Materiale Compozite

Capitolul IX MATERIALE COMPOZITE *HQHUDOLW

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0DWHULDOHOH FRPSR]LWH VXQW PDWHULDOH DOF WXLWH GLQ FHO SX LQ GRL FRPSRQHQ L FX SURSULHW GLIHULWHFDUHFRQOXFUHD] ODSUHOXDUHDHIRUWXULORU1HFHVLW VXQW QHYRLD XQRU PDWHULDOH FX SURSULHW ILDELOLW

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L VXSHULRDUH PDWHULDOHORU WUDGL LRQDOH FUHúWHUHD VLJXUDQ HL úL

LL GLIHULWHORU FRQVWUXF LL úL LQVWDOD LL UHGXFHUHD FRQVXPXOXL GH PDWHULDOH GHILFLWDUH VFXPSH VDX

SUH LRDVHUHGXFHUHDPDQRSHUHLúLDWLPSXOXLGHIDEULFD LH 0DWHULDOHOH FRPSR]LWH DX R VWUXFWXU  HWHURJHQ  úL vQ SULQFLSDO VH FRPSXQ GLQ materialul de rigidizare sau PDWHULDOXOGHXPSOXWXU úLmatricea. Materialul de rigidizare  DIODW VXE IRUP  GH ILUH VDX ILEUH DUH UROXO GH DUPDUH VDX vQW ULUH (ranforsare) a materialului compozit, fiind componentul principal care preia sarcina. De aceea, este un PDWHULDO FX UH]LVWHQ

 PHFDQLF  PDUH úL PRGXO VSHFLILF ULGLFDW FDOFXODW FD UDSRUW vQWUH PRGXOXO GH

HODVWLFLWDWHúLJUHXWDWHDVSHFLILF 

Ca materiale de rigidizare se folosesc: polimeri aramidici (poliamide aromatice), poliamidici (khevler) etc. metaleR HOXULLQR[LGDELOHWLWDQDOXPLQLXZROIUDPPROLEGHQHWF sticla: de tip B, E, S sau R. alte materialeFDUERQERUFDUEXU GHVLOLFLXD]EHVt, bazalt, ceramice etc. )LUHOH úL ILEUHOH H[HFXWDWH GLQ DFHVWH PDWHULDOH SRW IL lungi úL scurte VXE IRUP



 GH ILODPHQWH

ZKLVNHUV )LEUHOHGHVWLQDWHDUP ULLPDWHULDOHORUSODVWLFHVXQWFRQIHF LRQDWHGLQILODPHQWHFXGLDPHWUXO

de 10 µm. Inconvenientul stiFOHL HVWH VHQVLELOLWDWHD OD DS

 &HD FDUH VH FRPSRUW  ELQH HVWH VWLFOD % QHXWU 

FDUHHVWHXQERURVLOLFDWGHDOXPLQLX6WLFOHOHDOFDOLQHDXUH]LVWHQ

PHFDQLF PLF úLVHILOHD] JUHX

)LEUHOH GH VWLFO  VXQW IRUPDWH GH RELFHL GLQ  ILODPHQWH GH OXQJLPH LQILQLW  5H]LVWHQ D OD WUDF LXQHDILEUHORUGHVWLFO HVWHGHGD1P

2

, iar modulul de elasticitate de 7300 daN/mm2'DWRULW



PDQLSXO ULLUH]LVWHQ DVFDGHODMXP WDWH 'LQ ILUH GH VWLFO  VH H[HFXW  úL HV WXUL URYLQJ P QXQFKLXUL GH  VDX  ILUH GRX  ILUH vQ XU]HDO  úL XQXO vQ E W WXU  /XQJLPHD ILUHORU DUH LPSRUWDQ

paralele cu

 PDUH LQIOXHQ kQG UH]LVWHQ D

PDWHULDOXOXLSHQWUXROXQJLPHGHPPUH]LVWHQ DHVWHPD[LP LDUSHQWUXPPHVWHPLQLP  0DWHULDOXOGHXPSOXWXU DUHUROXOGHvPEXQ W

VXEIRUP GHSXOEHUHúLSDUWLFXOHvQORFXLHúWHPDWHULDOXOGHULJLGL]DUHúL

LUHDXQRUFDUDFWHULVWLFLHOHFWULFHPHFDQLFHWHUPLFHHWF

0DWHULDOHOHGHXPSOXWXU VXQW

anorganice (oxidul de aluminiu, oxidul de zirconiu, carbura de siliciu, clorura de titan, nitruri de siliciu, nitruri de aluminiu etc. organice. 

