Mandriva

  • April 2020
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‫ موאنאجא‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬

‫אو  א‪"#‬ذ‪% &L‬ن('‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬

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‫א‪،8  9#‬و   ‪:‬א‪  *6‬ن‪=1  L‬نא‪<=>=?  3‬א  ';  م‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬

‫" ‪=.‬א‪،@A 0‬وא‪  C   >LB#‬א = )'א '‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬

‫ ‪3 6‬א‪/  2‬و‪/  8 >D‬א‪ 2F‬א‪8‬א‪E‬א‪F‬دא(‪/ ,‬א‪/ 1"3‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬

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‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬

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‫أ‬

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‫ ‬

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‫‪k‬‬ ‫ א‪ /L6.‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‪٢‬‬

‫ا ب ا ول ‪:‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫‪٢٣‬‬

‫  ‬ ‫ ه ؟‬ ‫ ر ‬ ‫ا"!  وا ر‬ ‫‪%‬ا ‬ ‫ا"ز ت‬ ‫*ا) ا(" ر ا"ز‬ ‫ز ت ‬ ‫ز ت  ا‪+,‬‬ ‫أ‪ -./‬و ‪ ,‬ت‬

‫ا ب ا‪: 2 3‬‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫‪٤٥‬‬

‫إ‪,9‬اءات  ‪ ) 7‬ا"‪56‬‬ ‫@ ? إ*ادات ا=< ز‬ ‫ه) !"‪C‬م  ول ‪,‬ة؟‬ ‫!‪ F‬ا‪,‬ص ا‪5-6‬‬ ‫‪,I‬ق ‪ G-‬ت ‪ J-* ISO‬أ‪,7‬اص‬ ‫ا‪C"/‬ام ‪Nero L 2,+‬‬ ‫ا‪C"/‬ام ‪k3b L 2,+‬‬ ‫أ‪ -./‬و ‪ ,‬ت‬

‫ا ب ا‪:N 3‬‬ ‫‪٤٧‬‬ ‫‪٤٧‬‬ ‫‪٤٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٩‬‬ ‫‪٥١‬‬ ‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫‪٥٣‬‬ ‫‪٥٩‬‬ ‫‪٦١‬‬

‫‪2  56‬ر‪ J-* G‬ا‪,‬ص‬ ‫ا ا‬ ‫ا(" ر ا‪O-‬‬ ‫ا‪ 7 G‬ا"‪P(,‬‬ ‫ا(" ر ‪ Q G‬ا" )‬ ‫‪"! T‬ى ا ‪R‬‬ ‫!‪ F‬ا‪,‬ص ا‪5-6‬‬ ‫‪ T‬ا‪?U /‬‬ ‫ا(" ر ا‪%T‬م وا"‪  V‬ت‬

‫ب‬

‫‪٦٤‬‬ ‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٦‬‬ ‫‪٦٨‬‬ ‫‪٧١‬‬

‫‪+‬ء ا"‪W 3‬‬ ‫<‪ .‬ا‪ X‬م‬ ‫إ@  !"‪RC‬‬ ‫‪ ) T W 3‬ا[‪Z7‬ع‬ ‫أ‪ -./‬و ‪ ,‬ت‬

‫ا ب ا‪,‬ا‪: \+‬‬ ‫‪٧٣‬‬ ‫‪٧٤‬‬ ‫‪٧٧‬‬ ‫‪٧٨‬‬ ‫‪٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٨٦‬‬ ‫‪٩٢‬‬

‫أ‪ / /‬ت ‪KDE‬‬ ‫ ‪G, T‬‬ ‫ا^ل ا ]‪, - ,‬ا‪L‬‬ ‫@ ? ‪ QV/‬ا "‪5‬‬ ‫ا"‪ I-+ FT‬ا < م‬ ‫ا"‪ .< + FT‬و]‪ ?,‬ا < م‬ ‫‪KDE FT I‬‬ ‫أ‪ -./‬و ‪ ,‬ت‬

