse and work were derived. RESULTS: The difference in all kinematic variables between the two tests for the ACL group averaged 38% (all P < 0.05). The kinematics were not different between the ACL group after rehabilitation and healthy subjects. Angular impulses and work averaged 100% difference for all joints (all P < 0.05) between tests for the ACL group. After rehabilitation, the differences between injured and healthy groups in angular impulse and work at both the hip and knee remained large and averaged 52% (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that after reconstruction surgery and accelerated rehabilitation for ACL injury, humans walk with normal kinematic patterns but continue to use altered joint torque and power patterns. <16> Unique Identifier

98340292 Authors Saini M. Kerrigan DC. Thirunarayan MA. Duff-Raffaele M. Institution Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Title The vertical displacement of the center of mass during walking: a comparison of four measurement methods. Source Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 120(1):133-9, 1998 Feb. Abbreviated Source J Biomech Eng. 120(1):133-9, 1998 Feb. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Measuring the vertical displacement of the center of mass (COM) of the body during walking may provide useful information about the energy required to walk. Four methods of varying complexity to estimate the vertical displacement of the COM were compared in 25 able-bodied, female subjects. The first method, the sacral marker method, utilized an external marker on the sacrum as representative of the COM of the body. The second method, the reconstructed pelvis method, which also utilized a marker over the sacrum, theoretically controlled for pelvic tilt motion. The third method, the segmental analysis method, involved measuring motion of the trunk and limb segments. The fourth method, the forceplate method, involved estimating the COM displacement from ground reaction force measurements. A two-tailed paired t-test within an ANOVA showed no statistically significant difference between the sacral marker and the reconstructed pelvis methods (p = 0.839). There was also no statistically significant difference between the sacral marker and the segmental analysis method (p = 0.119) or between the reconstructed pelvis and the segmental analysis method (p = 0.174). It follows that the first method, which is the most simple, can provide essentially the same estimate of the vertical displacement of the COM as the more complicated second and third measures. The forceplate method produced data with a lower range and a different distribution than the other three methods. There was a statistically significant difference between the forceplate method and the other methods (p < 0.01 for each of the three comparisons). The forceplate method provides information that is statistically significantly different from the results of the kinematic methods. The magnitude of the difference is large enough to be physiologically significant and further studies to define the sources of the differences and the relative validity of the two approaches are warranted. <17> Unique Identifier 98161466 Authors Juker D. McGill S. Kropf P. Steffen T. Institution Institute of Sports Science, Federal School of Sports, Magglingen, Switzerland. Title Quantitative intramuscular myoelectric activity of lumbar portions of

psoas and the abdominal wall during a wide variety of tasks. Source Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 30(2):301-10, 1998 Feb. Abbreviated Source Med Sci Sports Exerc. 30(2):301-10, 1998 Feb. Local Messages unidentified Abstract PURPOSE: Since most previous reports of EMG activation profiles from psoas and the abdominal wall have been qualitative, the objective of this work was to document myoelectric activity from these deep muscles. This knowledge is required to assist in choosing specific training exercises and for making rehabilitation decisions that require knowledge of normalized and calibrated muscle activation levels in different tasks. METHODS: Intramuscular EMG was collected from five men and three women, in whom amplitudes were normalized to maximum contraction efforts and reported over a wide variety of clinical and rehabilitation tasks. Electrodes were inserted into vertebral portions of psoas and the three layers of the abdominal wall. Normalized signal amplitudes were reported as peak levels and time histories. RESULTS: All forms of sit-ups activated psoas (15-35% MVC) more than the curl-up (<10%); psoas was not highly activated during barbell lifting of loads up to 100 kg (< 16% MVC); psoas was most active during maximal hip flexion efforts; push-ups activated psoas up to 25% MVC. Several isometric abdominal exercises were evaluated using the criteria of maximizing abdominal activation while minimizing psoas activity: the side (bridge) support exercise proved the best training method for the abdominal wall. CONCLUSIONS: Consideration of deep muscle activity, provided in this report, is important for choosing the most appropriate rehabilitation and training program for an individual. Specific guidance is provided for choosing the best abdominal exercise, together with activation profiles during lifting, during twisting, and during hip rotation. <18> Unique Identifier 98141477 Authors Kerrigan DC. Todd MK. Della Croce U. Institution Harvard Medical School, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Title Gender differences in joint biomechanics during walking: normative study in young adults. Source American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 77(1):2-7, 1998 Jan-Feb. Abbreviated Source Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 77(1):2-7, 1998 Jan-Feb. Local Messages MED Abstract The effect of gender on specific joint biomechanics during gait has been largely unexplored. Given the perceived, subjective, and temporal differences in walking between genders, we hypothesized that quantitative

analysis would reveal specific gender differences in joint biomechanics as

well. Sagittal kinematic (joint motion) and kinetic (joint torque and power) data from the lower limbs during walking were collected and analyzed in 99 young adult subjects (49 females), aged 20 to 40 years, using an optoelectronic motion analysis and force platform system. Kinetic data were normalized for both height and weight. Female and male data were compared graphically and statistically to assess differences in all major peak joint kinematic and kinetic values. Females had significantly greater hip flexion and less knee extension before initial contact, greater knee flexion moment in pre-swing, and greater peak mechanical joint power absorption at the knee in pre-swing (P < 0.0019 for each parameter). Other differences were noted (P < 0.05) that were not statistically significant when accounting for multiple comparisons. These gender differences may provide new insights into walking dynamics and may be important for both clinical and research studies in motivating the development of separate biomechanical reference databases for males and females. <19> Unique Identifier 97480879 Authors Boyd KT. Peirce NS. Batt ME. Institution Department of Orthopaedic and Accident Surgery, University of Nottingham, England. Title Common hip injuries in sport. [Review] [115 refs] Source Sports Medicine. 24(4):273-88, 1997 Oct. Abbreviated Source Sports Med. 24(4):273-88, 1997 Oct. Local Messages unidentified Abstract As a major weight-bearing joint, normal hip function is fundamental to successful sporting participation. Not only is it important in running-, jumping- and kicking-based activities, it also contributes to the generation and transference of forces in upper limb-dominated activities. Injuries to the hip do not account for a large proportion of the sports physician's workload, but may result in significant morbidity. The wide variety of acute, subacute and chronic injuries, affecting both the joint and surrounding soft tissues, can prove a diagnostic dilemma. The predisposition and the types of injuries around the hip vary with the age of the athlete. The young child rarely sustains a significant injury but one should be aware of orthopaedic conditions common in this age group that may manifest themselves through exercise. The immature skeleton of the adolescent is relatively injury prone and the demands of sport often exceed the capacity of the growing musculoskeletal system. In adults and older athletes, a further spectrum of injury exists, along with the effects of aging tissues and the concerns of degenerative joint disease. Rational treatment is based on a clear diagnosis developed through sound knowledge and a thorough history and examination. For the sports physician, treatments are typically early physical therapy and structured, progressive rehabilitation programmes which are individualised to the needs of the athlete. The spectrum of hip injuries is reviewed with

