E STIMATION O F P ROTEIN C ONCENTRATION I N E GG A LBUMIN B Y L OWRY M ETHOD
I NTRODUCTION The “Lowry Assay: Protein by Folin Reaction” (Lowry et al., 1951) has been the most widely used method to estimate the amount of protein (already in solution or easily‐soluble in dilute alkali) in biological samples. First the proteins are pretreated with copper ion in alkali solution, and then the aromatic amino acids in the treated sample reduce the phosphomolybdatephosphotungstic acid present in the Folin Reagent. The end product of this reaction has a blue color. The amount of protein in the sample can be estimated via reading the absorbance (at 750 nm) of the end product of the folin reaction against a standard curve of a selected protein solution ( in our case; Bovine Serum Albumin(BSA) solution). The Lowry method relies on two different reactions. 1. The first reaction is the formation of a copper ion complex with amide bonds, forming reduced copper in alkaline solutions. This is called a Biuret chromophore and is commonly stabilized by the addition of tartrate (Gornall et al., 1949). 2. The second reaction is reduction of the Folin‐Ciocalteu reagent (phosphomolybdate and phosphotungstate), primarily by the reduced copper‐amide bond complex as well as by tyrosine and tryptophan residues. The Biuret reaction itself is not very sensitive. Using the Folin‐Ciocalteu reagent to detect reduced copper makes the Lowry assay nearly 100 times more sensitive than the Biuret reaction alone. Several useful modifications of the original Lowry assay have been developed to increase the dynamic range of the assay over a wider protein concentration (Hartree, 1972), to make the assay less sensitive to interference by detergents (Dulley and Grieve, 1975), and to first precipitate the proteins to remove interfering contaminants (Bensadoun and Weinstein, 1976). The Lowry assay is relatively sensitive, but requires more time than other assays and is susceptible to many interfering compounds. The following substances are known to interfere with the Lowry assay: detergents, carbohydrates, glycerol, Tricine, EDTA, Tris, potassium compounds, sulfhydryl compounds, disulfide compounds, most phenols, uric acid, guanine, xanthine,magnesium, and calcium. Many of these interfering substances are commonly used in buffers for preparing proteins or in cell extracts. This is one of the major limitations of the assay. The Lowry assay is also sensitive to variations in the content of tyrosine and tryptophan residues, a trait shared with the ultraviolet assay at 280 nm). The assay is linear over the range of 1 to 100 μg protein. The absorbance can be read in the region of 500 to 750 nm, with 660 nm being the most commonly employed. Other wavelengths can also be used, however, and may reduce the effects of contamination (e.g., chlorophyll in plant samples
interferes at 660 nm, but not at 750 nm). Also, if the A660 values are low, sensitivity can be increased by rereading the samples at 750 nm.
M ATERIALS & C HEMICALS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Clean Glasswares Centrifuge Tubes(10 ml) semi‐micro cuvettes Spectrophotometer (750 nm) Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Folin and Ciocalteu’s Phenol Reagent (2N) Sodium tartrant : Na2Tartrant.2(H2O) Copper sulphate : CuSO4.5(H2O) Other chemicals : NaOH, Na2CO3
P REPARING THE S OLUTION •
•
The Lowry Solution is a mixture of the above chemicals, except the Folin Reagent. The Lowry solution should be prepared fresh, at the day of measurement. Though the individual solutions for the Lowry solution can be prepared in advance and then mixed at the day of measurement. Solution A is a dilute alkali solution. 2N Folin and Ciocalteu’s Phenol Reagent contain HCl and H2PO4.
Solution A: (alkaline Solution) (for 100 ml) 0.572gm NaOH 2.862gm Na2CO3 Solution B: (for 20 ml) 0.285gm CuSO4.5(H2O) Solution C: (for 20 ml) 0.571gm Na2Tartrant.2(H2O) Lowry Solution: (freshly prepared, 0.7/ml sample) Sol. A + Sol. B +Sol. C with a ratio (vol:vol) of 100:1:1 Folin Reagent (instant fresh, 0.1 ml/sample) 5ml of 2N Folin and Ciocalteu’s Phenol Reagent + 6ml of double distilled water ‐ this solution is light sensitive. So it should be prepared at least 5min of the first sample incubation and kept in an amber container.
