M10

Power Quality Training Courses

Utility Package

LPQIVES is co-financed by:

LPQIVES is a programme of:

LPQI is part of:

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Module 10 Utility Package

1 INTRODUCTION The aim of this module is to provide the user detailed overview of the aspects of power quality that imply interaction with the utility. First an introduction to power quality will be given. Next the following subjects will be discussed: frequency variations, voltage changes, quality of supply in the electricity market, demand-side management (DSM), contracts for electricity supply, tariffs and power quality and rational use of energy (RUE). 1.1 General aims This module’s general aim is to provide the attendants the basic knowledge about the interaction between the utility and its costumers: the consumers of electrical energy. This interaction can be electrical, it can be by means of communication or by contracts. The aim is achieved through 9 didactic sections, as follows: − Section 1: Introduction to power quality − Section 2: Frequency variations and control (part 1) − Section 3: Frequency variations and control (part 2) − Section 4: Voltage changes and control (part 1) − Section 5: Voltage changes and control (part 2) − Section 6: Quality of supply in the electricity market − Section 7: Demand-side management − Section 8: Contracts for electricity supply − Section 9: Tariffs and power quality − Section 10: Rational use of energy 1.2 Target groups This module’s target group includes: designers, experts, installers, others, users, utility, and all those who wish to expand their knowledge in utility-related aspects of power quality. 2 SPECIFIC AIMS AND TOPICS The pathway of learning consists of a 2 days course, subdivided in sections (with different duration), with these contents and related aims.

Contents Aims

Contents Aims

1st day Technical aspects of power quality: introduction, frequency variations, voltage changes. The aim of the lessons of the first day is to discuss technical aspects of the interaction between utilities and their customers. After a general introduction to power quality, frequency variations and voltage changes in the supply network are discussed. 2nd day Quality of supply in the electricity market, demand-side management, tariffs and power quality, rational use of energy. On the second day, the subjects are less technical; more economic and marketrelated.

Below there’s a detailed overview of the course contents.

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2.1

Pathway of learning flow chart Time progression (hours)

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3 COURSE DETAILED PROGRAM General notes: − each day there will be one coffee break (30 mins) which will divide the lesson in two parts no longer than 2,5 hours; − at the beginning of the course the lecturer will explain course aims and at the end he will verify their fulfilment through a knowledge test; − the course will be divided in theoretical and practical sections; − at the end of the lessons, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the course quality. First day: 30 mins

Participants registration and course introduction

60 mins

Section 1: Introduction to power quality − Utility-related aspects of power quality Modality: Lesson

60 mins

Section 2: Frequency variations and control (part 1) − Basic terms and definitions − Standards and regulations − Tolerable frequency deviations for electrical loads − Principles of frequency and power control in power systems (primary, secondary and tertiary control, load shedding) Modality: Lesson

30 mins

Coffe break

45 mins

Section 3: Frequency variations and control (part 2) − Testing the quality of generation control (primary, secondary and tertiary) − Controllability of the frequency Modality: Lesson

60 mins

Section 4: Voltage changes and control (part 1) − Basic terms and definitions − Standards and regulations − Sources of disturbances (e.g. faults in power system, large load changes, switching) − Effects of disturbances Modality: Lesson

45 mins

Section 5: Voltage changes and control (part 2) − Mitigation methods − Voltage stability − Voltage control (evaluation and optimisation of node voltages) − measurement methods and devices Modality: Lesson

Second day: 60 mins

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Section 6: Quality of supply in the electricity market − Contracts for reliable, qualitative power supply

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−

Who is responsible for PQ, who has to invest: the supplier, the grid operator, the customer? − Is PQ affected by new market situations (liberalisation)? Modality: Lesson 60 mins

Section 7: Demand-side management (DSM) − Goal of DSM: shifting and levelling consumption − Tariffs: day/night, peak/off-peak, real-time prices, payments for consumption reductions,… − Utility signals − Intelligent loads, responding to (real-time) economic signals Modality: Lesson

30 mins

Coffe break

60 mins

Section 8: Contracts for electricity supply − Contract types − Consumption restrictions − Load-shedding contracts − Variable price − Pre-pay contracts − … Modality: Lesson

60 mins

Section 9: Tariffs and power quality − Contracts and tariffs for reliable, qualitative power supply − Reactive-power pricing − Allowed emission levels Modality: Lesson

60 mins

Section 10: Rational use of energy (RUE) − Methods and techniques − Energy efficiency − Demand-side management − Efficient electricity production (renewables, CHP, distributed generation) − Efficient loads: lighting, drives, heating, stand-by losses, buildings − Impact on power quality − Case studies Modality: Lesson

60 mins

Final discussion; end of the course; user’s questionnaire; knowledge test; Confirmations of attendance