current recommended diagnoses and management. [References: 115] <20> Unique Identifier 97308167 Authors Raasch CC. Zajac FE. Ma B. Levine WS. Institution Rehabilitation R&D Center (153), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA 94304-1200, USA. Title Muscle coordination of maximum-speed pedaling. Source Journal of Biomechanics. 30(6):595-602, 1997 Jun. Abbreviated Source J Biomech. 30(6):595-602, 1997 Jun. Local Messages unidentified Abstract A simulation based on a forward dynamical musculoskeletal model was computed from an optimal control algorithm to understand uni- and bi-articular muscle coordination of maximum-speed startup pedaling. The muscle excitations, pedal reaction forces, and crank and pedal kinematics of the simulation agreed with measurements from subjects. Over the crank cycle, uniarticular hip and knee extensor muscles provide 55% of the propulsive energy, even though 27% of the amount they produce in the downstroke is absorbed in the upstroke. Only 44% of the energy produced by these muscles during downstroke is delivered to the crank directly. The other 56% is delivered to the limb segments, and then transferred to the crank by the ankle plantarflexors. The plantarflexors, especially soleus, also prevent knee hyperextension, by slowing the knee extension being produced during downstroke by the other muscles, including hamstrings. Hamstrings and rectus femoris make smooth pedaling possible by propelling the crank through the stroke transitions. Other simulations showed that pedaling can be performed well by partitioning all the muscles in a leg into two pairs of phase-controlled alternating functional groups, with each group also alternating with its contralateral counterpart. In this scheme, the uniarticular hip/knee extensor muscles (one group) are excited during downstroke, and the uniarticular hip/knee flexor muscles (the alternating group) during upstroke. The ankle dorsiflexor and rectus femoris muscles (one group of the other pair) are excited near the transition from upstroke to downstroke, and the ankle plantarflexors and hamstrings muscles (the alternating group) during the downstroke to upstroke transition. We conclude that these alternating functional muscle groups might represent a centrally generated primitive for not only pedaling but also other locomotor tasks as well. <21> Unique Identifier 97177703 Authors Mohr T. Andersen JL. Biering-Sorensen F. Galbo H. Bangsbo J. Wagner A. Kjaer M. Institution Copenhangen Muscle Research Centre, National University Hospital, Denmark. Title Long-term adaptation to electrically induced cycle training in severe spinal cord injured individuals [published erratum appears in Spinal Cord

1997 Apr;35(4):262]. Source Spinal Cord. 35(1):1-16, 1997 Jan. Abbreviated Source Spinal Cord. 35(1):1-16, 1997 Jan. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals most often contract their injury at a young age and are deemed to a life of more or less physical inactivity. In addition to the primary implications of the SCI, severe SCI individuals are stigmatized by conditions related to their physically inactive lifestyle. It is unknown if these inactivity related conditions are potentially reversible and the aim of the present study was, therefore, to examine the effect of exercise on SCI individuals. Ten such individuals (six with tetraplegia and four with paraplegia; age 27-45 years; time since injury 3-23 years) were exercise trained for 1 year using an electrically induced computerized feedback controlled cycle ergometer. They trained for up to three times a week (mean 2.3 times), 30 min on each occasion. The gluteal, hamstring and quadriceps muscles were stimulated via electrodes placed on the skin over their motor points. During the first training bouts, a substantial variation in performance was seen between the subjects. A majority of them were capable of performing 30 min of exercise in the first bout; however, two individuals were only able to perform a few minutes of exercise. After training for 1 year all of the subjects were able to perform 30 min of continuous training and the work output had increased from 4 +/- 1 (mean +/- SE) to 17 +/- 2 Kilo Joules per training bout (P < 0.05). The maximal oxygen uptake during electrically induced exercise increased from 1.20 +/- 0.08 litres per minute measured after a few weeks habituation to the exercise to 1.43 +/0.09 litres per minute after training for 1 year (P < 0.05). Magnetic resonance cross sectional images of the thigh were performed to estimate muscle mass and an increase of 12% (mean, P < 0.05) was seen in response to 1 year of training. In biopsies taken before exercise various degrees of atrophy were observed in the individual muscle fibres, a phenomenon that was partially normalized in all subjects after training. The fibre type distribution in skeletal muscles is known to shift towards type IIB fibres (fast twitch, fast fatiguable, glycolytic fibres) within the first 2 years after the spinal cord injury. The muscle in the present investigation contained of 63% myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform IIB, 33% MHC isoform IIA (fast twitch, fatigue resistant) and less than 5% MHC isoform I (slow twitch) before training. A shift towards more fatigue resistant contractile proteins was found after 1 year of training. The percentage of MHC isoform IIA increased to 61% of all contractile protein and a corresponding decrease to 32% was seen in the fast fatiguable MHC isoform IIB, whereas MHC isoform I only comprised 7% of the total amount of MHC. This shift was accompanied by a doubling of the enzymatic activity of citrate synthase, as an indicator of mitochondrial oxidative capacity. It is concluded that inactivity-associated changes in exercise performance capacity and skeletal muscle occurring in SCI individuals after injury are reversible, even up to over 20 years after the injury. It follows that electrically induced exercise training of the paralysed limbs is an effective rehabilitation tool that should be offered to SCI individuals in

the future. <22> Unique Identifier 97170332 Authors Tucker AM. Institution Primary Care Sports Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, USA. Title Common soccer injuries. Diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. [Review] [41 refs] Source Sports Medicine. 23(1):21-32, 1997 Jan. Abbreviated Source Sports Med. 23(1):21-32, 1997 Jan. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Soccer is a game with worldwide appeal. Increasing numbers of participants are members of all age groups and skill levels. The game presents to the sports medicine practitioner a wide variety of musculoskeletal and medical problems. Soccer injuries increase in frequency as the age of participant increases, with a low incidence of injury in preadolescent players. Musculoskeletal injuries most commonly affect the lower extremities and include contusions, acute and chronic musculotendinous strains, and ligamentous injuries to the knee and ankle. Most injuries are minor and respond to analgesics, therapy modalities and exercise therapy. Groin pain is a common problem and particularly prevalent among soccer players owing to the game's specific stresses. Other less common but important injuries include facial trauma, mild brain injury (concussion) and heat-related injury. Team physicians, athletic trainers and physical therapists need to possess a basic understanding of the most common injuries and problems in order to maximise safe participation for their athletes. [References: 41] <23> Unique Identifier 97133775 Authors Sparto PJ. Parnianpour M. Reinsel TE. Simon S. Institution Biomedical Engineering Center, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA. Title The effect of fatigue on multijoint kinematics, coordination, and postural stability during a repetitive lifting test. Source Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 25(1):3-12, 1997 Jan. Abbreviated Source J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 25(1):3-12, 1997 Jan. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Because of the inability of strength tests to accurately discriminate between low back pain patients and healthy subjects, a multifactorial

evaluation of low back pain patients is warranted. It is postulated that measurements of endurance, kinematics, postural stability, and coordination, in addition to strength, are necessary to fully document the patients' functional capabilities. This research study was conducted in order to understand the effects of fatigue on the above factors. Twelve healthy male subjects performed a repetitive lifting test in which a submaximal load was lifted at a maximal rate. Knee, hip, and trunk motion was measured using videography and electrogoniometry, postural stability was measured using a forceplate, and coordination parameters were determined using phase-plane analysis. Fatigue was documented by a 31% reduction in lifting power. At the end of the endurance test, there was less knee and hip range of motion and greater spine peak flexion, while the coordination measures demonstrated that there was greater hip and lumbar spine extension earlier in the lifting phase. The postural stability declined as the test endured. Utilization of these measures may guide physical therapists in their rehabilitation of low back pain patients. Date: 27-Feb-2001 Name: rehabill Database: Medline <1993 to 1996> Set Search Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------001 hip/in or groin/in or pelvis/in 65 002 rehabilitation.af. 9661 003 1 and 2 2 004 athletic injuries/rh 136 005 (hip or groin or pelvi$ or thigh).af. 17493 006 4 and 5 5 007 3 or 6 5 008 2 and 5 379 009 exp sports/ 7171 010 8 and 9 37 011 7 or 10 41 012 limit 11 to english 37 013 from 12 keep 1-2,4-7,10-17,20,22-24,26,28,30,33-34,37 24 014 13 24 <1> Unique Identifier 97013639 Authors Czerniecki JM. Gitter AJ. Beck JC. Institution Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. Title Energy transfer mechanisms as a compensatory strategy in below knee amputee runners. Source Journal of Biomechanics. 29(6):717-22, 1996 Jun. Abbreviated Source J Biomech. 29(6):717-22, 1996 Jun. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Below knee amputee runners exhibit abnormalities in the mechanical work

