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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING DESIGN Civil 409 – Lecture 2: Infrastructure Planning Components CHRIS JOHNSTON
Underground, David Macaulay, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1976
OUTLINE
1. History of Municipal Infrastructure 2. Metro Vancouver’s Core Infrastructure 3. Land Use Planning 4. GIS Databases 5. Population Estimates 6. Population Equivalents
2
THE FIRST WATER AND SEWER SYSTEMS
•
3000 BCE: Our Earliest archaeological records date back about 5000 years to the City of Nippur, Sumeria (Iraq). Water was drawn by wells and cisterns and waste was conveyed through and extensive system of arched stone drains.
•
2000 BCE: Earliest record of water treatment is in Egypt. Boil, sunlight, charcoal filter, then cool
•
1440 BCE: First system for clarifying liquids is also in Egypt using a siphon to separate water from settled solids
•
98 CE: First Engineering Report on water supply, conveyance, and treatment was in Rome by Julius Frontinus
•
Not much happened from the Roman time to the middle of the 1850s!
•
1842 CE: First modern day sewer collection system was in Hamburg Germany
•
London and Paris then followed after major outbreaks of Cholera in London from 1848 to 1854 and a connection was made between water supply and sanitation.
(Source: Water Supply and Pollution Control. W. Viessman et al, 8th Edition 2009) 3
EARLY WATER AND SEWER SYSTEMS
4
LANDMARK BENEFITS OF MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE
“some” (mostly engineers) feel that the greatest increase in the life expectancy from 1860 to the 1920s was due to the widespread adoption of modern day sanitary sewer systems! In this period, life expectancy rose roughly 30 years”. 5
METRO VANCOUVER’S WATER SUPPLY AND FEEDER SYSTEM
Seymour Water Treatment Plant
6
SEYMOUR WATER FILTRATION PLANT
7
METRO VANCOUVER’S WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
8
METRO VANCOUVER’S WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT (1/5) (ANNACIS ISLAND SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANT)
9
MANY MUNICIPAL UTILITIES IN ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAYS
10
MANY MUNICIPAL UTILITIES IN ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAYS (Same area showing utilities below Ground)
11
UTILITIES THAT CAN BE FOUND IN ROAD R/W AND EASEMENTS • Watermains • Gravity sewer mains • Storm sewers • Electrical ducts • Signal cables • Street lighting electrical ducts • Gas mains • Cable TV lines • Telephone cables • Fiber optic cables
• Oil and gas pipelines • Major water feeder mains • Sewer forcemains • Transportation tunnels • Rain Gardens • Vaults • Sewer / Water / Drainage service connections • Others
• District heating mains • Abandoned utilities • Oil and gas pipelines
12
TYPICAL ROAD CROSS-SECTION WITH UTILITY RESERVATION
13
OUTLINE
1. History of Municipal Infrastructure 2. Metro Vancouver’s Infrastructure 3. Land Use Planning 4. GIS Databases 5. Population Estimates 6. Population Equivalents
14
EVERY PIECE OF PROPERTY HAS A ZONING
The Zoning tell the owner what they can or can’t do on that property. It also provides Engineers, Planners, potential buyers, 3rd parties, etc. what can happen on the property in the future. 15
10 – 100 years?
Approved Zoning
5- 30 years?
Now
Population
Existing Land Use
Official Community Plan
Build-out / Saturation / Urban Containment
5 – 20 years?