3XOEHULOH úL SDUWLFXOHOH IRORVLWH VXQW VIHULFH FLOLQGULFH QHUHJXODWH DOXQJLWH FX GLPHQVLXQL FH YDULD] GHODFk LYDPLFURQLSkQ ODFk LYDPLOLPHWUL

Matricea HVWHPDWHULDOXOFDUHvQFRUSRUHD] SHFHOGHULJLGL]DUHVDXSHFHOGHXPSOXWXU Potrivit naturii matricei, materialele compozite sunt: PDWHULDOHFRPSR]LWHFXPDWULFHRUJDQLF PDWHULDOHFRPSR]LWHFXPDWULFHPHWDOLF PDWHULDOHFRPSR]LWHFXPDWULFHFHUDPLF

.



9.2. Materiale compozite cu maWULFHRUJDQLF $FHVWHD VXQW PDWHULDOH RE LQXWH SULQ DVRFLHUHD vQWU R RUGLQH GLULMDW  D XQHL PDWULFL SROLPHULFH

-

FXPDWHULDOHGHULJLGL]DUHVDXGHXPSOXWXU GLIHULWHUH]XOWkQGPDWHULDOHFRPSR]LWHFXSURSULHW FKLPLFH úL PHFDQLFH IRDUWH YDULDWH

compozite polimerice armate UH]LVWHQ

LIL]LFR

superioare materialelor clasice. De aceea, ele se numesc materiale

0&3$  DX JUHXWDWH VSHFLILF  PLF  UH]LVWHQ

 PHFDQLF  úL PRGXO VSHFLILF ULGLFDWH SURSULHW

 OD FRUR]LXQH PDUH

L WHUPLFH úL HOHFWULFH FX PXOW PDL E

une decât

ale materialelor plastice. 3ROLPHULLXWLOL]D LFDPDWULFHSUHFXPúLDUP WXULOHVXQWGHRPDUHYDULHWDWH$VWIHOVHSRWXWLOL]D

poliamide, poliesteri úL U úLQL HSR[LGLFH FX DUP WXU  GLQ ILEUH GH VWLFO sau umpluturi minerale ce pot înlocui metalele poliamide, poliesteri, polibutiltereftalatFXDUP WXU GHILEUHGHVWLFO , de azbest, de carbon, aramidiceFDUHvQORFXLHVFPHWDOHOHXúRDUH sau poliesteri, SROLSURSLOHQ , SROLHWLOHQ , policarbonat FX DUP WXU  GLQ ILEUH GH VWLFO XPSOXWXU GLQWDOF, f LQ GHOHPQFHvQORFXLHVFR HOXO SROLSURSLOHQ , poliuretan, termoplaste celulare FX DUP WXU  GLQ ILEUH GH VWLFO sau XPSOXWXU  GLQ PLFURVIHUH GH VWLFO  úL materiale minerale FH SRW vQORFXL GLIHULWH HVHQ H GH lemn poliesteri, U úLQL HSR[LGLFH fenoplaste cX DUP WXU  GLQ ILEUH GH VWLFO  úL GH azbest sau XPSOXWXU GLQFDROLQúLFUHW , care înlocuiesc ceramica. 

0DWHULDOHOH FRPSR]LWH RE LQXWH DX SURSULHW

L WHKQRORJLFH DSDUWH SUHOXFUDELOLWDWH IRDUWH EXQ 

SLHVHOHILQLWHVHRE LQSULQQXP UPLFGHRSHUD LLVLPSOHFDUHVHSRWPHFDQL]DúLDXWRPDWL]DXúRU

Componentele din materialele compozite polimerice se pot îmbina cu elemente stratificate, cu DUP WXUL VXE IRUP  GH ILEUH vQI úXU UL VDX UH HOH FX XPSOXWXUL GLVSHUVH úL DOLDMH SROLPHULFH 8OWLPHOH UH]XOW  GL

n amestecul polimer-polimer, polimer-PHWDO úL SROLPHU-FHUDPLF

 ÌQ PXOWH

FD]XULDFHVWHDOLDMHVXQWSUHIHUDWHDOLDMHORUPHWDOLFHGDWRULW UH]LVWHQ HORUPDULODIHQRPHQXOGHIUHFDUH

eliminând de cele mai multe ori ungerea. 3URFHVXO GH IDEULFD LH DO DFHVWRU PDWHULDOH VH FRPSXQH vQ SULQFLSDO GLQ RSHUD LLOH RE LQHUHD

