Lect 2
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CC2413 Fundamental Psychology for Health Studies Lecture 2 – Research Methods ( )
研究方法
Lecturer:
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
1
Lesson Plan (A) The Scientific Investigation (B) Research Methods (C) Research Evaluation (D) Conclusion 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
2
(A) The Scientific Investigation: Why is psychology a science?
Scientific method
system of gathering data so that bias and errors in measurement are minimized.
Basic concepts
Theory – explains, organizes, & predicts observable behaviors or events
_____________________ (
假設) – tentative & testable
explanation of a phenomenon • 2009/9/8
derived from observations, existing theories & hypotheses (educated guess of possible relations) CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
3
1
Psychology is a science; steps in scientific method
The Scientific Method
4
(A) Steps in a Scientific Investigation 1) Perceive the question
2) Formulate a Hypothesis
3) Design a Study to test the hypothesis
4) Collect the Data
5) Analyze the Data & Draw Conclusions
6) _________________ the Findings 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
(B) Research Methods (
5
研究方法)
1. Descriptive Methods
觀察) 個案研究) 調查
Observation ( Case study ( Survey ( )
相關研究)
2. Correlational research ( 3. Experiment ( )
實驗
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
6
2
(B) 1. Descriptive Methods Descriptive methods may lead to the formation of testable hypotheses.
I. Observation ________________ Observation
自然觀察 ) Un-intrusively (不干擾地) watching &
(
recording animals or humans behave in their normal environment
Laboratory Observation
watching & recording animals or humans behave in a controlled laboratory setting
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
7
(B) 1. Descriptive Methods II. Case study (
個案研究)
an in-depth study of one or few individuals or a situation
「後院培慾」 後院培慾」美魔鬼夫妻涉姦殺十人 年 月 日 星期三
2009 9 2
【明報專訊】美國加州警方在懷疑涉及連環兇殺案的「後院培慾」案疑犯加里多（ 加里多（Phillip Garrido）的舊居隔鄰寓所發現懷疑人骨。加里多涉嫌嫌綁架及強姦迪加爾（Jaycee Dugard）達18年，令她懷孕誕下兩名女兒外，還可能殺害十名妓女及綁架3女童，其妻子 南希（ 南希（Nancy）亦涉助夫行兇而被捕...
加州禁室培慾女主角：「 加州禁室培慾女主角：「我與綁匪有感情 ：「我與綁匪有感情， 我與綁匪有感情，但很內疚」 但很內疚」
年 月 日 星期三
2009 9 2
【明報專訊】轟動美國 的加州「禁室培慾」案中，被禁錮18年並為綁匪誕下兩女的29歲女
子迪加爾，懷疑出現「斯德哥爾摩症候群」。 斯德哥爾摩症候群」。日前她與家人團聚時承認，自己對擄走和 強姦她的加里多建立了深厚感情，「感覺好像結了婚」，但同時稱對自己有這種感覺感到 很內疚。
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
8
(B) 1. Descriptive Methods
調查)
Survey (
researchers will ask a series of standardized questions about the topic under study on a sample of the population. Population - the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested Sample - a subset of individuals from a target population A representative sample ( ) _____________________________ ( )
有代表性的樣本 隨機抽樣 隨機抽樣
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
9
3
Fig 2.17 - The relationship between the population and the sample. The process of drawing inferences about a population based on a sample works only if the sample is reasonably representative of the population. A sample is representative if its demographic makeup is similar to that of the population, as shown on the left. If some groups in the population are over-represented or underrepresented in the sample, as shown on the right, inferences about the population may be skewed or inaccurate. 2009/9/8 CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research 10
相關研究)
(B) 2. Correlational research (
Describe patterns of behavior and finding relationships or associations between two variables ( ) from a single sample ____________________ - anything that can change or vary (e.g. IQ, Height) When two variables are related to each other, they are correlated (
變項
兩個變項之間的關係， 即一個變項的值隨着另一個變項改變而有規劃 地改變)
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
11
相關研究) Correlation coefficient (r) → (相關係數) (B) 2. Correlational research (
r ranges from –1.00 to +1.00 review direction (Positive vs. Negative) & strength of the relationship (0 vs. +/-1.00) can make predictions
Correlations ≠ __________________ ( ≠ )
相關 因果關係
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
12
4
(B) 2. Correlation scatter plots – review the strength & direction of the correlation
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
13
(B)2. 3 Possible Causes of Relationships
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
14
Concept Check Which of the following correlation coefficient (r) indicate the strongest relationship between two variables? A) -0.82 B) 0.31 C) 0.58 D) -1.7
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
15
5
(B) 3. Experiment (實驗 實驗) 實驗 The only method that allows the determination of ___________-and____________ relationships The scientist deliberately causes changes in one variable (called the independent variable) and then observes and records the resulting changes in some other variable (called the dependent variable). 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
(B) 3. Experiment (
操作定義
16
實驗)
Operational definition ( ) definition of a variable of interest that allow it to be directly measured and/or observed
Independent variable (IV) variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
Dependent variable (DV) variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment.
