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Content Introduction .......................................................................................................... 2 1. Basic objects geometry ................................................................................. 3 2. Main drawing commands ............................................................................... 4 3. Objects properties .......................................................................................... 46 4. Auxiliary tools. ................................................................................................ 57 Bibliographic referencess ................................................................................... 64 Document control .................................................................................................. 65
Introduction With this learning material the apprentice will be able to find needed information to continue with the construction of his/her knowledge about commands and used tools in AutoCAD 2D to make drawing projects adapted to the required design. Within the topics you will find the description of the basic design entities, the handling, the geometry and the objects properties, which implies understanding the information of each of them, in accordance to terms of its functionality and execution requirements.
1.
Basic objects geometry
A project design requires the intervention and combination of entities like lines, circles, texts and many more. That's why the management of these entities has a great importance in the drawing results, since in the union of the simple objects, the construction of pieces and complex projects is achieved. The knowledge and the tools management will be the beginning of an outstanding result when simple objects are being made.
2.
Main drawing commands
They are located in the tool bar "Home", at the top of the interface, it can be accessed in a fast way from the established drawing commands to get access to other required entities in the design execution process: Drop down tab of Draw tools
The most required tools in design are: 2.1 Line
Create a series of contiguous line segments. Each segment is a line object that can be edited separately.
The following prompts are displayed. Specify first point: Sets the starting point for the line. Click a point location. With object snaps or grid snap turned on, the points will be placed precisely. You can also enter coordinates. If instead, you press Enter at the prompt, a new line starts from the endpoint of the most recently created line, polyline, or arc. If the most recently created object is an arc, its endpoint defines the starting point of the line. The line is tangent to the arc. Specify next point: Specifies the endpoint of the line segment. You can also use polar and object snap tracking together with direct distance entry.
Close: Connects the first and last segments
Example of usage:
Select the line tool with any of the methods: By Icon, when typing the command name or in the menu by its abbreviation (L), then click ENTER.
To generate the drawing, specify the starting point typing the coordinates 0,0 on the keyboard.
With the ORTHO option the drawn lines will facilitate the displacement in the axes X Y. Note: this does not mean that lines with a different angle can't be drawn.
Moving the cursor to the required direction, the values requested by the design will be included. To give an example, a rectangle of dimensions 100mm will be made, starting with the Y axis (positive, up), the first value of 100 mm and the key ENTER.
Moving the cursor on the X axis (positive, right), enter the value of 100mm again and the ENTER key.
Moving the cursor on the Y axis (negative, down), enter the value of 100mm again and the ENTER key.
Type C and press Enter key, to close the drawing.
Result:
Exercise: With the command LINE make the following drawing. Note: the letters are symmetrical.
2.2 Pline
Creates a 2D polyline, a single object that is composed of line and arc segments. The following prompts are displayed. Specify start point: Sets the starting point for the polyline. A temporary plus-shaped marker displays at the first point. Pressing Enter starts a new polyline from the last endpoint specified in creating a polyline, line, or arc. Specify next point: If you specify a second point, you create straight segments. If you enter a (for Arc), you create arc segments.
Halfwidth: Specifies the width from the center of a wide segment to an edge.
Width: Specifies the width of the next segment.
Some things to keep in mind when defining the half-width or width of a polyline. The starting width becomes the default ending width. The ending width becomes the uniform width for all subsequent segments until you change the width again. The starting and ending points of wide line segments are at the centerline of the segment.
Typically, the intersections of adjacent wide polyline segments are beveled. No beveling is performed for nontangent arc segments, very acute angles, or when a dot-dash linetype is used. Line-Only Prompts Arc: Begins creating arc segments tangent to the previous segment. Length: Creates a segment of a specified length at the same angle as the previous segment. If the previous segment is an arc, the new line segment is tangent to that arc segment. Arc-Only Prompts Endpoint of arc: Completes an arc segment. The arc segment is tangent to the previous segment of the polyline. Angle: Specifies the included angle of the arc segment from the start point. Entering a positive number creates counterclockwise arc segments. Entering a negative number creates clockwise arc segments. Center: Specifies an arc segment based on its center point. Note: For the Center option of the PLINE command, enter ce; for the Center object snap, enter cen or center.
Linetype Pattern: The PLINEGEN system variable controls how linetype patterns generate around the vertices of a 2D polyline. 0 Generates linetypes that start and end with a dash at each vertex of the polyline 1 Generates linetypes in an uninterrupted pattern through the vertices of the polyline
Example of usage: Select the polyline tool with any of the methods: by the icon, by writing the name in the command line or within the menu by its abbreviation (PL).
To generate the drawing, specify the starting point typing the coordinates (0,0) on the keyboard.
For the length use: It is necessary to write the rest of the coordinates as follows: 1) 0,100 2) 100,100 3) 100,0 4) 0,0 Having as a result a rectangle drawn up with a single line and it is recognized as a single object too, unlike the previous
example where four lines were used to make the same rectangle.
This command has other characteristics like: arc, medium width, length, back and width. The command with the abbreviation PL is selected.
To generate the drawing, specify the starting point when typing the coordinates 0,0 on the keyboard.
To use the characteristics of the Arc: to handle ARC characteristics, the letter A must be written. This enables different options to manage the arc command like: angle, center, direction, half width, line, radius, second point, undo and width.
For the example, the arc radius is selected with the command (R) giving the value of 200 and pressing the ENTER key
And an angle of 45 º , then press the ENTER key.
For the use of the width characteristics: to handle the WIDTH of the polyline, the letter W must be written.
It is necessary to specify the initial width for which the value 0 must be given.
Specify the final width for which the value 50 must be given, which will generate the contiguous graphic
Exercise: With lines and arcs based on the polyline tool make the following drawing. The letter is symmetric.
2.3 Circle
Creates a circle. The following prompts are displayed. Center Point: Creates a circle based on a center point and a radius or diameter value. Radius: Enter a value, or specify a point.
Diameter: Enter a value, or specify a second point.
3P (Three Points): Creates a circle based on three points on the circumference.
Tan, Tan, Tan: Creates a circle tangent to three objects.
2P (Two Points): Creates a circle based on two endpoints of the diameter.
TTR (Tangent, Tangent, Radius): Creates a circle with a specified radius and tangent to two objects. Sometimes more than one circle matches the specified criteria. The program draws the circle of the specified radius whose tangent points are closest to the selected points.
Example of usage: Select the Circle tool with any of the methods: by icon, by writing the name of the command or within the menu by its abbreviation (C), then press ENTER key.
To generate the drawing, specify the starting point typing the coordinates 0,0 on the keyboard.
The new requirement is the diameter. Give a value of 100 mm.
The option 3P must be chosen to use baselines for drawing If the circle is required to pass through three different points
It is necessary to select the three points for the circle to pass: Click on the grips that are shown as the small green boxes. It will give as a result the required circle
Exercise: Use circles to make the following symmetrical drawing
2.4 Arc
To create an arc, you can specify combinations of center, endpoint, start point, radius, angle, chord length, and direction values. Arcs are drawn in a counterclockwise direction by default. Hold down the Ctrl key as you drag to draw in a clockwise direction.
Center: Starts by specifying the center of the circle of which the arc is a part. Start point: Specify the start point of the arc. End point: Using the center point (2), draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an endpoint that falls on an imaginary ray drawn from the center point through the third point (3). The arc does not necessarily pass through this third point, as shown in the illustration.
Chord length: Draws either a minor or a major arc based on the distance of a straight line between the start point and endpoint. If the chord length is positive, the minor arc is drawn counterclockwise from the start point. If the chord length is negative, the major arc is drawn counterclockwise.
End: Starts by specifying the endpoint of the arc. Center point: Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an endpoint that falls on an imaginary ray drawn from the center point (3) through the second point specified (2).
