Lasl Phermex Data, Volume 1

LOS ALAMC)S SERIES ON DYNAMIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES

LOS A.LAMOS DATA CENTER FOR DYNAMIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES TECHNICAL

COMMI’IY’EE

C1-wles L. Mader Terry R. Gibbs John W. Hopson, Jr. Stanley P. Marsh Alphonse Popolato Martha S. Hoyt Kasha V. Thayer .John F. Barnes Bobby G. Craig William E. Deal, Jr. Richard Il. Dick James N. Joh.mon Elizabeth Marshall Charles E. Morris Timothy R. Neal Suzanne W. Peterson Raymond N. Rogers Melvin T. T’hieme Jerry D. Wackerle John M. Walsh

Program Manager Explosive Data Editor Shock Wave Profile Editor Equation of State Editor Explosive Data Editor Computer Applications Analyst Technical Editor

LASL PHERMEX DATA VOLUME I

Editors - Charles L. Mader Timothy IL Neal Richard D. Dick

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Berkeley - Loa Angeles . London

PRESS

Lniversi~yot California Prtss Berkeleyand Los Angeles. Culilornia lJniwrsity O( Ctililornia Press, Ltd. London. England Copyl-ight[g 19FIoby “1’hcRegents o[thc Universityof Ctihforniii ISBh: 0-520-04009-0 Series ISBN: 0-520-040074 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-665X0 Printed in the [Jnited stdt(3S 123456789

of America

CONTENTS

INTROI)UCTION

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,..1

THE PHERMEX FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PHERMEX Machine Design and Operating The Accelerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Electron Source and Injection . . . . The RF I’ower System . . . . . . . . . . . . Timing, Firing, and Signal I)etection . . Radiographic Procedures ... . . . . . . . L)ATA PRESENTATION REFERENCES CATAL(X

. . . . . . . . . . Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . ...2 2 . . . . .

. . ...1 . . ..9 ,...9 . ...11 . ...14

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,.....16

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...25

;OFSHOTSUBJECTS,

PHERMEX

SHOTS

lT1-iROUGH4W.

.28

INTRODUCTION

About 15 years ago, a unique and important flash-radiographic facility became operational at the I.KIsAlamoe Scientific Laboratory. This facility is known as PHERMEX, which is an acronym for Pulsed High Energy Radiographic Machine Emitting X rays. The PHERMEX machine is a high-current, 27-MeV, linear electron accelerator that produces very intense but short-duration bursts of bremsstrahlung from a thin tungsten target for flash radiographic studies of explosives and explosive-driven metal systems, The facility was built in the early 1960s to complement other hydrodynamics facilities at Lm Alamos and to implement studies of shock waves, jeta, spalling, detonation characteristics of chemical explmivee, and other hydrodynamic phenomena. Flash radiography has been used in diagnosing explosive-driven systems for about 4A)years and has provided direct obsemation of dynamic processes. The size of systems that could be radiographed dynamically using conventional equipment has always been severely limited by the poor ability of the available x-ray flux to pmetrate the blast protection devices. PHERMEX, however, was deeigned and built to overcome these limitations and to permit precise radiography of large explo~ive systems containing materials of high atomic number. PI+ERMEX has been used to study materials in various geometries under a variety of shock conditions. Over 1800 unclasafied radiographs will be described in the L4SL PHERMEX data collection. This is the fwst of the five volumes scheduled for publication by the I.ASL Data Center. A description of the PHERMEX facility iE followed by a general description of the data to be preaenti. These data include the purpose of the shot, the timing data, any literatui-e references, the experimenter’s name, the shot geometry, and copies of the static and dynamic radiographs.

1

THE PHERMEX FACILITY

PHERMEX encompasses several subsystems used to generate a precisely timed radiation burst for radiographing explosive events with submicrosecond time resolution. These are the rf power source and control, the electron accelerator and electron source, fire control and signal detection, and data acquisition. Each is equally important to the overall quality of the radiographic data and is discussed in the succeeding sections. PHFJIMEX Machine Design and Operating Characteristics Before describing the linear electron accelerator, we should briefly discuss a few experimental objectives as an aid in undewtmdhg the design requirements. PHERMEX was constructed to obtain flash radiographs of large explosive systems that contained high atomic number materials such as iron and, particularly, uranium.* The intent was to provide direct observation of hydrodynamic events to complement the co&actor-pin and high-speed-camera coverage of explosive systems. In the early and mid 195Os, detailed study (Boyd et al., 1965; Venable, 1967) of such a radiographic requirement indicated that precise determination of area1 distribution of maea density in very thick sections was feasible, given adequate flux. Study also indicated that precise radiography required careful attention to alignment, penumbra effects, scattered radiation, film latitude, etc. for sections as thick as ten mean-free-path lengths in a variety of object configurations. Further, for good penetration, the radiation must be rich in 3- to 4-MeV quanta for uranium and 4- to 8-MeV quanta for iron. The studies also indicated that a pulsed electron accelerator could be constructed to meet these radiographic objectives. The radiation pulse duration was selected to provide the optimum motion blur versus space resolution relationship. The flux had to be adequate to capture the hydrodynamic events of interest and still maintain 0.5 to l.O-mm space resolution when object velocities up to 10 km/s were encountered. A very short x-ray burst produces inadequate flux for large systems, whereas a long burst permits unacceptable motion blur. Space resolution without the complication of motion blur is achieved by controlling the beam diameter. *l%e words “uranium” and 2

‘tuballoy”

are used interchangeably

here.

Careful consideration of all the radiographic objectives showed that a 20-MeV electron beam delivering 5 to 10 ~Ci to a tungsten target in a 5’-mm-diam spot in 0.1 to 0.2 ~s should generate adequate bremsstrahlung flux in a single-pulse radio~aph. The machine, designed and built according to these guidelines produced its first x rays in 1963. Since then, it has been upgraded to produce an electron beam energy of about 30 MeV, and it delivers approximately 15 ~Ci to the tungsten target in a 0.3-mm-diam spot in 0.2 KS. The PHERMEX machine is diagramed in Figure 1 and its subsystem characteristics are summarized in Table I. It is housed in a thick-walled concrete structure called the PHERMEX Chamber, shown in Figure 2. The hemicylindrical structure is about 30 m long, 10 m wide, and 10 m high. The round nose at the target end is also concrete, 1.5 m thick and covered with expendable steel matting and sandbags. Behind the PHERMEX Chamber is the Power Control Building. Conduits connecting the two buildings contain the rf transmission lines used to energize the cavities. The Accelerator PHERMEX is a standing-wave, linear accelerator that operates at an injected power of 13.5 MW for 3 ms. Three cylindrical resonant cavities connected in tandem and operating in the TMOI, mode serve as the energy-storage chambers for exchanging energy between the electromagnetic field and an axially injected electron beam. Each 4.6-m-diameter by 2.6-m-long cavity is made of copper-clad steel with a water-cooled copper bulkhead at each end. However, water cooling is not used at present power levels because of the low duty cycle, During the initial design phase,

ELECTRON

TRANSMISSION

GUN

INJECTOR

LINE ANODE

LENS

(typ ) LOOP

COLLIMATING (typ.

)

STEERING I

\

\

‘\ \

--5 ACCELERATOR

CAVITIES

Fig. 1. The PHERMEX

machine.

LENS MAGNET

TABLE I CHARACTERISTICS El-n

OF PHERMEX W3SYSTEMS

beam oourca

Injection chmge

Injection voltage Injection diameter Confining magnetic lenws If power

500A for 200-nspulse 500 A for 100-napulse 500 A for 40-ns pulse 600 kV 25 mm 2

MnJrci3

Final stage amplifler type Total dc power demand (9 stages) Total power delivered (9 stages) dc plate power unit Frequency PUJMlength Duty cycle

RCA 6949 triodes 27 MW 13.5 MW 1OO-PFcapacitor at 25-35 kV 50 MHZ 3 ms 1 pulsds

Accelmatm Type R8sorumtbquency Mode Cavity diameter Cavity length Cavity Q a cavity

Three-cavity sumding wave 50 MHZ

Stored energy Power required 3eam current Field strength Electron energy gain ~ cavity

12C41 J 6 MW 500A in, 250A out 5-5.5 MV/m 10 MeV

Stored energy Power required Beam current Field strentih Electron e~ergy gain y cavity

1600J 4.5 MW 250 A in, 180A out 6-7 MV/m 13 MeV

Stored energy Power required Beam current Field strength Electron energy gain

800J 3 MW 180A in, 150A out 4 MW/m 7 MeV

TMO1O

4.6 m 2.6 m 125,000

I.