2009/9/8
Define: Aggressive play
IV: Violent TV
DV: Aggressive play
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
17
Concept Check Which of the following could be the operational definition of stress in a scientific study? a) one’s heart rate and blood pressure b) any circumstances that threaten or perceived to threaten one’s well-being and require one’coping abilities c) one’s feeling and thinking 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
18
6
(B) 3. Experiment (實驗 實驗) 實驗 實驗組)
Experimental group (
Experimental Group:
Subjects in an experiment who receive some special treatment in regard to the IV
Control group (
控制組)
with manipulation of IV Watch violent TV
→
A condition identical to the experimental one, similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment IV (or who may receive a
placebo treatment)
隨機分派
Randomization/Random Assignment ( )
的變項
無關
to _______________ extraneous ( ) (any variables other than the IV that seem likely to influence the DV) or confounding ( / ) variables 2009/9/8
Control Group: without manipulation of IV
→ Watch Nonviolent TV
使混亂 干擾的 干擾的
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
19
實驗)?
(B) 3. How to Conduct an Experiment(
Data Collection
Data Analysis 2009/9/8
→ Draw Conclusions
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
20
Concept Check A health psychologist develops a new training program to improve medical staff’s courtesy to patients in all public clinics and hospitals. She conducts an experiment to see whether the new training program leads to a reduction in the number of patients’ complaints.
1) What is the hypothesis and IV & DV of this experiment? (Ref: p. 43, Weiten ) 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
21
7
Concept Check Hypothesis:
Independent variable (IV) Dependent variable (DV)
(an operational definition of ________________) (Ref: p. 43, Weiten ) 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
22
(C) Research Evaluation – 1. Flaws in Research & Solutions Problems Solutions
抽樣徧 抽樣徧差) Confounding (使混亂/干擾的) or Extraneous variables (無關 的變項) **Placebo effects (安慰劑效應) Social desirability bias (社會需 要性偏差) Observer bias (觀察者徧 觀察者徧差) or Experimenter bias (實驗者徧 實驗者徧差) Sampling bias (
2009/9/8
Random sampling (
隨機抽樣)
Randomization/Random Assignment ( )
隨機分派 Placebo treatment (安慰劑) or Single-blind procedure (單盲法) Single-blind procedure (單盲法) Use of a Lie scale
Double-blind procedure (
雙盲法)
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
23
(C) Research Evaluation – 2. Ethical Issues General principles of code of ethics Do NOT harm participants
被告知同意) Deception(欺騙) → Debriefing (事後解說) Confidentiality (保密)
Secure Informed Consent(
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
24
8
研究： 研究：中年獨居 老年癡呆機率高近一倍 法新社)2009年7月3日 星期五
(
•
Can you relate this news to what you have learnt in this topic? Which research method • does this study belong to?
