Lecture On C
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C Programming Lecture 01
Contact Info Email: [email protected] Course Web site: http://csd/courses/CSDC110/
CCH: --- Friday (3 pm to 4 pm)
10/15/08
2
Course Information
Two Lectures / Week
Monday – 5:30 -7:00 P.M
Wednesday –5:30 – 7:00 P.M
Total Lectures: 22 (Planned) Room No: 5103
10/15/08
3
Course Information
Introduction to Computer Programming using the C programming language.
No prior programming experience is required.
Goal of the course: make you capable of writing good programs in C.
10/15/08
knowledge
or
4
Lectures
Sets pace of Course
Highlights important points
Program samples presented (Ensure that you understand them fully)
Available on the course website
10/15/08
5
Exercises
Can only learn by doing them.
Study examples from Class.
Try several programs.
Take home practice exercises.
10/15/08
6
Evaluation
Assignments-02
Take home
Midsem Test
90 minutes
Final Exam
180minutes
Any absence for the evaluation components must be pre-approved by the instructor.
Attendance-- 75%
10/15/08
7
Programming Assignments
Each Programming assignment will be given one week before.
Programs must be submitted electronically by 11:59 p.m. on the due date to get full credit.
10/15/08
8
Academic Honesty
Cheating of any kind will not be tolerated.
The program assignments are to be individual effort. You may discuss program ideas with others, but you should not copy C code from others. If you submit a program that is not your own, the penalty ranges from a zero for the assignment to instant failure of the class. You are always free to ask for help from the instructor.
10/15/08
9
Course Contents
Overview and Introduction to Programming and C language
Basic C Programming Concepts
Data
Types,
Operands,
Precedence
and
Expressions
Basic I/O
Control Statements
Expression and Conversions
10/15/08
10
Course Contents
Functions
Arrays
Addresses, Pointers and Indirection
Storage Classes and Process Library Functions
Structures and Unions
File Processing
Data Structures
10/15/08
11
Reading
Textbook Schaum's Outlines of Programming with C by Byron S. Gottfried Reference Books
The C Programming Language, B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie. Let Us C, Y. Kanetkar. A Book on C, Al Kelley, Ira Pohl . C Programming Language , E. Balaguruswamy.
10/15/08
12
Objectives
Introductory understanding of
Computers
Algorithm / Pseudo code / Flowchart
Top-down Model
Programming Languages
Introduction to C Language
10/15/08
13
What is Computer?
Computer
Hardware
Device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called computer programs Various devices comprising a computer Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM, and processing units
Software
10/15/08
Programs that run on a computer
14
Computer Organization
Six logical units
Input unit
Output unit
Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer
Secondary storage unit
10/15/08
Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions
Central processing unit (CPU)
Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
Outputs information (to screen, to printer)
Memory unit
Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse)
Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage 15
Algorithm
Procedure or formula for solving a problem
Precise, unambiguous description sequence of computations
Each step is a precise, unambiguously defined transformation of data
Computer programs are algorithms written in a language designed such that the algorithm can be executed on a computer
10/15/08
of
a
16
Pseudo code
Artificial, informal language that helps us develop algorithms
Similar to everyday English
Not actually executed on computers
Helps us “think out” a program before writing it
Easy to convert into a corresponding program
Consists only of executable statements
10/15/08
17
Flowchart
Graphical representation of an algorithm
Drawn using certain special-purpose symbols connected by arrows called flow lines.
Rectangle symbol (action symbol): indicates any type of action.
Oval symbol: indicates beginning or end of a program, or a section of code (circles).
10/15/08
18
Algorithm Pass/NoPassGrade Input: One number • if (the number is greater than or equal to 70) then 1.1 Set the grade to “pass” else 1.2 Set the grade to “nopass” End if 4. Return the grade End
10/15/08
19
Flowchart & Pseudocode Start Sum=0 Count = 0
Flowchart
Input Grade
Sum = Sum + Grade Count = Count + 1
Yes
More grades? No
Average = Sum/Count
Stop
10/15/08
Pseudocode BEGIN Average Grade sum=0 count = 0 DO INPUT grade IF grade < 0 EXIT sum = sum + grade count = count +1 END DO IF count > 0 THEN average = sum/count ELSE average = 0 END IF END Average Grade 20
Top-Down Approach
Structured programming is often (but not always) associated with a "top-down" approach to design.
Designers map out the large scale structure of a program in terms of smaller operations, implement and test the smaller operations, and then tie them together into a whole program.
