Lecture 2 Human Physiology

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS in PHYSIOLOGY

Importance of Physiology & Anatomy WHY WE NEED TO STUDY?  HUMAN ANATOMY To be able to know what a normal structure in the body looks like (with naked eye and under the microscope) 

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY To be able to know and understand the normal function of the structures (gross, tissue and cellular level ) in the body .



DISEASES-----If we will be able to identify and understand what “normal” is like than we will be able to recognize and understand abnormal (i.e. diseases) states (structure and function) of the body.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN PHYSIOLOGY 1. Levels of organization 2. Homeostasis 3. Homeostasis control mechanisms

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN PHYSIOLOGY LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level System level Organism

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY •

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CHEMICAL LEVEL Atoms and molecules Atoms essential for maintaining life are; Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca)

2. CELLULAR LEVEL CELL is a basic structural and functional unit of human body Membrane bound (plasma membrane) Contains fluid and organelles All cells have basic common features. (E.g. O2 combines with nutrients to release energy for cell function) - they specialize or differentiate to perform a unique function (E.g. muscle cell – function is contraction ; intestinal cells – function is absorption)

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY 3. TISSUE LEVEL - TISSUE is a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. 4 basic types of tissue; 1. EPITHEAL 2. MUSCLE TISSUE 3. CONNECTIVE TISSUE 4. NERVOUS TISSUE 4. ORGAN LEVEL ORGAN structure composed of two or more tissues with recognizable shape and specialized function. Example of organs - heart, liver, lungs, brain, stomach Specific e.g. – STOMACH - outer covering is called the serosa – it has epithelial and connective tissue. - the serosa protects the stomach and reduces friction when the stomach moves and rubs against other body structures

Stomach –

note the serosa of stomach

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY 5. SYSTEM LEVEL – consists of related organs with a common function. - Human body has 11 major systems.

(e.g. Digestive system)

6. ORGANISM – all the parts of body functioning with one another comprises the total organism (one living organism)

MAJOR SYSTEMS OF THE BODY 

The 11 body systems are; 1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 2. SKELTAL SYSTEM 3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM 4. NERVOUS SYSTEM 5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 7. LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM 8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 10. URINARY SYSTEM 11. REPRODUCTION

MAJOR SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM  PRINCIPAL ORGANS - Skin and structures derived from it (e.g. hair and nails, sweat glands, and oil glands)  FUNCTION • • • •

Helps regulate body temperature Eliminates some wastes, Helps produce vitamin D Monitors certain stimuli (e.g. temperature).

INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM

BODY SYSTEMS 2. SKELETAL SYSTEM  PRINCIPAL ORGANS – all bones of the body, associated cartilages and joints of the body.  FUNCTIONS 1. Supports and protects body 2. Assists in body movements 3.Origin of cells that give rise to blood cells. 4. Stores minerals

SKELETAL SYSTEM

BODY SYSTEMS 3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM  PRINCIPAL ORGANS - skeletal muscle (muscle attached to bones), smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.  FUNCTIONS – 1. Powers the movement of the body (e.g. walking) 2. Stabilized body posture 3. Generates heat

MUSCULAR

SYSTEM

BODY SYSTEMS 4. NERVOUS SYSTEM  PRINCIPAL ORGANS - Brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs (E.g. eye and ears).  FUNCTIONS: 1. Regulates body activities through action potential (nerve impulses) by detecting changes in internal and external environments, interpreting the changes, responding to the changes by inducing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

BODY SYSTEMS 5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM  PRINCIPAL ORGANS - All hormone-producing glands and cells such as the pituitary glands, thyroid gland and pancreas.  FUNCTION 1. Regulates body activities through hormones, chemical transported in the blood to various target organs of the body

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

BODY SYSTEMS 6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM  PRINCIPAL ORGANS - Hearts, blood vessels and blood.  FUNCTION 1. Distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells, 2. Carries CO2 and wastes away from cells 3. Helps maintain the acid-base balance of the body 4. Protects against disease, prevents hemorrhage by forming blood clots. 5. Regulates body temperature

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

BODY SYSTEMS 7. LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM  PRINCIPAL ORGANS - Lymphatic vessels, lymph, structures or organs containing lymphatic tissue (large numbers of white blood cells called lymphocytes), such as spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes and tonsils.  FUNCTIONS 1. Returns proteins and plasma (liquid portion of blood) to the cardiovascular system, 2. Transport fats from the gastrointestinal tract to the cardiovascular system, 3. Serves as a site or maturation and proliferation of certain white blood cells 4. Helps protect against disease through the production of proteins called antibodies as well as responses.

LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM

BODY SYSTEMS 8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  PRINCIPAL ORGANS – Lungs and series of associated passage ways leading into and out of them.  FUNCTIONS: 1. Regulate the acid-base balance of the body 2. Supplies O2, eliminates CO2 3. Helps produce sounds.

BODY SYSTEMS 9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM  PRINCIPAL ORGANS - a long tube called the gastrointestinal tract and associated organs (includes salivary glands, liver, gall-bladder and pancreas).  FUNCTION 1. Performs physical and chemical breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients for use by cells 2. Helps eliminates solid and other wastes

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

BODY SYSTEMS 10. URINARY SYSTEM  PRINCIPAL ORGANS - Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra  FUNCTION 1. Produces, stores and eliminates urine 2. Regulates volume and chemical composition of blood 3. Eliminates wastes 4. Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance 5. Helps maintain acid-base and calcium balance of the body 6. Secretes a hormone (erythropoietin) that regulates red blood cell production.

FEMALE URINARY SYSTEM

MALE URINARY SYSTEM

BODY SYSTEMS 11. REPRODUCTION SYSTEM  PRINCIPAL ORGANS - Organs (testes and ovaries) that produce reproductive cells or gametes (ova and sperm) - Other organs such as the uterine (fallopian) tubes and uterus in females; the epididymis, ductus(vas) deferens and penis in males that transport and store reproductive cells.  FUNCTION 1. Produce gametes, which can unite to form a new organism, 2. Produces hormones that help regulate metabolism.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Now SMILE…

And smile again…

Now that’s better…keep smiling! 

Thank you All……….