=
!
∆ =
−
∆
∆ =
=
=
=
−
∆ = − ∆ =
∆
∆ =
=
=
−
∆ = − ∆ =−
∆
!
∆ = $
% ∆ =
= $ #% "
"
−
%
+∆ #− $ # = $ #− $ #% &
=
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&
∆ = ∆
%
" "
#
=
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=
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+
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∆ &
∆ ∆
*
+
∆ %
,
∆ =
−
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$ # = $ # = + − ' = −(%
$ # = −(
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=
+ −'
=− ∆ = $ #− $ # =− = -
,
∆ = ∆
.
!
(
− $−(#
∴∆ =
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∆ = ( ∆
/
+ =
(
0
+
!
"
−'
1
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,
!
&
2
3
"
−
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%
∆ =( ∆ +∆
*!
(
(
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&
∆ = ($ #$ (# + $ (# ( + $ (# ∆ = ,
/ ∆
+
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∆ % ∆
∆ =( +∆ + ∆
*!
"
!
∆ %
,
&
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4
2
)
/ !
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!
% !
!
.
,
"
∆ % ∆ ∆ →
,
∆ = ∆ ∆
+ ∆
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!
,
!
!
+
*
.
" %
"
= $ # +∆ = $ +∆ # ! ∆ = $ +∆ #− $ # ∆
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4 ∆ →
$ +∆ #− $ # ∆ %&!
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4
&
∆ = ∆ ∆
→
5
+
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= $ #
,
2
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!
% !
! =(
"
+
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6 ∆ = ($
+
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∆ + ∆
= −' − '∆ − − (
∆ =
(
∆ +
∆
(
+ (∆
∆ 8 ∆ ∆ =
∆ →
∴ *!
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$
→ (
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(
+
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∆ &
7
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(
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(
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∆ + ∆ ∆ ∆
(
+( ∆ +∆ # (
− '∆
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!
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=
"
+∆ =
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,
! ∆ =
∆ =
$ + ∆ #( $ +∆ #−
$ + ∆ #( − $ +∆ #−
$ + ∆ #( $ − # − ( [ $ + ∆ # − [ $ + ∆ # − ]$ − # −
∆ = (
(
+
(
−
(
−
]
∆ −( ∆ + ∆ −∆ − [ $ + ∆ # − ]$ − # (
∆ −( ∆ + ∆ −∆ [ $ + ∆ # − ]$ − # (
(
(
−
(
∆ +
(
∆ &
7
∆ →
∆ →
∆ = ∆ → ∆
[ =
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−( $ − #( (
!
"
#7
"
=
(
+
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=
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(# ) # # #
∆ % ∆
(
=
#,
'
# 7 # 7 # 7
+
(
)
% !
# #
= =
#
=
#
=
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=
9#
= #
− (
(
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+(
( − (
( − ( + = −
,
+ 5
!
%