Angle: Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an endpoint (2), with a specified included angle. If the angle is negative, a clockwise arc is drawn. Included angle: Enter an angle in degrees or specify an angle by moving the pointing device counterclockwise
Center: Specifies the center of the circle of which the arc is a part. Start point: Specify start point of arc. End point: Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (2) to an endpoint that falls on an imaginary ray drawn from the center point (1) through a specified point (3).
Angle: Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (2) using a center point (1) with a specified included angle. If the angle is negative, a clockwise arc is drawn.
Tangent to last line, arc, or polyline: Draws an arc tangent to the last line, arc, or polyline drawn when you press ENTER at the first prompt.
Example of usage:
Select the Arc tool with any of the methods: by icon, by typing the name of the command or within the menu by its abbreviation (A) followed by the ENTER key.
Three point arc: used to make the arc line pass through three known points, selecting the three point method, in order to apply to the required points.
Select the green grips or boxes located at the edges or at the required points for the construction of the arc. The following requests are shown: Starting point: it draws an arc from three points designated on the circumference of the arc. The first point is the one of origin (1). Note: If the ENTER key is pressed without specifying a point, the end point of the last line or drawn arc will be used immediately and the end point of the new arc will be requested. This will create an arc tangent to the last line, drawn arc or polyline. Second point: it specifies that the second point (2) is a point on the circumference of the arc. End Point: It specifies the end point (3) in the arc. A three-point arc can be defined
clockwise or counterclockwise.
Start, center, end: used to make the arc line pass through three known points.
The following requests are shown: Starting point: it draws an arc from three points designated on the circumference of the arc. The first point is the one of origin (1). Center: It specifies the center of the circle of which the arc forms part. End Point: Specifies the end point (3) in the arc. Two arcs are drawn depending on the direction in which it starts: 1, C, 2 or 2, C, 1.
Start, center, angle: it is used to make the arc line pass through two known points using an angle. In this case the beginning, center and angle are known.
Starting point: it draws an arc from three points designated on the circumference of the arc. The first point is the one of origin (1). Center: it specifies the center of the circle of which the arc forms part. Angle: draws an arc counterclockwise from the starting point (1) through a center point (2) and a specified included angle. If the angle is negative, an arc is drawn in a clockwise direction.
Start, end, direction: it is used so that the arc line passes through two known points and a specific direction. In this case we know the beginning the end and a direction.
Starting point: the first point is the origin point. End Point: it specifies the end point (2) in the arc. Direction: it starts the tangent arc in a precise direction. This option creates arcs, either larger or smaller, clockwise or counterclockwise from the starting point (1) to an end point (2). The direction is determined from the starting point.
Start, end, radius: it is used to make the arc line pass through two known points and a radius.
Starting point: the first point is the origin point. End Point: Specifies the end point (2) in the arc. Radius: draw the small arc counterclockwise from the starting point (1) to the end point (2). If the radius is negative, the largest arc is drawn.
Center, start, length: used to make the arc line pass through two known points and one length.
Center: Specify the center of the circle of which the arc forms part. Starting point: the first point is the origin point. Length: Draw a smaller or larger arc as a function of the straight line distance that exists between the starting point and the end point. If the string length is positive, the smaller arc is drawn counterclockwise from the starting point. If it is negative, the major arc is drawn in an anti-clockwise direction. Exercise: With arcs make the following symmetrical drawing.
2.5 Rectang
Creates a rectangular polyline from the specified the rectangle parameters (length, width, rotation) and type of corners (fillet, chamfer, or square).
The following prompts are displayed. Current settings: Rotation = 0 Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Widt h]: Specify a point or enter an option First Corner Point: Specifies a corner point of the rectangle. Other Corner Point: Creates a rectangle using the specified points as diagonally opposite corners. Area: Creates a rectangle using the area and either a length or a width. If the Chamfer or Fillet option is active, the area includes the effect of the chamfers or fillets on the corners of the rectangle. Dimensions: Creates a rectangle using length and width values. Rotation: Creates a rectangle at a specified rotation angle. Thickness: Specifies the thickness of the rectangle. Example of usage: Select the Rectangle tool with any of the methods: by icon, by typing the name or within the menu by its abbreviation (REC) followed by the ENTER key.
To generate the drawing, specify the starting point when typing the coordinates 0,0 on the keyboard.
It is necessary to specify the other corner. Write the values 100,100.
Chamfer: set the chamfer distances for the rectangle. Again the tool with the acronym (REC) is called and the letter (C) of chamfer is written.
Specify the chamfer to use in the first corner of the rectangle and in the second, the example mentions a value of 5 mm
Set the start point of the rectangle 0,0 and the end point with 100,100, to get the next rectangle.
Elevation: Accurate elevation of the rectangle. Again the tool with the acronym (REC) is called and the letter (E) of elevation is written. Object Height: Specifies the object height of the rectangle.
Specify the elevation of the rectangle, since it is always drawn at a height of 0, in this case a height of 10 mm.
Set the start point of the rectangle 0,0 and the end point with 100,100, to get the next rectangle. Draw one in the 0 plane to check the difference in drawing heights. Splice - Fillet: determines the splice radius of the rectangle. Again the tool with the acronym (REC) is called and the letter (F) of the splice is written. The example includes a 10 mm radius.
Determine the starting point of the rectangle 0,0 and the end point with 100,100, to obtain the next rectangle with 10mm radius at its corners.
Exercise: With rectangles make the following symmetrical drawing.
2.6 Ellipse
Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc. The first two points of the ellipse determine the location and length of the first axis. The third point determines the distance between the center of the ellipse and the end point of the second axis.
The following requests are displayed: Axis endpoint: it defines the first axis from its two endpoints. The angle of that axis determines the angle of the ellipse. The first axis can define the major or minor axis of the ellipse. Distance of another axis: it defines the second axis, using the distance from the midpoint of the first axis to the end point of the second axis (3)
Rotation: Creates the ellipse by appearing to rotate a circle about the first axis Move the crosshairs around the center of the ellipse and click. If you enter a value, the higher the value, the greater the eccentricity of the ellipse. Entering 0 defines a circular ellipse.
Arc: create an elliptical arc. The angle of the first axis determines the angle of the elliptical arc. The first axis can define the major or minor axis depending on its size. The first two points of the elliptical arc determine the location and length of the first axis. The third point determines the distance between the center of the elliptical arc and the end point of the second axis. The fourth and fifth points are the initial and final angles.
Axis endpoint: it defines the starting point of the first axis. Rotation: it defines the difference in length between the major and minor axis of the ellipse by rotating a circle around the first axis. The higher the value (from 0 to 89.4 degrees), the greater the difference in length between the minor and major axis. Values between 89.4 degrees and 90.6 degrees are not valid because otherwise the ellipse would appear as a straight line. Several of these angle values produce a mirror effect every 90 degrees. Initial angle: it defines the first end of the elliptical arc. The Initial Angle option also switches between the Parameter and Angle modes. The mode determines how the ellipse is calculated. Parameter (specialized option): it requires an angular input, but creates the elliptical arc using the following parametric vector equation for the angle of each end point: P (angle) = c + a * cos (angle) + b * sin (angle) where c is the center of the ellipse, and a and b are the negative lengths of its major and minor axes, respectively. Final parameter: it defines the final angle of the elliptical arc using a parametric vector equation. The Initial parameter option changes between Angle and Parameter modes. The mode determines how the ellipse is calculated. Angle: it defines the final angle of the elliptical arc. The Angle option switches between the Parameter and Angle modes.