characteristics of the lower extremity musculature during stance phase. The most significant abnormality is a marked reduction in the mechanical work done in the stance phase prosthetic limb. Energy transfer across the hip joint to the trunk during deceleration of the swing phase leg may be an important energy distribution mechanism to compensate for the reduced work done during prosthetic stance phase. Five unilateral below knee amputee runners wearing the SACH prosthetic foot and 5 normal subjects were studied. All subjects ran at a controlled velocity of 2.8 ms(-1) while kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected. Using a four segment linked segment model and an inverse dynamics approach joint moments, muscle power outputs, mechanical work values and energy transfers across the hip were calculated. The total amount of energy transferred during swing phase and the energy transferred out of the swing phase leg into the trunk were both significantly greater than normal. Energy transfer mechanisms are important in influencing the lower extremity energetics during swing phase. In addition, the 74 percent increase in energy transfer out of the intact swing phase limb combined with the temporal characteristics of this energy flow suggests that energy transfer may be an adaptive mechanism that allows energy redistribution to the trunk which may partially compensate for the reduced power output of the stance phase prosthetic limb. <2> Unique Identifier 97101127 Authors Fregly BJ. Zajac FE. Dairaghi CA. Institution Rehabilitation R&D Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, California 94304-1200, USA. Title Crank inertial load has little effect on steady-state pedaling coordination. Source Journal of Biomechanics. 29(12):1559-67, 1996 Dec. Abbreviated Source J Biomech. 29(12):1559-67, 1996 Dec. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Inertial load can affect the control of a dynamic system whenever parts of the system are accelerated or decelerated. During steady-state pedaling, because within-cycle variations in crank angular acceleration still exist, the amount of crank inertia present (which varies widely with road-riding gear ratio) may affect the within-cycle coordination of muscles. However, the effect of inertial load on steady-state pedaling coordination is almost always assumed to be negligible, since the net mechanical energy per cycle developed by muscles only depends on the constant cadence and workload. This study test the hypothesis that under steady-state conditions, the net joint torques produced by muscles at the hip, knee, and ankle are unaffected by crank inertial load. To perform the investigation, we constructed a pedaling apparatus which could emulate the low inertial load of a standard ergometer or the high inertial load of a road bicycle in high gear. Crank angle and bilateral pedal force and angle data were collected from ten subjects instructed to pedal steadily (i.e.,

constant speed across cycles) and smoothly (i.e., constant speed within a cycle) against both inertias at a constant workload. Virtually no statistically significant changes were found in the net hip and knee muscle joint torques calculated from an inverse dynamics analysis. Though the net ankle muscle joint torque, as well as the one- and two-legged crank torque, showed statistically significant increases at the higher inertia, the changes were small. In contrast, large statistically significant reductions were found in crank kinematic variability both within a cycle and between cycles (i.e., cadence), primarily because a larger inertial load means a slower crank dynamic response. Nonetheless, the reduction in cadence variability was somewhat attenuated by a large statistically significant increase in one-legged crank torque variability. We suggest, therefore, that muscle coordination during steady-state pedaling is largely unaffected, though less well regulated, when crank inertial load is increased. <3> Unique Identifier 97038899 Authors Brown DA. Kautz SA. Dairaghi CA. Institution VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1200, USA. Title Muscle activity patterns altered during pedaling at different body orientations. Source Journal of Biomechanics. 29(10):1349-56, 1996 Oct. Abbreviated Source J Biomech. 29(10):1349-56, 1996 Oct. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Gravity is a contributing force that is believed to influence strongly the control of limb movements since it affects sensory input and also contributes to task mechanics. By altering the relative contribution of gravitational force to the overall forces used to control pedaling at different body orientations, we tested the hypothesis that joint torque and muscle activation patterns would be modified to generate steady-state pedaling at altered body orientations. Eleven healthy subjects pedaled a modified ergometer at different body orientations (from horizontal to vertical), maintaining the same workload (80 J), cadence (60 rpm), and hip and knee kinematics. Pedal reaction forces and crank and pedal kinematics were measured and used to calculate joint torques and angles. EMG was recorded from four muscles (tibialis anterior, triceps surae, rectus femoris, biceps femoris). Measures of muscle activation (joint torque and EMG activity) showed strong dependence on body orientation, indicating that muscle activity is not fixed and is modified in response to altered body orientation. Simulations confirmed that, while joint torque changes were not necessary to pedal at different body orientations, observed changes were necessary to maintain consistent crank angular velocity profiles. Dependence of muscle activity on body orientation may be due to neural integration of sensory information with an internal model that includes characteristics of the endpoint, to produce consistent pedaling trajectories. Thus, both sensory consequences and mechanical aspects of gravitational forces are important determinants of locomotor tasks such as

pedaling. <4> Unique Identifier 96371313 Authors Gomez JE. Institution Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7808, USA. Title Bilateral anterior inferior iliac spine avulsion fractures. Source Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 28(2):161-4, 1996 Feb. Abbreviated Source Med Sci Sports Exerc. 28(2):161-4, 1996 Feb. Local Messages unidentified Abstract A case of bilateral groin pain of sudden onset in a 14-yr-old boy is presented. The patient reported sudden onset of pain in both inguinal regions during a 100-m dash. He presented a week later to the clinic where physical examination revealed a shuffling gait, bilateral hip flexion contractures, limited active and passive hip extension, and bilateral weakness of hip flexion and knee extension. Plain radiographs of the pelvis revealed avulsion fragments minimally displaced from both anterior inferior iliac spines (AIIS). Pain relief in the acute phase was achieved by limiting ambulation until weight bearing was painless. The patient was treated conservatively and returned to full speed running in 10 wk. Only one case of bilateral AIIS avulsion fractures has previously been reported. AIIS avulsion fractures that are not widely displaced may be treated conservatively. Following a careful program of rehabilitation, full functional recovery following AIIS avulsion fractures may be achieved in 4-6 wk. <5> Unique Identifier 96368164 Authors Steele MK 3rd. Institution Maryland Knee and Hip Center, USA. Title Caring for athletes in youth sports. Source Maryland Medical Journal. 45(8):689-91, 1996 Aug. Abbreviated Source Md Med J. 45(8):689-91, 1996 Aug. Local Messages unidentified <6> Unique Identifier 96294966 Authors Lange GW. Hintermeister RA. Schlegel T. Dillman CJ. Steadman JR. Institution Rehabilitation and Human Performance Laboratory, Steadman Hawkins Sports

Medicine Foundation, Vail, CO 81657, USA. Title Electromyographic and kinematic analysis of graded treadmill walking and the implications for knee rehabilitation. Source Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 23(5):294-301, 1996 May. Abbreviated Source J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 23(5):294-301, 1996 May. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Muscle activity, joints, angles, and heart rate during uphill walking were compared for application in knee rehabilitation. The objectives of this study were to quantify muscle activation levels at different treadmill grades and to determine the grade(s) at which knee range of motion would not further compromise the joint. Average and peak electromyographic activity of the quadriceps (vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis) and hamstrings (biceps femoris and medial hamstrings (semimembranosus/semitendinosus)] was recorded during walking at 0, 12, and 24% grade. Six subjects (age = 28.5 +/- 3.7 years, stature = 1.79 +/.05 m, and mass = 74.7 +/- 7.9 kg) walked at self-selected speeds at each grade while ankle, knee and hip angles, heart rate, and electromyographic activity (surface electrodes) were recorded. Maximum voluntary contractions provided a relative reference for the electromyographic activity during walking. Average and peak electromyographic activity increased significantly across grades for the vastus medialis oblique (125 and 154%), vastus lateralis (109 and 139%), and biceps femoris (53 and 46%), but remained similar for the medial hamstrings. Maximum knee flexion at heel strike increased significantly with grade. Despite decreased self-selected speeds with increasing grade, there were significant increases in heart rate across grades. The results of this study provide a basic understanding of the quadriceps and hamstrings activity levels, lower extremity joint range of motion, and cardiovascular requirements of graded treadmill walking in normal subjects. The results also suggest that a grade just greater than 12% may be most beneficial for knee rehabilitation to minimize patellofemoral discomfort or potential strain on the anterior cruciate ligament. The benefits achieved through this functional activity encourage its implementation in rehabilitation and provide a basis for comparison with injured patients. <7> Unique Identifier 96254992 Authors DeVita P. Torry M. Glover KL. Speroni DL. Institution Department of Exercise and Sport Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA. Title A functional knee brace alters joint torque and power patterns during walking and running. Source Journal of Biomechanics. 29(5):583-8, 1996 May. Abbreviated Source J Biomech. 29(5):583-8, 1996 May.