TYPES OF LAND USE PLANNING HORIZONS
Time 16
TYPES OF LAND USES
ICI = Industrial, Commercial, Institutional
17
EXISTING LAND USE – VERNON, BC
18
EXAMPLE OF ZONING LAND USE
19
EXAMPLE OF OFFICIAL COMMUNITY PLAN (OCP) LAND USE
20
EXAMPLE OF HOW CHANGES TO LAND USE ARE CHANGED
21
EXAMPLE HOW ZONING IS THEN APPLIED TO INFRASTRUCTURE
22
THE LAND DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVELOPMENT PROCESS
23
OUTLINE
1. History of Municipal Infrastructure 2. Metro Vancouver’s Infrastructure 3. Land Use Planning 4. GIS Databases 5. Population Estimates 6. Population Equivalents
24
CITY OF SURREY’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
25
CITY OF VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
26
DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
27
DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
28
DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
29
DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
30
THE GIS “INTERSECTION” PROCESS
31
GIS SUMMARY
• Most major cities have some level of a GIS database • A GIS database is a more organized way to plan municipal infrastructure (water, sewer, stormwater, traffic/roads) • Populations, equivalents, employment, students, and process requirements can all be loaded into a lot based layer for various design development scenarios • Most commercial, infrastructure computer models now use GIS layers as basic input information for analysis 32
EXAMPLE OF LOCAL GIS URL’S
•
City of Vancouver http://vanmapp.vancouver.ca/pubvanmap_net/default.aspx
•
City of Surrey (COSMOS) http://cosmos.surrey.ca/external/
•
District of North Vancouver (GEOWEB) http://geoweb.dnv.org/properties/
33
OUTLINE
1. History of Municipal Infrastructure 2. Metro Vancouver’s Infrastructure 3. Land Use Planning 4. GIS Databases 5. Population Estimates 6. Population Equivalents
34
METRO VANCOUVER POPULATION PROJECTIONS
35
POPULATION PROJECTIONS
36
POPULATION PROJECTION METHODS (EXAMPLES) POPULATION PROJECTIONS: •
Complex, no exact determination
•
Based on a number of factors including: •
•
Immigration, jobs, industry, economy, demographics
Most methods are based on an extension of past trends!
METHODS AVAILABLE: •
Arithmetic growth rate: Assumed to follow some logical math relationship in which population growth is a function of time
•
Uniform percentage growth rate: based on past short term or longer term trends
•
Curvilinear method (eye-ball extrapolation!)
•
Logistical method: if saturation population known or urban containment boundary has been reached and land use constrains future growth.
•
Comparison method: a comparison with similar, larger communities
•
Ratio Method: population growth rate is assumed to be related to that of the larger region
37
PROJECTING SATURATION POPULATION LEVEL - SECHELT
38
CENSUS CANADA POPULATION COUNTS Every 5 years, a Canada-wide census is undertaken. This information provides detailed information on the number of people living in a particular area. The areas are small enough to provide sufficient accuracy for municipal engineering planning, but large enough to ensure privacy of individual properties.
39
USING “CENSUS” GIS INFORMATION
40
INTERSECT CENSUS LAYER WITH LOT (PARCEL) LAYER TO DETERMINE EXISTING RESIDENTIAL PEOPLE / LOT Census Canada Population Layer
Intersect with Parcel Layer to determine people / lot
41
OUTLINE
1. History of Municipal Infrastructure 2. Metro Vancouver’s Infrastructure 3. Land Use Planning 4. GIS Databases 5. Population Estimates 6. Population Equivalents
42
CENSUS POPULATIONS AND POPULATION EQUIVALENTS
Home
Census Population
Population Equivalents (PEs)
Work / School
Employment Data / ICI Densities / Student Enrolments
Major Industrial Processes
Usually not included as a population equivalent. Dealt with Separately. 43
LINKING LAND USE TO POPULATION DENSITY AND EQUIVALENTS
44
(MAGNIFIED VERSION PART 1)
45
(MAGNIFIED VERSION PART 2)
46
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS Method 1: New Residential Development and ICI zonings: The density for RM15 times its lot area, will provide the maximum allowable residential population for that lot (see zoning tables). Method 2: Existing Development: The census population for the surrounding “block” can be pro-rated by area into this lot to provide the estimated current residential population. Example Method 1: The density for C-8 times its lot area, will provide the maximum allowable population equivalent for that lot. Lot Area: 55,080 sq. m (5.5 Ha) ICI Density: 60 PE / Ha Population Equivalent: 5.5 x 60 = 330 PE 47
SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING PLANNING SCENARIOS •
Engineering planners and modelers develop infrastructure models based on land use scenarios:
•
•
Existing Land Use with existing census populations and equivalents
•
Zoning Land Use
•
Official Community Planning Land Use
•
Build-out, Urban Containment, or Saturation Land Use.
Population Projections are then used to estimate when some of these scenarios are likely to be reached (e.g. In what year). Keeping in mind it can be a chicken and egg procedure if land use constrains growth.