“31’=4$----

‘ ‘-

““1

%3’&%

s-.

Fig. 5. Ejection

section of the PHERMEX

accelerator,

The target is a 1.75-mm-thick tungsten disk that is rotated remotely after each pulse. The bremsstrahlung that results from stopping the electrons in the tungsten target has a highly directional radiation pattern. A plot of the x-ray intensity as a function of angle indicates that most of the radiation is included in a 20° apex angle. A 200-ns pulse of electrom deposits about 200 joules of energy into the target, and the resulting radiation level is about 100 R at 1 m. Shorter duation pulses give proportionately smaller amounts of radiation. The Electron Source and Iqjection The electron source is a space-charge limited, 102-mm-diameter, sphericalsegment cathode, diode gun (Pierce gun) with selectable pulse lengths of” 200, 100, and 40 ns at an injection voltage of 6U0 kV. The gun is designed with a perveance [beam current + (anode voltage) 8”] of about lW. In operation, the commercially available, 102-mm-diameter, sintered tungsten cathode is heated to about 1200 K. Upon application of the 200-ns, 600-kV pulse, a conical electron beam of approximately 500 A is accelerated and converges through the anode aWrture. The first magnetic lens controls the f%% beam expansion caused by strong space charge forces. After passage through the vacuum valve, the electron beam is controlled by a second magnetic lens. These two leneee control the entrance diameter and convergence angle of the electron beam into a cavity. Figure 6 shows the electron beam injector and the two magnetic lenses. The 600-kV pulsers that drive the gun me commercially available items manufactured by Hewlett-Packard, formerly Femcor. The pulsers are Marx generators that use transmission lines as energy-storage elements of a specific length to provide the desired pulse duration. A large pulse transformer and trigger pulse amplifier deliver a very energetic spark to trigger the Femcor pulser at the appropriate time for an explosive experiment. The RF Power

Syetem

To achieve an electron beam energy of 30 MeV, four amplifier chains drive a cavity, three drive @ cavity, and two drive 7 cavity. Figure 7 shows the rf flow for buildup to high power levels. To introduce rf power to the cavitiee, the variable frequency oscillator (VFO) shown in the diagram is gated “on” for 3 ms at a specific time. Power from the amplflers is coupled to the cavity by rotatable magnetic coupling loops at the cavity walls. The electromagnetic fields reach steady-state amplitude in about 1.5 ms. During tuneup, the field amplitude and phase of the cavities are sampled, and, if they me satisfactory, a signal is generated which triggers the electron injector. Each final amplifier shown in Figure 8 provides approximately 1.5 MW of rf power for use by the cavities at a duty cycle of one pulse per second. The total dc plate power demand for the nine amplifiers is 27 MW duxing each driving period; it is derivd from nine 100-~F capacitor banks, one for each ampltler. The rf power from each final amplifier is supplied by an RCA 6949 shielded-grid beam triode.

FOFNWW!QD$ I

, CATHODE FIELD FORMING ELECTR cERAMIC

INW-ATORS

FILAME~

FIRST INJEEW% d

7/

Fig. 6. Electron

beam injector and the magnetic

lenses.

15W

I

INTERMEDIATE PHASE CONTROL

LEVEL

rf

AMPLIFIERS

I kW

3CW5000 EIMAC

21 kW

AMPLIFIER

dc POWER SUPPLY 45 kV

q B+ AF 25-35

k’

100 #F B+ SUPPLY

1~

—,—

I CROWBAR TO PROTECT FINAL STAGE AND dc POWER

~ :

SUPPLY

Fig. 7. PHERMEX

~ flow.

Precise frequency tuning and phase adjustment are necessary for optimum electron acceleration. The frequency is tuned by setting the variable frequency master oscillator and frequency multiplier to 49.9472 MHz; then dual-bellows tuning slugs in a, ,3, and y cavities are adjusted so that each cavity resonates with the drive frequency. Once the drive frequency and resonant frequency have been regulated, the proper phase relationships are established by adjusting the phase shifter mechanism in each amplifier chain for maximum final electron beam current at the target as determined by the charge collection. The phase control is basically a distributed transmission line that allows the phase angle in each amplification state to be changed before the rf power is applied to the cavities. The r-f energy generated by each of the nine amplifiers is transfer-red to the three cavities by large-diameter transmission lines whose electrical lengths are integral multiples of’ a half-wavelength, to within about 50 mm; see Figure 8. The diameter of the outer conductor of each 60-0 coaxial line is 355 mm, and that. of the inner conductor is 127 mm. Finally, the rf energy is coupled to the azimuthal magnetic fields in the cavities through rotatable loops at the ends of the transmission lines. The rf power is generated, controlled, and monitored in the Power Control Building. That building also contains the energy storage (nine capacitor banks), the control console, the nine rf amplifier chains, and a deionized-water cooling system for cooling the amplifiers and the electron gun. -,

Firing,

and Signal Detection

Important aspects of the PHERMEX facility are its capabilities for producing radiation, detonating explosive charges at the desired time, and recording various 11

I PHERMEx

POWER

I

CHAMBER

CONTROL

BUILDING

FE@iB’TART I

—_

———

———

DETECTION

—— –_

t

J–_.

.––––

CHAMBER

b

SCALARS

AND

TRIGGER

AUXILIARY

BOOST

EQUIPMENT

SYSTEMS TRlffiER GENERATOR

} VARIABLE

TRIGGER

DELAY

BOOST

GATE

! + F’ N OUT

t“ AUXILIARY

I VARIABLE DELAY

AUXILIARY EARLY TRIGGER

t VARIABLE DELAY

TRIGGER

DIGITAL READOUT

Fig. 9. PHERMEX

triggering chain.

chain begins with a start pulse from the master pulser. At this time, each rf power channel energizes the cavities, causing the fiel& to grow approximately as shown in the field (E) versus time (t) plot of Figure 9. Then the fields are sampled and a PHERMEX Ready Fire (PRF) ttigger is sent to the trigger generator for eventual firing of the detonators and the explosive. Finally, a trigger is sent from the firing set through a delay unit to the electron gun injector pulser. In this way radiation can be produced to radiograph the hydrodynamic event at a speciiic time. Gun pulser trigger delays of 10 to 100 PS after detonation often are required for proper timing. The trigger signal from the gun pulser and the radiation signal are displayed on scalers and other recording equipment to provide accurate timing information. Signals from other instruments, such as contactor pins, piezoresistive pressure gauges, and quartz gauges, are recorded by a variety of high-speed digital and analog electronic devices. Further, most of these devices are interfaced with a computer that can store data on disks or tape, manipulate it by use of resident codes, and print out the information.

13

Radiographic Procedures Given the radiation levels that PHERMEX provides, an exF .osive event can be radiographically recorded easily using industrial x-ray films, w ;h as Kodak X-Ray Film T, AA, or KK (S0-142), with a suitable screen. Film d msities achieved in typical conditions range from 1 to 3. The purpose and makeup [ fan experiment dictate the choice of radiation pulse length, shot orientation, a ld shot geometry. Figure 10 shows a flash radiographic geometry used for many explosive experiments. Target protection also is shown. Because the data are recorded on x-ray film, a blast- and shrapnel-proof cassette must be used. Two basic types of film protectors are in normal use. One is a hollow aluminum cone that accepts 355-mmdiameter film; the other is a 560- by 710-mm rectangular cassette with various thiclmesses of aluminum in front for protection. Figure 11 shows a conical protector. These cassettes can protect film from the effects of about 30 kg of explosive when the film plane is as close as 900 mm to the charge center.