Local Messages unidentified Abstract Individuals with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury use greater extensor torques at the hip and ankle and lower extensor torques and joint power at the knee during gait compared to healthy subjects. These adaptations may be mediated by (1) altered neuromuscular strategies due to the injury, (2) training effects produced by rehabilitation protocols, and (3) training effects due to the functional knee brace (FKB) used during rehabilitation. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that a FKB can cause individuals to walk and run with the torque and power patterns observed in rehabilitated ACL-injured individuals. Ten healthy subjects were tested walking and running with and without a FKB. Kinematic and ground reaction data were collected and combined with inverse dynamics to estimate the joint torques and powers. Data were analyzed with a two-way repeated measures ANOVA (gait vs knee condition). In walking, the hip and ankle extensor torques were 14.3% (p < 0.038) and 5.1% (p < 0.003) greater with FKB. In running, the hip extensor torque was 17.0% greater with FKB (p < 0.023). Knee torque was not different between conditions. In walking, the work performed at the hip and knee were 11.6% greater (p < 0.013) and 17.7% lower with FKB (p < 0.025), respectively. Results supported the hypothesis and it was concluded that a FKB may be one causative factor in the development of the unique joint torque and power patterns seen in ACL-injured gait. <8> Unique Identifier 96281872 Authors Howell SM. Taylor MA. Institution Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, California 94535-5300, USA. Title Brace-free rehabilitation, with early return to activity, for knees reconstructed with a double-looped semitendinosus and gracilis graft. Source Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery - American Volume. 78(6):814-25, 1996 Jun. Abbreviated Source J Bone Joint Surg Am. 78(6):814-25, 1996 Jun. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Forty-one patients in whom operative reconstruction of a torn anterior cruciate ligament had been performed by one surgeon with use of a double-looped semitendinosus and gracilis hamstring graft were studied to determine (1) if a brace-free rehabilitation program compromised the early stability of the knee; (2) if the stability of the knee deteriorated between four months, when the patient returned to unrestricted activities, and two years; and (3) if the function of the treated knee was completely

restored by four months after the operation. The graft was placed arthroscopically, without impingement by the intercondylar roof, and was fixed within the tibial tunnel to conserve the length of the graft. The stability and function of thirty-seven of the knees were assessed at four months as part of a larger prospective study. Four patients chose not to return for the four-month evaluation. The patients returned to unrestricted sports and work activities after the four-month evaluation. At two years, all forty-one patients were evaluated. At four months, after completion of the brace-free rehabilitation program, thirty-three (82 per cent) of the thirty-seven patients had an absent pivot shift and a normal Lachman test. Twenty-eight (88 per cent) of thirty-four knees had less than three millimeters of difference in laxity compared with the contralateral knee, as determined by testing at the maximum manual force with use of a KT-1000 arthrometer. Stability remained unchanged at two years, justifying the early return to vigorous activities at four months. The girth of the thigh, the extension of the knee, and the Lysholm and Gillquist score were the same at four months as at two years, verifying the success of the brace-free intensive rehabilitation program in the restoration of early function to the treated knee. However, some continued improvement was observed in the performance of the one-leg-hop for distance test between four months and two years. <9> Unique Identifier 96258310 Authors Saitoh E. Suzuki T. Sonoda S. Fujitani J. Tomita Y. Chino N. Institution Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Kustukake, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan. Title Clinical experience with a new hip-knee-ankle-foot orthotic system using a medial single hip joint for paraplegic standing and walking. Source American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 75(3):198-203, 1996 May-Jun. Abbreviated Source Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 75(3):198-203, 1996 May-Jun. Local Messages MED Abstract The Walkabout is a new hip-knee-ankle-foot orthotic (HKAFO) system with a medial single hip joint (MSH-KAFO) invented by S. McKay in 1992. Compared with other HKAFO systems, the hip joint part is compact and removable, so it has distinguishable, real merits: ease in donning and doffing the device, compatibility with a wheelchair, and cosmesis. We clinically tested five patients, paraplegic because of spinal cord injury, using the MSH-KAFO system. All were males, aged 26-36 yr old. Their functional levels were L-1 (2 cases), T-10 (2 cases), and T-5 (1 case). All patients could stand stably without crutches and walk in parallel bars immediately the first time they wore the braces. After a few hours of crutch-walking exercises, all could walk independently with Lofstrand crutches. Their walking velocities ranged from 10 to 37.5 (mean, 19.9) m/min at the follow-up points (mean, 7.1 mo). With four cases, we measured oxygen uptake for predictions of energy consumption. At comfortable walking, predicted energy consumptions were from 1.31 to 3.89 (mean, 2.75) METs. Compared with the data in literature, these seemed to be at the same level

with normal walking and lower than the KAFOs walking level. Our results suggest that MSH-KAFO is a very convenient standing and walking device for paraplegics and is compatible with wheelchair use. <10> Unique Identifier 96264740 Authors BeDell KK. Scremin AME. Perell KL. Kunkel CF. Institution Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, West Los Angeles Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, CA 90073, USA. Title Effects of functional electrical stimulation-induced lower extremity cycling on bone density of spinal cord-injured patients. Source American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 75(1):29-34, 1996 Jan-Feb. Abbreviated Source Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 75(1):29-34, 1996 Jan-Feb. Local Messages MED Abstract Spinal cord-injured (SCI) patients are at increased risk for fractures secondary to neurogenic osteoporosis. Earlier research claimed physical conditioning resulted in a decreased incidence or reversal of neurogenic osteoporosis. This study evaluated the effects of functional electrical stimulation-induced lower extremity cycling (FESILEC) on the bone densities of SCI patients using dual-energy x/ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The study consisted of 12 healthy male SCI patients, aged 23 to 46 (x +/SD, 34 +/- 6) yr. The patients were post-traumatic, complete, spastic SCI; time postinjury ranged from 2 to 19 (9.7 +/- 5.1) yr. Patients participated in a three-phase training program. Phase 1 consisted of quadriceps strengthening. Phase 2 consisted of progressive sequential stimulation of quadriceps, hamstrings, and gluteal muscles, achieving a rhythmical pedaling motion on the REGYS I ergometer. Phase 3a consisted of 30-min FESILEC sessions. DEXAs were done at baseline and at completion of Phase 3a and Phase 3b. Bone densities were done of the lumbar spine levels 2-4 (L2-4), bilateral trochanters (T), Ward's triangles (WT) and femoral necks (FN). Baseline bone density indicated no difference between L2-4 of ambulatory males and SCI males. Baseline values obtained for T, WT, and FN were, respectively, 71, 82, and 79% of ambulatory values. Results after completion of the Phase 3a training program indicated no statistically significant difference compared with baseline values. There was, however, a positive trend in the lumbar spine post-Phase 3a (L2-4, P=0.056). Eight patients continued the exercise program, using a combination of upper and lower extremity cycling (Phase 3b) for a longer period of time (25 +/- 9 wk). DEXAs done after Phase 3b indicated no change relative to baseline data or data post-Phase 3a. In conclusion, although FESILEC did not significantly increase bone density in the hip parameters of chronic SCI patients, a positive trend was observed in the lumbar spine. Further research with acute intervention, such as FESILEC during the first few months post-SCI, is warranted to further evaluate a treatment regimen to prevent or reduce neurogenic osteopenia.

