Guy Yedwab Jan Urban Modern Dissent Living In Truth(iness) There is a timehonored tradition in Washington D.C.: the White House Press Correspondents Dinner. Each year, the members of the press and of government come together in the Capital to sing each other's praises, reminisce over the year, and otherwise bridge the hostilities which simmer throughout the rest of the year. Each year, the keynote speech is made by a political satirist; in previous years, there have been appearances by Cedric the Entertainer, Jon Stewart, Al Franken, David Letterman, Jay Leno, and Conan O'Brien.i The event is goodnatured in its humor, and usually invites the President or First Lady to make jokes about themselves. In 2006, the humor was in the air as the new comedian was about to take the stage, following routines by both former President George H.W. Bush and President George W. Bush. The Associated Press' White House correspondent, Mark Rich, made a short introduction. He related a story from the week before; the Associated Press had been ruthlessly mocked by the comedian, ending with the comedian terming AP “The number one threat to America.” Mark Rich described (in jest) a “heart stopping, pitinmystomach, career in flames moment.” He described sending the head of AP a quick email, “Tell me we're laughing about this,”ii and his relief upon hearing that they were in fact laughing about that story. The comedian in question was a thin, tall man with black hair and very slim glasses (who has YEDWAB
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been voted one of the sexiest men aliveiii). At this point in the introduction, he was backward and forward with laughter at the thought of the venerated newsman scrambling to assure himself that the joke is still funny. To the comedian, the concept of a terrible backlash at the end of his jokes is a farway thought, amusing. “Here, with a special edition of The Colbert Report: Stephen Colbert.” Stephen Colbert rises, takes the podium, and begins his act. Nearly a half hour later, as he shook President Bush's hand and returned to his seat, the internet was exploding with shock and awe.iv Some in the audience were scandalized; others were laughing uproariously. The consensus, whether positive or negative, was that Stephen Colbert had made jokes that no one else would dare make, and had struck a nerve. The next year, the Correspondents Dinner welcomed Rich Little to the stage. He was a presidential impersonator who had last addressed the same gathering in 1985; both times, he did the same impression of Jimmy Carter. Out of a field of all of the talented and funny comedians in America, they chose one of the most out of date, and most innocuous. The message was clear: the Correspondents Dinner was about humor, not about satire. Stephen Colbert himself did not realize what a bombshell he had unleashed on Washington D.C. He described to Charlie Rose that he arrived to work the next day, and was told, “Have you seen the blogs?”v Clearly, as everyone was aware, a moment had happened that was not merely comic: it was political. What was different about Stephen Colbert's appearance was that it was a powerful moment of YEDWAB
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dissent. After six years of the Bush Administration, very few credible voices of dissent had emerged. The Democrats, who in the wake of 9/11 had lined up behind the President to expand his powers considerably, and authorized two wars, were not an effective opposition. The media had, at many junctures, shied away from asking pointed questions; in search of the biggest story, they dropped many important stories behind. Stephen Colbert resurrected those demons, right in front of the President and the press. The effect of this appearance on history is less difficult to assess than other acts of dissidence. Stephen's show (and The Daily Show which precedes it) is one of the most important sources of news for the emerging young generationvi. The emerging young generation, in turn, was the primary motivating force behind the new wave of politicians most exemplified by incoming PresidentElect Barack Obama. But a myriad of complex factors make it difficult to trace the exact impact. So instead, the question which we must answer is, how does Stephen Colbert dissent? How does the format of his show, and of his public appearances, structure the way we interact with our government? And how does he fit into the long tradition of dissent?