/’-

NOSE

PROTECTIVE

EXPLOSIVE

/

r

PROTECTIVE CONE

FILM

RADIOGRAPHIC

/

FILM

PACKAGE

SPECIMEN

/’--TARGET /

.—

.“-

.“” . . ..>

4

-. *

—L

~=

:

k

-. ‘ 7

I.’’’::’j

5.,

Fig. 10. Firing site geometry

-

of a typical flash mdiogmphic

experiment.

9 X-RAY FILM

\ \ ‘...

\

● ; f

i., .

,,

●

.. ./

14

i

Fig. 11. Conical film protector.

Careful alignment of’ the experiment on the f’iring pad with the axis of’ the hremsstrahlung beam is important. It is accomplished hy using an alignment telescope cradled in a precision fixture attached to the steel target protector to make the heam and sight axes coincide. An ollserver sights away f&m the PHIOWES machine at a sighting target located beyond the experiment and f’ilm protector. Ai’ter fhe target center is adjusted to coincide with the telescope line of’sight, a second telescope is substituted for the sighting target. The experiment is then set in place and aligned with respect to the beam axis by use of’ the telescopes and a lewling table. After alignment. the telescopes are removed and the f’ilm cassette is put in plan*e. l’his method has proven reliable, accurate. and quick. Several film and screen combinations may be used in one film package to record the wide range of’ radiation intensity transmitted in an experiment. For example. a typical f’ilm and screen combination might include one Kodak KK film intensified with t\vo l-mm-thick lead screens, one Kodak AA film with two such screens. and another Kodak KK f’ilm with one such screen. A large Lpariety of t’ilm and screen cnmhinutions is available to the experimenter. as is a variety ni’ x-ray f’ilmprocessing procedures-normal 5- and 8-min development times at 293 K. f’orced processing by the li-omat technique, and the hydrazine process (Sandoval and Kearns, 1973) to increase the speed and contrast ut’ industrial x-ray films;. The I’HERMEX machine’s resolution when a typical shot geometry is used (see Figure 10) varies from 0.3 mm on Kodak AA film to 1.1) mm on Kodak KK f’ilm. ‘l’his is illustrated in Figure 12, a radiograph on Kodak AA film of a 6mm-thick tungsten resolution plate with square teeth of’ a different size, 1, :I. 2, and 1 mm, machined on each edge. The l-mm teeth are easily resolved on the actual radiograph.

Fig. 12. A tui ygsten resolution plate.

l’he smallest teeth are 0.030 in. (1.0 mm ) squaw.

15

DATA PRESENTATION

The PHERMEX data are preeentad by increasing shot number, which increases according to the date the shot was planned, not necesstily the date on which it was fired. A few shots either failed or were never completed. A descriptive shot title is presented, along with the date the shot was fd. The name of the pemon who originated the experiment is given. The radiographic time is that from initiation of the detonator to the middle of the radiograph pulse. The radiograph pulse width is 0.2 W. The plane-wave lens and detonator burning times (typical of the PHERMEX firing system) used to estimate other times were P-w P-081 p-120

13.5 ps, 22.5 @, 29.5 MS.

Literature that deecribea a shot or its general purpose is cited. The purpose of the shot and important features of the radiograph me dkuesed: The experimental setup is sketched, and certain dimensions appropriate for each shot are given in millimeters. The distance, h, of the beam axis from some shot geometry location is given. All available static radiographa are presented, and the dynamic radiographs are shown on the same scale as the static radiographs. The first few hundred shots were degigned to sumey various topics of interest in the fields of shock hydrodynamics and detonations. The pmceas of jet formation from grooved aluminum and steel plates was investigated extensively. Table II summarizes the aluminum jet studies; Table III, the steel jet studies. Table IV summarizes the dynamic fracture shots, and Table V lists the obsemwd spalh.ng thicknesses in aluminum, copper, nickel, thorium, umnium, beryllium, and lead. Some of the data was obtained from shots to be described in future volumes of LASL PHERMEX data. Table VI summarizes the measured reflected shock velocities of colliding detonations of Composition B-3, Cyclotol, PBX-9404, and Octal. Table WI presents the gaseous Munroe jet shots.

16

TABLE ~ ALUMINUM JET SHOT TIME SEQUENCE W“ Qrwwe Angle Time (Us)

Comments

Shot No.

static film 10.41 mm into P-040 37.59 mm into P-040 7.94 mm into Compcaition B-3 25.4 mm into Composition B-3 50.8 mm into Composition B-3 top edge of aluminum 6.35 mm into aluminum 12.7 mm into aluminum 19.8 mm into aluminum 21.0 mm into aluminum 22.2 mm into aluminum bottom edge of aluminum 0.5@ freemn l.o#s freerun 1.5 @ free nm 2.0 * free run 2.5g3freenm 3.OAfree run 3.2gfree run 3.51Lsfreerun 5.olLsl%?elUll 7io#s freerun 10.0 @free run 13.0g free run

28 24 10 11 28 8 22 9 23 148 149 7, 141, 197 12, 142, 198 16,144 13, 143, 199 17, 145 18,36, 37, 146 19, 147 20 1,6 21 29 30 32 25

o 7.3 12.5 14.5 16.7 19.9 26.3 27.2 28.1 29.11 29.28 29.4 29.9 30.4 30.9 31.4 31.9 32.2 32.8 33.1 33.4 34.9 36.9 39.9 42.9

TABLE III 1019 STEEL J.WI’ SHOT TIME SEQUENCE 90° GrOuve Angle Time (ps) 31.3 33.3 34.9 36.3 39.3 42.2 45.3

Shot No. 51 47 44 46 48 49 50

Comment-s 0.0 * free run 2.0 w free run 3.3* free run 5.0ps free run 8.O~free run 11.0 pa free run 14.0 ~ free run 17

TABLE IV DY’NAMtC I?ILACITJIUISHOTS” Matm’id Thlckum (mm)

CompoaiticmB43 ‘m ‘ (mm)

Material

60 61 62 63 68

101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6

2024aluminum 2024aluminum 2024aluminum 2024aluminum 2024aklmillum

25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4 24.5

46.0

89 70 76 77 78

101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6

2024dutium 2024aluminum 2024aluminum 2024aluminum 2024aluminum

24.6 24.6 25.1 25 25

31,4 33,9 28,0 32.9 32.9

79 80 81 82 83

101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6

2024alumimun 2024aluminum 2024aluminum 2024aluminum 2024aluminum

25,1 25 25 25 1

27.3 30.9 30.8 33.9 30.5

84 85 88 89 97

101.6 101.6 101.6 101,6 101.6

2024alumhlm 202.4aluminum 2024 aluminum 2024 aluminum 2024aluminum

3 6 6 25 25

30.7 31.2 32.0 33.9 33.9

102 103 104 105 107

101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6

aluminum aluminum aluminum aluminum aluminum

3 3 6 6 6

34.3 38.3 38.4 34.29 28.43

108 109 110 115 116

101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6

aluminum aluminum aluminum nickel nickel

12 12 12 25.4 25.4

34.30 30.43 42.29 38.0 46.29

Slrot No.

‘A P-04.O lem waeusedthroughout,exceptin Shots245-247, med.

18

for whicha P-081

34.1 37.9 53.9 28.9

lenswae

TABLE IV (cent)

No.

Composition B-3 Thickmw (mm)

129 130 131 132 133

101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6

uranium thorium uranium thorium uranium

25 25 12

34.4 34.41 43.28 41.44 39.64

165 166 167 168 169

101.6 38.1 101.6 101.6 19.05

uranium uranium uranium uranium uranium

25 25 25 12 12

39.39 33.40 41.42 33,8 25.35

170 171 172 173 174

6.35 101.6 101.6 50.8 38.1

um.niu.m uranium thorium thorium thorium

12 6 25 25 25

25.72 30.55 37.41 32.89 31.33

175 176 177 178 179

101.6 19.05 12.7 12.7 101.6

thorium thorium nickel nickel thorium

12 12 25 12 6

32.76 29.27 27.28 25.05 29.56

191 211 212 213 222

101.6 6.35 6.35 101.6 101.6

water aluminum aluminum aluminum aluminum

25.4 25 6 6 25

34.83 18.28 16.39 37.53 26.95

223 224 226 227 228

101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6

aluminum aluminum aluminum aiuminum aluminum

25 25 25 25 25

27.88 28.90 29.89 30.41 30.92

229 230 231 232 234

101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6

aluminum aluminum aluminum aluminum aluminum

25 25 25 25 25

31.41 32.40 32.92 33.42 36.43

Mat&al

Material Thickness (rum) 1 1

Radiographic Time (MS)

19

Shot No.