•
•
2009/9/8
「英國 醫學雜誌」（BritishMedical Journal）今天公佈
一份研究報告指出，人若中年獨居，老年發生認知能力 問題的機率，比結婚或有伴的人高出幾近一倍。
研究人員於1970和1980年代隨機訪問芬蘭 東部地區庫 奧皮奧（Kuopio）及卓恩索（Joensuu）共2000人，當時 他們的平均年齡是50.4歲。1998年，研究人員重新檢視其 中1409人的認知能力受損狀況，此時受訪者年齡介於65至 79歲。1409人中有57人被診斷出阿茲海默症和其他類型 癡呆症，82人認知能力輕微受損，其餘1270人的健康狀況 正常。 研究發現，「中年獨居的人到了老年，患有認知障礙的機 率，比其他有伴的人高出大約一倍」。研究也發現，中年 時即喪偶、 時即喪偶、離婚，並獨居至晚年的人，發生問題的機 率是正常的三倍。 但研究作者說明，與伴侶同居意味帶來「認知與社交上的 挑戰」， 挑戰」，以避免發生癡呆，但何以致此則尚無法解釋。
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
25
(D) Conclusion Steps & Key concepts of a scientific investigation Research methods & its evaluation Next Topic Development I
Questions & Answers (
問題及答複)
END OF LECTURE 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
26
(D) Conclusion References ***Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2009). Psychology (International edition, 2nd ed). Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall. Weiten, W. (2008). Psychology: Themes and variations (Briefer version, 7th ed., Ch. 2 pp. 32-61, & Appendix B A-11-12). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning. *** Assigned Readings – Ch. 1 pp. 20 – 45, Appendix A 1 – 12 Video Demonstration on the **Placebo effect - from the BBC “Human Senses” (~14:30 - 18:05) 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
27
9
(D) Conclusion Web Resources 1) Psychologists: Careers in Psychology - http://academic.uofs.edu/department/psych/handbook/x.html
2) Psychologists: Careers for the 21th Century - http://www.apa.org/students/brochure/brochurenew.pdf
3) Major areas of psychology - http://apa.org/about/division.html
4) Psychological Research on the Net - http://psych.hanover.edu/Research/exponnet.html
5) APA Ethics Office: Ethics information - http://www.apa.org/ethics/homepage.html 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
28
10
研究方法
Lecturer:
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
1
Lesson Plan (A) The Scientific Investigation (B) Research Methods (C) Research Evaluation (D) Conclusion 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
2
(A) The Scientific Investigation: Why is psychology a science?
Scientific method
system of gathering data so that bias and errors in measurement are minimized.
Basic concepts
Theory – explains, organizes, & predicts observable behaviors or events
_____________________ (
假設) – tentative & testable
explanation of a phenomenon • 2009/9/8
derived from observations, existing theories & hypotheses (educated guess of possible relations) CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
3
1
Psychology is a science; steps in scientific method
The Scientific Method
4
(A) Steps in a Scientific Investigation 1) Perceive the question
2) Formulate a Hypothesis
3) Design a Study to test the hypothesis
4) Collect the Data
5) Analyze the Data & Draw Conclusions
6) _________________ the Findings 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
(B) Research Methods (
5
研究方法)
1. Descriptive Methods
觀察) 個案研究) 調查
Observation ( Case study ( Survey ( )
相關研究)
2. Correlational research ( 3. Experiment ( )
實驗
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
6
2
(B) 1. Descriptive Methods Descriptive methods may lead to the formation of testable hypotheses.
I. Observation ________________ Observation
自然觀察 ) Un-intrusively (不干擾地) watching &
(
recording animals or humans behave in their normal environment
Laboratory Observation
watching & recording animals or humans behave in a controlled laboratory setting
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
7
(B) 1. Descriptive Methods II. Case study (
個案研究)
an in-depth study of one or few individuals or a situation
「後院培慾」 後院培慾」美魔鬼夫妻涉姦殺十人 年 月 日 星期三
2009 9 2
【明報專訊】美國加州警方在懷疑涉及連環兇殺案的「後院培慾」案疑犯加里多（ 加里多（Phillip Garrido）的舊居隔鄰寓所發現懷疑人骨。加里多涉嫌嫌綁架及強姦迪加爾（Jaycee Dugard）達18年，令她懷孕誕下兩名女兒外，還可能殺害十名妓女及綁架3女童，其妻子 南希（ 南希（Nancy）亦涉助夫行兇而被捕...