matricei polimerice, SUHJ WLUHD FRPSRQHQWHORU GH DUPDUH, impregnarea sau tratarea fibrelor, W LHUHD fibrelor, UHDOL]DUHD DUP WXULL UH HD vPSOHWLWXU  HV WXU  HWF  îmbinarea componentelor SULQ LQMHF LH, extrudere, presare, PDWUL DUH. )LHFDUHPDWHULDOFRPSR]LWQHFHVLW RWHKQRORJLHSURSULHGDWRULW HOHPHQWHORUFDUHvOFRPSXQ

0DWHULDOHFRPSR]LWHFXPDWULFHPHWDOLF

0&0

Matricea acestor materiale este un metal pur sau un aliaj metalic, iar materialul de rigidizare sau GH XPSOXWXU  SRDWH IL PHWDOH FDUERQ VDX FHUDPLF  &D PHWDOH SHQWUX PDWULFH VH IRORVHVF DOXPLQLX

magneziu, cupru, titan, plumb, superaliaje etc. 0DWHULDOXOGHULJLGL]DUHHVWHVXEIRUP GH

sârme sau benziGLQR HOuri inoxidabile, wolfram, beriliu, titan fibre de borGHSXVHSHILODPHQWHGHZROIUDPDFRSHULWHFXFDUEXU GHVLOLFLXVDXGHERU fibre de carbon, lungi sau scurte fibre ceramice R[LGLFH VDX QHR[LGLFH EHQ]L GLQ R[LG GH DOXPLQLX FDUEXU  GH VLOLFLX FXDU  

VDXVFXUWHGLQFDUEXULGHVLOLFLXFDUEXU GHERU 0DWHULDOXO GH XPSOXWXU  HVWH VXE IRUP  GH SXOEHUL VDX SDUWLFXOH GLQ PDWHULDOH PHWDOLFH VDX

ceramice.

0DWHULDOHOHFRPSR]LWHFXPDWULFHPHWDOLF VHSUH]LQW VXEIRUP GH

materiale placate, stratificate de tip “sandwich”



DOLDMHvQW

ULWHFXGLVSHUVLLGHR[L]LFHVHRE LQSULQPHWDOXUJLDSXOEHULORU

PDWHULDOHWLSIDJXUHFXIH HúLPLH]PHWDOLFH

materiale pseudocompozite, de tip eutectic solidificat



vQ FDUH XQHOH ID]H DX IRUP 

ILODPHQWDU RE LQXW SULQVROLGLILFDUHGLULMDW PDWHULDOHFRPSR]LWHFXPDWULFHPHWDOLF

DUPDWHFXILUHúLILEUH

7HKQRORJLLOH GH IDEULFD LH DOH 0&0 VXQW IRDUWH YDULDWH QHFHVLWkQG SUHOXFU UL OD WHPSHUDWXUL ULGLFDWH úL FX DWPRVIHU FRQWURODW ÌQIXQF LHGHVWDUHDPDWHULDOXOXLPDWULFHL

fabricarea MCM-urilor se

SRDWHGHVI úXUDvQID] VROLG vQID] OLFKLG SULQGHSXQHUHHOHFWUROLWLF HWF 2E LQHUHD 0&0 XULORU vQ ID]  VROLG  DUH ORF SULQ SUHVDUH OD FDOG ODPLQDUH OD FDOG WUDJHUH OD

-

FDOGSUHVDUHXUPDW GHVLQWHUL]DUH ÌQ ID]D OLFKLG  0&0 VH RE LQ SULQ LQILOWUDUH VXE SUHVLXQH VDX vQ YLG WXUQDUH XUPDW  GH IRUMDUH WXUQDUHDXUPDW GHPDWUL DUHRPRJHQL]DUHvQVWDUHOLFKLG  0DWHULDOHOHFRPSR]LWHFXPDWULFHPHWDOLF SRWILVXEIRUP GH

semifabricateSO piese finite ansambluri



FLWDEOHVkUPHSURILOH



0DWHULDOHFRPSR]LWHFXPDWULFHFHUDPLF

0&&

Matricea acestor materiale este un material ceramic, iar materialul de rigidizare poate fi carbon VDXFHUDPLF &DPDWHULDOHSHQWUXPDWULFHVHIRORVHVF

oxizi - oxidul de aluminiu simplu sau cu adaos de oxid de titan sau oxidul de zirconiu, oxidul de siliciu carbon -FDUEXU GHVLOLFLX6L& nitruri - nitruri de siliciu (Si2N4) boruri, siliciuri, oxicarburi etc. Materialul de rigidizare este format din fibre de carbon sau fibre ceramice lungi sau scurte.