<11> Unique Identifier 96115959 Authors Tashman S. Zajac FE. Perkash I. Institution Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Title Modeling and simulation of paraplegic ambulation in a reciprocating gait orthosis. Source Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 117(3):300-8, 1995 Aug. Abbreviated Source J Biomech Eng. 117(3):300-8, 1995 Aug. Local Messages unidentified Abstract We developed a three dimensional, four segment, eight-degree-of-freedom model for the analysis of paraplegic ambulation in a reciprocating gait orthosis (RGO). Model development was guided by experimental analysis of a spinal cord injured individual walking in an RGO with the additional assistance of arm crutches. Body forces and torques required to produce a dynamic simulation of the RGO gait swing phase were found by solving an optimal control problem to track the recorded kinematics and ground reaction forces. We found that high upper body forces are required, not only during swing but probably also during double support to compensate for the deceleration of the body during swing, which is due to the pelvic thrust necessary to swing the leg forward. Other stimulations showed that upper body forces and body deceleration during swing can be reduced substantially by producing a ballistic swing. Functional neuromuscular stimulation of the hip musculature during double support would then be required, however, to establish the initial conditions needed in a ballistic swing. <12> Unique Identifier 96193262 Authors Short JW. Pedowitz RA. Strong JA. Speer KP. Institution Primary Care Sports Medicine Section, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA. Title The evaluation of pelvic injury in the female athlete. Source Sports Medicine. 20(6):422-8, 1995 Dec. Abbreviated Source Sports Med. 20(6):422-8, 1995 Dec. Local Messages unidentified Abstract The differential diagnosis of pelvic pain and possible injury in the female athlete is quite broad and must include gastrointestinal and genitourinary aetiologies, as well as musculoskeletal injuries. These considerations reflect the anatomical complexity of the female pelvis. The pelvic bones house the lower gastrointestinal and genitourinary viscera and transmit stress from the lower extremities to the upper body. The innervation of the pelvic structures also complicates evaluation and

diagnosis when somatic and visceral afferent information affects the athlete's interpretation of pain. An algorithmic approach can facilitate evaluation and rehabilitation of pelvic injuries in the female athlete in the contest of previously described mechanisms of musculoskeletal injury. <13> Unique Identifier 96129688 Authors Welch CM. Banks SA. Cook FF. Draovitch P. Institution Human Performance Technologies, Inc., Jupiter, FL 33477, USA. Title Hitting a baseball: a biomechanical description. Source Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 22(5):193-201, 1995 Nov. Abbreviated Source J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 22(5):193-201, 1995 Nov. Local Messages unidentified Abstract A tremendous amount of time and energy has been dedicated to the development of conditioning programs, mechanics drills, and rehabilitation protocols for the throwing athlete. In comparison, a significantly smaller amount has been spent on the needs of the hitting athlete. Before these needs can be addressed, an understanding of mechanics and the demands placed on the body during the swing must be developed. This study uses three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data to define and quantify biomechanics during the baseball swing. The results show that a hitter starts the swing with a weight shift toward the rear foot and the generation of trunk coil. As the hitter strides forward, force applied by the front foot equal to 123% of body weight promotes segment acceleration around the axis of the trunk. The hip segment rotates to a maximum speed of 714 degrees/sec followed by a maximum shoulder segment velocity of 937 degrees/sec. The product of this kinetic link is a maximum linear bat velocity of 31 m/sec. By quantifying the hitting motion, a more educated approach can be made in developing rehabilitation, strength, and conditioning programs for the hitting athlete. <14> Unique Identifier 96043993 Authors Cipriani DJ. Armstrong CW. Gaul S. Institution Medical College of Ohio, School of Allied Health, Department of Physical Therapy, Toledo 43699-0008, USA. Title Backward walking at three levels of treadmill inclination: an electromyographic and kinematic analysis. Source Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 22(3):95-102, 1995 Sep. Abbreviated Source J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 22(3):95-102, 1995 Sep. Local Messages unidentified Abstract

Backward walking on a treadmill is a common tool for lower extremity rehabilitation in the clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adaptations in the gait cycle produced by walking backward on

a treadmill at 0, 5, and 10% inclination. Sixteen healthy adult subjects (14 females, two males), mean age of 23.19 +/- 3.02, participated. Joint positions for hip, knee, and ankle were measured during a complete gait cycle. Values were time matched with average electromyographic (EMG) activity (surface electrode) of the rectus femoris, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and anterior tibialis during each subphase of gait (initial contact, midstance, heel-off, and midswing). Values of joint position and average EMG were compared over the three treadmill conditions. Subjects walked for approximately 1 minute at 4.0 km/h. A simple repeated measures analysis of variance (p < .05) with a Duncan post hoc test was used to analyze for changes. Significant changes occurred in the joint positions of the knee and ankle at initial contact (ankle increased from 9.81 +/5.06 degrees to 13.08 +/- 3.68 degrees; knee increased from 30.94 +/5.25 degrees to 42.42 +/- 4.08 degrees) as the treadmill was raised from 0 to 10%. Significant changes occurred for average EMG activity for each muscle studied over the three treadmill conditions. The greatest changes occurred in the gastrocnemius at initial contact (increase from 189.76 +/- 44.29% to 293.09 +/- 79.16%) between the 0 and 10% conditions. The results of this investigation confirm that backward walking up an incline may place additional muscular demands on an individual.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) <15> Unique Identifier 96015567 Authors Wolfe MW. Brinker MR. Cary GR. Cook SD. Institution Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, La 70112, USA. Title Posterior fracture-dislocation of the hip in a jogger. Source Journal of the Southern Orthopaedic Association. 4(2):91-5, 1995 Summer. Abbreviated Source J South Orthop Assoc. 4(2):91-5, 1995 Summer. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Posterior fracture-dislocation of the hip is an uncommon athletic injury, occasionally seen in contact and high-energy sports. The mechanism of injury in this case highlights the high hip joint forces possible during running. The key treatment principle is early reduction of the hip joint, since the incidence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head and degenerative arthrosis increases with delay. Operative treatment will frequently be required to achieve a stable, congruent reduction of articular surfaces, essential for good long-term results. Partial weight-bearing exercise such as swimming and bicycling may aid rehabilitation. Long-term follow-up, with serial radiographs, is important to detect late complications. <16> Unique Identifier

95311696 Authors Karpos PA. Spindler KP. Pierce MA. Shull HJ Jr. Institution Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, and Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medicine Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. Title Osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis in athletes: a case report and literature review. [Review] [29 refs] Source Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 27(4):473-9, 1995 Apr. Abbreviated Source Med Sci Sports Exerc. 27(4):473-9, 1995 Apr. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Groin pain is a common problem in athletes. Osteitis pubis, a chronic inflammatory condition involving the pubic symphysis, is a rare cause, and pyogenic osteomyelitis of the pubis is seen even more rarely in healthy athletes. We report one of four cases of pyogenic osteomyelitis of the pubis seen at our institution, review our experience with all four cases, and present a review of the literature (7 cases). The diagnosis is established by the presence of extreme pain, point tenderness at the pubic symphysis, fever, and either a positive culture of blood, needle aspiration, or open biopsy of the pubis. White blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the results of bone scan and computerized tomography may initially be normal and therefore cannot exclude the diagnosis. Prompt treatment with intravenous (i.v.) antibiotics effective against Staphylococcus aureus (causative organism in all documented cases-9/11) should initially be administered and then guided by culture and sensitivity information. Oral antibiotics should be given if the infection is responsive to i.v. antibiotic treatment. Prompt recognition and treatment with antibiotics may obviate the need for surgical debridement. All athletes who returned to sports activity did so by 6 months after diagnosis. [References: 29] <17> Unique Identifier 95192592 Authors Gibbs N. Institution South Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Maroubra, New South Wales, Australia. Title Common rugby league injuries. Recommendations for treatment and preventative measures. [Review] [63 refs] Source Sports Medicine. 18(6):438-50, 1994 Dec. Abbreviated Source Sports Med. 18(6):438-50, 1994 Dec. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Rugby league is the main professional team sport played in Eastern Australia. It is also very popular at a junior and amateur level. However, injuries are common because of the amount of body contact that occurs and