‫ا ب ا‪:  C‬‬ ‫‪٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٩٥‬‬ ‫‪٩٦‬‬ ‫‪٩٦‬‬ ‫‪٩٧‬‬ ‫‪٩٧‬‬ ‫‪١١٣‬‬

‫  ‪ ,V/‬ا وا‪,‬‬ ‫ ‪U‬ة ‪ ,V/‬ا وا‪,‬‬ ‫‪ R‬أ‪ R‬أ‪+‬أ‬ ‫‪ G‬ه‪ F‬أ‪/ /‬‬ ‫رز و_ت‬ ‫ا‪ "/‬ل ا وا‪,‬‬ ‫‪ `+‬ا وا‪ ,‬ا< ‬ ‫أ‪ -./‬و ‪ ,‬ت‬

‫ا ب ا! دس ‪:‬‬ ‫‪١١٥‬‬ ‫‪١١٥‬‬ ‫‪١٢٢‬‬ ‫‪١٢٤‬‬ ‫‪١٢٧‬‬ ‫‪١٣١‬‬

‫<‪2  .‬ر‪ G‬آ‪ X‬م ]‪6C‬‬ ‫ا"‪ + FT‬ا‪FU‬‬ ‫ا"‪VC + FT‬ط‬ ‫ا"‪ W7 + FT‬وا" ر‬ ‫ا"‪RC"!  + FT‬‬ ‫أ‪ -./‬و ‪ ,‬ت‬

‫ا ب ا! ‪: \+‬‬ ‫‪١٣٣‬‬

‫ا" ) \ ا ‪,‬ا‪L‬‬

‫ت‬

‫‪١٣٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤٤‬‬ ‫‪١٤٥‬‬ ‫‪١٤٦‬‬ ‫‪١٤٨‬‬ ‫‪١٥١‬‬

‫ا"‪ W 3‬وا[@  ‪2  R‬ر‪ G‬‬ ‫ا" ) \ ‪%I‬م ‪RPM‬‬ ‫ا ‪,‬ا‪,G + L‬ة ا ‪6‬ر‬ ‫‪ = ,+ )O‬ت ‪  9‬‬ ‫‪ )O‬ا ‪ G-‬ت ا"‪dG‬‬ ‫‪ G- )O‬ت ووز‬ ‫ا‪,"/‬اد و‪V( W 3‬ط ( ر‪9‬‬ ‫أ‪ -./‬و ‪ ,‬ت‬

‫ا ب ا‪: R 3‬‬ ‫ا_‪ 6‬ل ‪W2,"2[ +‬‬ ‫أ‪%<9‬ة ا دم‬ ‫ى ا ‪ <9‬ز ا دم‬ ‫_ ‪ 9‬د*‪ F‬؟‬ ‫إ*اد ا_‪ 6‬ل ا< ‪G‬‬ ‫@ ? إ*ادات ا ‪F-‬‬ ‫ا‪,"/‬اد ا ‪-eG‬‬ ‫إ*ادات ا ‪Thunderbird L 2, + ,‬‬ ‫أ‪ -./‬و ‪ ,‬ت‬

‫‪١٥٣‬‬ ‫‪١٥٣‬‬ ‫‪١٥٤‬‬ ‫‪١٥٤‬‬ ‫‪١٥٥‬‬ ‫‪١٥٩‬‬ ‫‪١٦٥‬‬ ‫‪١٦٦‬‬ ‫‪١٧٣‬‬

‫ا ب ا" ‪: \/‬‬ ‫‪,‬ف *‪,+ J-‬ا=‪ f‬ا ‪-eG‬‬ ‫ا ‪,‬ا‪ L‬ا " ‬ ‫‪,+‬ا‪ L‬و‪  V‬ت ا[‪W2,"2‬‬ ‫‪,+‬ا‪ L‬ا‪ ?U /‬ا "دة‬ ‫‪,+‬ا‪ L‬ا‪ F/,‬وا"‪F 6‬‬ ‫‪  V‬ت أآ‪,3‬‬ ‫‪,+‬ا‪ 7,G" L‬أ(‪,‬ى‬ ‫ا  ب وا"! ‬ ‫ا‪hU i‬‬