2
BSA Standard Protein Solution (fresh) Although BSA is a water soluble protein, it takes time to dissolve it completely. So, prepare this stock solution and keep it mixed i.e., for 1 hour before starting the experiment. ‐ weigh 0.05 gm of BSA and add to a 500 ml volumetric flask containing ddl water. ‐ Stir well to dissolve and adjust the volume to 500 ml with ddl water. Final concentration of the stock solution is 100 mg BSA/L. ‐ Prepare the dilution in 15 ml tubes, following the recipe given below Vol. ddl water Vol. of stock BSA solution Final Concentration Diluted Sample no. 10 ml
0 ml
0 mg/ml
dil. Std 1
8 ml
2 ml
20 mg/ml
dil. Std 2
6 ml
4 ml
40 mg/ml
dil. Std 3
4 ml
6 ml
60 mg/ml
dil. Std 4
2 ml
8 ml
80 mg/ml
dil. Std 5
0 ml
10 ml
100 mg/ml
dil. Std 6
P ROTOCOL 1. The stock BSA solution was prepared and diluted for the standard curve. 2. The Lowry Solution was prepared by mixing Sol. A + Sol. B +Sol. C with a ratio (vol:vol) of 100:1:1 3. the samples were vortexed and diluted with ddl water 4. 0.5 ml of the diluted sample (or standard) was transferred to 10 ml centrifuge tube 5. 0.7 ml of Lowry Solution was added to the same centrifuge tube 6. The centrifuge tubes were capped and vortexed well to mix 7. The tubes were incubated for 20 min at room temp. in dark. 8. At the last 5 min of the incubation, Folin Reagent was prepared 9. After the 20 min incubation, the samples were taken out and 0.1 ml of diluted Folin Reagent was added to each tube 10. The tubes were capped and vortexed immediately 11. The tubes were incubated for 30 min at room temp. in dark 12. While waiting, the UV‐VIS spectrophotometer was warmed up and stabilized 13. After the 30 min incubation, the tubes were vortexed briefly 14. Then the 1.3 ml of samples were transferred to semi‐micro disposable cuvettes 15. Absorbance reading were taken at 750 nm 16. The calibration curve form the absorbance readings of the standards were prepared and the protein concentration in the samples in mg BSA/lit was calculated form the curve.
3
P ROTOCOL S UMMARY For Standard BSA solution: Std. Sample no.
Vol. of std transferred to tubes
Vol. of Lowry Solution added
Vol. of FC reagent added
To cuvettes
dil. Std 1
0.5 ml
0.7 ml
0.1 ml
1.3 ml + distill. water
dil. Std 2
0.5 ml
0.7 ml
0.1 ml
1.3 ml + distill. water
dil. Std 3
0.5 ml
0.7 ml
0.1 ml
1.3 ml + distill. water
dil. Std 4
0.5 ml
0.7 ml
0.1 ml
1.3 ml + distill. water
dil. Std 5
0.5 ml
0.7 ml
0.1 ml
1.3 ml + distill. water
dil. Std 6
0.5 ml
0.7 ml
0.1 ml
1.3 ml + distill. water
For Egg albumin (Unknown) solution: Dilution of Egg albumin is done similar to the dilution of BSA Unknown Vol. of std Vol. of Lowry Solution added
Vol. of FC reagent added
To cuvettes
Sample no.
transferred to tubes
dil. sample 1
0.5 ml
0.7 ml
0.1 ml
1.3 ml + distill. water
dil. sample 2
0.5 ml
0.7 ml
0.1 ml
1.3 ml + distill. water
dil. sample 3
0.5 ml
0.7 ml
0.1 ml
1.3 ml + distill. water
dil. sample 4
0.5 ml
0.7 ml
0.1 ml
1.3 ml + distill. water
dil. sample 5
0.5 ml
0.7 ml
0.1 ml
1.3 ml + distill. water
dil. sample 6
0.5 ml
0.7 ml
0.1 ml
1.3 ml + distill. water
R EFERENCE Protein (Lowry) Protocol, Protein Protocol, Ebru Dulekgurgen UIUC’04, (Author Unknown)
4