The mode determines how the ellipse is calculated. Included angle: determines an included angle starting at the starting angle. Center: Creates an ellipse using a center, the end point of the first axis, and the length of the second axis. Distances can be specified by clicking on a location at the desired distance or by entering a value for the length. Distance of another axis: defines the second axis as the distance from the center of the ellipse or midpoint of the first axis to the specified point. Rotation: creates the ellipse with the appearance of a circle rotating around the first axis. Move the cursor-cross around the center of the ellipse and click. If a value is entered, the larger the value, the greater the eccentricity of the ellipse. The circle is defined when 0 is Typed. Example of usage: Select the Ellipse tool with any of the methods: by icon, by entering the name of the command or within the menu by its abbreviation (EL) followed by the ENTER key.
To generate the drawing, specify the starting point when typing the coordinates 0,0 on the keyboard.
Specify the end point of the ellipse axis, in the example, a value of 100mm is given.
The distance of another axis with a value of 20mm must be specified for the example.
Axis, center: used for the ellipse to pass through the distance of an axis and the distance from the center.
It has guidelines such as the following:
Writing the (C) for the first point to be the center of the ellipse
Choose the Lines midpoint.
Choose the axis end point.
Choose the distance to the other axis
Exercise: With rectangles make the following drawing.
2.7 Hatch
Fill a closed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern, a solid fill, or a gradient fill. When the ribbon is enabled, the Shading Creation tab is displayed. When the ribbon is off the Shaded and Gradient dialog box is displayed. If you prefer to use the Hatch and Gradient dialog box, set the HPDLGMODE system variable to 1. If HATCH is entered in the command prompt, the options are displayed. To maintain hatch performance with dashed hatch lines, choose a predefined hatch pattern instead of loading and set a dashed line type. Several methods to specify the outlines of a hatch can be chosen. Specify a point in the area between
objects. Designate the objects included in an area. Specify contour points using the Draw from HATCH option. Drag a hatch pattern to an enclosed area from a tool palette or DesignCenter
Designate an internal point: it determines an outline from existing objects that form a closed area around a specific point.
Designate Objects: it sets an outline from selected objects that form a closed area.
Example of usage:
Select the Hatch tool with any of the methods: by icon, by typing the command name, or within the menu by its abbreviation (H) followed by the ENTER key.
By default the selection of an internal point of the object appears. Therefore, select the points that are required to be shaded.
Double click on the shaded area. A new toolbar will appear, specific to the management of this. There are holes in the palette that are at the top of the program interface, where it is selected that meets the requirements of the process.
Occasionally, the hash pattern has a scale that is not harmonious with the design, which is why the scale of the hash pattern must be handled.
Another feature of Hash is the change of direction, since sometimes it is necessary to include an angle to the process of collapse, which will change the final perspective of the design. In the example, the angle was changed to 45° and the figure is shown as follows:
Exercise: Use the HATCH tool to make the following design pattern.
2.8 Point
Create a point object. Point objects can act as nodes to which object references can be associated. 2D and 3D locations for a point can be specified. If the Z coordinate is omitted, the current elevation is adopted. The PDMODE and PDSIZE system variables control the appearance of point objects. MEASURE and DIVIDE create points along an object. Designate a point: it allows you to specify the location of the point object. Example of usage:
Select the POINT tool with any of the methods: by icon, by typing the command name or by the abbreviation (PO) in the menu followed by the ENTER key.
This tool only requires the assignment of the points on drawing area with a click on the screen with the message specify a point.
The command also accepts coordinates, for example: 1) 0.0 2) 0.100 3) 100,100 4) 100.0
To make points easier to perceive it is necessary to go to the DDPTYPE command to modify the appearance of the points.
In this way, the generated points will be visible.
Exercise: With points make the following drawing.
2.9 Revcloud
To create a new revision cloud, select two corner points, two polygonal points, or drag the cursor. It is also possible to convert an object such as circles, polylines, splines, or ellipses into a review cloud. Use the revision clouds to highlight portions of the drawing being examined. The following requests are displayed: First Corner Point: it lets us specify a corner point of the rectangular review cloud. Opposite corner: allows you to specify the opposite corner diagonally of the rectangular revision cloud. Invert Direction: reverses the direction of the sequential arcs in the review cloud. Start point: set the start point of the
polygon review cloud. Next point: allows you to specify the next point to define the polygon shape of the revision cloud. Arc length: its maximum length can not be set to a value greater than three times the minimum arc length. Object: Specifies an object to convert to a revision cloud. Rectangular: Creates a rectangular review cloud by taking the points specified as diagonally opposite corners. Polygon: Creates a non-rectangular review cloud defined by three or more points as vertices of the review cloud. Example of usage: Select the Revcloud tool with any of the methods: by icon, by typing the command name or in the menu, enter the name of the command (REVCLOUD) followed by the ENTER key.
By default the program requires to specify the point of the first corner, which must be assigned by mouse or coordinates and then it is necessary to specify the opposite corner.
To get the known revision cloud, it is necessary to re-select the tool with the name of the command (REVCLOUD) and then the letter (F) followed by the ENTER key.
To start the generation of the cloud you must specify the starting point, when typing on the keyboard the coordinates 0,0 or clicking on the screen where you need to give the beginning. Then with the movement of the mouse the object is tracked which needs to be confined by the cloud. Note: depending on the movement rate of the hand, it will change the size of the generated arc, to less movement, shorter arcs, greater movement, wider arcs; When the creation of the cloud is finished, it must be ended with the ENTER key.
When the REVCLOUD command is finished, a floating window will appear to manage changes in the direction of the arcs in the cloud.
Exercise: With the command REVCLOUD, confine the following drawings, without the clouds overlap each other.
2.10 Region
Convert objects that enclose an area into 2D region objects. Regions are 2D areas that are created from closed flat loops of objects. Valid objects are lines, polylines, circular arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, ellipses, and splines. Each closed loop becomes an independent region. All intersections and intersecting curves are rejected. REGION deletes the original objects after converting them to regions, unless the DELOBJ system variable is set to 0. If the original objects were shaded, the shadowing associativity is lost. To restore the associativity, shade the region again. Once objects have been converted to regions, it is possible to combine them in a complex region by joining, subtracting, or intersecting operations. You can also create a region using the CONTOUR command.
Example of usage:
Select the Region tool with any of the methods: by icon, by typing the name of the command or by the abbreviation (REG) in the menu followed by the ENTER key.
By default the program requires: select the objects; For the AutoCAD program, the easiest way to do the action is by clicking on the top of the figure (top, right) and the second click on the bottom (down, left) (↙ - ↖), this action will select the Elements covered by the green area. If the action is performed in the opposite way (up, left) to (down, right) (↘ - ↗), it is likely that one of the features of the drawing is outside the blue area selection as identified in the figure.
After selecting all the objects it is necessary to continue with the ENTER key, to finish the execution of the command.
At first glance the difference is not noticeable but the region is already generated, to be able to have a clearer view, select the visual styles tool.
In the visual styles scroll bar, the Shades of Gray tool is selected
The result is the set of entities that make up the region.
Exercise: Use the command REGION to convert entities
3. Objects properties 3.1 Color
You can define the color of an object by layer or by specifying its explicit color regardless of the layer. The assignment of colors per layer facilitates the identification of each layer of the drawing. Explicit color mapping allows you to make an additional distinction between objects in the same layer. All objects are created with the current color, visible in the Properties palette, and the Home tab in the Ribbon Properties group when no objects are selected. If the current color is set to Per layer, the objects will be created with the color assigned to the current layer (white). If the current color is set to per block, objects will be created with color 7 (white or black) until they are combined in a block definition. When the block is inserted in the drawing, it will show the
current color of those objects. Among the range of color palettes you can select to assign colors to objects, are the following: AutoCAD Color Index (ACI) true color PANTONE ® Colors RAL ™ Classic and RAL Design color books DIC ® Color Guide ACI Colors: These are standard colors used in AutoCAD-based products. Each color is identified by an ACI color index number, consisting of an integer from 1 to 255. There are only standard color names for the colors identified 1 through 7. The colors are assigned as follows: 1 Red, 2 Yellow, 3 Green, 4 Cyan, 5 Blue, 6 Magenta, and 7 White / Black. Color Books: Several standard PANTONE color books are included in the product. Other color books can also be imported, such as the DIC color guide or the RAL color sets. If you also import user-defined color books, you can increase the selection of available colors. Example of usage:
The easiest way to assign colors by selecting entity.