•
Additional “date-based” scenarios may be developed based on a combination of the growth projections and projected land use scenarios (e.g. The “Surrey 2041” plan)
48
Underground, David Macaulay, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1976
OUTLINE
1. History of Municipal Infrastructure 2. Metro Vancouver’s Core Infrastructure 3. Land Use Planning 4. GIS Databases 5. Population Estimates 6. Population Equivalents
2
THE FIRST WATER AND SEWER SYSTEMS
•
3000 BCE: Our Earliest archaeological records date back about 5000 years to the City of Nippur, Sumeria (Iraq). Water was drawn by wells and cisterns and waste was conveyed through and extensive system of arched stone drains.
•
2000 BCE: Earliest record of water treatment is in Egypt. Boil, sunlight, charcoal filter, then cool
•
1440 BCE: First system for clarifying liquids is also in Egypt using a siphon to separate water from settled solids
•
98 CE: First Engineering Report on water supply, conveyance, and treatment was in Rome by Julius Frontinus
•
Not much happened from the Roman time to the middle of the 1850s!
•
1842 CE: First modern day sewer collection system was in Hamburg Germany
•
London and Paris then followed after major outbreaks of Cholera in London from 1848 to 1854 and a connection was made between water supply and sanitation.
(Source: Water Supply and Pollution Control. W. Viessman et al, 8th Edition 2009) 3
EARLY WATER AND SEWER SYSTEMS
4
LANDMARK BENEFITS OF MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE
“some” (mostly engineers) feel that the greatest increase in the life expectancy from 1860 to the 1920s was due to the widespread adoption of modern day sanitary sewer systems! In this period, life expectancy rose roughly 30 years”. 5
METRO VANCOUVER’S WATER SUPPLY AND FEEDER SYSTEM
Seymour Water Treatment Plant
6
SEYMOUR WATER FILTRATION PLANT
7
METRO VANCOUVER’S WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
8
METRO VANCOUVER’S WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT (1/5) (ANNACIS ISLAND SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANT)
9
MANY MUNICIPAL UTILITIES IN ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAYS
10
MANY MUNICIPAL UTILITIES IN ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAYS (Same area showing utilities below Ground)
11
UTILITIES THAT CAN BE FOUND IN ROAD R/W AND EASEMENTS • Watermains • Gravity sewer mains • Storm sewers • Electrical ducts • Signal cables • Street lighting electrical ducts • Gas mains • Cable TV lines • Telephone cables • Fiber optic cables
• Oil and gas pipelines • Major water feeder mains • Sewer forcemains • Transportation tunnels • Rain Gardens • Vaults • Sewer / Water / Drainage service connections • Others
• District heating mains • Abandoned utilities • Oil and gas pipelines
12
TYPICAL ROAD CROSS-SECTION WITH UTILITY RESERVATION
13
OUTLINE
1. History of Municipal Infrastructure 2. Metro Vancouver’s Infrastructure 3. Land Use Planning 4. GIS Databases 5. Population Estimates 6. Population Equivalents
14
EVERY PIECE OF PROPERTY HAS A ZONING
The Zoning tell the owner what they can or can’t do on that property. It also provides Engineers, Planners, potential buyers, 3rd parties, etc. what can happen on the property in the future. 15
10 – 100 years?
Approved Zoning
5- 30 years?
Now
Population
Existing Land Use
Official Community Plan
Build-out / Saturation / Urban Containment
5 – 20 years?