Composition B-3 Thickness (mm)

Material

Material Thickness (mm)

235 236 238 239 240

101.6 101.6 101.6 19.05 12.7

aluminum slur.ni.num aluminum copper copper

25 25 25 12 12

36.4) 26.93 32.43 26.(M 25.25

241 242 ~ 246 247

19.05 25.4 101.6 6.35 101.6

aluminum nickel aluminum aluminum aluminlurl

12 25 6 6 6

22.50 28.89 38.24 28.24 37.51

270 271 305 3-48 349

19.05 50.8 101.6 50.8 38.1

nickel beryllium aluminum aluminum aluminum

12 25 25 25 25

25.91 28.34 33.38 24.77 23.02

355 356 357 358 359

50.8 50.9 50.8 38.1 38.1

aluminum aluminum aluminum aluminum aluminum

25 25 25 25 25

25.25 25.71 ~6.23 25.07 23.53

360 361 379 380 381

38.1 38.1 6.35 25.4 50.8

aluminum aluminum beryllium beryllium beryllium

25 25 25 25 25

24.02 24.52 21.52 23.94 27.04

382 383 384 385 386

38.1 19.05 12.7 6.35 25.4

beryllium beryllium beryllium beryllium aluminum

12 12 12 6 25

24.33 21,95 21.07 19.60 23.73

aluminum copper copper copper nickel

25 25 25 25 25

46.10 32.38 31.00 29.2 32.10

387 389 390 391 392

20

213.2 50.8 38.1 25.4 50.8

Radiographic Time (pa)

TABLE IV (cent)

Shot No. 393 394 395 396

Composition B-3 Thickness (mm) 38.1 25.4 25.4 12.7

Material nickel nickel thorium thorium

Material Thickness (mm) 25 25 25 25

Radiographic Time (ps) 30.55 ‘28.88 29.70 28.09

21

TABLE V

N N

OBSERVED SPALL LAYER THICKNESSES (mm) HEm/Metal (mm) 200/25 100/25 51/25 38.1/25 25/25 12.7/25 19/12 12.7/12 6.37/25 6.37/6 100/12 100/6 100/3 100/1

Copper’ 2.5 + 0.1 2,6 + 0.2 2,4 +0,2 2.1 + 0.2 1.85 + 0.2 1,8 +0.1 1.46 +0.1 1,5 +0.1 none 0,7 i 0.2 2.2 + 0.2 2,3 + 0,2 none none

2.4 2,2 1,95 1.7 1.65 1.3 1.2

+0,2 *0,2 +0.2 +0,2 +0.’2 +0,2 +0.2

Nickeld

3.3 2.9 2.9 2,6 2,2 1.86 1.7

+0.2 +0,2 +0.2 +0.1 +0.1 +0.2

Thoriume

Uraniumr

none 1.6 +0.2 1,7 +0.1 1.4 +0.1 1,7 +().1 1.2 +0.1 1.15 +0.1

2.2 2,0 1.9 1.95 2.0 1.6 1.7

0.85 * 0.1 none none

A * + + * + +

0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

1.45 +0,1 2.2 none

Berylliumg

Leadh

2.5 +0.2 3,3 +0.2 2.2~0,2 2,0+ 0,2 1.8 +0.2 1.3 +0.2 1,0+ 0.2 2.4 + 0.2 0.9 * 0,1

1.3 +0.2 1.1 +0.2 0.t15~0.2 1.0 +0,2 1.2 +().1 0.75 +0.2 0.4 +0.1

none

‘The HE driverwas CompositionB-3 whoseinitialdensitywasaboul 1.73~cm:, bAluminumspecimenswere‘lypc ll(KI-F, C131ectrolytic hmghpitch (ETP) copperwas used, ‘Commerciallypure “A” nickelwusUSIA, ‘High-purity(11.66-g/cm”)thmiumw assuppIiedbyOakkfidge, Theurunium wtis99.9% pure, tit 18.93g/cm3, ‘&neral AstromeLakCorporationGrtrrIeB -2beryllium wasused.ThisresemblesBrushCorporationbervlliumS-ZOO-C, Severalshots with berylliumusedvacuum-castmaterial.The data for this materiallay withinthe error[lagsfor the CIB-2beryllium ‘LetrdplULeS wereformedfrom commerciallypuredeep-rolledmaterial,

TABLE VI REFIXCCEDSHOCK

VELOCITIES

Explosive

Reflected Shock Velocity (-KS)

Shot No.

Composition B-3 Cyclotol PBX-9404 Octol

6.115 + 1.61% 6.142 + 1.OWO 6.892 +0.16% 6.234 + 2.09%

86,87,91,92,273-277 203-206; 291 207-210,292 294-297

Detonation Velocity (mm/Ps) 7.882 8.252 8.732 8.460

TABLE VII GASEOUS MUNROE JE1’ SHOTS Time (#s)

Shot No.

Gap (mm)

Jet Run (nun)

258

5.0

50.8

32.24

248 283 315

10.0 10.0 10.0

50.8 203.2 406.4

32.37 51.47 76.95

255 249 260 256 341 342 362 257 343 262 261

20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0

25.4 50.8 50.8 76.2 86.0 94.0 98.0 101.6 101.6 152.4 203.2

29.07 32,30 32.36 35.45 36.66 37.69 38.18 38.65 36.60 45.10 51.35

Za 265 259 266 267

40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0

12.75 25.40 50.80 76.2 101.6

27.52 29.15 32.24 35.46 38.68

263

80.0

50.8

32.30

23

TABLE VII (cent)

Shot No.

24

Gap (mm) ~o.(1

285 286 287 344 345 346 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330

20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 Diverging, 5° Diverging, 5° Diverging, 5° Diverging, 10° Diverging, 10° Diverging, 10° Diverging, 20° Diverging, 20° Diverging, 20”

363 364 365

(lmverging, 5° Converging 10° Converging, 20°

20.0

Jet Run (mm) Expanding Expanding Expanding Interacting Intem%.rlg Interacting

Time (/is) 52.92 53.8 55.06 41.65 43.97 45.97 30.71 34.96 39.25 31.28 35.49 39.72 32.40 36.54 40.70 26.41 26.43 26.39

REFERENCES

John F. Barnes, Patrick J. Blewett, Robert G. McQueen, Kenneth A. Meyer, and Douglas Venable, ‘Taylor Instability in Solids, ” Journal of Applied Physics 45, No. 2, 727 (1974). T. J. Boyd, Jr., B. T. Rogers, F. R. Tesche, and Douglas Venable, “PI-BMtMEX-a High-Current Electron Accelerator for Use in Dynamic Radiography, ” Review of Scientific Instruments 36, No. 10, 1401 (1965). B. R. Breed, Charles L. Mader, and Douglas Venable, ‘Technique for the Determination of Dynamic-Tensile-Strength Characteristics, ” Journal of’ Applied Physics 38, No. 8, 3271 (1967). B. R. Breed and Douglas Venable, “Dynamic Obsawations of the Course of a ShockInduced Polymorphic Phase Transition in Antimony, ” Journal of Applied Physics 39, No. 7, 3222 (1968). W. C. Davis and Douglas Venable, “Pressure Measurements for Composition B-3, ” p. 13 in Fifth Symposium (International) on Detonation, Pasadena, California, August 1970, OffIce of Naval Research Symposium Report ACR-184 (1970). Richard D. Dick, “Insensitive Explosive Study Using PHERMEX, ” p. 179 in Proceedings of the Flash Radiography Symposium, Houston, Texos, September 1976, Larry Bryant, Ed. (American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1978). Charles L. Mader, “The Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Hot Spot—Volume LOS Alamos Scientific Laboratory report IA-3235 (1965).