4 TEACHING METHODS Teaching methods are summarized in three main moments: − knowledge transfer (Lesson) topics exposure by the lecturer with the help of slides and eventually other electronic tools (animations, data sheets, didactic movies…); − deepening/learning verification (Discussion) general discussion stimulated by the lecturer (also during the lesson) to verify knowledge transfer and to eventually deepen particular topics; − practical training (and eventually laboratory activities) group work (~ 6 persons/group) for topics deepening, practical problems solution and case studies overview under the supervision of the lecturer. www.lpqi.org

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During all the sections, the lecturer will always attend, with teaching and/or activity coordination duty. 5 DIDACTIC MATERIAL AND TOOLS The didactic tools which will be used by the lecturers will be: − Blackboard − Video-projector − Notebook − Microphone The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enable group work for the attendants. Each user will receive, during the registration, a folder containing: − course program; − lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides; − LPQIVES knowledge database access personal key. All this didactic material, and eventually some additional electronic tools, will be available also in electronic format at: http://lpqi.org/custom/1036/ The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire and a knowledge test (which will be both filled and submitted at the end of the course). 6 EXISTING KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS The user’s existing knowledge should include: Topic

Basic

Mathematical analysis Statistic Electrical circuits Power systems Power quality

Level Medium •

• • • •

7 ACQUIRED COURSE KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS The knowledge acquired during the course should be sufficient for: − power quality, frequency and voltage variations, control; − quality of supply in the electricity market; − demand-side management; − contracts for electricity supply, tariffs e power quality; − rRational use of energy (RUE).

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ANNEXES - MIDAS REPORT

Press 1. PR-00001, n /a, PQ Articles, EC&M Power Quality Magazine: http://ecmweb.com/about/ , http://www.powerquality.com/ http://ecmweb.com/powerquality/

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2. PR-00002, n /a, Cahier Technique, Schneider Electric - web site http://wib-prod.schneiderelectric.com/publicprogram/corp/corp_techpub.nsf/0/B64FE480CDE5289B85256EFC00354C98/$file/CT 0%20Bi%20Web%20(Ed06-03).pdf - Cahier Technicque issued in English General: http://www.schneiderelectric.com/wps/myportal/!ut/p/.cmd/cs/.ce/7_0_A/.s/7_0_P9/_s.7_0_A/7_0_P9

3. PR-00003, n /a, Electricity and Electronics online Textbook (E-book), All about circuits http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/

4. PR-00004, n /a, Copper Promotion websites - electrical with publications, Copper Promotion Network ECI electrical: http://www.eurocopper.org/eci/jsp/index.jsp?idx=35 Leonardo: www.lpqi.org CDA USA: http://www.copper.org/applications/electrical/pq/ CDA UK: http://www.cda.org.uk/PQP/pqp.htm Leonardo Energy: http://www.leonardo-energy.org/

5. PR-00005, n /a, National Instruments Application Notes, National Instruments Application notes on PQ measuring Also tutorials: http://www.ni.com/industrial/electrical_power_build.htm

6. PR-00006, n /a, Tutorials and Standards for the Power Quality Industry, Power Standards Lab Brief power quality tutorials for engineers Sags, dips, and swells: Introduction to the most common disturbance on AC mains Transient overvoltages: Introduction to capacitor-switching and high-frequency transients Harmonics: Introduction to voltage and current harmonics issues Flicker: Introduction to voltage flicker Voltage regulation: Introduction to voltage regulation issues Other disturbances: Frequency variations, noise bursts, and other less common problems Sag immunity tutorials Tutorial #1: Common sources of voltage sags / dips Tutorial #2: Five ways equipment fails due to voltage sags Tutorial #3: Semiconductor industry voltage sag standards: F47 and F42 Tutorial #4: Quick, inexpensive fixes that increase immunity to voltage sags Electric power standards IEEE power quality standards IEC power quality standards Utility power quality standards Industry-specific power quality standards U.S. military power quality standards Other power quality standards - ANSI, CBEMA, CIGRE, country-specific, etc. Also special training software under: http://powerstandards.com/download_reg.htm

Publication 7. REP-00002, 2004, 1-9 Power Quality Glossary, Application note The glossary of main technical terms used in PQ

8. REP-00032, 2001, 1-1 Introduction, Application note Application Note about introduction to PQ and EMC

9. REP-00033, 2002, 1-2 Power Quality Self Assessment Guide, Application Note PQ problems and solutions. Results of the PQ European survey

10. REP-00034, 2001, 2-1 The costs of Poor Power Quality, Application Note Typical costs of poor PQ

11. REP-00035, 2003, 2-5 Investment Analysis for PQ solutions, Application note Application Note about investment analysis in PQ domain. Time value of money; NPV, IRR, payback period.