Select the Color tool with any of the methods: by typing the command name, by its abbreviation (COL) or by icon.
Select the color
This is how the selected entities remain.
Exercise: Assign color characteristics to the following drawing.
3.2 Line Types
Load linetypes and set the current linetype. Line Type Filters: Determines which line types are displayed in the list of line types. Line types can be filtered depending on whether they depend on external references or whether objects exist that refer to them. Invert Filter: Displays line types based on criteria opposite to those selected. Line types that match the opposite criteria are displayed in the list of line types. Load: Displays the Load or Reload Linetype dialog box, which allows you to load the selected linetypes from a linetype file into the drawing and add them to the linetype list. Current: Sets the line type designated as the current line type. Setting the current line type in byLayer means that an object will adopt the type of line that is assigned to a particular layer. If the line type option is set to ByBlock, it
means that an object will adopt the CONTINUOUS line type until it is grouped into a block. Whenever the block is inserted, all objects will inherit their linetype. The CELTYPE system variable stores the name of the line type. Delete: it deletes selected line types from the drawing. Only unused line types can be deleted. The line types ByLayer, ByBlock and Continuous cannot be deleted. List of Linetypes: Displays linetypes loaded according to the option specified in Linetype Filters. To quickly assign or delete all line types, right-click to the Line Type List to display the context menu. Line Type: Displays the names of the loaded line types. To rename a line type, choose the line type, click on it and type a new name. ByLayer linetypes, ByBlock, Continuous and dependent on external references cannot be renamed.
Example of usage:
Select the Line Style tool with any of the methods: when entering the name of the command, by its abbreviation (COL) or by icon. By default AutoCAD includes three types of lines. More types will be found in the Other selection.
Load line styles: As different styles are likely to be required than the default contents, you need to load them into the popup window by clicking the Load option, more options will appear.
Clicking the required line, followed by the OK option, the line will be enabled to be used.
As it is already ready to be used, perform the operation, selecting the lines that need to be modified.
Select the Line Style tool with any of the methods: type the command name, its abbreviation (COL) or its icon.
Exercise: Assign line style characteristics to the following drawing:
3.3 Line weight (LIN)
Sets the current line thickness, display options, and units. Line weight is a property mapped to graphic objects, shading, directive lines, and dimension geometry that results in thicker and darker lines. The current line weight is assigned to all new objects until another line thickness is set as current. Display line weight: line weight can be turned on and off in a drawing; In addition, they are shown differently in the model space and presentation in paper
space. In the model space, the line weight of 0 is displayed with the width of one pixel and the rest of the line weight with a proportional width in pixels. The line weight display in model space does not change with the zoom factor. For example, a line weight value that is represented by a width of four pixels is always displayed with four pixels, regardless of how much the drawing is enlarged. In a paper space presentation, the line weight appears in real units and the line weight display changes with the zoom factor. Example of usage:
Select the entities to change to modify the thickness of the lines.
Select the Line weight tool with any of the methods: when entering the name of the command or by icon.
It is necessary to select a representative weight to verify the change; That is why the lines of 1.00 mm, are the most optional for the example.
This is the result of the application of the weight. It can be verified when the printing pens are scaled or by the following method:
In the same place of the tool for the weight of the lines, select Dialog, Line Width Parameters or Lineweightsettings.
By activating the line weight display or displaylineweigth, the command action can be checked on the screen.
Showing the next result on the screen.
Exercise: Assign line weight characteristics to the following drawing.
4. Auxiliary tools 4.1 Navswheel
Provides access to enhanced navigation tools that can be quickly accessed with the cursor. The wheel tools are not selected in the same way as the other commands: Press a sector and drag it to use the desired navigation tool. Release the mouse button to return to the wheel and switch navigation tool. Right click on a wheel and click on SteeringWheel Settings to access the SteeringWheel Settings dialog box, which allows you to control it.
2D navigation wheel.
Full navigation wheel.
Object display wheel (basic wheel).
Building visit wheel (basic wheel).
4.2 Pan
PAN shifts the view without changing the direction or magnification of the display. Place the cursor on the initial location and press the left mouse button. Drag the cursor to the new location or press the wheel button or the middle mouse button and drag the cursor to frame.
4.3 Zoom
Increases or decreases the magnification factor of the current viewport view. Zooming in on a view can be changed by zooming in or out, which is similar to zooming in or out with a camera. If you use the ZOOM command, the absolute size of the objects in the drawing will not be changed. Only the magnification factor of the view will be changed. In a perspective view: ZOOM displays 3DZOOM requests. The following requests are displayed: Window Corner: Specify a corner of the area you want to magnify. Opposite corner: Specify the opposite corner of the zoom area.
All: Zooms to display all visible objects and visual aids. Adjusts the magnification of the drawing area to accommodate the extents of all visible objects in the drawing, or visual aids such as the grid limits (the LIMITS command), whichever is larger. Center: Zooms to display a view defined by a center point and a magnification value or a height. A smaller value for the height increases the magnification. A larger value decreases the magnification. Not available in perspective projection. Dynamic: Pans and zooms using a rectangular view box. The view box represents your view, which you can shrink or enlarge and move around the drawing. Positioning and sizing the view box pans or zooms to fill the viewport with the view inside the view box. Not available in perspective projection. To change the size of the view box, click, resize it, and click again to accept the new size of the view box. To pan with the view box, drag it to the location you want and press Enter Extents: Zooms to display the maximum extents of all objects. The extents of each object in the model are calculated and used to determine how the model should fill the window.
Zoom Previous: Zoom shows preview. You can reset up to 10 previous views.
Scale / Scale factor: Zooms to change the magnification of a view using a scale factor. Enter a value followed by x to specify the scale relative to the current view. Enter a value followed by xp to specify the scale relative to paper space units. For example, entering .5x causes each object to be displayed at half its current size on the screen. Entering .5xp displays model space at half the scale of paper space units. You can create a layout with each viewport displaying objects at a different scale. Enter a value to specify the scale relative to the grid limits of the drawing. (This option is rarely used.) For example, entering 2 displays objects at twice the size they would appear if you were zoomed to the limits of the drawing..
Window: Zooms to display an area specified by a rectangular window. With the cursor, you can define an area of the model to fill the entire window. Object: Zooms to display one or more selected objects as large as possible and in the center of the view. You can select objects before or after you start the ZOOM command.
Real Time: Zooms interactively to change the magnification of the view. The cursor changes to a magnifying glass with plus (+) and minus (-) signs. See Zoom Shortcut Menu for a description of the options that are available while zooming in real time. Holding down the pick button at the midpoint of the window and moving vertically to the top of the window zooms in to 100%. 4.4 Orbit
It rotates the view in a three-dimensional space, but within a restricted horizontal and vertical orbit. 3DORBIT activates a 3D orbit view in the current viewport and the cursor icon appears 3D Orbit. You can't edit objects while active 3DORBIT. If you drag the cursor horizontally, the camera will move in parallel to the XY plane of the universal coordinate system (SCU). If you drag the cursor vertically, the camera will move along the Z axis. A
small sphere representing the focus around which the view will rotate is temporarily displayed. When the command is active, right-click to display more options in a context menu. By default, if one or more objects are selected before starting the command, the visualization will only be limited to these objects. You can temporarily access 3D Orbit mode. To do this, press the Shift key and the mouse wheel, and then move the cursor.