10/15/08
21
Top-Down Model
In the Top-Down Model an overview of the system is formulated, without going into detail for any part of it. Each part of the system is then refined by designing it in more detail. Each new part may then be refined again, defining it in yet more detail until the entire specification is detailed enough to begin development.
Top down approaches emphasize planning, and a complete understanding of the system.
10/15/08
22
http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/acadwrite/intro.html
10/15/08
23
Programming Languages
Machine languages
Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions Example: +1300042774 +1400593419 +1200274027 10/15/08
24
Programming Languages
Assembly languages English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer operations (translated via assemblers) Example: LOAD PRICE ADD TAX STORE COST
10/15/08
25
Programming Languages
High-level languages Similar to everyday English and use mathematical notations (translated via compilers) Example: Cost = Price + Tax
10/15/08
26
Syntax and Semantics
The syntax of a programming language:
Set of rules that specify allowable statements in the language. Specification for the function of each word in statements in the language. Similar to a grammar for a natural language.
The semantics of a programming language:
10/15/08
Rules for interpreting the computational operations specified by statements in a programming language.
27
Program Development
10/15/08
28
Introduction to C
General purpose programming language.
Closely related to UNIX
Often referred as a system programming language as useful for writing compilers and operating systems.
10/15/08
29
History of C
1960 – block-structured ALGOL emerged
1967 – Martin Richards developed BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language)
1970 – Ken Thompson developed B while working on DEC PDP7, B originated from BCPL
BCPL and B are both typeless languages
1972 – Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson developed C (with data types) – traditional C
1989-1990 – ANSI and ISO standard for C approved.
10/15/08
30
Features of C
Portability
Implemented on many diverse systems
Implemented on wide variety of hardware
Defined libraries are themselves portable
Applications are portable
Programmes are portable
Powerful
Completeness – business to scientific applications
Flexibility – preprocessor, conditional compilation, header files
10/15/08
31
Features of C
Structured Programming – readability and maintainability
Both a high level and low level language
High level – symbolic references, user written functions, powerful operator set, derived data types
Low level – allow reference to storage directly, bits and bit patterns manipulation
10/15/08
32
Summary
We have got idea about
Computers
Algorithm and Programming
Top-down approach
C Language
10/15/08
33
10/15/08
34
Contact Info Email: [email protected] Course Web site: http://csd/courses/CSDC110/
CCH: --- Friday (3 pm to 4 pm)
10/15/08
2
Course Information
Two Lectures / Week
Monday – 5:30 -7:00 P.M
Wednesday –5:30 – 7:00 P.M
Total Lectures: 22 (Planned) Room No: 5103
10/15/08
3
Course Information
Introduction to Computer Programming using the C programming language.
No prior programming experience is required.
Goal of the course: make you capable of writing good programs in C.
10/15/08
knowledge
or
4
Lectures
Sets pace of Course
Highlights important points
Program samples presented (Ensure that you understand them fully)
Available on the course website
10/15/08
5
Exercises
Can only learn by doing them.
Study examples from Class.
Try several programs.
Take home practice exercises.
10/15/08
6
Evaluation
Assignments-02
Take home
Midsem Test
90 minutes
Final Exam
180minutes
Any absence for the evaluation components must be pre-approved by the instructor.
Attendance-- 75%
10/15/08
7
Programming Assignments
Each Programming assignment will be given one week before.
Programs must be submitted electronically by 11:59 p.m. on the due date to get full credit.
10/15/08
8
Academic Honesty
Cheating of any kind will not be tolerated.
The program assignments are to be individual effort. You may discuss program ideas with others, but you should not copy C code from others. If you submit a program that is not your own, the penalty ranges from a zero for the assignment to instant failure of the class. You are always free to ask for help from the instructor.
10/15/08
9
Course Contents
Overview and Introduction to Programming and C language
Basic C Programming Concepts
Data
Types,
Operands,
Precedence
and
Expressions
Basic I/O
Control Statements
Expression and Conversions
10/15/08
10
Course Contents
Functions
Arrays
Addresses, Pointers and Indirection
Storage Classes and Process Library Functions
Structures and Unions
File Processing
Data Structures
10/15/08
11
Reading
Textbook Schaum's Outlines of Programming with C by Byron S. Gottfried Reference Books
The C Programming Language, B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie. Let Us C, Y. Kanetkar. A Book on C, Al Kelley, Ira Pohl . C Programming Language , E. Balaguruswamy.