‫‪١٧٥‬‬ ‫‪١٧٥‬‬ ‫‪١٨٢‬‬ ‫‪١٨٥‬‬ ‫‪١٨٨‬‬ ‫‪١٨٩‬‬ ‫‪١٩١‬‬ ‫‪١٩٣‬‬ ‫‪١٩٣‬‬

‫ا ‪hIZ‬‬ ‫‪ j‬ه م‬ ‫‪  9,‬ر(‪ 6‬ا ‪ 6‬در ا ‪GPL I"G‬‬ ‫‪  9,‬ر(‪ 6‬ا‪ hU i‬ا‪,T‬ة ‪FDL‬‬ ‫ا ‪,‬ا‪\9‬‬

‫‪١٩٥‬‬ ‫‪١٩٥‬‬ ‫‪١٩٦‬‬ ‫‪٢١٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٤٤‬‬

‫ث‬

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‫_!‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻟﻴﻨﻜﺲ‬

‫‬ ‫‪   !"#$‬م‪،‬وא    م‬

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‫ا  ا ر از ‬

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‫ز  ت ‬

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‫ز  ت  ا‬

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‫_‪%‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫    א ‪Linux kernel‬א   א لא ‬ ‫&‪"#$%‬وא د وאא وא‪/%‬אصو‪، +,-‬و& ) (  ن‬

‫ ة  اوا‬

‫‪;+‬אل‪7&:‬א ‪19‬مو&‪7‬א א‪56‬و‪# (<=Shell01234‬‬

‫ أ أ أ‬

‫‪:‬א‪GHI%‬א‪F‬د‪6‬א‪:C1D1/E‬א ‪19‬م‪A& B 0،‬وא‪>?@:‬‬ ‫א‪01‬وא‪1&E‬و‪L0+ M+N‬ذא  ‪>?+(< &3:/JH:3‬א א‪ K‬‬

‫ه أ  ‬

‫‪  ٥-١‬ة ا "* ام  اوا‪:‬‬

‫رز و ت‬

‫ ‪P‬م ‪P‬م‪:‬ن‪،(UQ‬و‪ST3 A‬دد‪PQR I‬م  ‬

‫ا "! ل اوا‬

‫‪(1:‬אً‪X‬و‪W3‬د‪19 :‬مد‪،V‬وא‪\F((1‬ض‪AX0‬ن‪RQ Z‬א‪N1‬א(‬

‫‪ $%‬اوا ا‪#‬‬

‫א‪b‬ز‪?`:‬دא‪N‬א‪P‬مو( ‪]6_H‬א^ ]א‪\F(< ،X4\E‬ض‪A‬ن‬ ‫( ن‪ً?04d‬و ‪]H‬‬ ‫א א‪ #$‬א‪A،:  g‬و‪ :
‫‪٩٣‬‬

‫‪٩٤‬‬

: ‫[ رز و ت‬٥-٣-١] ‫ا ل‬

56 7 ‫ا‬

:%‫אא‬+F‫ن‬Aƒ(X L0::A":‫אא‬+k(:1 

 #

 KN„‫א‬F&‫ ل‬I1‫א‬QH ( <‫א‬::%‫אא‬+‫ن‬Aƒ(X L0:A":‫אא‬+k(:1 

:1(1‫א‬R+‫؟‬X:‫א‬19 g‫א‬B (w :‫وא‬%‫א‬Hg_< x:‫א א‬16A‫ل  ل‬y‫]א‬gjQ#:،:‫وא‬%‫א‬F &2z‫א‬x:‫א א‬  KE٥ J١]FF(N1 :_:W1‫א‬ 
 $

 KV‫مאد‬19 ‫א‬F&XQU^ ‫( ن‬jT،FQz&:%‫]א‬U^>?,^(":‫אא‬+ 

‫[  أ أ أ؟‬٥-٢]