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12. REP-00050, 2004, 5-4-2 EN 50160 Standard- Voltage Characteristics in Public Distribution Systems, Application note Overview of EN 50160

13. REP-00056, 2003, Business Model for investing in Power Quality Solutions, Application note This paper illustrates how non-financially technical personnel can use their experience to help communicate to and convince other decision-making departments to invest in upgrading an electrical installation's resilience and reliability. It is based on some extensive research carried out among a wide range of commercial and non-commercial industrial sectors in Spain. From the analysis of this study, a series of formulae have been created to enable managers to qualify the wastage, both in time and financial terms, to their organizations and to assist in assessing the value of upgrading the power system to eradicate unnecessary drains on resource and productivity.

14. REP-00066, 2003, Power Quality - ect 199, Application note Phenomena causing degradation of power quality, origins, consequences for equipment and main solutions. Measurement of power quality.

15. REP-00077, 2003, Electrical disturbances in LV - ect 141, Application note Origin and risks of disturbances. Introduction to electromagnetic compatibility and immunity. Disturbance of amplitude, frequency, waveform, phase, power.

16. REP-00090, 2003, Energy savings in buildings - ect 206, Application note Methodology for effective preliminary study work, elements which contribute to energy savings, reducing energy costs, reducing energy consumption.

17. REP-00091, 2003, Dynamic stability of industrial electrical networks - ect 185, Application note Behaviour of industrial electrical networks, causes and effects of instability, necessary precautions, dynamic stability studies of industrial networks.

18. REP-00095, 2003, MV public distribution networks throughout the world - ect 155, Application note Various types of distribution networks, the distributor's role, topologies of MV networks, substations, protection and remote control.

19. REP-00096, 2003, HV industrial network design - ect 169, Application note Requirements and main constraints related to the type of industry, standards and local practices of industrial network design, technical and economic optimization, choice of optimal network structure and operation.

20. REP-00103, 2003, Understanding Power & Power Quality Measurements, Application note The following concepts are explained: - Typical voltage configurations: single-phase systems, three-Phase, 3-wire systems, three-phase, 4-wire systems, balanced vs. unbalanced loads, RMS vs. average sensing. - Demand - Consumption - Power factor - Reactive compensation power - Electrical harmonics: detection and measurement, effects on the system, transformer derating, meter readings, drest factor, limiting the effects of harmonics.

21. REP-00104, 2003, Power Quality Monitoring and Power Metering Tutorial, Application note The following concepts are explained: - Basic concepts: voltage, current, AC, DC, phase angle, three-phase power, balanced load, wye connection, power, energy, power factor, apparent power, real power, reactive power

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- Power-quality concepts: leading / lagging power, RMS voltage variations (sag, swell and interruption), waveform harmonics.

22. REP-00107, 2003, Power Quality Monitoring - Plant Investigations. Application Note no. 5, Application note Power-quality monitoring - subjects: 1. Introduction 2. PQ disturbances and their characterization 3. PQ monitors 4. Transducers 5. Plant fault finding

23. REP-00108, 2003, Understanding Power Quality. Application Note no. 1, Application note Understanding power quality - subjects: 1. Introduction 2. Types of power-quality disturbances: frequency events, voltage events, waveform events 3. Causes of power-quality problems 4. Some effects of power-quality disturbances: voltage events, waveform events 5. Relative importance of power quality issues 6. What you can do to manage your power-quality problems

24. REP-00137, 2002, Technical Potential for Peak Load Management Programs in New Jersey, Report/study Loads often have some ability to conveniently store thermal energy and defer electricity consumption. These inherent storage and control capabilities can be exploited to help reduce peak electric system consumption. Advances in communications and control technologies are making it possible for loads ranging from residential through commercial and industrial to respond to economic signals. Many customers (residential through industrial) are willing to respond to price signals. This report explores mechanisms to reduce, when necessary, the peak load in New Jersey's electricity market. It examines load pricing and technical load reduction programs used in recent years in New Jersey and discuss how they can be made more effective in controlling summer peaks and attendant high prices of electricity. Particular attention is given to load curtailment programs now in place and utility opinions relating to them.

25. REP-00138, 2000, Client Report : Trends in smart home systems, connectivity and services, Report/study Report on trends in "residential connectivity" and associated smart home systems and services. The report covers: - Smart home technologies for Internet access, telephone networks, PC networks, home entertainment, security, safety, environmental control and special needs - The external and internal connectivity infrastructure (both cabled and wireless) needed to support smart home systems - Internet (online) services - Telecare - The benefits and costs of smart homes The report makes recommendations for a range of standard infrastructure solutions for new homes to meet simple smart home requirements, while providing the flexibility to upgrade conveniently at a later date to advanced systems and services such as telecare.

26. REP-00140, 2002, The Process of Designing Appropriate Smart Homes: Including the User in the Design, Paper This paper seeks to consider how smart home technology can be incorporated appropriately within the design process, exploring the difficulties in determining the most appropriate type of technology to meet the needs of people. The paper concludes with a set of guidelines to inform future designs within this area.

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