Most dissenters in history who are remembered are not from artistic backgrounds, but it is safe to say that performance is central to their methodology. Looking at Ghandi's effective campaign of anti colonialism, one can see the performative mind at work. An anecdote like that of Ghandi's protesters being attacked by the British, and his refusal to stop the march because of the presence of a New York Times reporter indicates that background; his goal is not about the British or about the protesters: it is YEDWAB
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about the audience. But direct political activism was not Colbert's game, and a comparison to Ghandi would be ridiculous. So perhaps the dissenter through which to examine Stephen Colbert should be President Vaclav Havel. Havel, like Colbert, comes from the background of theater. Havel, like Colbert, understood the ability of satire. And there is also a striking distinct philosophical overlap between Havel and Colbert. Havel's landmark essay, Power of the Powerless, is a manifesto of dissent for those who lack the organizational power of a Ghandi. Rather than calling for acts of heroism, or true societal revolution, he focuses on the example of a simple greengrocer. “Now let us imagine that one day something in our greengrocer snaps and he stops putting up slogans merely to ingraciate himself. He stops voting in elections he knows are a farce. He begins to say what he really thinks at political meetings. And he even finds the strength in himself to express solidarity with those whom his conscience demands him to suppport. In this revolt the greengrocer steps out of living with in the lie...his revolt is an attempt to live within the truth.”vii It may seem a pointless gesture; many dissidents might argue that more effective actions is required— leading some to promote violence—but Havel justifies the specific power, in the totalitarian context, of this strategy, saying: “The greengrocer has not committed a simple, individual offence, isolated in its own uniqueness, but something incomparably more serious. By breaking the rules of the game, he has disrupted the game as such. He has exposed it as a mere game. He has shattered the world of appearances, the fundamental pillar of the system...he has shown everyone that it is possible to live within the truth. Living within the lie can only constitute the system only if it is universal... everyone who steps out of line denies it in principle and threatens it in its entirety.”viii Havel, unlike other dissenters, does not view dissent as a struggle over physical or political power;
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rather, he sees it as a struggle over philosophical power; power over truth and the zeitgeist of the day. Whereas the trade union movement focused on economic rights, and the women's sufferage movement focused on the political right to vote, Havel is concerned with a right to live in truth. With this philosophical benchmark established, let us return to Stephen Colbert. On October 17th, 2005, he inaugurated The Colbert Report with one of its most memorable episodes. The second segment served as a sort of “thesis” for the show; he had established his character (a parody of Bill O'Reilly's right wing, blowhard conservative), and moved into a segment called “The Word” (a parody of O'Reilly's “The Memo”). As he spoke, the right side of the screen provided wry commentary and undercut his point. He began with a promise: “I will speak to you in plain, simple English. And that brings us to tonight's word: Truthiness.”ix Prior to this episode, the term “truthiness” did not exist in the English language; three months later it was declared MerriamWebster's Word of the Year for 2006 x. He explains: “Now, I'm sure some of the word police, the 'wordinistas' over at Websters, are going to say, 'Hey, that's not a word.' Well, anyone who knows me knows that I'm not a fan of dictionaries or reference books. They are elitist, constantly telling us what is or isn't true, what did or did not happen—who's Britannica to tell me that the Panama Canal was finished in 1914? If I want to say it happened in 1941, that's my right. I don't trust books— they're all fact, no heart. And that's exactly what's pulling America apart today. 'cause let's face it, folks... we are a divided nation. Not between Democrats and Republicans, or Conservatives and Liberals, or tops and bottoms—no, we are divided between those who think with their head, and those who know with their gut...”xi At this point, he took a moment to compare this mindset to President Bush's illfated nomination of Harriet Myers to the Supreme Court, complete with a clip of Bush saying that he “Knows her heart.” YEDWAB