H,”

Charles L. Mader, ‘The Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Hot Spot—Volume Los Alamos Scientitlc Laboratory report LA-3450 (1966) (a).

HI,”

Chaxles L. Mader, “An Equation of State for Iron Assuming an Instantaneous Phase Change, ‘“ Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-3599 (1966) (b). Charles L. Mader, “N-umerical Studies of Regular and Mach Reflection of’ Shocks in Aluminum, ” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-3578 (1967). 25

Charles L. Mader, Roger W. Taylor, Douglas Venable, and James R. Travis, “Theoretical and Experimental Two-Dimensional Interactions of Shocks with Density Discontinuities, ” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report IA-3614 (1967). Charles L. Mader, “Detonations Near the Water Surface, ” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-4958 (1972) (a). Charles L. Mader, “Two-Dimensional Laboratory report IA-4962 (1972) (b).

Detonations, ” Los

Alamos

Scientific

Charles L. Mader and James D. Kershner, “Two-Dimensional, Continuous, Multicomponent Eulerian Calculations of Interactions of Shocks with V Notches, Voids, and Rods in Water, ” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-4932 (1972). Charles L. Astronautic

Mader, “Detonation 1, 373 (1974).

Induced

Two-Dimensional

Flows, ” Acts

Detonations in OneCharles L. Mader and B. G, Craig, “Nonsteady-State Dimensional Plane, Diverging, and Converging Geometries, ” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-5865 (1975). Charles L. Mader and Charles A. Forest, “Two-Dimensional Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Detonation Wave Propagation, ” Los Alamos Scientific hboratory report LA-6259 (1976). Charles L. Mader, Numerical Press, Berkeley, 1979).

Modeling

o~ Detonations

T. Neal, “Mach Waves and Reflected Rarefactions plied Physics 46, No. 6, 2521 (1975).

(University

in Aluminum,”

of California

Journal of Ap-

T. Neal, “Dynamic Determinations of the Griineisen Coefficient in Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys for Densities up to 6 Mg/m’, ” Physical Review B 14, No. 12, 5172 (1976) (a). T. Neal, “Perpendicular Explosive Drive and Oblique Shocks, p. 602 in Sixth Symposium (Intemutional) on Detonation, San Diego, California, August 1976, Office of Naval Research Symposium Report ACR-221 (1976) (b). T. Neal, “Second Hugoniot Relationship of Solids 38, 225 (1977).

for Solids, ” Journal of’ Physical Chemistry

T. Neal, “Determination of the Grkneiaen ~ for Beryllium at 1.2 to 1.9 Times Standard Density, ” in High Pressure Science and Technology, Volume 1 (Plenum Publishers, New York, 1979). W. C. Rivard, D. Venable, W. Fickett, and W. C. Davis, “Flash X-Ray Observation of Marked Mass Points in Explosive Products, ” p. 3 in Fifth Symposium (International) on Detonation, Pasadena, California, August 1970, Office of Naval Research Symposium Report ACR-184 (1970).

26

E. M. Sandoval and J. P. Kezu-ns, “Use of Hydrazine Compounds to increase the Speed and Contrast of Industrial Radiographic Film, ” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-5198-MS (1973). R. W. Taylor and Douglas Venable, “.4n Aluminum Splash Generated by Impact 01 a Detonation Wave, ” Journal of Applied Physics 39, No, 10, 4633 (1968). Rodney S. Thurston and William L. Mudd, “Spallation Criteria for Xumerical Computations, ” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-4013 ( 1968). Douglas Venable,

“PHERMEX,”

Physics Today

17, No. 12, 19 (1964).

Douglas Venable and T. J. 130yd, Jr., “PHERMEX Applications to Studies ol” Detonation Waves and Shock Waves,” p. 639 in Fourth Symposium (Internntiond) on Detonation, White Oak, Maryland, October 1965, Office of N-aval Research Symposium Report ACR- 126 (1966). Douglas Venable, Ed., “PHERMEX: A Pulsed High-Energy Radio~aphic Machine Emitting X-Rays, ” LOS Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-3241 (1967).

27

CATALOG OF SHOT SUBJECTS, PHERMEX SHOTS 1 THROUGH 400

ALUMINUM JETS . ...1. 6-13, 16-25, 28-30, 32, 36, 37, 141-149, and 197-199 ALUMINUM JETS FROM 40° GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 and 162 ALUMINUM JETS FROM 60” GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..159 and 160 ALUMINUM JETS FR0M120° GR00VES . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l57andl58 ALUMINUM JETS FROM 140” GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..155and L56 ALUMLNUM JETS FROM 160° GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 and 154 ALUM~”UM JETS FROM 170° GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 and 152 ALUMINUM JETS PENETRATING URANIUM . . . . . . . . . . . 150 and 201 ALUMLNUM ROD IN WATER . . . . . . . . . . . ...189. 190, 269, 281, and 282 ALUMINUM WEDGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 135-138, 193, and 214-217 ARMCOIR0NSPL4SHWAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...57 COLLLDING COMPOSITION B-3 DETONATION PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..139. 140. 195. andl96 COLLIDING COMPOSITION B-3 DETONATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..86. 87.91 .92. and 273-277 COLLIDING CYCLOTOL DETONATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 203-206 and 291 COLLIDING OCTOL DETONATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..294-297 COLLIDING PBX-9404 DETONATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . ...207-210 and 292 COMPOS~ON B-3 TUR~NING A 15° CORNER . . . . . . . . . . . 377 and 378 COMPOSITION B-3 TURNING A 30° CORNER . . . . . . . . . . 375 and 376 COMPOSITION B-3 TURNING A 45” CORNER . . . . . . . . . . 373 and 374 COMPOS~ON B-3 TURNING A 60° CORNER . . . . . . . . . . . 371 and 372 COMPOSITION B-3 TURNING A 75° CORNER . . . . . . . . . . . 369 and 370 COMPOSITION B-3 TURNING A90” CORNER . . . . . . . . . . . . ...366-368 COMPOSITION B-3 WITH EMBEDDED TANTALUM FOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...220. 221, 272, 290, and 352-354 CONVERGING MUNROE JET..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...363-365 COPPER JETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...43 COPPER SPLASH WAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...54 CYLINDRICAL HOLE ~’ POLYETHYLENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 and 351 CYLINDRICAL HOLE IN WATER . . . . . . . . 187, 188, 278-280, 300, and 318 DETONATION OF TWO P-040 LEXSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...14 Dl_VERGING MUwOE JET..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...322-330 28

DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF ALUMINUM . . . . . . 60-63, 68-70, 76-85, 89, 97, 102-105, 107-110, 211-213, 222-224, 226-232, 234-236, 238, 241, 245-247, 305, 348, 349, 355-361, 366, and 387 DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF BERYLLIUM . . . . . . . . . . ...271 and 379-385 DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF COPPER . . . . . . . . . . . . .239, 240, and 389-391 DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF NICKEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115, 116, 177, 178, 242, 270, and 392-394 DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF THORU_IM . .130, 132, 172-176, 179, 395, and 396 DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF URANIUM . . . . . 123, 129, 131, 133, and 165-171 EXPANSION OF COMPOSITION B-3 PRODUCTS INTO A VACUUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..93 and94 EXPLOSIVE DRIVER FOR MULTIPLE PLATE FRACTURE . . 334 and 347 INTERACTING ALUMINUM JETS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..41. 42. and59 INTERACTION OF COMPOSITION B-3 AND BA.RATOL PRODUCTS . ..2 LEAD JETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...45 LUCITE AND WATER CORNER, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l12andl14 LUCITE SHOCK WAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...75 MACH REFLECTION IN BARATOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3-5 .15. and55 MACH REFLECTION IN COMPOSITION B-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...101 MAGNESISJM JETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...321 MULTIPLE PI-ATE FRACTURE . . . .308-313, 319, 331-333, 335-339, and 385 .240, 249, 255-267, 283, 285-287, 315, 341-343, and 362 MUNROE JET...... MUNROE JET INTERACTING WITH ALUMINUM . . . . . . . . . ...334-336 013LIQUE ALLHVHNUMPLATEIMPACT ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..9Oand96 OBLIQUE ALUMINUM PIATE IMPACT ON COMPOSITION B-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..98 and99 PERLXTE SHOCK VELOCITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...320 PLANE WAVE ALUMINUM GUN.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...250-252 REGULAR REFLECTION IN COMPOSITION B-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1OO SHOCKED ALUMINUM GROOVES INTERACTING WTI’H MERCURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...27 SHOCKED MERCURY INTERACTING WITH A.LUMINUM GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..26 and 184-186 SPHERICAL HOLE IN WATER.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..56 and95 STEEL JETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..44 and 46-51 STEEL SPL4SH WAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...58 THORIUM JETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...125-128 TWO COMPOSITION B-3 DETONATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 35, 38, 40, and 64 TWO COMPOSITION B-3 DETONATIONS COLLIDING WITH ALUMINUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..33 and34 TWO OFFSET COMPOSITION B-3 DETONATIONS . . . . . ...31 and 71-73 URA.NIUMJ EI’S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..74. 117. 122. and 180-182 URANIUM JEI’S PENETRATING ALUMINUM . . . . . . . . . . . 118 and 124 VERMICULITE SHOCK VELOCITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...340 WATER FREE SURFACE MOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 WATER JET, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..192 .298. and 299 WATER SHOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...32.53. ill, 113,253, and 254 29