EF‫زض‬#$+jQX J(A‫و‬KEh0H‫א‬FBtE‫م‬P‫א‬Fx:‫א א‬  Kk&‫א‬o‫`א‬+4‫ن‬Akg‫و‬

 &

 KF ‫א‬GtAً‫א‬+…  KHome Directory‫م‬19 
 ~

 KN„‫مא‬19 ‫  د]א‬

/

 K)=‫]א‬1‫  א‬

./

 KjQ%‫  א †א‬

../

‫ اوا‬:; $% <=   ‫( ه أ‬١-٥ ‫ ول‬9)

(٥ -١) 1!2

:‫[ ا "! ل اوا‬٥-٣-٢] ‫ن‬A_H    :‫وא‬A: :AVA :G"$ & &R :/1 :1X A< KTab‫و‬1„‫ ‡א‬F:U4‫د‬ST:%‫א‬J&jQ]D ]0،†IA:X & ‫ د`?د‬#W‫ جل‬DQ016‫وא‬::A  ٩٦

:  ‫[ ه أ‬٥-٣] ]/# 0:RQ$

(E‫א‬:r‫א‬gg%‫א‬B+F‫א‬f&;+ 1/E‫א‚وא‬f&B#0jQ;1 g# %،:‫وא‬%‫א‬Hg>?‫ ل‬I1‫א‬  K‚‫@א‬+jQ#:]DE‫א‬N‫אً`אد‬,Fr1€ ٩٥

Bt)JJ=‫א‬Bg&‫و‬AN ‫א‬G“%&‫ ن‬gN ‫نא‬L0g ‫א‬F :

] R‫‰ض‬F‫א‬6 `)QF‫وא‬V Q‫א‬B#g%‫א‬R(DRQ:

F‫…א‬AKN ‫א‬Bg&ً0:Bg‫א‬62‫ ن‬N ‫א‬Bg&‫(د‬

 K]/:rI‫د‬L&3
 K‫א–ن‬3sq‫א‬1/ X &1J(cp:%‫ًא‬by <0،`_/‫א א‬j Q‫א‬+kHg‫א–ن‬ ‫ ل‬I‫د‬:A‫و‬:%‫אא‬+7&:‫م‬19 ‫†א‬1Qz‫א‬f&C1m1/+‫א—و‬ _(‫ن‬AQz‫אא‬+X(1C1ms ‫<א‬0RcdE]‫د‬F1QW

 :  ‫[ ضא وאא‬٥-٤] Fo ‫אא‬+‫ن‬%:‫وא‬%‫ ض ]א‬:L&‫( ن‬FQgA<  B+A:‫و‬K & -:,-xn >?V‫(Šد‬1/h: Q‫א‬B6‫‹"א‬:‫و‬7n1 ‫א‬  K:‫وא‬%‫א‬

:‫א‬U‫وא‬KKalias:%‫אمא‬19 g&،:%‫אא‬rً‫אً˜"א‬N :ً “‫א‬ ‫)و( ن‬gg%‫א‬:%‫وא‬0:Bt1(1„‫א‬Bg‫وא‬0:Btalias:%‫א‬W:‘  W) ‫&^]א‬

alias [New] [Command ]

: adduser [٥-٤-١] :%‫&‹ن( א‬X U2)‹‫و‬،1(1$‫م‬19 :04L&:%‫אא‬+‫ م‬J(  W) ‫ א‬s‫א‬jQ‫م‬19 ‫א‬Bg‫א‬Bt0Tً  :EN„‫א‬F&F

: cal [٥-٤-٣]

#adduser <username>

 :%‫א‬U2‫و‬،)=‫א‬#^QB( J ‫&ضא‬:%‫אא‬+‫ م‬J(  W) ‫ א‬s‫א‬jQ:]^&

cal

:alias [٥-٤-٢] ‫ن‬A‫\ض‬F ‫و‬A،+   (E ‫ א‬:‫وא‬%‫א‬f &; +‫  ن‬1 / 
 K)=‫(—א‬N &B( J]E٥ J٢F]^‫`א‬#P(‫و‬