Bibliographic referencess AutoCAD de Autodesk Shortcuts, Guía de accesos directos http://staticww.autodesk.net/content/dam/estore/customerservice/AutoCAD_Shortcuts_11x8.5_MECH-REV.pdf, consultado el 19 de septiembre de 2016
Document control
Introduction With this learning material the apprentice will be able to find needed information to continue with the construction of his/her knowledge about commands and used tools in AutoCAD 2D to make drawing projects adapted to the required design. Within the topics you will find the description of the basic design entities, the handling, the geometry and the objects properties, which implies understanding the information of each of them, in accordance to terms of its functionality and execution requirements.
1.
Basic objects geometry
A project design requires the intervention and combination of entities like lines, circles, texts and many more. That's why the management of these entities has a great importance in the drawing results, since in the union of the simple objects, the construction of pieces and complex projects is achieved. The knowledge and the tools management will be the beginning of an outstanding result when simple objects are being made.
2.
Main drawing commands
They are located in the tool bar "Home", at the top of the interface, it can be accessed in a fast way from the established drawing commands to get access to other required entities in the design execution process: Drop down tab of Draw tools
The most required tools in design are: 2.1 Line
Create a series of contiguous line segments. Each segment is a line object that can be edited separately.
The following prompts are displayed. Specify first point: Sets the starting point for the line. Click a point location. With object snaps or grid snap turned on, the points will be placed precisely. You can also enter coordinates. If instead, you press Enter at the prompt, a new line starts from the endpoint of the most recently created line, polyline, or arc. If the most recently created object is an arc, its endpoint defines the starting point of the line. The line is tangent to the arc. Specify next point: Specifies the endpoint of the line segment. You can also use polar and object snap tracking together with direct distance entry.
Close: Connects the first and last segments
Example of usage:
Select the line tool with any of the methods: By Icon, when typing the command name or in the menu by its abbreviation (L), then click ENTER.
To generate the drawing, specify the starting point typing the coordinates 0,0 on the keyboard.
With the ORTHO option the drawn lines will facilitate the displacement in the axes X Y. Note: this does not mean that lines with a different angle can't be drawn.
Moving the cursor to the required direction, the values requested by the design will be included. To give an example, a rectangle of dimensions 100mm will be made, starting with the Y axis (positive, up), the first value of 100 mm and the key ENTER.
Moving the cursor on the X axis (positive, right), enter the value of 100mm again and the ENTER key.
Moving the cursor on the Y axis (negative, down), enter the value of 100mm again and the ENTER key.
Type C and press Enter key, to close the drawing.
Result:
Exercise: With the command LINE make the following drawing. Note: the letters are symmetrical.
2.2 Pline
Creates a 2D polyline, a single object that is composed of line and arc segments. The following prompts are displayed. Specify start point: Sets the starting point for the polyline. A temporary plus-shaped marker displays at the first point. Pressing Enter starts a new polyline from the last endpoint specified in creating a polyline, line, or arc. Specify next point: If you specify a second point, you create straight segments. If you enter a (for Arc), you create arc segments.
Halfwidth: Specifies the width from the center of a wide segment to an edge.
Width: Specifies the width of the next segment.
Some things to keep in mind when defining the half-width or width of a polyline. The starting width becomes the default ending width. The ending width becomes the uniform width for all subsequent segments until you change the width again. The starting and ending points of wide line segments are at the centerline of the segment.
Typically, the intersections of adjacent wide polyline segments are beveled. No beveling is performed for nontangent arc segments, very acute angles, or when a dot-dash linetype is used. Line-Only Prompts Arc: Begins creating arc segments tangent to the previous segment. Length: Creates a segment of a specified length at the same angle as the previous segment. If the previous segment is an arc, the new line segment is tangent to that arc segment. Arc-Only Prompts Endpoint of arc: Completes an arc segment. The arc segment is tangent to the previous segment of the polyline. Angle: Specifies the included angle of the arc segment from the start point. Entering a positive number creates counterclockwise arc segments. Entering a negative number creates clockwise arc segments. Center: Specifies an arc segment based on its center point. Note: For the Center option of the PLINE command, enter ce; for the Center object snap, enter cen or center.
Linetype Pattern: The PLINEGEN system variable controls how linetype patterns generate around the vertices of a 2D polyline. 0 Generates linetypes that start and end with a dash at each vertex of the polyline 1 Generates linetypes in an uninterrupted pattern through the vertices of the polyline
Example of usage: Select the polyline tool with any of the methods: by the icon, by writing the name in the command line or within the menu by its abbreviation (PL).
To generate the drawing, specify the starting point typing the coordinates (0,0) on the keyboard.
For the length use: It is necessary to write the rest of the coordinates as follows: 1) 0,100 2) 100,100 3) 100,0 4) 0,0 Having as a result a rectangle drawn up with a single line and it is recognized as a single object too, unlike the previous
example where four lines were used to make the same rectangle.
This command has other characteristics like: arc, medium width, length, back and width. The command with the abbreviation PL is selected.
To generate the drawing, specify the starting point when typing the coordinates 0,0 on the keyboard.
To use the characteristics of the Arc: to handle ARC characteristics, the letter A must be written. This enables different options to manage the arc command like: angle, center, direction, half width, line, radius, second point, undo and width.
For the example, the arc radius is selected with the command (R) giving the value of 200 and pressing the ENTER key
And an angle of 45 º , then press the ENTER key.
For the use of the width characteristics: to handle the WIDTH of the polyline, the letter W must be written.
It is necessary to specify the initial width for which the value 0 must be given.
Specify the final width for which the value 50 must be given, which will generate the contiguous graphic
Exercise: With lines and arcs based on the polyline tool make the following drawing. The letter is symmetric.
2.3 Circle
Creates a circle. The following prompts are displayed. Center Point: Creates a circle based on a center point and a radius or diameter value. Radius: Enter a value, or specify a point.
Diameter: Enter a value, or specify a second point.
3P (Three Points): Creates a circle based on three points on the circumference.
Tan, Tan, Tan: Creates a circle tangent to three objects.
2P (Two Points): Creates a circle based on two endpoints of the diameter.
TTR (Tangent, Tangent, Radius): Creates a circle with a specified radius and tangent to two objects. Sometimes more than one circle matches the specified criteria. The program draws the circle of the specified radius whose tangent points are closest to the selected points.
Example of usage: Select the Circle tool with any of the methods: by icon, by writing the name of the command or within the menu by its abbreviation (C), then press ENTER key.
To generate the drawing, specify the starting point typing the coordinates 0,0 on the keyboard.
The new requirement is the diameter. Give a value of 100 mm.
The option 3P must be chosen to use baselines for drawing If the circle is required to pass through three different points
It is necessary to select the three points for the circle to pass: Click on the grips that are shown as the small green boxes. It will give as a result the required circle
Exercise: Use circles to make the following symmetrical drawing
2.4 Arc
To create an arc, you can specify combinations of center, endpoint, start point, radius, angle, chord length, and direction values. Arcs are drawn in a counterclockwise direction by default. Hold down the Ctrl key as you drag to draw in a clockwise direction.
Center: Starts by specifying the center of the circle of which the arc is a part. Start point: Specify the start point of the arc. End point: Using the center point (2), draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an endpoint that falls on an imaginary ray drawn from the center point through the third point (3). The arc does not necessarily pass through this third point, as shown in the illustration.
Chord length: Draws either a minor or a major arc based on the distance of a straight line between the start point and endpoint. If the chord length is positive, the minor arc is drawn counterclockwise from the start point. If the chord length is negative, the major arc is drawn counterclockwise.
End: Starts by specifying the endpoint of the arc. Center point: Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an endpoint that falls on an imaginary ray drawn from the center point (3) through the second point specified (2).