the amount of running that is required to participate in the game. Injuries to the lower limbs account for over 50% of all injuries. The most common specific injuries are ankle lateral ligament tears, knee medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligament tears, groin musculotendinous tears, hamstring and calf muscle tears, and quadriceps muscle contusions. Head injuries are common and consist of varying degrees of concussion as well as lacerations and facial fractures. Serious head injury is rare. Some of the more common upper limb injuries are to the acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints. Accurate diagnosis of these common injuries using appropriate history, examination and investigations is critical in organising a treatment and rehabilitation plan that will return the player to competition as soon as possible. An understanding of the mechanism of injury is also important in order to develop preventative strategies. [References: 63] <18> Unique Identifier 95078906 Authors Crosbie J. Title Comparative kinematics of two walking frame gaits. Source Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 20(4):186-92, 1994 Oct. Abbreviated Source J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 20(4):186-92, 1994 Oct. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Walking frames are commonly used as part of the gait rehabilitation process for a variety of clinical conditions. There has been little investigation of the characteristics of gait with such frames or of the advantages of one gait style compared with others. The kinematics of two simulated gait patterns with walking frames were investigated using conventional video analysis techniques. The purpose of the study was to compare the two gaits with respect to patterns of joint motion and temporospatial parameters. It was found that simultaneous motion of the protected limb and the frame during stepping (gait S) permitted a faster walking speed than a gait in which the frame and the protected limb were moved separately (gait D). Although the patterns of hip motion in both aided gaits differed markedly from that found in free gait, gait S encouraged more hip extension on the protected side than gait D. Since this is seen as a desirable feature in gait retraining, patients using walking frames, particularly after hip trauma, should be assessed carefully and encouraged to use gait pattern S when possible. <19> Unique Identifier 94225105 Authors Karlsson J. Sward L. Kalebo P. Thomee R. Institution Department of Orthopaedics, East Hospital, University of Goteborg, Sweden. Title Chronic groin injuries in athletes. Recommendations for treatment and rehabilitation.

Source Sports Medicine. 17(2):141-8, 1994 Feb. Abbreviated Source Sports Med. 17(2):141-8, 1994 Feb. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Chronic muscle and tendon injuries to the groin are common sports injuries. The symptoms of groin injuries are often uncharacteristic which can result in a delay in the correct and specific diagnosis being reached. The most common injury is the overuse strain resulting in chronic tendinitis of the adductor muscle/tendon units, especially the adductor longus. The rectus femoris and rectus abdominous muscles and tendons are also commonly affected. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography have been widely adopted to diagnose muscle/tendon injuries to the groin. Ultrasonography has been shown to be accurate and sensitive in diagnosing tendon injuries in the groin region, especially small partial ruptures of the muscle/tendon unit. Ultrasonography has the advantage of being fast, inexpensive and widely available. Normal findings are readily distinguished from pathological findings providing valuable pre-operative information, such as location and extent of the injury. The differential diagnoses are many and often difficult to reach. The most commonly overlooked differential diagnoses are chronic prostatitis and hernias. A multidisciplinary approach is valuable in many cases. The recommended treatment is well planned and gradually increased rehabilitation programme during the first stages. Surgery for acute injuries is rarely indicated. Surgery, for example tenotomy of the adductor longus, has given satisfactory results in many athletes when nonsurgical treatment has failed. <20> Unique Identifier 94248636 Authors Hutchinson MR. Ireland ML. Institution University of Illinois, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chicago. Title Common compartment syndromes in athletes. Treatment and rehabilitation. [Review] [30 refs] Source Sports Medicine. 17(3):200-8, 1994 Mar. Abbreviated Source Sports Med. 17(3):200-8, 1994 Mar. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Compartment syndromes in athletes are rare, but they can also be limb-threatening events. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a less emergent form where symptoms recur with repetitive loading or exertional activities. CECS is the most common form of compartment syndrome seen in athletes. Acute compartment syndromes may also occur in athletes secondary to direct trauma or may develop from pre-existing CECS. The leg is by far the most common site of compartment syndrome in athletes. The thigh, forearm, and foot are the next most common sites, although any fascially limited compartment can be affected. Awareness of

the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of compartment syndromes can help the examiner make a prompt and accurate diagnosis. The treatment of acute compartment syndrome is emergent while the treatment of CECS is not. Conservative treatment and rehabilitation can be successful in treating CECS. Acute compartment syndromes must be treated immediately with surgical decompression. With CECS, if conservative treatment fails, surgical decompression is also indicated. Some authors have suggested that the results of surgical fasciotomy and rate of return to sport for athletes with CECS has not been uniform. If the diagnosis is accurate and carefully documented, a high degree of success with athletes returning to sport can be expected. [References: 30] <21> Unique Identifier 94057195 Authors Lephart SM. Kocher MS. Harner CD. Fu FH. Institution Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261. Title Quadriceps strength and functional capacity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patellar tendon autograft versus allograft. Source American Journal of Sports Medicine. 21(5):738-43, 1993 Sep-Oct. Abbreviated Source Am J Sports Med. 21(5):738-43, 1993 Sep-Oct. Local Messages MED Abstract Harvesting the central third of the patellar tendon for autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is thought to compromise quadriceps strength and functional capacity. We compared objective measurements of quadriceps strength and functional capacity in athletes after patellar tendon autograft or allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. We looked at 33 active male patients (mean age, 24.3 years) who had anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions 12 to 24 months earlier using patellar tendon autograft (N = 15) or allograft (N = 18) techniques. All patients underwent an intensive rehabilitation program. Quadriceps strength and power were assessed by measuring peak torque at 60 and 240 deg/sec, torque acceleration energy at 240 deg/sec, and the quadriceps index using a Cybex II isokinetic testing device. Functional capacity was evaluated based on the results of 3 specially designed functional performance tests and the hop test. Results revealed no significant difference between autograft and allograft groups with respect to any of these parameters. These findings indicate that harvesting the central third of the patellar tendon for autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction does not diminish quadriceps strength or functional capacity in highly active patients who have intensive rehabilitation. Thus, the recommendation to avoid patellar tendon autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to preserve quadriceps strength and functional capacity may be unnecessary. <22> Unique Identifier 93256738 Authors Gooch JL. Geiringer SR.

Akau CK.

Institution University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City 84132. Title Sports medicine. 3. Lower extremity injuries. [Review] [29 refs] Source Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 74(5-S):S438-42, 1993 May. Abbreviated Source Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 74(5-S):S438-42, 1993 May. Local Messages unidentified Abstract This self-directed learning module highlights new advances in sports-related injuries of the lower extremity. It is part of the chapter on sports medicine in the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article contains sections on injuries of the hip and thigh, knee and leg, and ankle and foot. The most common injuries are primarily addressed, while less common injuries are more briefly discussed. New advances that are covered in this section include closed kinetic chain strengthening exercises and recent advances in rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. [References: 29] <23> Unique Identifier 93222887 Authors Cibulka MT. Delitto A. Institution Jefferson County Rehabilitation & Sports Clinic, Crystal City, MO 63019. Title A comparison of two different methods to treat hip pain in runners. Source Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 17(4):172-6, 1993 Apr. Abbreviated Source J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 17(4):172-6, 1993 Apr. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Little or no research has been performed on the physical therapy treatment of hip pain. The purpose of this study was to compare two different treatments for hip pain. Twenty runners who had primary hip pain and sacroiliac joint dysfunction, without evidence of arthritic changes, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group received a mobilization technique to the involved hip, while the other was treated with a manipulative technique known to affect sacroiliac joint dysfunction. The subjects were evaluated by using a pain questionnaire and the Faber test to determine the response of the hip joint to treatment. Data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U statistic for perceived pain response and with the Chi-square statistic with Yates correction for the Faber test. Results showed a significant difference in perceived pain response, as well as reproduction of pain with the Faber test, between the two groups. The results suggest that a manipulative technique designed to reduce sacroiliac joint dysfunction is an effective method to reduce hip pain. Physical therapists should evaluate the sacroiliac joint in patients with hip pain. <24> Unique Identifier