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Then he compares the same concept to the war in Iraq, “Sure, if you think about it, there might be some missing pieces in the rationale for war, but doesn't taking out Saddam feel like the right thing to do? Right here, in the gut?”xii The Press Correspondent's dinner, in fact, began with parts of this same routine. Early in the routine, he says, “Tonight, it is my privilege to celebrate this President. Because we're not so different, he and I” (here, he gestures at the President, who smiles and nods), “we both 'get it.' Guys like us, we're not some braniacs from the nerd patrol” (borrowing a phrase from the President), “... we go straight from the gut.”xiii The gut is clearly the key to the concept of “Truthiness.” In that inaugural segment, Stephen said of the gut, “That's where truth comes from: the gut. Did you know you have more nerve endings in your stomach than in your head? Look it up. Now somebody's gonna say, 'I did look it up, and that's wrong.' Well, mister, that's because you looked it up in a book. Next time, try looking it up in your gut.” Truthiness is now defined by Merriam Webster as : "truth that comes from the gut, not books"xiv, cited to the Colbert Report. It also cites the American Dialect Society as defining it as “the quality of preferring concepts or facts one wishes to be true, rather than concepts or facts known to be true” xv. Truthiness is not just a concept made up for a punchline. Truthiness cuts to the core of the regime that Stephen Colbert was dissenting against; a Presidential Administration which simply insists that what is clearly true, isn't true. For instance, on the Iraq War, it is now common knowledge that President Bush insisted that the case for war against Saddam Hussein was because of the clear and present danger of weapons of mass destruction, but after it was clear that there were no weapons of mass destruction, the YEDWAB
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rationale for war was presented as a war of liberation. This is truthiness. This is what Vaclav Havel said the greengrocer should stand up against. In Democratic America, this dissociation from the truth is jarring and maddening. To George Orwell, however, it is a clearly recognizable microcosm of the totalitarian mindset, best summed up in his book 1984 with the sentence, “We've always been at war with Oceania”xvi. And Vaclav Havel understood too well this mindset, when he dubbed Gustav Husak “The President of Forgetting.” In his open letter to Doctor Husak, he wrote, “In an effort to immobilize the world, it [the Communist regime] immobilizes itself, undermining its own ability to cope with anything new...in trying to paralyse life, then, the authorities paralyze themselves and, in the long run, incapacitate themselves for paralysing life.xvii The goal of the totalitarian regime is to stop time, so as to preserve its own balance of power. How are these totalitarian regimes allowed to perpetrate these forgetful, historical frauds? Because in a totalitarian regime, there is no absolute, external truth. Instead, there is a truth based on purpose, a truth tailormade to the cause. It's a truth that feels right, because it fits in with the overall worldview. In a totalitarian regime, this conventional wisdom is enforced by rule of law; but amongst America's neoconservative ideologues, this conventional wisdom is a necessity of peace of mind. William James wrote, in his book Pragmatism, that a person's world view grows bit by bit. It is only reexamined when it is confronted by a fact that does not fit in with the world view. So if a neoconservative (or totalitarian) ideologue wishes to keep their world view undisturbed, they must filter the information that arrives. This, after all, is the true purpose of propaganda: it is meaningless to those who know it is untrue, but provides a comfortable lie for those who wish it was. YEDWAB
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Colbert understood this when, at the Press Correspondent's Dinner, he applauded President Bush for “believ[ing] the same thing on Wednesday that he believed in Monday—no matter what happened on Tuesday.”xviii One famous example of this insistence on ideology is from the third presidential debate, wherein John McCain said: “"He's health for the mother. You know, that's been stretched by the pro abortion movement in America to mean almost anything. That's the extreme proabortion position, quote 'health.'"xix John McCain here is arguing that the concept of “health” has been distorted for “pro abortion” purposes; in truth, it is he who is distorting the concept of women's health by refusing to admit that it is a legitimate concern. It is the same logic which led to the term “enhanced interrogation” to replace