TYPES OF LAND USE PLANNING HORIZONS
Time 16
TYPES OF LAND USES
ICI = Industrial, Commercial, Institutional
17
EXISTING LAND USE – VERNON, BC
18
EXAMPLE OF ZONING LAND USE
19
EXAMPLE OF OFFICIAL COMMUNITY PLAN (OCP) LAND USE
20
EXAMPLE OF HOW CHANGES TO LAND USE ARE CHANGED
21
EXAMPLE HOW ZONING IS THEN APPLIED TO INFRASTRUCTURE
22
THE LAND DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVELOPMENT PROCESS
23
OUTLINE
1. History of Municipal Infrastructure 2. Metro Vancouver’s Infrastructure 3. Land Use Planning 4. GIS Databases 5. Population Estimates 6. Population Equivalents
24
CITY OF SURREY’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
25
CITY OF VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
26
DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
27
DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
28
DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
29
DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
30
THE GIS “INTERSECTION” PROCESS
31
GIS SUMMARY
• Most major cities have some level of a GIS database • A GIS database is a more organized way to plan municipal infrastructure (water, sewer, stormwater, traffic/roads) • Populations, equivalents, employment, students, and process requirements can all be loaded into a lot based layer for various design development scenarios • Most commercial, infrastructure computer models now use GIS layers as basic input information for analysis 32
EXAMPLE OF LOCAL GIS URL’S
•
City of Vancouver http://vanmapp.vancouver.ca/pubvanmap_net/default.aspx
•
City of Surrey (COSMOS) http://cosmos.surrey.ca/external/
•
District of North Vancouver (GEOWEB) http://geoweb.dnv.org/properties/
33
OUTLINE
1. History of Municipal Infrastructure 2. Metro Vancouver’s Infrastructure 3. Land Use Planning 4. GIS Databases 5. Population Estimates 6. Population Equivalents
34
METRO VANCOUVER POPULATION PROJECTIONS
35
POPULATION PROJECTIONS
36
POPULATION PROJECTION METHODS (EXAMPLES) POPULATION PROJECTIONS: •
Complex, no exact determination
•
Based on a number of factors including: •
•
Immigration, jobs, industry, economy, demographics
Most methods are based on an extension of past trends!
METHODS AVAILABLE: •
Arithmetic growth rate: Assumed to follow some logical math relationship in which population growth is a function of time
•
Uniform percentage growth rate: based on past short term or longer term trends
•
Curvilinear method (eye-ball extrapolation!)
•
Logistical method: if saturation population known or urban containment boundary has been reached and land use constrains future growth.
•
Comparison method: a comparison with similar, larger communities
•
Ratio Method: population growth rate is assumed to be related to that of the larger region
37
PROJECTING SATURATION POPULATION LEVEL - SECHELT
38
CENSUS CANADA POPULATION COUNTS Every 5 years, a Canada-wide census is undertaken. This information provides detailed information on the number of people living in a particular area. The areas are small enough to provide sufficient accuracy for municipal engineering planning, but large enough to ensure privacy of individual properties.
39
USING “CENSUS” GIS INFORMATION
40
INTERSECT CENSUS LAYER WITH LOT (PARCEL) LAYER TO DETERMINE EXISTING RESIDENTIAL PEOPLE / LOT Census Canada Population Layer
Intersect with Parcel Layer to determine people / lot
41
OUTLINE
1. History of Municipal Infrastructure 2. Metro Vancouver’s Infrastructure 3. Land Use Planning 4. GIS Databases 5. Population Estimates 6. Population Equivalents
42
CENSUS POPULATIONS AND POPULATION EQUIVALENTS
Home
Census Population
Population Equivalents (PEs)
Work / School
Employment Data / ICI Densities / Student Enrolments
Major Industrial Processes
Usually not included as a population equivalent. Dealt with Separately. 43
LINKING LAND USE TO POPULATION DENSITY AND EQUIVALENTS
44
(MAGNIFIED VERSION PART 1)
45
(MAGNIFIED VERSION PART 2)
46
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS Method 1: New Residential Development and ICI zonings: The density for RM15 times its lot area, will provide the maximum allowable residential population for that lot (see zoning tables). Method 2: Existing Development: The census population for the surrounding “block” can be pro-rated by area into this lot to provide the estimated current residential population. Example Method 1: The density for C-8 times its lot area, will provide the maximum allowable population equivalent for that lot. Lot Area: 55,080 sq. m (5.5 Ha) ICI Density: 60 PE / Ha Population Equivalent: 5.5 x 60 = 330 PE 47
SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING PLANNING SCENARIOS •
Engineering planners and modelers develop infrastructure models based on land use scenarios:
•
•
Existing Land Use with existing census populations and equivalents
•
Zoning Land Use
•
Official Community Planning Land Use
•
Build-out, Urban Containment, or Saturation Land Use.
Population Projections are then used to estimate when some of these scenarios are likely to be reached (e.g. In what year). Keeping in mind it can be a chicken and egg procedure if land use constrains growth.
•
Additional “date-based” scenarios may be developed based on a combination of the growth projections and projected land use scenarios (e.g. The “Surrey 2041” plan)
48
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