Angle: Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an endpoint (2), with a specified included angle. If the angle is negative, a clockwise arc is drawn. Included angle: Enter an angle in degrees or specify an angle by moving the pointing device counterclockwise
Center: Specifies the center of the circle of which the arc is a part. Start point: Specify start point of arc. End point: Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (2) to an endpoint that falls on an imaginary ray drawn from the center point (1) through a specified point (3).
Angle: Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (2) using a center point (1) with a specified included angle. If the angle is negative, a clockwise arc is drawn.
Tangent to last line, arc, or polyline: Draws an arc tangent to the last line, arc, or polyline drawn when you press ENTER at the first prompt.
Example of usage:
Select the Arc tool with any of the methods: by icon, by typing the name of the command or within the menu by its abbreviation (A) followed by the ENTER key.
Three point arc: used to make the arc line pass through three known points, selecting the three point method, in order to apply to the required points.
Select the green grips or boxes located at the edges or at the required points for the construction of the arc. The following requests are shown: Starting point: it draws an arc from three points designated on the circumference of the arc. The first point is the one of origin (1). Note: If the ENTER key is pressed without specifying a point, the end point of the last line or drawn arc will be used immediately and the end point of the new arc will be requested. This will create an arc tangent to the last line, drawn arc or polyline. Second point: it specifies that the second point (2) is a point on the circumference of the arc. End Point: It specifies the end point (3) in the arc. A three-point arc can be defined
clockwise or counterclockwise.
Start, center, end: used to make the arc line pass through three known points.
The following requests are shown: Starting point: it draws an arc from three points designated on the circumference of the arc. The first point is the one of origin (1). Center: It specifies the center of the circle of which the arc forms part. End Point: Specifies the end point (3) in the arc. Two arcs are drawn depending on the direction in which it starts: 1, C, 2 or 2, C, 1.
Start, center, angle: it is used to make the arc line pass through two known points using an angle. In this case the beginning, center and angle are known.
Starting point: it draws an arc from three points designated on the circumference of the arc. The first point is the one of origin (1). Center: it specifies the center of the circle of which the arc forms part. Angle: draws an arc counterclockwise from the starting point (1) through a center point (2) and a specified included angle. If the angle is negative, an arc is drawn in a clockwise direction.
Start, end, direction: it is used so that the arc line passes through two known points and a specific direction. In this case we know the beginning the end and a direction.
Starting point: the first point is the origin point. End Point: it specifies the end point (2) in the arc. Direction: it starts the tangent arc in a precise direction. This option creates arcs, either larger or smaller, clockwise or counterclockwise from the starting point (1) to an end point (2). The direction is determined from the starting point.
Start, end, radius: it is used to make the arc line pass through two known points and a radius.
Starting point: the first point is the origin point. End Point: Specifies the end point (2) in the arc. Radius: draw the small arc counterclockwise from the starting point (1) to the end point (2). If the radius is negative, the largest arc is drawn.
Center, start, length: used to make the arc line pass through two known points and one length.
Center: Specify the center of the circle of which the arc forms part. Starting point: the first point is the origin point. Length: Draw a smaller or larger arc as a function of the straight line distance that exists between the starting point and the end point. If the string length is positive, the smaller arc is drawn counterclockwise from the starting point. If it is negative, the major arc is drawn in an anti-clockwise direction. Exercise: With arcs make the following symmetrical drawing.
2.5 Rectang
Creates a rectangular polyline from the specified the rectangle parameters (length, width, rotation) and type of corners (fillet, chamfer, or square).
The following prompts are displayed. Current settings: Rotation = 0 Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Widt h]: Specify a point or enter an option First Corner Point: Specifies a corner point of the rectangle. Other Corner Point: Creates a rectangle using the specified points as diagonally opposite corners. Area: Creates a rectangle using the area and either a length or a width. If the Chamfer or Fillet option is active, the area includes the effect of the chamfers or fillets on the corners of the rectangle. Dimensions: Creates a rectangle using length and width values. Rotation: Creates a rectangle at a specified rotation angle. Thickness: Specifies the thickness of the rectangle. Example of usage: Select the Rectangle tool with any of the methods: by icon, by typing the name or within the menu by its abbreviation (REC) followed by the ENTER key.
To generate the drawing, specify the starting point when typing the coordinates 0,0 on the keyboard.
It is necessary to specify the other corner. Write the values 100,100.
Chamfer: set the chamfer distances for the rectangle. Again the tool with the acronym (REC) is called and the letter (C) of chamfer is written.
Specify the chamfer to use in the first corner of the rectangle and in the second, the example mentions a value of 5 mm
Set the start point of the rectangle 0,0 and the end point with 100,100, to get the next rectangle.
Elevation: Accurate elevation of the rectangle. Again the tool with the acronym (REC) is called and the letter (E) of elevation is written. Object Height: Specifies the object height of the rectangle.
Specify the elevation of the rectangle, since it is always drawn at a height of 0, in this case a height of 10 mm.
Set the start point of the rectangle 0,0 and the end point with 100,100, to get the next rectangle. Draw one in the 0 plane to check the difference in drawing heights. Splice - Fillet: determines the splice radius of the rectangle. Again the tool with the acronym (REC) is called and the letter (F) of the splice is written. The example includes a 10 mm radius.
Determine the starting point of the rectangle 0,0 and the end point with 100,100, to obtain the next rectangle with 10mm radius at its corners.
Exercise: With rectangles make the following symmetrical drawing.
2.6 Ellipse
Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc. The first two points of the ellipse determine the location and length of the first axis. The third point determines the distance between the center of the ellipse and the end point of the second axis.
The following requests are displayed: Axis endpoint: it defines the first axis from its two endpoints. The angle of that axis determines the angle of the ellipse. The first axis can define the major or minor axis of the ellipse. Distance of another axis: it defines the second axis, using the distance from the midpoint of the first axis to the end point of the second axis (3)
Rotation: Creates the ellipse by appearing to rotate a circle about the first axis Move the crosshairs around the center of the ellipse and click. If you enter a value, the higher the value, the greater the eccentricity of the ellipse. Entering 0 defines a circular ellipse.
Arc: create an elliptical arc. The angle of the first axis determines the angle of the elliptical arc. The first axis can define the major or minor axis depending on its size. The first two points of the elliptical arc determine the location and length of the first axis. The third point determines the distance between the center of the elliptical arc and the end point of the second axis. The fourth and fifth points are the initial and final angles.
Axis endpoint: it defines the starting point of the first axis. Rotation: it defines the difference in length between the major and minor axis of the ellipse by rotating a circle around the first axis. The higher the value (from 0 to 89.4 degrees), the greater the difference in length between the minor and major axis. Values between 89.4 degrees and 90.6 degrees are not valid because otherwise the ellipse would appear as a straight line. Several of these angle values produce a mirror effect every 90 degrees. Initial angle: it defines the first end of the elliptical arc. The Initial Angle option also switches between the Parameter and Angle modes. The mode determines how the ellipse is calculated. Parameter (specialized option): it requires an angular input, but creates the elliptical arc using the following parametric vector equation for the angle of each end point: P (angle) = c + a * cos (angle) + b * sin (angle) where c is the center of the ellipse, and a and b are the negative lengths of its major and minor axes, respectively. Final parameter: it defines the final angle of the elliptical arc using a parametric vector equation. The Initial parameter option changes between Angle and Parameter modes. The mode determines how the ellipse is calculated. Angle: it defines the final angle of the elliptical arc. The Angle option switches between the Parameter and Angle modes.
The mode determines how the ellipse is calculated. Included angle: determines an included angle starting at the starting angle. Center: Creates an ellipse using a center, the end point of the first axis, and the length of the second axis. Distances can be specified by clicking on a location at the desired distance or by entering a value for the length. Distance of another axis: defines the second axis as the distance from the center of the ellipse or midpoint of the first axis to the specified point. Rotation: creates the ellipse with the appearance of a circle rotating around the first axis. Move the cursor-cross around the center of the ellipse and click. If a value is entered, the larger the value, the greater the eccentricity of the ellipse. The circle is defined when 0 is Typed. Example of usage: Select the Ellipse tool with any of the methods: by icon, by entering the name of the command or within the menu by its abbreviation (EL) followed by the ENTER key.