the term “torture”xx so that President Bush's statement “We do not torture”xxi would remain true, even as proof of waterboarding came into the public eye. And, tellingly, it was that same logic that led the Nazis to replace the term “torture” with the term “enhanced interrogation” (“Verschärfte Vernehmung”) a half century before.xxii Philosopher Harry Frankfurt wrote an excellent book aptly titled On Bullshit. In it, he defines bullshit as statements which are neither true, nor false; statements in which truth does not matter. A sales advertisement which says “This is the best car in the world!” is considered to be bullshit, because the person making the assertion is so distrusted that it does not matter whether or not the statement is true. That is the status of Colbert's “truthiness.” But as Frankfurt notes, the more that bullshit becomes widespread, the more truth itself is devalued; that is why Frankfurt says “Bullshit is a greater enemy of the truth than lies.”xxiii YEDWAB
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To return to William James, the world view can only be subverted if it is challenged with facts that do not fit; with logical inconsistencies. But it cannot simply be denounced. A number of Democratic challengers discovered in 2004 when, believing that everyone saw the War in Iraq as a failure as they did, they were defeated. Stephen Colbert discovered the true method: to coopt the language of the opponent, but to manipulate it until it no longer makes sense. Vaclav Havel said that the best way to preserve the truth is to “live in truth.” Stephen Colbert takes a powerful new approach: he lives inside the lie, and therefore exposes it for what it is. And when he crosses the line from the acceptable truthiness to the unacceptable truthiness, the truth is suddenly made manifest. Milan Kundera wrote that “The struggle of man against power is the struggle of memory against forgetting.”xxiv That is the struggle of Stephen Colbert as he dissents against power. Stephen Colbert is a clown dressed up to be a king. The words he says cannot be taken seriously. But he uses the same language of truthiness as many of the “respected” members of society, and thus he unmasks their truthiness, and reminds us of the need for actual fact. A parallel concept that Colbert introduced, for instance, is his concept of “Wikiality”xxv (which he unveiled in a segment of the same name). He discussed a trend in politicians and companies sanitizing their Wikipedia articles so as to create a better impression. He notes that Wikipedia does not take truth or factchecking to be a standard; rather, Wikipedia settles on the truth as it is agreed upon; the conventional wisdom. And that conventional wisdom can be “truthiness”; it can simply be what is presented and accepted as the truth. Therefore, he exhorted his viewers to change the Wikipedia page of the African Elephant to increase their population, and congratulated himself for having “tripled the YEDWAB
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number of elephants in the world.” It doesn't matter that there is an empirical fact (the actual number of elephants in the wild); the point is, in one stroke, the character Colbert has saved the elephant from extinction. In a later return to the same concept, he expanded on the idea, saying that “when money determines Wikipedia entries, reality has become a commodity. And I'll give five dollars to the first person who changes the entry on reality to that. And to all those that say, 'that's not what reality is,' I'll say them: 'Oh really? Look it up on Wikipedia.'”xxvi If we value truth, we must combat “truthiness” and “wikiality” and “bullshit.” Stephen Colbert, in taking on these aspects of our society, unmasks them for us. Laughter is, after all, a moment of recognition; for Colbert's audience, it is recognizing the distance between the conventional wisdom, and the truth. If Vaclav Havel promotes an average man who “lives in truth,” then Stephen Colbert lives in bullshit, as a public warning.
What happened that night at the Press Correspondent's Dinner? It was a scene familiar from a pagan tradition, which eventually became a Christian Tradition. The fool, dressed in the regalia of the priest or king, addresses the townsfolk as if he was the priest or king. But those same words which came out of those authority figures seriously become horribly distorted, laughable, when coming out of the mouth of the fool. But President Bush, his Administration, and the members of the press did not simply look silly. That would have been acceptable, within the bounds of the evening—sanctioned by a smiling, laughing President. They were being unmasked as purveyors of bullshit, truthiness, wikiality. YEDWAB