加州禁室培慾女主角：「 加州禁室培慾女主角：「我與綁匪有感情 ：「我與綁匪有感情， 我與綁匪有感情，但很內疚」 但很內疚」
年 月 日 星期三
2009 9 2
【明報專訊】轟動美國 的加州「禁室培慾」案中，被禁錮18年並為綁匪誕下兩女的29歲女
子迪加爾，懷疑出現「斯德哥爾摩症候群」。 斯德哥爾摩症候群」。日前她與家人團聚時承認，自己對擄走和 強姦她的加里多建立了深厚感情，「感覺好像結了婚」，但同時稱對自己有這種感覺感到 很內疚。
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
8
(B) 1. Descriptive Methods
調查)
Survey (
researchers will ask a series of standardized questions about the topic under study on a sample of the population. Population - the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested Sample - a subset of individuals from a target population A representative sample ( ) _____________________________ ( )
有代表性的樣本 隨機抽樣 隨機抽樣
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
9
3
Fig 2.17 - The relationship between the population and the sample. The process of drawing inferences about a population based on a sample works only if the sample is reasonably representative of the population. A sample is representative if its demographic makeup is similar to that of the population, as shown on the left. If some groups in the population are over-represented or underrepresented in the sample, as shown on the right, inferences about the population may be skewed or inaccurate. 2009/9/8 CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research 10
相關研究)
(B) 2. Correlational research (
Describe patterns of behavior and finding relationships or associations between two variables ( ) from a single sample ____________________ - anything that can change or vary (e.g. IQ, Height) When two variables are related to each other, they are correlated (
變項
兩個變項之間的關係， 即一個變項的值隨着另一個變項改變而有規劃 地改變)
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
11
相關研究) Correlation coefficient (r) → (相關係數) (B) 2. Correlational research (
r ranges from –1.00 to +1.00 review direction (Positive vs. Negative) & strength of the relationship (0 vs. +/-1.00) can make predictions
Correlations ≠ __________________ ( ≠ )
相關 因果關係
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
12
4
(B) 2. Correlation scatter plots – review the strength & direction of the correlation
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
13
(B)2. 3 Possible Causes of Relationships
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
14
Concept Check Which of the following correlation coefficient (r) indicate the strongest relationship between two variables? A) -0.82 B) 0.31 C) 0.58 D) -1.7
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
15
5
(B) 3. Experiment (實驗 實驗) 實驗 The only method that allows the determination of ___________-and____________ relationships The scientist deliberately causes changes in one variable (called the independent variable) and then observes and records the resulting changes in some other variable (called the dependent variable). 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
(B) 3. Experiment (
操作定義
16
實驗)
Operational definition ( ) definition of a variable of interest that allow it to be directly measured and/or observed
Independent variable (IV) variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
Dependent variable (DV) variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment.
2009/9/8
Define: Aggressive play
IV: Violent TV
DV: Aggressive play
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
17
Concept Check Which of the following could be the operational definition of stress in a scientific study? a) one’s heart rate and blood pressure b) any circumstances that threaten or perceived to threaten one’s well-being and require one’coping abilities c) one’s feeling and thinking 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
18
6
(B) 3. Experiment (實驗 實驗) 實驗 實驗組)
Experimental group (
Experimental Group:
Subjects in an experiment who receive some special treatment in regard to the IV
Control group (
控制組)
with manipulation of IV Watch violent TV
→
A condition identical to the experimental one, similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment IV (or who may receive a
placebo treatment)
隨機分派
Randomization/Random Assignment ( )
的變項
無關
to _______________ extraneous ( ) (any variables other than the IV that seem likely to influence the DV) or confounding ( / ) variables 2009/9/8
Control Group: without manipulation of IV
→ Watch Nonviolent TV
使混亂 干擾的 干擾的
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
19
實驗)?