N ‫ن‬A‫م‬19 
(٥-٢) 1!2

٩٨

I•’9GJQ‫אא‬+qm‫و‬N :Bg‫ذאא‬3 \ d‫`א‬XًJ(12B+16A ٩٧

: chfn [٥-٤-٦] ،;N‫و‬:
0:04?RQ:]07:—(N B( J‫`ض‬3-N‫و?ذא‬  KEً
chfn

: cat [٥-٤-٤] :chmod [٥-٤-٧]

 <0E)W&‫و‬A) F7:wQ:h(

c‫&ض‬:%‫אא‬+‫ م‬J(  K‫ ص‬z‫אא‬#&XQ‫א <د‬ZNc;+(š

`‫م‬19 ‫א‬h6b2‫د‬1m #0،:‫وא‬AB+A::%‫אא‬+ F2X3Q(‫ز‬A1/h‫א‬1Qœ‫א‬16A‫ن‬A4\0‫ א‬Q0،h‫א‬1Qœ‫وא‬hFQ‫_א‬:]: ‫א‬

Bg‫א‬Bt0Tً  ::%‫  &א‬+RQ:] 56ً‫א‬1$]#g:%‫وא‬

x:‫א א‬Q-A‫ن‬A< ،XG‫א‬/:X‫ ل‬9‫א‬,-16A< (Q0G‫א‬J‫א‬

 W)  :%‫א‬U2‫و‬KEN‫]א‬I‫@?نšدא‬N:‫و‬AFwQ‫א‬

K (F ‫א‬F ‫?>א‬w Q‫א‬h6b 2](1 + F  QH  (F ‫א‬ ،`‫א‬:%‫ א‬J‫طא‬J :h6b‫א‬1(1D:A‫ن‬A< 6b‫א‬R:,-:,UVA‫و‬Ahg‫و‬,F‫ لא‬I‫_د‬Zh6b‫<‰א‬0

cat file.ext  W ‫א‬U‫א‬I‹(:1‫غ‬N01(1$wQ:G^ L&‫ م‬J(X A<

cat> file.ext

I•‫م‬19 :hFQ:jQ‫ع‬bl‫_א‬H (‫م‬19 :VA‫ن‬A< ،](1 &  W ‫א‬:‫א‬U‫א‬I‹(h6b‫א‬GH?:AK‫ز‬#„‫א‬F jQB+‫و‬

chmod [ugo][+/-][rwx] [filename]  W56

: cd [٥-٤-٥] ,U#&‫ د‬J‫وא‬Change DirectoryQ<SQN I‫א‬:%‫אא‬+ ) +:‘:‫א‬U‫وא‬K ‫د‬%‫א‬7&]J Q‫م‬19 (‫و‬،E1 Qœ‫א‬F]1‫א‬  W‫ل‬y:Kb  : @N:‫و‬A]1‫א‬Bg&ً  ::%‫ &א‬

 KUser:‫م‬19 ‫=א‬u  Group: <œ‫=א‬g  Other:‫ون‬I–‫=א‬o  h6b204d:+

cd Desktop  WN‫]א‬: & &‫و‬A

cd /mnt/win_c

 KrH&d:–  KRead:G‫א‬/= r ١٠٠

٩٩

 KWrite:& =w

: cp [٥-٤-١٠] Copy‰QH
Execute:F=x

wQ‫وא‬0:BtB(1J‫א‬wQ‫א‬Bt0Tً  ::%‫א‬WX:‫א‬U‫وא‬  K1(1„‫א‬

cp file1 file2

: ‫ل‬A

chmod u+rwx,g=r,o=r myfile.ext rG‫ א‬/ :h6b ‫ ]א‬: u‫م‬19  ‫ א‬HA  A  6b(5 6  KrJ‫א‬R ‫و‬،rJ0G‫א‬/ <œ‫وא‬،xF‫و‬w& ‫و‬

: df [٥-٤-١١]