$FHVWH PDWHULDOH DX SURSULHW PHQ LRQHD]  UH]LVWHQ

L PHFDQLFH VXSHULRDUH FHORUODOWH PDWHULDOH 'LQWUH DFHVWHD VH

0

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GHWHUPLQDW  GH FOLYDMXO WHUPLF UH]LVWHQ

 OD RERVHDO 

 OD IOXDM VXE  VDUFLQ  LQHU LH FKLPLF  'H]DYDQWDMXO DFHVWRU

materiale este fragilitatea mare a matricei. 0DWHULDOHOHFRPSR]LWHFHUDPLFHVHIDEULF SULQ ÈIRUPDUHSODVWLF

GLQSXOEHULILQHúLXQOLFKLGSXUW WRU

turnare într-RIRUP XUPDW GHardere la temperDWXU vQDOW Èpresare la receúLsinterizareXUPDW GHardereODWHPSHUDWXU Èpresare la cald ÈGHSXQHUHvQID] GHYDSRUL. È

8WLOL]

vQDOW

ULDOHPDWHULDOHORUFRPSR]LWH

'DWRULW  SURSULHW

LORU SH FDUH OH DX PDWHULDOHOH FRPSR]LWH DX R ODUJ  XWLOL]DUH v

n aproape toate

domeniile: industrial, medical, casnic etc. 3ULPHOHPDWHULDOHFRPSR]LWHXWLOL]DWHvQFHSkQGFXDQXODXIRVWFHOHFXPDWULFHPHWDOLF 

transportul rutier SHQWUX IDEULFDUHD FX]LQH LORU DXWROXEULILDQ L D SO autoturismelor.

în FLORU GH DFXPXODWRU úL D ILOtrelor

3H P VXUD DSDUL LHL GH QRL PDWHULDOH FRPSR]LWH úL D GLYHUVLILF ULL DFHVWRUD IRORVLUHD ORU V

-a

H[WLQV OD H[HFXWDUHD FDURVHULLORU D VLVWHPXOXL GH DOLPHQWDUH FX FRPEXVWLELO D SDQRXOXL GH FRPDQG  D

sistemului de frânare, unde compozLWHOH FX ILEUH GH FDUERQ DX R PDUH HILFLHQ

 GDWRULW  FUHúWHULL

FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH IUHFDUH RGDW  FX WHPSHUDWXUD $FHVWH PDWHULDOH FRQGXF OD PLFúRUDUHD PDVHL DXWRYHKLFXOHORUFHGHWHUPLQ VF GHUHDFRQVXPXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO ÌQWUDQVSRUWXODHULDQúLVSD LDO

se folosesc:

PDWHULDOH FRPSR]LWH FX PDWULFH PHWDOLF  GLQ DOLDMH GH QLFKHO úL FREDOW vQW ULWH FX ILEUH GLQ FDUEXUL PHWDOLFH FDUEXUD GH WDQWDO FDUEXUD GH QLFKHO FDUEXUD GH ]LUFRQLX  úL R[L]L

metalici(oxidul de aluminiu) pentru executarea unor componente ale motoarelor WXUERUHDFWRDUHORUúLUDFKHWHORU PDWHULDOH FRPSR]LWH vQW ULWH FX ILEUH GH FDUERQ ILEUH GH VWLFO  úL ILEUH GLQ SROLPHUL GH

aromatice, fibre de bor, fibre de aluminiu, fibre din siliciu. Matricea acestor materiale poate ILSROLPHULF U úLQLHSR[LGLFH PHWDOLF VDXFHUDPLF  3ULQXWLOL]DUHDDFHVWRUPDWHULDOHVLJXUDQ DQDYHORUVHP UHúWHLDUPDVDORUVHPLFúRUHD] 

În transportul naval  VXQW IRORVLWH PDWHULDOHOH FRPSR]LWH FX PDWULFH SROLPHULF

 DUPDWH FX ILEUH

GH VWLFO  ILEUH GH FDUERQ úL ILEUH GH DUDPLG  OD IDEULFDUHD DPEDUFD LXQLORU VSRUWLYH úL D QDYHORU XúRDUH RE LQkQGX VH ULJLGLWDWH PDUH úL PDV  PDL PLF  FDUDFWHULVWLF  FH P UHúWH YLWH]D úL UHGXFH FRQVXPXO GH

combustibil.