SHOT 1: Aluminum Jets Date: August 27, 1963 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 33.1 p Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum platE interacte with the grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 3.2 ps. h iE 12.7 mm. The white Lines on the static radiograph are from cracks in the negative,

P-040

COMP, B-3

T

q

101,6

z

—L

= 9r

* --T 25.4 h

SAMPLE I

i T 6.35

30

h +F6’.’+

SHOT 2: Interaction of Composition B-3 and Baratol Pmdueta Date: October 21, 1963 Experimenter: Dougiae Venable Radiographic Time: 23.4 #a. Interaction of the detonation products of a Composition B-3 block and a Baratol cylinder placed 25.4 mm apart and simultaneously bottom-initiated.

F’”’”’-l T

COMP,

t--’”’”

254 —

B-3

*

--i

m ~ m

BARATOL

I

& ‘ +

-Yy aEAM AXIS

m $

BARATOL

I

1

‘L!2Q’ P–w

P+

DET

T w G

L -D

32

o

DET

SHOT 3: Mach Reflection iu Baratal Date: November 5, 1063 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: No record Two Baratml detonation waves interacting to form a Mach reflection. his 26,4 mm. The black spots were caused by shot shrapnel, See Shots 4, 5, 15, and 55.

I ; I

34

SHOT 4: MIWh ReQedOniIIBaratol Date: December 4, 1963 Douglaa Venable Experimenter: 24,28 IW Radiographic Time: Two Baratol detonation wavea interacting to form a Mach reflection. h ia 15.9 mm. % Shots 3, 5, 15, and 55.

DET

I

36

SHOT

tih Reflection in Baratol December 18, 1963 Douglas Venable No lWCOld

5:

Date:

Experimenter: Radiographic Time: Baratol detonation waves interacting to form a Mach reflection, his 25,4 mm. Two The hole in the film was caused by shot shrapnel. See Shots 3, 4, 15, and 55.

DET

3.10

1--3302 +

38

SHOT 6: Aluminum Jets Date: February 13, 1964 I&mrimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 33.1 #a Formation of metallic jeta. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacta with the grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 3.2 x. h is 12.7 mm.

I

I

n. P–cmo

COMP. B–3

101.6

$* &35

L._+

—-_ 71

BEAM AXIS

40

~

!

T

w z

SHOT 7: Aluminum Jets Date: February 18, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 29.46 pa The shock wave used to form metallic jets has traveled 22.2 mm into the aluminum plate. h is 22.22 mm. Duplicated in Shots 141 and 197.

m

DET

P-mo

ho’”+ ~

BEAM AXIS

42

~

~

SHOT 8: Aluminum Jets Date: February 18, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 19.96 ps The explosive system used to form metallic jets. The Composition wave has run 50.8 mm in 6.4 KS.his 50,8 mm.

n. OET

P-040

+’0”

-1

L_,

,—203.2-,

44

, ,“.

I

B-3 detonation

SHOT Date:

Aluminum Jets February 18, 1964 Douglas Venable 27.2 ps

9:

Experimenter: Radiographic Time: The shock wave used to form metallic jets has traveled 6.35 mm into the aluminum plate in 0.9 ps. h is 6.35 mm.

P–C40

COMP, B–3 1 w

101.6

z

_~=g@

●

T 25.4 *

●

I

WMPLE

i / T 6.35

W

+

46

i

Ab--–

‘;’+

t--+

SHOT 10: Aluminum Jets Date: February 18, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 12.55 w The explosive system wed to form metallic jets. The detonation wave has run 37.6 mm into the P-04-O lens in 7.2 AS. h is 106.8 mm.

I

! 25.4

B-3 I

ALUMINUM I

4 t 6.35

48

COMP.

SHOT 11: Aluminum Jets Date: March 3, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Iladiographic Time: 14.55 #s The explosive system used to form metallic jets. The Composition wave has run 7,9 mm in 1,0 x.

h is 93.66.

I

I

P-040

IfR?

r~— h

COMP.

-

E

B-3 \

I 4 25.4

J

ALUMINUM i t 6.35

I

50

I

B-3 detonation

SHOT 12: Aluminum Jets Date: March 3, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 29.9 ~ Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets. The shock wave has reached the plate free surface. h is 25.4 mm. Duplicated in Shots 142 and 198.

P–c40

C~P,

T

B-3

101,6

LQ z

—L=w . T 25.4 *

SAMPLE i

I

/ T 6,35

.

.

i

1-’-1

.kT-–

+‘24

El I

\,

\

I !,

‘1

52

SHOT Date:

13:

Aluminum Jets March 10, 1%4 I&wimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 30.88 pa Reference: Venable, 1964 Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the grooves h produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 1,0 M. h is 25.4 mm. Duplicated

in Shot 143.

m DET

P-040

COMP, B–3

1

I-’”’”-l

Z* 6,35

BEAM

54

h

.:7i–-–

$

SHOT 14:

Detonation of Two P-MO Lenses March 10, 1964 Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 19.69 @ P-040 plane-wave lenses detonated by the top lens. The detonation ho 10.0 mm from the bottom of the lower lens. Date: Experimenter:

DET d I

/

I I r -—..-A= /% /’ ‘\ \\ //

T

Pa

42,7

\

/

\

/

\

I

/

\

/

\ f )

\ \

P-1240

\ \

\ \

BEAM AXIS

E

56

I

/

/

/ /

22.4

/ I

I

wave is

SHOT 15: Maoh Retktion in Baratol Date: March 10, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 53.0 #s Two Baratol detonation waves interacting to form a Mach reflection. The shot is identical to Shot 5 except for the beam orientation. See Shots 3-5 and 55.

DET

DET

I

,#

Im

I J

F

3302

p’-

58

+T

165.1 +

I

Aluminum Jets SHOT 16: March 17, 1964 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 30.32 w Radiographic Time: Venable, 1964 Reference: Formation of metallic jetx, The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the groovee to produce the jete. The free surface of the plate has run for 0.5 ~. h is 25.4 mm. Duplicated in Shot 144.

P–oKl

T

COMP. B–3

w

101.6

z

—L=w * T 25,4 d

?

SAMPLE

i

I

/ T 6.35

.

+

. .

i

A;zi–-–

‘~’+

\, \ U t-’”-+

I f

‘1

60

SHOT 17: Aluminum Jets March 17, 1964 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 31.33 ~ Radiographic Time: The formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 1.5 W. h is 25.4 mm. Duplicated in Shot 145.

P–CMCI

COMP. B-3 1 q

101 .e

G

—L=90°

* T

T 25.4 b

SAMPLE

i /

I

T t--’”+

6.35 —.— BEA.

+‘24

62

.b

Aluminum Jets March 17, 1984 Douglas Venable 31.83 %

SHOT 18: Date: Experimenter:

Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the groove~ to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 2.0 w. h is 25,4 mm. Duplicated in Shot 148.