 W:h6b2_<„‫א‬GH?h‫د‬NA‫?ن‬:A

6 ‫و א‬0  ‫ مא‬/%‫ אصوא‬/%‫ & ضא‬:%‫ אא‬+‫  م‬J(  W)  ::%‫&‹ن( א‬X U2)‹‫و‬،6 ‫ وא‬U^‫א‬

chmod a+rwx myfile.ext  ‫و‬A

df  KE٥ J٣F]^‫ <`א‬#PS ‫وא‬

chmod a+r myfile.ext  ‫و‬A

chmod a+w myfile.ext :chown [٥-٤-٨] & &:%‫א‬U2K1QW‫و‬AwQ:Q:,U :%‫אא‬+‫م‬19 (

(٥-٣) 1!2

: free [٥-٤-١٢]

 W1Qœ‫وא‬AwQ‫א‬Bg‫א‬Bt‫م‬19 ‫א‬Bg‫א‬

chown username

،‡ ‫وא‬#:‫م‬19 ‫אא א‬h: Q:‫&ض‬:%‫אא‬+‫ م‬J(  W)  ::%‫&‹ن( א‬X U2)‹‫و‬

free

: Clear [٥-٤-٩] B6‫"د‬:1#:]<E‫א‬0H‫א‬wP &:%‫אא‬+‫ م‬J(

 E٥ J٤F]^‫ <`א‬:%‫א‬FS #P g‫و‬

:%‫א‬U2‫و‬K& ‫&‚א‬:A#0: Q:‫د‬e?]e˜xn ‫وא‬:‫وא‬%&  W)F:%‫ &א‬J0(UQQ#g

clear ١٠٢

١٠١

: login [٥-٤-١٦] ً q (A‫م‬19  (‫و‬،‫ م‬P‫ ل?>א‬I1 ‫]א‬S ‫م‬19  ( :%‫ אא‬+  W) ‫ א‬s‫א‬jQ :%‫א‬U2‫و‬K7:19 ‫א‬7&](1 Q

(٥-٤) 1!2

login

: logout [٥-٤-١٧] <0‫ ل‬I1‫]א‬S ‫م‬P‫א‬:‫وج‬z‫]א‬S ‫م‬19 (:%‫אא‬+ K‫م‬P‫א‬G# ?ƒ(‫א‬+‫ن‬L0Bg‫אא‬+† g;+(š‫ذא‬L0،I•Bg&1&  W) ‫ א‬s‫א‬jQ :%‫א‬U2‫و‬

logout

: help [٥-٤-١٣] `Xn1 g‫א‬R<0،‫ز‬#„‫]א‬I‫)دא‬9^‫א‬R
--help  K:%‫א‬Bg‫]א‬yZ‫و‬,U :56

: ls [٥-٤-١٨] ‫ ن‬:%‫א‬U2‫و‬،7:N:`hFQ‫دوא‬%‫&ضא‬:%‫אא‬+‫ م‬J(

:ifconfig [٥-٤-١٤]

 W) 

،:%‫ &א‬P=H^‫"א^א‬#$A‫&ض‬:%‫אא‬+‫ م‬J(

ls / :a J04?#<+A،:%‫א‬F`Zh6;+‫א=ل‬H&‫و‬ ‫ن‬A< ،F9‫وא‬+P‫א‬hFQ‫دوא‬%‫_א‬£R‫ض‬E‫وא‬0T ](1I•—(N‫و‬#:S6A‫و‬hFQ‫א‬R‫ض‬0T/ :g J04?

 W)  ::%‫&‹ن( א‬X U2)‹‫و‬

ifconfig  K0Tً/ :-a:%‫א‬1&w4‹0"#$%‫_א‬£‫ض‬h‫د‬NA‫و?ذא‬

:locate [٥-٤-١٥]

:%‫( א‬:%‫אא‬+‫ ل‬6‫ "אد‬g‫א‬1((:‫و‬KwQ:] h6b2>?04?  W) ‫א‬

)‹‫و‬،X:G"$‫و‬ABg‫א‬1&wQ:5sQ:%‫אא‬+‫م‬19 (  WX:‫אو‬G"„‫وא‬AwQ‫א‬Bg‫א‬Bt0Tً  ::%‫&‹ن( א‬X U2

man ls ‫أو‬

locate filename

ls --help ١٠٤

١٠٣

: mount [٥-٤-٢٢]