To generate the drawing, specify the starting point when typing the coordinates 0,0 on the keyboard.
Specify the end point of the ellipse axis, in the example, a value of 100mm is given.
The distance of another axis with a value of 20mm must be specified for the example.
Axis, center: used for the ellipse to pass through the distance of an axis and the distance from the center.
It has guidelines such as the following:
Writing the (C) for the first point to be the center of the ellipse
Choose the Lines midpoint.
Choose the axis end point.
Choose the distance to the other axis
Exercise: With rectangles make the following drawing.
2.7 Hatch
Fill a closed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern, a solid fill, or a gradient fill. When the ribbon is enabled, the Shading Creation tab is displayed. When the ribbon is off the Shaded and Gradient dialog box is displayed. If you prefer to use the Hatch and Gradient dialog box, set the HPDLGMODE system variable to 1. If HATCH is entered in the command prompt, the options are displayed. To maintain hatch performance with dashed hatch lines, choose a predefined hatch pattern instead of loading and set a dashed line type. Several methods to specify the outlines of a hatch can be chosen. Specify a point in the area between
objects. Designate the objects included in an area. Specify contour points using the Draw from HATCH option. Drag a hatch pattern to an enclosed area from a tool palette or DesignCenter
Designate an internal point: it determines an outline from existing objects that form a closed area around a specific point.
Designate Objects: it sets an outline from selected objects that form a closed area.
Example of usage:
Select the Hatch tool with any of the methods: by icon, by typing the command name, or within the menu by its abbreviation (H) followed by the ENTER key.
By default the selection of an internal point of the object appears. Therefore, select the points that are required to be shaded.
Double click on the shaded area. A new toolbar will appear, specific to the management of this. There are holes in the palette that are at the top of the program interface, where it is selected that meets the requirements of the process.
Occasionally, the hash pattern has a scale that is not harmonious with the design, which is why the scale of the hash pattern must be handled.
Another feature of Hash is the change of direction, since sometimes it is necessary to include an angle to the process of collapse, which will change the final perspective of the design. In the example, the angle was changed to 45° and the figure is shown as follows:
Exercise: Use the HATCH tool to make the following design pattern.
2.8 Point
Create a point object. Point objects can act as nodes to which object references can be associated. 2D and 3D locations for a point can be specified. If the Z coordinate is omitted, the current elevation is adopted. The PDMODE and PDSIZE system variables control the appearance of point objects. MEASURE and DIVIDE create points along an object. Designate a point: it allows you to specify the location of the point object. Example of usage:
Select the POINT tool with any of the methods: by icon, by typing the command name or by the abbreviation (PO) in the menu followed by the ENTER key.
This tool only requires the assignment of the points on drawing area with a click on the screen with the message specify a point.
The command also accepts coordinates, for example: 1) 0.0 2) 0.100 3) 100,100 4) 100.0
To make points easier to perceive it is necessary to go to the DDPTYPE command to modify the appearance of the points.
In this way, the generated points will be visible.
Exercise: With points make the following drawing.
2.9 Revcloud
To create a new revision cloud, select two corner points, two polygonal points, or drag the cursor. It is also possible to convert an object such as circles, polylines, splines, or ellipses into a review cloud. Use the revision clouds to highlight portions of the drawing being examined. The following requests are displayed: First Corner Point: it lets us specify a corner point of the rectangular review cloud. Opposite corner: allows you to specify the opposite corner diagonally of the rectangular revision cloud. Invert Direction: reverses the direction of the sequential arcs in the review cloud. Start point: set the start point of the
polygon review cloud. Next point: allows you to specify the next point to define the polygon shape of the revision cloud. Arc length: its maximum length can not be set to a value greater than three times the minimum arc length. Object: Specifies an object to convert to a revision cloud. Rectangular: Creates a rectangular review cloud by taking the points specified as diagonally opposite corners. Polygon: Creates a non-rectangular review cloud defined by three or more points as vertices of the review cloud. Example of usage: Select the Revcloud tool with any of the methods: by icon, by typing the command name or in the menu, enter the name of the command (REVCLOUD) followed by the ENTER key.
By default the program requires to specify the point of the first corner, which must be assigned by mouse or coordinates and then it is necessary to specify the opposite corner.
To get the known revision cloud, it is necessary to re-select the tool with the name of the command (REVCLOUD) and then the letter (F) followed by the ENTER key.
To start the generation of the cloud you must specify the starting point, when typing on the keyboard the coordinates 0,0 or clicking on the screen where you need to give the beginning. Then with the movement of the mouse the object is tracked which needs to be confined by the cloud. Note: depending on the movement rate of the hand, it will change the size of the generated arc, to less movement, shorter arcs, greater movement, wider arcs; When the creation of the cloud is finished, it must be ended with the ENTER key.
When the REVCLOUD command is finished, a floating window will appear to manage changes in the direction of the arcs in the cloud.
Exercise: With the command REVCLOUD, confine the following drawings, without the clouds overlap each other.
2.10 Region
Convert objects that enclose an area into 2D region objects. Regions are 2D areas that are created from closed flat loops of objects. Valid objects are lines, polylines, circular arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, ellipses, and splines. Each closed loop becomes an independent region. All intersections and intersecting curves are rejected. REGION deletes the original objects after converting them to regions, unless the DELOBJ system variable is set to 0. If the original objects were shaded, the shadowing associativity is lost. To restore the associativity, shade the region again. Once objects have been converted to regions, it is possible to combine them in a complex region by joining, subtracting, or intersecting operations. You can also create a region using the CONTOUR command.
Example of usage:
Select the Region tool with any of the methods: by icon, by typing the name of the command or by the abbreviation (REG) in the menu followed by the ENTER key.
By default the program requires: select the objects; For the AutoCAD program, the easiest way to do the action is by clicking on the top of the figure (top, right) and the second click on the bottom (down, left) (↙ - ↖), this action will select the Elements covered by the green area. If the action is performed in the opposite way (up, left) to (down, right) (↘ - ↗), it is likely that one of the features of the drawing is outside the blue area selection as identified in the figure.
After selecting all the objects it is necessary to continue with the ENTER key, to finish the execution of the command.
At first glance the difference is not noticeable but the region is already generated, to be able to have a clearer view, select the visual styles tool.
In the visual styles scroll bar, the Shades of Gray tool is selected
The result is the set of entities that make up the region.
Exercise: Use the command REGION to convert entities
3. Objects properties 3.1 Color
You can define the color of an object by layer or by specifying its explicit color regardless of the layer. The assignment of colors per layer facilitates the identification of each layer of the drawing. Explicit color mapping allows you to make an additional distinction between objects in the same layer. All objects are created with the current color, visible in the Properties palette, and the Home tab in the Ribbon Properties group when no objects are selected. If the current color is set to Per layer, the objects will be created with the color assigned to the current layer (white). If the current color is set to per block, objects will be created with color 7 (white or black) until they are combined in a block definition. When the block is inserted in the drawing, it will show the
current color of those objects. Among the range of color palettes you can select to assign colors to objects, are the following: AutoCAD Color Index (ACI) true color PANTONE ® Colors RAL ™ Classic and RAL Design color books DIC ® Color Guide ACI Colors: These are standard colors used in AutoCAD-based products. Each color is identified by an ACI color index number, consisting of an integer from 1 to 255. There are only standard color names for the colors identified 1 through 7. The colors are assigned as follows: 1 Red, 2 Yellow, 3 Green, 4 Cyan, 5 Blue, 6 Magenta, and 7 White / Black. Color Books: Several standard PANTONE color books are included in the product. Other color books can also be imported, such as the DIC color guide or the RAL color sets. If you also import user-defined color books, you can increase the selection of available colors. Example of usage:
The easiest way to assign colors by selecting entity.