DET

Fl P-040

+

T w

G

1

64

“

4

SHOT 19: Aluminum Jets Date: March 24, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 32.26 w Reference: Venable, 1964 Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 2.5 W. h is 25.4 mm. Duplicated in Shot 147.

P–w

COMP.

B–3 “

lol.e

7 w. z

rL=90°

●

T 25.4 b

SAMPLE 1

i T 6.35

66

h +%

SHOT 20: Alu.mi.num Jets March 24, 1964 Date: Douglae Venable Experimenter: 32.8 @ Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jete. The free surface of the plate has run for 3.0 pa. h is 25.4 mm.

DET

P-ruo

1

COMP. B–3

101.6

—

F

,

El I

\,

\

I

‘1

‘1

I

&l

SHOT Date:

21:

Aluminum Jets March 24, 196.4 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 33.32 w Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets, The free surface of the plate has run for 3.5 W. h is 25,4 mm.

P-040

COMP. E–3 1 w

101.6

&

—L

=9@

s T 25.4 h

SAMPLE [

i 1 T 6.35

h

\, \ E t-’’-’---i

I

‘1

‘1

70

SHOT 22: Aluminum Jets Date: March 31, 1964 Experimenter: Douglaa Venable Radiographic Time: 26,36 ps The shock wave wd to form metallic jets has reached alumhum plate. h is 0.0 mm.

the top edge of the

P–cdo

T

COMP, B–3

q

101.6

z

7L

=9@

.

T 25.4 b

●

SAMPLE i

✼✌ ✼ ❑ I

/ T 6.35 L._,:—.

i

t-’”+

—

I

11

‘1

I

72

SHOT 23: Aluminum Jets Date : March 31, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable 28.15 #S Radiographic Time: shock wave wed to form metallic jets has traveled 12,7 mm in 1.8 @ into the The aluminum plate. h is 12.7 mm.

P–040

T

C04! P. B–3

—

w

101,6

z

-L

=90”

●

T 25,4 h

SAMPLE i /

J

T 6.35

i & —/T

\, \ El t-s”+

—-—

1

I

,’:

74

SHOT 24: Aluminum Jets Date: March 31, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 7,3 ps The explosive system used to form metallic jets. The detonation wave has run 10.4 I mm into the P-040 lens in 2.0 W, h is 134.0 mm.

fi

H-r

BEAM

lfAxls

J G

r~— h

COMP.

B-3

I 25.4

4

w ALUMINUM

t 6.35 LL

76

, 9r3.

SHOT

25:

Aluminum Jets April 7, 1% Douglas Venable 42,87 #S Reference: Venable, 1964 Formation of metallic jets. The explosively Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time:

induced shock wave in the aluminum

plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jeta. The free surface of the plate has run for 13.0 ~, h iE 57.15 mm,

P-CMO

T

COMP. B–3

●

101.6

w z

—L=W_ I T 25.4 h

●

[

SAMPLE

i / *

~

T t--’”+

6,35

BEAM

+

78

Ab--–

“

4

SHOT

26:

Shocked Mercury Interacting with Aluminum Grooves Date: April 7, 1964 Experimenter: Douglaa Vennble Radiographic Time: 4).62 pe Shocked mercuy interacting with a 900-grooved aluminum plate. Compare with Shot 27, h is 19,05 mm. &w Shote 184-186 for other times.

c

DET

P– 030

COMP.

B–3

w

6

r’=”

-1 ,

I

1

254

11 63.5 +~

~

ALUMINUM

4

l’i~i Ililbllllllllllll \lll Illllllll,

1 +@EAM AXIS , 1

‘mll’l, ‘11111111,,,11 I\llll[lll l~l~ll,llll),L II KIII!I

? 35,4

T

A

“1’ri;

1.

111111,,

I

w

IIllllllj{jll;

80

n

LUCITE BOX

6.3

MERCURY

—

i

z

llll 11/:

i

SHOT

27:

Shocked Aluminum Culy April 7, 1964

Date:

Grooves

Experimenter: Douglae Venable Radiographic Time: 37.1 #a A shocked 90° -gmaved aluminum plate interacting Shot 26.

r

Interacting

with mercury. Compare with

DET

P- 04a

COMP. B–3

I r /.90°

ALUMINUM

●

I

I T

m: 1

MERCURY

LUCITE Box

L

35.4

—63.54L._

T 25.4

—.. I r

7 \

lilli-l,~ 111’ !;1;1!,1

11,, I

1’-106-4

82

with Mer-

III

SHOT 28: Aluminum Jets Date: April 14, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 16.7 w The explosive system used to form metallic jets. The Composition wave has run 25.4 mm in 3.2 k. h is 76.2 mm.

I

I

+040

Ifw T, 6 ?-~—101.6

h

COMP.

B-3 i

I + 25.4

ALUMINUM i f 6.35

‘03”2~

84

B-3 detonation

SHOT 29: Alumiuum Jets Date: April 14, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 34.9 #l Reference: Venable, 1964 Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacta with the groovee to produce jets. The be for 5.0 x. h is 57.15 mm.

surface of the plate haa run

DET

P–040

COMP. B–3

101.6

F

I r

f=w

86

—

T

SHOT 30: Aluminum Jets April 14, 1964 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: Radiographic Time: 36.9 w Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets, The free surface of the plate has run for 7.0 ~. h is 31.75 mm.

m DET

P-MO

I

COMP. B–3

t-’”’”’ 1 =

I I

T 25.4 h

r

L=w

II

I

I

A

)

1

T 6.35

88

i

WLE

h

i

t--’’-’+

SHOT Date:

‘1%0 Ofl’mt Composition

31:

B-3 Detonation

.4pri.l 16, 1964 Douglas Venable 21.25 w

Experimenter: Radiographic Time: Simultaneous detonation of two blocks of Composition B-3 offeet by 28.6 mm. A 6.35-mm-thick aluminum plate waa placed between the explosive blocks Wrpendicular to the direction of detonation wave travel. The detonations have run 60.19 mm in the Composition B-3.

P– MO

P- 040 COMP. B–3 T cOMP.

% G

J-

. BEAM

6.35

AXIS >

I

‘-–

I –-T 1

w. E *

!*

COMP.

B- 3

T? 6

42.9

B-3 1

1

SHOT 32: AluminwII Jets Date: May 5, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 39.9 #s The formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets, The free surface of the plate has run for 10.0 ~. h is 31.75 mm.

DET

P–040

COMP. B–3 T 101.6

R.

t

92

w z

I

SHOT

33:

Two

Composition

B-3

Detonations

Colliding

with

AIUmblum May 5, 1964 Date: I@xmimenter: Douglas Venable 40.6 w Radiographic Time: Two blocks of Composition B-3 were detonated simultaneously and the detonation waves collided with a 25.4-mm-thick aluminum plate. The comprwwed aluminum plate and the shock waves reflected back into the detonation products are shown. The holes in the film were cauaed by shot shrapnel, See Shot 34 for an earlier time,

~DET

P–MO

COMP. 8-3

—

–

1016

50.8

—

+

\LUMINUM I -—+—)1 / BEA;

AXIS

COMP. B 3

P-c40

94

SHOT

34:

Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: Two blocks of Composition

Two Composition Aluminum May 5, 1964 Douglas Venable 28.69 ps

B-3

Detmm.t.iom

B-3 were detonated simultaneously

Colliding

with

and the detonation

waves collided with a 25.4-mm-thick aluminum plate. The compressed aluminum plate and the shock wavea reflected back into the detonation products me shown. See Shot 33 for a later time.

0;

1

n

r

DET

P- 04C

I

cOk?P. B-3

1016

—

1-4 I

BEAM

AXIS

I

COMP. B- 3

II

P- 040

IJ--DET

96

T

SHOT 3S: ho Composition B-3 Detonations Date: May 6, 1964 Experimenter: Douglaa Venable Radiographic Time: 31,3 #s Two blocks of Composition B-3 were detonated simultaneously. A 6.35-mm-thick aluminum plate, one side of which waa coated with iluminum oxide, was placed between the explosive blocks perpendicular to the direction of detonation wave travel.