93176013 Authors Bhambhani YN. Holland LJ. Steadward RD. Institution Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Title Anaerobic threshold in wheelchair athletes with cerebral palsy: validity and reliability. Source Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 74(3):305-11, 1993 Mar. Abbreviated Source Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 74(3):305-11, 1993 Mar. Local Messages unidentified Abstract This study examined the validity and reliability of the anaerobic threshold (AT) using blood lactate (ATLa) and respiratory gas exchange (ATg) criteria during cycle ergometry (CE) and wheelchair ergometry (WE) in athletes with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Eleven subjects attempted a discontinuous incremental test protocol, two minutes work interspersed with one minute rest, twice each on the CE and WE. Only five out of the 11 subjects were able to complete the CE tests, whereas all the subjects were able to complete the WE test. Inadequate hip flexion due to muscle spasticity was the primary limiting factor during the CE tests. Although the maximal aerobic power using this protocol was reliable during WE (r = 0.89, p < .05), the validity and reliability of the AT identified by two independent evaluators using these two techniques was questionable. Evaluator 1 was able to identify ATLa and ATg in seven out of the 11 cases, whereas evaluator 2 was successful in five and seven cases, respectively. It is unclear from these results whether the poor validity and reliability of the AT was due to the discontinuous test protocol used, or whether it was due to inconsistencies in the rate of lactate diffusion from the muscle into the blood due to variations in muscle spasticity during the test. Date: 27-Feb-2001 Name: rehabill Database: Medline <1987 to 1992> Set Search Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------001 hip/in or groin/in or pelvis/in 100 002 rehabilitation.af. 11535 003 1 and 2 3 004 athletic injuries/rh 125 005 (hip or groin or pelvi$ or thigh).af. 21376 006 4 and 5 6 007 3 or 6 8 008 2 and 5 347 009 exp sports/ 8304 010 8 and 9 13 011 7 or 10 20 012 limit 11 to english 17 013 from 12 keep 1,4-7,9-14,16-17 13 014 13 13

<1> Unique Identifier 93117626 Authors Fried T. Lloyd GJ. Institution Medical Science Committee, Canadian Soccer Association, Toronto, Ontario. Title An overview of common soccer injuries. Management and prevention. [Review] [17 refs] Source Sports Medicine. 14(4):269-75, 1992 Oct. Abbreviated Source Sports Med. 14(4):269-75, 1992 Oct. Local Messages unidentified Abstract The most common injuries in soccer involve the ankle and knee joints, and the muscles and ligaments of the thigh and calf. Rehabilitation to restore strength and endurance after healing is extremely important to prevent a recurrence of the injury, which is much more severe and disabling than the initial injury. Sprains and strains of the hamstring and quadriceps, and injuries to the external and internal structures of the knee joints are frequent and relatively more disabling. Recent progress in the technical aspect of investigative medicine, such as magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging/quantitative only computer tomography (CT) scanning, ultrasonic imaging of soft tissues and isokinetic measurement of muscle characteristics, lead to better diagnosis and management of soccer injuries. Appropriate nutritional and physiological preparation, maintaining fluid and electrolytes during the game and restoration of the reserves following completion of exhaustive activities will help to minimise injuries. [References: 17] <2> Unique Identifier 92270667 Authors Delitto RS. Rose SJ. Institution Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15261. Title An electromyographic analysis of two techniques for squat lifting and lowering. Source Physical Therapy. 72(6):438-48, 1992 Jun. Abbreviated Source Phys Ther. 72(6):438-48, 1992 Jun. Local Messages unidentified Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two different alignments of the pelvis and three different loads on electromyographic (EMG) activity of the erector spinae and oblique abdominal muscles during squat lifting and lowering. Each of 15 healthy subjects lifted and lowered loads with the pelvis aligned both in an anterior tilt and in a posterior

tilt. Based on total duration, both the lift and the lower were divided into two equal phases. The EMG activity of each muscle was quantified for each half of both the lift and the lower and was normalized to the total EMG produced by the muscle during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction. The results indicate (1) that the EMG activity of the erector spinae muscles was greater when subjects maintained an anterior tilt than when they maintained a posterior tilt; (2) that the EMG activity of the oblique abdominal muscles was greater in the first half of the lift than in the second half for both lifting styles, although the opposite was true for both lowering styles; and (3) that the EMG activity increased with increasing loads. The results suggest that the greater trunk muscle activity occurring with the anterior tilt position may ensure optimal muscular support for the spine while handling loads, thereby reducing the risk for low back injury. <3> Unique Identifier 92205464 Authors Noe DA. Mostardi RA. Jackson ME. Porterfield JA. Askew MJ. Institution Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Akron City Hospital, Ohio. Title Myoelectric activity and sequencing of selected trunk muscles during isokinetic lifting. Source Spine. 17(2):225-9, 1992 Feb. Abbreviated Source Spine. 17(2):225-9, 1992 Feb. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Trained weight lifters lift heavy loads without a concomitant degree of acute low-back injuries. To study the process by which large loads are lifted with minimal injury, integrated electromyographic signals were recorded from four large muscle groups: gluteus maximus, quadriceps, latissimus dorsi, and erector spinae in 4 weight lifters and 11 asymptomatic control subjects. These signals were recorded during a floor-to-knuckle-height isokinetic lift (dead lift) at 30.5 and 45.7 cm/sec. The signals were normalized for the height of the lift and the maximal isokinetic integrated electromyographic activity. The weight lifters achieved maximal force at 50% of maximal lift height, whereas the control subjects achieved it at 67%. Although not statistically significant, the weight lifters used the gluteus maximus more during the early stages of the lift, perhaps contributing to earlier development of force. This process would stabilize the pelvis and permit the erector spinae to extend the trunk more efficiently. The weight lifter then completed the lift with prolonged and increasing activity in the quadriceps. This technique may minimize the required force in the erector spinae and the forces on the low-back structures. Clinical implications include more effective strength training of lifting muscle groups other than spinal extensors and the teaching of lifting strategies employed by weight lifters in low-back rehabilitation and work-hardening programs. <4> Unique Identifier 92180782 Authors Fields KB. Rasco T.

Kramer JS.

Cates R.

Institution Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, Greensboro, North Carolina. Title Rehabilitation exercises for common sports injuries. [Review] [21 refs] Source American Family Physician. 45(3):1233-43, 1992 Mar. Abbreviated Source Am Fam Physician. 45(3):1233-43, 1992 Mar. Local Messages MED; KAL Abstract Residual weakness after joint injury is a risk factor for recurrent injury. A rehabilitation program helps patients recover strength and helps prevent further injuries. Orthopedic injuries account for 10 percent of visits to family physicians, yet many primary care physicians do not routinely prescribe rehabilitation exercises for injured patients. Illustrations of exercises for the hip, knee, ankle and shoulder are included as a reference for family physicians to use when prescribing rehabilitation exercises. [References: 21] <5> Unique Identifier 92074561 Authors Marder RA. Raskind JR. Carroll M. Institution Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento 95817. Title Prospective evaluation of arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patellar tendon versus semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Source American Journal of Sports Medicine. 19(5):478-84, 1991 Sep-Oct. Abbreviated Source Am J Sports Med. 19(5):478-84, 1991 Sep-Oct. Local Messages MED Abstract Eighty consecutive patients with chronic laxity due to a torn ACL underwent arthroscopically assisted reconstruction with either autogenous patellar tendon or doubled semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Reconstructions were performed on a one-to-one alternating basis. Preoperatively, no significant differences between the two groups were noted with respect to age, sex, level of activity, and degree of laxity (chi square analysis). A standard rehabilitation regimen was used for all patients after surgery including immediate passive knee extension, early stationary cycling, protected weightbearing for 6 weeks, avoidance of resisted terminal knee extension until 6 months, and return to activity at 10 to 12 months postoperatively. Seventy-two patients were evaluated at a minimum of 24 months postoperatively (range, 24 to 40 months). No significant differences were noted between groups with respect to subjective complaints, functional level, or objective laxity evaluation, including KT-1000 measurements. Seventeen of 72 patients (24%) experienced anterior knee pain after ACL reconstruction. Overall, 46 of 72 patients (64%) returned to their preinjury level of activity. Mean KT-1000 scores were 1.6 +/- 1.4 mm for the patellar tendon group and 1.9 +/- 1.3 mm for