10/15/08
12
Objectives
Introductory understanding of
Computers
Algorithm / Pseudo code / Flowchart
Top-down Model
Programming Languages
Introduction to C Language
10/15/08
13
What is Computer?
Computer
Hardware
Device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called computer programs Various devices comprising a computer Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM, and processing units
Software
10/15/08
Programs that run on a computer
14
Computer Organization
Six logical units
Input unit
Output unit
Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer
Secondary storage unit
10/15/08
Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions
Central processing unit (CPU)
Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
Outputs information (to screen, to printer)
Memory unit
Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse)
Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage 15
Algorithm
Procedure or formula for solving a problem
Precise, unambiguous description sequence of computations
Each step is a precise, unambiguously defined transformation of data
Computer programs are algorithms written in a language designed such that the algorithm can be executed on a computer
10/15/08
of
a
16
Pseudo code
Artificial, informal language that helps us develop algorithms
Similar to everyday English
Not actually executed on computers
Helps us “think out” a program before writing it
Easy to convert into a corresponding program
Consists only of executable statements
10/15/08
17
Flowchart
Graphical representation of an algorithm
Drawn using certain special-purpose symbols connected by arrows called flow lines.
Rectangle symbol (action symbol): indicates any type of action.
Oval symbol: indicates beginning or end of a program, or a section of code (circles).
10/15/08
18
Algorithm Pass/NoPassGrade Input: One number • if (the number is greater than or equal to 70) then 1.1 Set the grade to “pass” else 1.2 Set the grade to “nopass” End if 4. Return the grade End
10/15/08
19
Flowchart & Pseudocode Start Sum=0 Count = 0
Flowchart
Input Grade
Sum = Sum + Grade Count = Count + 1
Yes
More grades? No
Average = Sum/Count
Stop
10/15/08
Pseudocode BEGIN Average Grade sum=0 count = 0 DO INPUT grade IF grade < 0 EXIT sum = sum + grade count = count +1 END DO IF count > 0 THEN average = sum/count ELSE average = 0 END IF END Average Grade 20
Top-Down Approach
Structured programming is often (but not always) associated with a "top-down" approach to design.
Designers map out the large scale structure of a program in terms of smaller operations, implement and test the smaller operations, and then tie them together into a whole program.
10/15/08
21
Top-Down Model
In the Top-Down Model an overview of the system is formulated, without going into detail for any part of it. Each part of the system is then refined by designing it in more detail. Each new part may then be refined again, defining it in yet more detail until the entire specification is detailed enough to begin development.
Top down approaches emphasize planning, and a complete understanding of the system.
10/15/08
22
http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/acadwrite/intro.html
10/15/08
23
Programming Languages
Machine languages
Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions Example: +1300042774 +1400593419 +1200274027 10/15/08
24
Programming Languages
Assembly languages English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer operations (translated via assemblers) Example: LOAD PRICE ADD TAX STORE COST
10/15/08
25
Programming Languages
High-level languages Similar to everyday English and use mathematical notations (translated via compilers) Example: Cost = Price + Tax
10/15/08
26
Syntax and Semantics
The syntax of a programming language:
Set of rules that specify allowable statements in the language. Specification for the function of each word in statements in the language. Similar to a grammar for a natural language.
The semantics of a programming language:
10/15/08
Rules for interpreting the computational operations specified by statements in a programming language.
27
Program Development
10/15/08
28
Introduction to C
General purpose programming language.
Closely related to UNIX
Often referred as a system programming language as useful for writing compilers and operating systems.
10/15/08
29
History of C
1960 – block-structured ALGOL emerged
1967 – Martin Richards developed BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language)
1970 – Ken Thompson developed B while working on DEC PDP7, B originated from BCPL
BCPL and B are both typeless languages
1972 – Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson developed C (with data types) – traditional C
1989-1990 – ANSI and ISO standard for C approved.
10/15/08
30
Features of C
Portability
Implemented on many diverse systems
Implemented on wide variety of hardware
Defined libraries are themselves portable
Applications are portable
Programmes are portable
Powerful
Completeness – business to scientific applications
Flexibility – preprocessor, conditional compilation, header files
10/15/08
31
Features of C
Structured Programming – readability and maintainability
Both a high level and low level language
High level – symbolic references, user written functions, powerful operator set, derived data types
Low level – allow reference to storage directly, bits and bit patterns manipulation
10/15/08
32
Summary
We have got idea about
Computers
Algorithm and Programming
Top-down approach
C Language
10/15/08
33
10/15/08
34
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