ÌQ LQGXVWULLOH HOHFWURWHKQLF

 úL HOHFWURQLF

se folosesc mult materiale compozite cu matrice

SROLPHULF  VSHFLDO  GLQ U úLQL SROLDPLGLFH SROLFDUERQDWH VLOLFRQL SROLEXWLOWHUHIWDODW HWF OD FRQVWUXF LD FRPSRQHQWHORU HOHFWURQLFH DFWLYH SUHFXP FDSVXOHOH SHQWUX FLUFXLWH LQWHJUDWH úL D FHORU SDVLYH

(conductoare, colectoaUH L]RODUHD FDEOXULORU WHOHIRQLFH GLQ SROLHWLOHQ  GH vQDOW  úL MRDV  SUHVLXQH OD transmisiile prin satelit. În acest ultim domeniu se folosesc materiale compozite armate cu fibre de VWLFO 

În domeniul medical se folosesc: materiale compozite cu polimeri pentru transplanturi, proteze, implanturi cardiace SROLXUHWDQL FDXFLXFXO VLOLFRQLF GDFURQ WHIORQ H[SDQGDW SROLHWLOHQ  VSHFLDO  IORURSROLPHUL FDVXEVWDQ HSHQWUXFRDJXODUHDVkQJHOXL PDWHULDOHFRPSR]LWHFXJUDILWSROLVXOIXULFúLVWLFO VDXFXSROLSURSLOHQHúLVWLFO HSR[LGLF vQ RUWRSHGLHGHRDUHFHDXSURSULHW

LEXQHGHDGDSWDELOLWDWHELRORJLF

DOLDMH SODVWLFH úL SROLPHUL JUHID L SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD GH HVXWXUL DUWLILFLDOH XWLOL]DWH vQ FD]XO

unor arsuri grave sau pentru înlocuirea unor organe, ca: valve cardiace, artere artificiale, SO PkQLDUWLILFLDOLLPSODQWXULRVRDVHHWF ÌQ FRQVWUXF LL VH IRORVHVF PDWHULDOH FRPSR]LWH VWUDWLILFDWH VXE IRUP  GH SDQRXUL FRPSXVH GLQ

miez executat dintr-XQ PDWHULDO ULJLG úL DIODW vQWUH GRX UH]LVWHQ

 PDWHULDOH GH IH H FX PRGXO GH HODVWLFLWDWH úL

PDUL$FHVWHVWUDWLILFDWHVHIRORVHVFSHQWUXSHUH LH[WHULRULSHUH LGHVS U LWRULDFRSHULúXULXúL

PRELO  HWF 'XS  DVSHFWXO JHRPHWULF VXQW SDQRXUL plane úL VSD LDOH 'XS  IRUPD PLH]XOXL VXQW spume de polimeri, structuri fagure úL mixte &D PDWHULDOH SHQWUX PLH] vQ FRQVWUXF LL VH IRORVHVF IRDUWH PXOW SkVOHGLQILEUHWRFDWHGHRDUHFHSUH]LQW FRH]LXQHIRDUWHEXQ vQWUHVWUDWXUL 0DWHULDOHOH SHQWUX IH H WUHEXLH V  vQGHSOLQHDVF  XUP WRDUHOH FRQGL LL V  ILH UH]LVWHQWH OD

solLFLW

ULOH PHFDQLFH VWDWLFH úL GLQDPLFH V  ILH LPSHUPHDELOH LJQLIXJH V  QX JHOLILFH V  DLE 

GXUDELOLWDWHPDUHFRQGXFWLELOLWDWHWHUPLF VF ]XW FRVWXULGHSURGXF LHPRQWDUHúLvQWUH LQHUHPLFL &DPDWHULDOHSHQWUXIH HVHSRWXWLOL]D

metalele, precum aluminiul pur sau aliajele sale, R HOXODOXPLQL]DW, emailat sau inoxidabil; materialele plastice - foi acrilice, poliesteri, U úLQL HSR[LGLFH DUPDWH FX ILEUH GH VWLFO , policlorura de vinil;

 

DOWH PDWHULDOH GH FRQVWUXF LH EHWRQDUPDWFXSODVHGHVkUP 'LQWUH DFHVWHD R PDUH LPSRUWDQ

- SO .