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When he compares his gut thinking to the President, and then launches into a clearly scornful assault on books, facts, and knowledge, he is going straight for the throat of a President who prizes his own stupidity—well before anyone heard the name “Sarah Palin.” His backhanded compliment of a man who “believes the same thing on Wednesday as he believed on Monday—no matter what happens Tuesday” strips away the image of a heroic, steadfast President and replaces it with the truth of a President isolated from reality, holed up in ideology. He cuts an entire whole in the concept of limited government when he says, “I believe the government that governs best is the government that governs least, and by that standard, we have set up a fabulous government in Iraq.” xxvii He says “I believe it is possible to pull yourself up by your own bootstraps...I saw this guy do it in Cirque du Soleil,”xxviii and instantly pits a Conservative talking point against gravity. He quotes President Bush's wellknown aversion to polls, which Colbert says merely “reflect 'reality'... and reality has a wellknown Liberal Bias.”xxix And indeed, he quotes more than once the 68% disapproval rating. It is an inescapable fact, that undercuts all of his authority as President. His gaze turns too toward the press. He says, “Over the last five years you people were so good! Over tax cuts, WMD intelligence, the effect of global warming; we Americans didn't want to know, and you had the courtesy not to try to find out. Those were good times, as far as we knew... go home, get to know your family again, make love to your wife. Write that novel you've got kicking around in your head. You know, the one about the intrepid Washington reporter with the courage to stand up to the Administration. You know. Fiction!”xxx It's a slap in the face to the gathered reporters, who wanted nothing more than to cozy up to the White House. YEDWAB
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And afterwards, as he walks away from the podium, he shakes hands with President Bush, and sits down, oblivious to the impact he had on the audience. It is not surprising that the next year they decided to get a halfrate impersonator to fill the same spot. The historical precedent mentioned earlier, where the town fool would dress in the manner of the priest, was banned by Pope Innocent. An administration which relies on ideology and image rather than truth (whether totalitarian in its origin, or simply a masterful manipulation of a democracy) can't afford this kind of public humiliation. For them, the impact of “truthiness” must remain unquestioned, or the ideology itself will come into question.
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i
"White House Correspondents' Association." Wikipedia. 1 December 2008. WikiMedia. 1 Dec 2008 . ii "Program Script/Transcript." 1 December 2008. A-Infos Radio Project. 1 Dec 2008 . iii "Sexiest man living! Today's truly hottest men...." Salon.com. 1 December 2008. Salon Media Group, Inc.. 1 Dec 2008 . iv de Moraes, Lisa. "Colbert, Still Digesting His Correspondents' Dinner Reception." Washington Post 02 May 2006 1 Dec 2008 . v "A conversation with Stephen Colbert." Charlie Rose. 8 December 2006. Charlie Rose LLC. 1 Dec 2008 . vi Bauder, David. "Young Get News From Comedy Central." CBS News. 1 March 2004. CBS Interactive Incorporated. 1 Dec 2008 . vii Havel, Vaclav. Power Of The Powerless. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. viii Ibid. ix "Truthiness." Colbert Nation. 17 October 2005. Viacom Inc.. 1 Dec 2008 . x "Truthiness." Merriam-Webster Online. Merriam-Webster. 1 Dec 2008 . xi "Truthiness." Colbert Nation. xii Ibid. xiii"Program Script/Transcript." 1 December 2008. A-Infos Radio Project. xiv "Truthiness." Merriam-Webster Online. xv Ibid. xvi Orwell, George. 1984. New York: Penguin Group, 2008. xvii Havel, Vaclav. Living In Truth. Boston: Faber And Faber, 2008. xviii "Program Script/Transcript." 1 December 2008. A-Infos Radio Project. xix "Third Presidential Debate." New York Times 15 October 2008. 1 Dec 2008 . xx Sullivan, Andrew. "Verschärfte Vernehmung." The Daily Dish. 29 May 2007. Atlantic Monthly. 1 Dec 2008 . xxi "Bush: 'We do not torture' terror suspects." MSNBC News. 7 Nov 2005. MSNBC. 1 Dec 2008 . xxii Sullivan, Andrew. "Verschärfte Vernehmung." xxiii Frankfurt, Harry. On Bullshit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008. xxiv Kundera, Milan. The Book Of Laughter And Forgetting. New York: Harper Collins, 1996. xxv "Wikiality." Colbert Nation. 31 July, 2006. Viacom Inc.. 1 Dec 2008 . xxvi "Wikilobbying." Colbert Nation. 29 January, 2007. Viacom Inc.. 1 Dec 2008 . xxvii "Program Script/Transcript." 1 December 2008. A-Infos Radio Project. xxviii Ibid. xxix Ibid xxx Ibid