: man [٥-٤-١٩]

&‫م‬19 (‫و‬،‫ط‬N‫א‬/bG^ ?‫و‬Aw( ‫وא‬A"#S ‫א‬j<(

:‫ ذ‬I‹: +‫و‬،ًJ&g@4 g‫א‬V‫א‬help:‘oNJ::%‫אא‬+‫و‬

‫ص‬z‫א‬BJ‫&א‬NB (‫ ‹ن‬،&‫ج‬NI:]‫ود‬A‫ص‬/

E‫אًא‬1$<#‫א‬:‫وא‬%‫א‬:1(‫و‬،‫אم‬19 g‫وƒ א‬Manual
:%‫ &א‬:‫א‬U‫وא‬KX FQ‫ ل‬2 ‫]א‬#‫ض‬U‫وز‬1(‫مو‬P&

 :%‫א‬U2‫و‬KX 6‫و‬F ‫א‬F ‫و‬:‫وא‬%‫م<]א‬19 ‫א‬1

 K‫ص‬J‫א‬N:Bt0Tً  :

 W) ‫ א‬s‫א‬jQ

mount /dev/hda1

man : mv [٥-٤-٢٣]

:‫א‬U‫وא‬،I–Bg‫א‬:wQ:<‫د‬d:%‫אא‬+‫م‬19 (  K1(1„‫א‬Bg‫وא‬0:BtB(1J‫א‬Bg‫א‬Bt0Tً  ::%‫א‬WX

mv name1 name2

:(١) md [٥-٤-٢٠] Make

 Q<SQN  I‫  א‬+‫و‬E1 QWF] ‫د‬G^  d‫م‬19  (

B g‫א‬B t0 Tً   : :%‫  & א‬:‘ :‫א‬U ‫وא‬Directory  Wo QH‫א‬1Qœ‫א‬

:netstat [٥-٤-٢٤] ‫ ن‬:%‫א‬U2‫و‬KH^‫א‬h‫ضא‬:%‫אא‬+‫م‬19 (  W:X & &

md khalid  WN‫]א‬: & &‫و‬A

md /mnt/win_c

netstat

: mkdir [٥-٤-٢١] : passwd [٥-٤-٢٥]

@4V‫א‬md:%‫ (<]<]א‬+‫و‬1(1$]‫د‬G^ d‫م‬19 (

،ً‫א‬1$<#‫א‬:‫وא‬%‫א‬: +‫و‬،N‫<אو‬Q ,U :%‫אא‬+‫م‬19 (

 W]1‫א‬Bg‫א‬Bt0Tً  ::%‫ &א‬:‘:‫א‬U‫وא‬،ً J&g

Bt:‫و‬1(1„‫א‬R:QH(BtZ1J‫א‬N‫<אو‬Q&RHgX & 1

mkdir khalid

 W) ‫ א‬s‫א‬jQ:X & &:%‫א‬U2K+1 ‹

passwd

 WN‫]א‬: & &‫و‬A

mkdir /mnt/win_c .$%&'‫م "م ها ا  و  ا‬#" info ‫هك أً أ‬

١٠٦

١٠٥

(١)

:ps [٥-٤-٢٦] : rm [٥-٤-٢٩]

U2‫و‬KX & P=`H^‫א‬h Q<‫ضא‬:%‫אא‬+‫م‬19 (

ً    ::%‫א‬WX:‫א‬U‫وא‬،wQ:=:%‫אא‬+‫م‬19 (  KX06‫אאد‬wQ‫א‬Bg‫א‬Bt0T

 W:X & &‫ ن‬:%‫א‬

ps

rm myfile.ext :pushd &popd [٥-٤-٢٧] : rmdir [٥-٤-٣٠]