Select the Color tool with any of the methods: by typing the command name, by its abbreviation (COL) or by icon.
Select the color
This is how the selected entities remain.
Exercise: Assign color characteristics to the following drawing.
3.2 Line Types
Load linetypes and set the current linetype. Line Type Filters: Determines which line types are displayed in the list of line types. Line types can be filtered depending on whether they depend on external references or whether objects exist that refer to them. Invert Filter: Displays line types based on criteria opposite to those selected. Line types that match the opposite criteria are displayed in the list of line types. Load: Displays the Load or Reload Linetype dialog box, which allows you to load the selected linetypes from a linetype file into the drawing and add them to the linetype list. Current: Sets the line type designated as the current line type. Setting the current line type in byLayer means that an object will adopt the type of line that is assigned to a particular layer. If the line type option is set to ByBlock, it
means that an object will adopt the CONTINUOUS line type until it is grouped into a block. Whenever the block is inserted, all objects will inherit their linetype. The CELTYPE system variable stores the name of the line type. Delete: it deletes selected line types from the drawing. Only unused line types can be deleted. The line types ByLayer, ByBlock and Continuous cannot be deleted. List of Linetypes: Displays linetypes loaded according to the option specified in Linetype Filters. To quickly assign or delete all line types, right-click to the Line Type List to display the context menu. Line Type: Displays the names of the loaded line types. To rename a line type, choose the line type, click on it and type a new name. ByLayer linetypes, ByBlock, Continuous and dependent on external references cannot be renamed.
Example of usage:
Select the Line Style tool with any of the methods: when entering the name of the command, by its abbreviation (COL) or by icon. By default AutoCAD includes three types of lines. More types will be found in the Other selection.
Load line styles: As different styles are likely to be required than the default contents, you need to load them into the popup window by clicking the Load option, more options will appear.
Clicking the required line, followed by the OK option, the line will be enabled to be used.
As it is already ready to be used, perform the operation, selecting the lines that need to be modified.
Select the Line Style tool with any of the methods: type the command name, its abbreviation (COL) or its icon.
Exercise: Assign line style characteristics to the following drawing:
3.3 Line weight (LIN)
Sets the current line thickness, display options, and units. Line weight is a property mapped to graphic objects, shading, directive lines, and dimension geometry that results in thicker and darker lines. The current line weight is assigned to all new objects until another line thickness is set as current. Display line weight: line weight can be turned on and off in a drawing; In addition, they are shown differently in the model space and presentation in paper
space. In the model space, the line weight of 0 is displayed with the width of one pixel and the rest of the line weight with a proportional width in pixels. The line weight display in model space does not change with the zoom factor. For example, a line weight value that is represented by a width of four pixels is always displayed with four pixels, regardless of how much the drawing is enlarged. In a paper space presentation, the line weight appears in real units and the line weight display changes with the zoom factor. Example of usage:
Select the entities to change to modify the thickness of the lines.
Select the Line weight tool with any of the methods: when entering the name of the command or by icon.
It is necessary to select a representative weight to verify the change; That is why the lines of 1.00 mm, are the most optional for the example.
This is the result of the application of the weight. It can be verified when the printing pens are scaled or by the following method:
In the same place of the tool for the weight of the lines, select Dialog, Line Width Parameters or Lineweightsettings.
By activating the line weight display or displaylineweigth, the command action can be checked on the screen.
Showing the next result on the screen.
Exercise: Assign line weight characteristics to the following drawing.
4. Auxiliary tools 4.1 Navswheel
Provides access to enhanced navigation tools that can be quickly accessed with the cursor. The wheel tools are not selected in the same way as the other commands: Press a sector and drag it to use the desired navigation tool. Release the mouse button to return to the wheel and switch navigation tool. Right click on a wheel and click on SteeringWheel Settings to access the SteeringWheel Settings dialog box, which allows you to control it.
2D navigation wheel.
Full navigation wheel.
Object display wheel (basic wheel).
Building visit wheel (basic wheel).
4.2 Pan
PAN shifts the view without changing the direction or magnification of the display. Place the cursor on the initial location and press the left mouse button. Drag the cursor to the new location or press the wheel button or the middle mouse button and drag the cursor to frame.
4.3 Zoom
Increases or decreases the magnification factor of the current viewport view. Zooming in on a view can be changed by zooming in or out, which is similar to zooming in or out with a camera. If you use the ZOOM command, the absolute size of the objects in the drawing will not be changed. Only the magnification factor of the view will be changed. In a perspective view: ZOOM displays 3DZOOM requests. The following requests are displayed: Window Corner: Specify a corner of the area you want to magnify. Opposite corner: Specify the opposite corner of the zoom area.
All: Zooms to display all visible objects and visual aids. Adjusts the magnification of the drawing area to accommodate the extents of all visible objects in the drawing, or visual aids such as the grid limits (the LIMITS command), whichever is larger. Center: Zooms to display a view defined by a center point and a magnification value or a height. A smaller value for the height increases the magnification. A larger value decreases the magnification. Not available in perspective projection. Dynamic: Pans and zooms using a rectangular view box. The view box represents your view, which you can shrink or enlarge and move around the drawing. Positioning and sizing the view box pans or zooms to fill the viewport with the view inside the view box. Not available in perspective projection. To change the size of the view box, click, resize it, and click again to accept the new size of the view box. To pan with the view box, drag it to the location you want and press Enter Extents: Zooms to display the maximum extents of all objects. The extents of each object in the model are calculated and used to determine how the model should fill the window.
Zoom Previous: Zoom shows preview. You can reset up to 10 previous views.
Scale / Scale factor: Zooms to change the magnification of a view using a scale factor. Enter a value followed by x to specify the scale relative to the current view. Enter a value followed by xp to specify the scale relative to paper space units. For example, entering .5x causes each object to be displayed at half its current size on the screen. Entering .5xp displays model space at half the scale of paper space units. You can create a layout with each viewport displaying objects at a different scale. Enter a value to specify the scale relative to the grid limits of the drawing. (This option is rarely used.) For example, entering 2 displays objects at twice the size they would appear if you were zoomed to the limits of the drawing..
Window: Zooms to display an area specified by a rectangular window. With the cursor, you can define an area of the model to fill the entire window. Object: Zooms to display one or more selected objects as large as possible and in the center of the view. You can select objects before or after you start the ZOOM command.
Real Time: Zooms interactively to change the magnification of the view. The cursor changes to a magnifying glass with plus (+) and minus (-) signs. See Zoom Shortcut Menu for a description of the options that are available while zooming in real time. Holding down the pick button at the midpoint of the window and moving vertically to the top of the window zooms in to 100%. 4.4 Orbit
It rotates the view in a three-dimensional space, but within a restricted horizontal and vertical orbit. 3DORBIT activates a 3D orbit view in the current viewport and the cursor icon appears 3D Orbit. You can't edit objects while active 3DORBIT. If you drag the cursor horizontally, the camera will move in parallel to the XY plane of the universal coordinate system (SCU). If you drag the cursor vertically, the camera will move along the Z axis. A
small sphere representing the focus around which the view will rotate is temporarily displayed. When the command is active, right-click to display more options in a context menu. By default, if one or more objects are selected before starting the command, the visualization will only be limited to these objects. You can temporarily access 3D Orbit mode. To do this, press the Shift key and the mouse wheel, and then move the cursor.
Bibliographic referencess AutoCAD de Autodesk Shortcuts, Guía de accesos directos http://staticww.autodesk.net/content/dam/estore/customerservice/AutoCAD_Shortcuts_11x8.5_MECH-REV.pdf, consultado el 19 de septiembre de 2016
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