Lecture 2

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Heterogamous Process Catalysis and Adsorption

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 126: KINETICS OF HETEROGENEOUS REACTION 11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

1Chemical Engineering 126 1

Previously in ChE 126 ↗Catalyst : The workhorse of chemical transformations  in the industry ↗The Catalyst Action ↗Limitations of the Catalyst ↗Evaluation of the Suitability of a Catalyst ↗“7 Steps from Reactant to Products” ↗Global Rates of Reaction … 11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

2Chemical Engineering 126 2

Today’s Topics (Second Half) ‰ Adsorption ‰Comparison of physisorption and  chemisorption ‰The Langmuir treatment of adsorption ‰Other Isotherms (Tempkin,Freundlich, Elovich) ‰Adsorption Kinetics ‰Rates of Adsorption 11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

3Chemical Engineering 126 3

Complete Steps for Converting  Reactants to Products 1. Transport of reactants from bulk fluid to  the fluid solid interface  2. Intraparticle transport of reactants in the  catalyst particle 3. Adsorption of reactants at interior sited  of the catalyst particle 4. Chemical reaction of adsorbed reactants  to adsorbed products 5. Desorption of adsorbed products 6. Transport of products from the interior  sites to the outer surface of the catalyst  surface 7. Transport of products into the bulk fluid  stream

11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

1

7

6 2 3,4,5

4Chemical Engineering 126 4

What happens in a non‐porous  catalyst? 1. Transport of reactants from bulk fluid to  the fluid solid interface  2. Intraparticle transport of reactants in the  catalyst particle 3. Adsorption of reactants at interior sited  of the catalyst particle 4. Chemical reaction of adsorbed reactants  to adsorbed products 5. Desorption of adsorbed products 6. Transport of products from the interior  sites to the outer surface of the catalyst  surface 7. Transport of products into the bulk fluid  stream

11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

5Chemical Engineering 126 5

Concentration profile Reaction Controlled 

Cb

CATALYST

Cb ≈ Cs

Intermediate  Case

Cs

r p = kC s rp = k m a m ( C b − C s )

Diffusion Controlled  C = 0 s

11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

6Chemical Engineering 126 6

Adsorption  • Physical adsorption (physisorption) – result of van der Waals forces – the accompanying heat of  adsorption is  comparable in magnitude to the heat of  vaporization of the adsorbate

• Chemical adsorption (chemisorption) – chemical bonds are formed between the catalyst  and the starting material

both types of adsorption are exothermic 11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

7Chemical Engineering 126 7

Comparison of physisorption and chemisorption

11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

8Chemical Engineering 126 8

Comparison of physisorption and chemisorption

11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

9Chemical Engineering 126 9

Adsorption

Chemisorption

Activated

Physisorption

temperature sensitive and  varies according to a finite  activation energy

Non‐Activated rapid adsorption and near zero  activation energy

11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

10 10 Chemical Engineering 126

11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

11 11 Chemical Engineering 126

Heat of  Physisorption Heat of Chemisorption

Potential energy curves for (1) physical and (2) chemical adsorption, (a) Non activated, (b) Activated 11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

12 12 Chemical Engineering 126

The Langmuir treatment of adsorption Sweeping assumptions •



The entire active center is  energetically uniform.



There is no interaction  • between adsorbed molecules.  11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

All the adsorption occurs by  the same mechanism

Coverage is less than one  complete mono‐layer.  13 13 Chemical Engineering 126

Bulk and Surface Concentration Cg Cm

All active sites are covered  with monomolecular layer  or adsorsorbate 11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

C

Surface adsorbed  concentration 14 14 Chemical Engineering 126

Problem 7.6 and 7.7 benzene  on silica gel

n‐hexane on silica gel

11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

15 15 Chemical Engineering 126

Problem 7.6 and 7.7

n‐hexane on silica gel 11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

benzene  on silica gel 16 16 Chemical Engineering 126

Problem7.13 0.8 0.72 0.64 0.56 θ 70 θ 90

0.48

θ 110 0.4 θ 1300.32 0.24 0.16 0.08 0 0

−3

2.5×10

−3

5×10

−3

7.5×10

0.01

0.0125 〈0〉 dta

0.015

0.0175

0.02

0.0225

0.025

Caution: The last point of the red curve is fictitious

11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

17 17 Chemical Engineering 126

isosteric heat of adsorption

Problem 7.13

19.314 kJ/mol

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

coverage

11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

18 18 Chemical Engineering 126

Trajectory Predicted by  Langmuir Isotherm

Heat of adsorption vs. surface coverage for hydrogen on metal films 11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

19 19 Chemical Engineering 126

Types of adsorption isotherms 11/15/2008 11/15/2008 University of the Philippines

20 20 Chemical Engineering 126

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