(B) 3. How to Conduct an Experiment(
Data Collection
Data Analysis 2009/9/8
→ Draw Conclusions
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
20
Concept Check A health psychologist develops a new training program to improve medical staff’s courtesy to patients in all public clinics and hospitals. She conducts an experiment to see whether the new training program leads to a reduction in the number of patients’ complaints.
1) What is the hypothesis and IV & DV of this experiment? (Ref: p. 43, Weiten ) 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
21
7
Concept Check Hypothesis:
Independent variable (IV) Dependent variable (DV)
(an operational definition of ________________) (Ref: p. 43, Weiten ) 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
22
(C) Research Evaluation – 1. Flaws in Research & Solutions Problems Solutions
抽樣徧 抽樣徧差) Confounding (使混亂/干擾的) or Extraneous variables (無關 的變項) **Placebo effects (安慰劑效應) Social desirability bias (社會需 要性偏差) Observer bias (觀察者徧 觀察者徧差) or Experimenter bias (實驗者徧 實驗者徧差) Sampling bias (
2009/9/8
Random sampling (
隨機抽樣)
Randomization/Random Assignment ( )
隨機分派 Placebo treatment (安慰劑) or Single-blind procedure (單盲法) Single-blind procedure (單盲法) Use of a Lie scale
Double-blind procedure (
雙盲法)
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
23
(C) Research Evaluation – 2. Ethical Issues General principles of code of ethics Do NOT harm participants
被告知同意) Deception(欺騙) → Debriefing (事後解說) Confidentiality (保密)
Secure Informed Consent(
2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
24
8
研究： 研究：中年獨居 老年癡呆機率高近一倍 法新社)2009年7月3日 星期五
(
•
Can you relate this news to what you have learnt in this topic? Which research method • does this study belong to?
•
•
2009/9/8
「英國 醫學雜誌」（BritishMedical Journal）今天公佈
一份研究報告指出，人若中年獨居，老年發生認知能力 問題的機率，比結婚或有伴的人高出幾近一倍。
研究人員於1970和1980年代隨機訪問芬蘭 東部地區庫 奧皮奧（Kuopio）及卓恩索（Joensuu）共2000人，當時 他們的平均年齡是50.4歲。1998年，研究人員重新檢視其 中1409人的認知能力受損狀況，此時受訪者年齡介於65至 79歲。1409人中有57人被診斷出阿茲海默症和其他類型 癡呆症，82人認知能力輕微受損，其餘1270人的健康狀況 正常。 研究發現，「中年獨居的人到了老年，患有認知障礙的機 率，比其他有伴的人高出大約一倍」。研究也發現，中年 時即喪偶、 時即喪偶、離婚，並獨居至晚年的人，發生問題的機 率是正常的三倍。 但研究作者說明，與伴侶同居意味帶來「認知與社交上的 挑戰」， 挑戰」，以避免發生癡呆，但何以致此則尚無法解釋。
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
25
(D) Conclusion Steps & Key concepts of a scientific investigation Research methods & its evaluation Next Topic Development I
Questions & Answers (
問題及答複)
END OF LECTURE 2009/9/8
CC2413_0910_S1_L2_ Research
26
(D) Conclusion References ***Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2009). Psychology (International edition, 2nd ed). Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall. Weiten, W. (2008). Psychology: Themes and variations (Briefer version, 7th ed., Ch. 2 pp. 32-61, & Appendix B A-11-12). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning. *** Assigned Readings – Ch. 1 pp. 20 – 45, Appendix A 1 – 12 Video Demonstration on the **Placebo effect - from the BBC “Human Senses” (~14:30 - 18:05) 2009/9/8
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(D) Conclusion Web Resources 1) Psychologists: Careers in Psychology - http://academic.uofs.edu/department/psych/handbook/x.html
2) Psychologists: Careers for the 21th Century - http://www.apa.org/students/brochure/brochurenew.pdf
3) Major areas of psychology - http://apa.org/about/division.html
4) Psychological Research on the Net - http://psych.hanover.edu/Research/exponnet.html
5) APA Ethics Office: Ethics information - http://www.apa.org/ethics/homepage.html 2009/9/8
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