Man 2-4

  • November 2019
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‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫אﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮی‬

‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )‪(٢‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﻢ אﷲ אﻟﺮﱠﺣﻤﻦ אﻟﺮﱠﺣﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )‪(٢‬‬

‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻤﺎﺕ ﻗﻀﯿﮥ ﺣﻤﻠﻰ )‪(٢‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫‪3‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮی אﺯ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﺎی ﺣﻤﻠﯽ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮی אﺯ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﺎی ﺣﻤﻠﯽ‬ ‫‪٣‬ـ ﻣﻮﺟّﻬﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ אﺯ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ אﯾﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﮔﺰﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﻭ אﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭא ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ אﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ‪ ،‬אﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻰ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩאﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮۀ אﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻭאﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺩۀ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﻰﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ؛ אﯾﻦ אﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﺘﺼﻮﺭ אﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫אﻟﻒ( ﻭﺟﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻝ ﺭא ﺑﺮאﻯ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ؛ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪» :‬ﺧﺪאﻭﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ אﺳﺖ‪«.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( אﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻝ ﺭא ﺑﺮאﻯ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ؛ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪» :‬ﺷﺮﯾﮏ ﺧﺪאﻭﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪«.‬‬ ‫ﺝ( אﻣﮑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻧﺪאﺷﺘﻦِ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﯾﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻝ ﺭא ﺑﺮאﻯ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ؛ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪» :‬אﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ‬ ‫אﺳﺖ‪«.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‪ :‬ﻟﻔﻆ ﺣﺎﮐﻰ אﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖِ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩאﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﯿﭻ ﻗﻀﯿﻪאﻯ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ؛ ﭼﺮא‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺭאﺑﻄﮥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻭאﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺗﺎً ﺩﺭ ﯾﮑﻰ אﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ‪ ،‬אﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻭ אﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ אﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻰ ﮐﻪ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮאﻧﺪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻭ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺣﺎﮐﻰ אﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﻀﯿﻪאﻯ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟّﻬﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﯿّﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪» :‬אﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺗﺎً ﺣﯿﻮאﻥ אﺳﺖ‪ «.‬ﻭ ﻗﻀﯿﻪאﻯ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺫﮐﺮ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﻠﻘﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩאﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪» :‬אﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﻮאﻥ אﺳﺖ‪«.‬‬

‫‪٤‬ـ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻗﻀﯿﮥ ﺣﻤﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻫﻨﯿّﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯿّﻪ ﻭ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿّﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯿﻮﻥ ﻗﻀﯿﮥ ﺣﻤﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺭא ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺘﻤﺎً ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ אﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺗﺤﻘّﻖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺫﻫﻨﯿّﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯿّﻪ ﻭ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿّﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻩאﻧﺪ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )‪(٢‬‬

‫ﺫﻫﻨﯿّﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪» :‬ﺳﯿﻤﺮﻍ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﻮאﻧﻰ אﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪאﻯ אﺳﺖ‪ ،«.‬ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯿّﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪» :‬ﺁﺗﺶ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ אﺳﺖ‪ «.‬ﻭ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿّﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫»ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺯﻭאﯾﺎﻯ ﺩאﺧﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮאﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺯאﻭﯾﮥ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﻪ אﺳﺖ‪«.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻰﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺫﻫﻦ ﻣﺤﻘّﻖ אﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﻡ אﻋﻢ אﺯ ﺫﻫﻦ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ אﺯ אﯾﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ אﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ אﮔﺮ ﻗﻀﯿﮥ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﻪאﻯ ﺑﺨﻮאﻫﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﮥ אﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻗﺮאﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻰﺗﻮאﻧﺪ ﺫﻫﻨﻰ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺮﺿﻰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺳﻬﺎﻯ ﺁﯾﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺧﻮאﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬אﮔﺮ ﻧﺤﻮۀ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ אﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩאﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ אﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻔﮑﺮ ﺧﻮאﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪١‬ـ ﻗﻀﯿﻪאﻯ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟّﻬﻪ ﻭ ﻗﻀﯿﻪאﻯ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺪאﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﻠﻘﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩאﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢‬ـ ﻗﻀﯿﮥ ﺣﻤﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ אﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺫﻫﻨﯿّﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯿّﻪ ﻭ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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