Bt7:N:`]1]J ‫ن‬ARZ(:%‫(א‬+k(l

ً  ::%‫א‬WX:‫א‬U‫وא‬،1QW=:%‫אא‬+‫م‬19 (  KX06‫אאد‬1Qœ‫א‬Bg‫א‬Bt0T

 W A1(1„‫]א‬1‫ل?>א‬J bQ0K3 56>?&‫א د‬

pushd  W 03 56>?‫א د‬h‫د‬NA‫و‬3# ‫و?ذאא‬

rmdir folder1 popd :su [٥-٤-٣١] E‫ م‬P‫(א‬1 :FN „‫مא‬19  ‫א‬F &] <Q :%‫ אא‬+‫م‬19  (  WF‫@א‬+QH hQ<‫و‬:‫وא‬AF‫ض‬U

su  KN„‫مא‬19 ‫א‬N‫و‬:
: pwd [٥-٤-٢٨] ƒ‫و‬Print Working DirectoryQ<SQN I‫א‬:%‫אא‬+ V‫א‬N‫ م&ضא‬J(–£\‫א‬:7 (<  J +‫و‬،]<‫_د]א‬l‫א‬ :%‫א‬F10 ‫‰א‬Hg:]<R A4\0‫ً א‬by<0،X:]<  W +X lB

gV‫א‬N‫نא‬A1S g

: users [٥-٤-٣٢]

Lhome/km/Desktop  KR&‫ص‬z‫مא‬19 ‫א‬Bg‫( א‬,U :km56

،‫م‬PQ7=‫א‬7:19 ‫_א‬£G“A‫&ض‬:%‫אא‬+‫ م‬J(  W)  ::%‫&‹ن( א‬X U2)‹‫و‬

users

١٠٨

 W +< :%‫]& &א‬y< H&:%‫א‬U2‫و‬

pwd

١٠٧

: who [٥-٤-٣٥]  W:]^&:%‫و( א‬،‫م‬P‫مא‬19 :Bg‫&ضא‬:%‫אא‬+‫ م‬J(

who

: wc [٥-٤-٣٣]

) =‫مא‬19  ‫ א‬#&] <(E ‫א‬F ‫  م& ضא‬J(whoami‫ن‬A <  W:]^&:%‫و( א‬،‫م‬PQ

:‫א‬U‫وא‬،7:wQT6%‫دא‬1o=:%‫אא‬+‫م‬19 ( & ‫و‬AX06A‫د‬1o6‫אאد‬wQ‫א‬Bg‫ &א‬Bt0Tً  ::%‫א‬WX  K@N:]I‫دא‬: 1/:%‫ً?نš(א‬b: N‫א‬

whoami wc myfile.ext

:1BC" !D"‫[ أوا ا‬٥-٥] ‫و? د‬A‫ م‬P‫قא‬b-L & 2z‫ א‬:‫وא‬%‫ א‬:  <WR + @ + :‫و‬K (1QJ ‫ א‬J(H‫ ‰א‬QFš‫ وج?ن‬z‫]א‬S ‫و‬A،]U^ ‫א‬  W:‫وא‬%‫א‬  

: shutdown [٥-٥-١]  WU‫@א‬#&X  ‫ز`א=ل?ذא‬#„‫قא‬b-L&‫ م‬J(:%‫אא‬+

: whatis [٥-٤-٣٤] X 0:‫ د‬:] R‡^(X %:‫وא‬%‫א‬B+A::%‫אא‬+ ( :AU &X Bt:%‫אא‬+ ‫ن‬Ao$،0‫אو‬hJH ‫وא‬:‫وא‬%‫א‬ U‫א‬KS ‫ نא‬w P ‫وא‬Emacs]y:N #^:kHBg‫وא‬Aclear  W)+:‘:‫א‬

whatis [name]  KX: Q:0:o QH‫א‬:%‫وא‬AwQ‫א‬Bg‫[ א‬name]56

shutdown –h now    WU‫@א‬#&X  ‫?ذא‬Ekn/1&F+‫د‬1D\0‫ل‬bIF ‫א‬B (‫و‬A

shutdown –h

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