FL GXUROHPQRDVH

(PFL,PAL), placaj,

VWLFO

, azbociment,

 DX PDVHOH SODVWLFH GHRDUHFH VH IRORVHVF úL OD DOF WXLUHD

HOHPHQWHORU GH FRQVWUXF LH ED]DWH SHVWUXFWXULPL[WHPDLXúRDUHúLPDLUH]LVWHQWHODLQWHPSHULLúLDJHQ L FKLPLFL(OHDVLJXU  ÈPRQWDUHDúLGHPRQWDUHDXúRDU DVWUXFWXULORUGHUH]LVWHQ



ÈHOHPHQWHGHXPSOXWXU SHQWUXSHUH LúLDFRSHULúXULUHDOL]kQGX VHL]RODUHWHUPLF úLIRQLF 

-

ÈHFRQRPLHGHPHWDOGDWRUDW SURSULHW

LORUDSURSLDWHGHFHOHDOHR HOXOXLúLDOX

miniului.

&RQGXFWHOHúLUH]HUYRDUHOHVHSRWRE LQHGLQURYLQJXULSULQSURFHGHXOvQI úXU ULL

Utilizarea materialelor compozite în domeniul casnic VH UHIHU

 OD GHVLJQSURWHF LH vPSRWULYD

SROX ULLFRQVXPHQHUJHWLFHWF 'LYHUVLILFDUHDDSOLFD LLORUPDWHULDOHORUFRPSR]LWHFXSUHF GHUHDFHORUFXPDWULFHPHWDOLF FHUH ÈPRGLILFDUHD SULQFLSLLORU GH SURLHFWDUH D SLHVHORU úL VXEDQVDPEOHORU úL DGDSWDUHD ORU OD SURSULHW

LOHPDWHULDOHORUFRPSR]LWH

ÈLQYHVWL LL SHQWUX J VLUHD XQRU PHWRGH GH SUHOXFUDUH D DFHVWRU FRPSR]L

te, în special a celor

vQW ULWHFXPDWHULDOHGXUH ÈFXQRDúWHUHD DSURIXQGDW  D FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU ORU UH]LVWHQ D OD X]XU  SUHOXFUDELOLWDWHD FRPSRUWDUHDODIUHFDUHWHQDFLWDWHDUH]LVWHQ DODRERVHDO HWF ÈVWXGLHUHDSRVLELOLW

LLGHUHFLFODUHDGHúHXULORUUH

zultate din prelucrare

ÈVWDELOLUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUQHFHVDUHRE LQHULLSULQWXUQDUHDSLHVHORUGLQFRPSR]LWHIOXLGLWDWHD PDWHULDOXOXLvQVWDUHVHPLVROLG SRUR]LWDWHDUH]LGXDO GHIRUPDUHDSUHIRUPHLIHQRPHQHOHGH VHJUHJDUHJUDYLWD LRQDO ÈSHUIHF LRQDUHD PHWRGHORU GH FRQWURO IRORVLWH SHQWUX YHULILFDUHD GLVWULEX LHL PDWHULDOHORU GH vQW ULUHvQLQWHULRUXOSLHVHORU ÈH[WLQGHUHDFRPSR]LWHORUODFDUHPDWHULDOXOGHvQW ULUHDSDUHSULQVROLGLILFDUHDGLULMDW ÈF XWDUHD XQRU PHWDOH úL DOLDMH PHWDOLFH PDL LHIWLQH SHQWUX PDWULFH D F URU PLFURVWUXFWXU vQ WLPSXOVROLGLILF ULLV ILHSX LQDIHFWDW GHFRPSRQHQWDGHvQW ULUH ÈFHUFHWDUHDvQGHWDOLXDSURFHVHORUFKLPLFHFDUHDXORFODLQWHUID DPDWULFH PDWHULDOGHvQW ULUH

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GHRDUHFHLQIOXHQ HD] PXOWDVXSUDFDOLW

LLFRPSRQHQ

telor.