the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons group. This study did find a statistically significant weakness in peak hamstrings torque at 60 deg/sec when reconstruction was performed with double-looped semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. <6> Unique Identifier 90275405 Authors Yde J. Nielsen AB. Institution Division of Sports Traumatology, Accident Analysis Centre, Aarhus County Hospital, Denmark. Title Sports injuries in adolescents' ball games: soccer, handball and basketball. Source British Journal of Sports Medicine. 24(1):51-4, 1990 Mar. Abbreviated Source Br J Sports Med. 24(1):51-4, 1990 Mar. Local Messages unidentified Abstract In a prospective study of 302 adolescent players in three ball games (soccer, handball and basketball), 119 incurred injuries. The injury incidence (number of injuries per 1000 playing hours) was 5.6 in soccer, 4.1 in handball and 3.0 in basketball. Ankle sprains accounted for 25 per cent of the injuries, finger sprains 32 per cent, strains in the thigh and leg 10 per cent, and tendinitis/apophysitis 12 per cent. The most serious injuries were four fractures, one anterior cruciate ligament rupture, and two meniscus lesions. The most serious injuries, with the longest rehabilitation period, occurred in soccer. In soccer, many injuries occurred during tackling and contact with an opposing player, while the injuries in handball and basketball were often caused by ball contact and running. <7> Unique Identifier 90140052 Authors Renstrom P. Johnson RJ. Institution Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington. Title Cross-country skiing injuries and biomechanics. [Review] [54 refs] Source Sports Medicine. 8(6):346-70, 1989 Dec. Abbreviated Source Sports Med. 8(6):346-70, 1989 Dec. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Cross-country skiing exercises most of the joints, muscles and tendons in the body giving the skier an all around workout. This, in combination with a low incidence of injury, makes cross-country skiing an ideal recreational and competitive sport. The new skating techniques developed during the last decade have resulted in greater velocity. The maximum

speed during the diagonal stride technique is 6 m/sec compared to 8 to 9 m/sec when skating and double poling. Top-level skiers today use strong and ultra light skis of fiberglass and graphite. The ski weight is less than 500g. Today's skating technique does not require any waxing and only the cambered portion of the ski is waxed when performing the diagonal stride. The preparation of the ski course has improved with the development of special track machines. This allows top-level skiers to reach 60 to 80 km/h on downhill slopes, which has resulted in an increased risk of injury. Because cross-country skiing takes place wherever snow is available, it is difficult to establish accurate injury rates in comparison to alpine skiing which is performed on very specialised terrain at ski areas. Studies estimate the cross-country ski injury rate in Sweden to be around 0.2 to 0.5 per thousand skier days. A prospective study of cross-country ski injuries conducted in Vermont revealed an injury rate of 0.72 per thousand skier days. 75% of the injuries sustained by members of the Swedish national cross-country ski team during 1983 and 1984 were overuse injuries while 25% resulted from trauma. The most common overuse injuries included medial-tibial stress syndrome, Achilles tendon problems and lower back pain. Most common among traumatic injuries were ankle ligament sprains and fractures, muscle ruptures, and knee ligament sprains. Shoulder dislocation, acromioclavicular separation and rotator cuff tears are not infrequent in cross-country skiing. Injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpal phalangeal joint of the thumb (Stener's lesion) is the most common ski injury involving the upper extremity. Cross-country skiers 16 to 21 years of age complained more frequently of mild lower back pain than similarly aged non-skiers. This may result from repetitive hyperextension motions during the kick phase and the recurring spinal flexion and extension during the double poling phase. Repeated slipping on hard and icy tracks infrequently produce partial tears or microtrauma in the muscle tendinous units of the groin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) [References: 54] <8> Unique Identifier 90090664 Authors Cibulka MT. Institution Jefferson County Rehabilitation and Sports Clinic, Crystal City, Missouri. Title Rehabilitation of the pelvis, hip, and thigh. [Review] [78 refs] Source Clinics in Sports Medicine. 8(4):777-803, 1989 Oct. Abbreviated Source Clin Sports Med. 8(4):777-803, 1989 Oct. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Low back pain, hip pain, and muscle strain of the thigh are common in athletes. Proper rehabilitation requires proper identification. Once identified, rehabilitation must include restoration of function as well as prevention of recurrence. This article discusses methods of identifying, rehabilitating, and preventing injuries to the pelvis, hip, and thigh. [References: 78]

<9> Unique Identifier 89193052 Authors Steinweg J. Title Hamstring injuries. Source Australian Family Physician. 17(12):1036-7, 1988 Dec. Abbreviated Source Aust Fam Physician. 17(12):1036-7, 1988 Dec. Local Messages MED <10> Unique Identifier 88270560 Authors Balduini FC. Institution University of Pennsylvania Sports Medicine Center, Philadelphia. Title Abdominal and groin injuries in tennis. Source Clinics in Sports Medicine. 7(2):349-57, 1988 Apr. Abbreviated Source Clin Sports Med. 7(2):349-57, 1988 Apr. Local Messages unidentified Abstract Although abdominal and groin injuries are not unique to the game of tennis, the very mechanics of the ground stroke and overhead volley predispose participants in this sport to the chronic pain and frustration of these injuries. Careful consideration must be given not only to the muscular anatomy of the region but also to the visceral and neurologic anatomy. A patient, controlled program of rehabilitation, emphasizing flexibility and subsequent strengthening, must be stressed if recurrence is to be avoided. <11> Unique Identifier 88148195 Authors Antao NA. Title Myositis of the hip in a professional soccer player. A case report. Source American Journal of Sports Medicine. 16(1):82-3, 1988 Jan-Feb. Abbreviated Source Am J Sports Med. 16(1):82-3, 1988 Jan-Feb. Local Messages MED Abstract Myositis in the hip joint is a rare entity in sportsmen. Repeated trauma or massage can be detrimental. Successful outcome depends upon the recognition of mature, well-organized new bone, and full excision. Best results can be obtained by performing surgery on a biologically sound joint which contains no trace of active or latent inflammation. The joint should be immobilized till the soft tissue trauma has completely healed. Rehabilitation must be in stages.

<12> Unique Identifier 88021473 Authors Fowler PJ. Regan WD. Institution University Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada. Title The patient with symptomatic chronic anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. Results of minimal arthroscopic surgery and rehabilitation. Source American Journal of Sports Medicine. 15(4):321-5, 1987 Jul-Aug. Abbreviated Source Am J Sports Med. 15(4):321-5, 1987 Jul-Aug. Local Messages MED Abstract Forty-nine patients with 51 chronic symptomatic anterior cruciate deficient knees were studied retrospectively by chart review and followup examination an average of 5.8 years postinjury and 1.5 years from arthroscopic evaluation, with or without arthroscopic surgery, and the institution of a conservative rehabilitation program. Subjective evaluation of function was obtained by questionnaire. At arthroscopy, meniscal lesions were seen in 37 of 51 knees, and degenerative changes were noted in 24 knees. The ACL was absent in 43 knees. Partial meniscectomy or suturing was performed on 20 patients. All patients had an average of 3 weeks of supervised physical therapy stressing hamstring strengthening. At followup, thigh girth measurements of injured and normal legs found thigh wasting in 40 patients. Seven of 33 patients radiographed showed evidence of degenerative changes. About two-thirds of the patients returned to some level of athletics and had no problems with activities of daily living. Twenty were able to return to pivoting sports, but only five could return to their preinjury levels of competition. Of the 18 patients who did not return to athletics, only 8 were considering or had had a ligament reconstruction. Those patients who chose to continue rehabilitation beyond the prescribed period and who modified their activities had a better functional outcome. <13> Unique Identifier 87135319 Authors Nicholas JA. Marino M. Title The relationship of injuries of the leg, foot, and ankle to proximal thigh strength in athletes. Source Foot & Ankle. 7(4):218-28, 1987 Feb. Abbreviated Source FOOT ANKLE. 7(4):218-28, 1987 Feb. Local Messages unidentified Abstract

Rehabilitation programs designed to restore leg, ankle, and foot function following injury frequently ignore the proximal muscles. During athletics, these knee, hip, and trunk muscles derive much of their functional power from the foot and ankle. They also serve to integrate distal segment motions into a total movement pattern such as jumping, running, or kicking. The linkage system, which is a theoretical concept, describes the normal biomechanical and physiological interactions between proximal and distal musculoskeletal structures. Immobilization or injury of distal segments interrupts the normal generation, summation, and transmission of muscular forces across joints. Adequate measures must be taken to properly assess proximal structures for weakness and tightness and to prescribe specific exercises to prevent the migration of the effects of injury away from the involved segment.