ALUMINUM PLATE

T I

k!!?”?

r

I

I

1

9

●

P -040

P-CMO

COMP. B-3

CDMP.

Q T.

B-3

G

;

; –-–

~-–

,

50.s

BEAM

AXIS

I 1 ‘

I

d

LEAD

L1’3+11=,0.6+ . .\ . \ / / T

I ,t;(,-’, -. “ ~ ) *._J \\\ ‘n\ ,’1 II // ll\ . /11 . ‘/!1 II

f

98

\ll

,’

\

\

\ll’

SHOT 36: Date: Experimenter:

Aluminum Jets May 11, 1964

Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 31,9 #s Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacte with the grooves to produce the jets, The be surface of the plate has run for 2.0 ~. h is 25.4 mm. Identical ta Shot 18 except that it was fired in SFd gas.

m DET

P–040

COMP. B-3

●

I

w,

101,6

G

—L

=90’ .

T 25.4 b

●

I

WMpLE

i /

J

T 6.35

.M

+

T q s

1

100

t--”’+

i

.~7i–-–

“

4

SHOT 37: Aluminum Jets Date: May 11, 1964 Expximenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 31.9 y Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 2.0 W. h is 25.4 mm, Fired in lay-pton gas.

P- 040

H COMP. 0–3

101,6

EEAM

I

Tw & 1

102

AXIS

~

T Cg 6

!

I

SHOT

‘ho

38:

Composition

B-3 Detonations

May 12, 1964 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 36.3 JLS Radiographic Time: blocks of Composition B-3 were detonated simultaneously. A 6.35-mm-thick Two aluminum plate with an aluminum oxide coating on one side was placed between the explosive blocks perpendicular to the direction of detonation wave travel. The detonation waves collided with a lead plate, and a reflected shock was sent back into the detonation products. The reflected shock wave haa traveled for 10 JLS.

AL bMINUhl PLATE CIET

+

T

P–04.O

P-MO

\m COMP. B–3

COMP. B- 3

; T-

—-— T--r

;

w

BEAM AXIS

50.8 Ik 1

J

I

LEAD

I–101.6

~*lol.6—l .

.

-.

/

\

II

\

/’

Tw -. U( f“’, ,? 1 J\ *-J rG .‘1 l\ \ /

\

\ll,

I

\ll

1

/

/’n\

\ \

104

\

‘:

.

, ---

II 1I

/

~ ‘---

/ 1

SHOT 39: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic A shock wave 90° aluminum wedge in 5.37

Aluminum Wedge May 12, 1964 Douglas Venable Time: 44,5 #s generated by a Composition B-3 detonation wave interacting with a wedge, his 38.1 mm, The shock wave has traveled 38.1 mm into the ~s, See Shots 135-138 and 214-217 for other times.

w G — COMP.

8-3

- + w 6—

COMP.

B-3

w P-040

DET

106

J

‘l%ro Composition B-3 Detonations SHOT 40: Date: May 12, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 36.3 @ blocks of Composition B-3 were detonated simultaneously. A 6.35-mm-thick Two uranium plate with an aluminum oxide coating on one side was placed between the explosive blocks perpendicular- to the direction of detonation wave travel, The detonation waves collided with a lead plate,, and a reflected shock of 1O-IMduration was sent back into the detonation products. See Shot 64 for a different beam orientation,

2tr

DET

P-MO

P–040

COMP. B- 3

COMP.

_-

—-———

B.-3

T._

BEAM AXIS J

i

:

1

LEAD

J-

F-+!% ~ TUdALLfJY PLATE 1.016

~

<

1.27 iNOT ALUMINUM OXIDE O.z%l

TO SCALE}

SHOT 41: Intemdng Aluminum Jets Date: June 16, 196.4 Experimenter: Douglaa Venable 42.93 * Radiographic Time: Reference: Venable, 1964 Interaction of jets from two grwved aluminum platea shocked si.multaneoualy by Cornpoeition B-3 detonation wavea. The platea were perpendiculw to each other, The free surfacea of the plat.aa have run for 13.0 W. See Shot 59.

\

-f GROOVES

110

/

Interacting Aluminum Jets SHOT 42: June 16, 1964 Date: Expmimenter: Douglas Venable 42.99 ~ F7adio~apMc Time: Interaction of jets from two grooved aluminum plates shocked simultaneously by Compcaition B-3 detonation wavea. The angle between the plates is 60°, and their free surfaces have run for 13.0 x,

-

DET,

112

SHOT 43: Copper Jets Date: June 23, 19M Experimenter: Douglaa Venable Radiographic Time: 348 ps Formation of metallic jeta. The explosively induced shock wave in the copper plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the pla;e hi for 3.5 W. h is 25.4 mm.

P–04C

COMP, E-3 1 % z

101.6

—~=g@

d T 25.4 ●

T

SAMPLE

i / m

~

J

T 6,35

114

h

t-’s’--l

run

SHOT 44: Steel Jets June 23, 1964 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 34.9 pa Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the 1019 steel plate interacta with the grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 3.5 ~. h is 25.4 mm.

P-clan

COMP, B–3 T .

w

101.6

z

_~=g@

T 25.4 *

-

●

SAMPLE

i # T 6.35

116

h

i

+’”+

SHOT 45: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jeta. teracts with the grooves to 3.5 W. h ig 25,4 mm.

Lead Jets June 23, 1964 Douglas Venable 39.4 @ The explosively induced shock wave in the lead plate inproduce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for

P-C40

COMP. B–3 1 w z

—L=9Lf

N T 25.4 h

SAMPLE [

i 1 T 6.35

118

!

t--’”+

SHOT 46: Steel Jets Date: June 30, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 36.28 w Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the 1019 steel plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 5.0 g. h is 25.4 mm.

m 3ET

P–cw

COMP. B–3

L-P 101.6

.%

h ,

6.35

—.— EEAhl

120

.:=i

w z

SHOT

47:

Steel Jets June 30, 1964

Date:

Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 33.32 w Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the 1019 st~l plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 2.0 psi h is 25.4 mm.

P–040

COMP, B–3 T q

101.6

& —~=~

* T 25.4 *

SAMPLE I

i 1 T &35

,EmA;Ti–-–

+~’4

122

k’s’+

SHOT 48: Steel Jets Date: June 30, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 39,32 ~ Formation of metallic jets. The explmively induced shock wave in the 1019 steel plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 8.0 pa. h is 25.4 mm.

P–040

T 101.6

CWP,

B–3

w z

-[

Y 25.4 b

v

=90”

* SAMPLE

i 1

/

,

T 6.35

!

I

*“-’+

IlllE I

\,

\

I, / /,

124

SHOT 49: Steel Jets July 7, 19M Date: Experimenter: Douglas Venable 42.2 &s Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the 1019 steel plate interacta with the grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 11.0 pa. h is 25.4 mm.

fi

HT ‘0’”’ --i :

t-

I

-L=6cf

T 25.4 b

I

●

SAMPLE

i / T 6.35

BEN4

126

t-’’-’+

i L._,: AXIS

___ J

!

SHOT 50: Date: Experimenter:

Steel Jets July 7, 1964 Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 45.3 pa Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the 1019 skl plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets. The free mu-face of the plate has run for 14.0 psi h is 25.4 mm.

P– MO

CCMP.

*

T

s-3 “

101.6

q z

—L=9W

* T 25.4 *

●

SAMPLE [

i

/ I

T 6.35

BEAM

+*2

t-’”+

I

A~7i–-–

u

----i

I

\,

\

1

‘1

‘1

128

Steel Jets SHOT 51: July 7, 1964 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 31.3 #s Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the 1019 steel plate interacts with the groovee to produce the jets. The shockwave has reached the plate free surface. h is 25,4 mm.

m DET

P-oAa

COMP. B–3

I

1

T 25.4 h

i

1

/ T 6.35

i L—77—-—

130

t-”’+

SHOT 52: Water Shock Date: July 9, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 67.1 ~ Reference: Mader, 1966 The shock wave formed in water by a Composition the water-&e surface, h is 25.4 mm.

1— LUCITE CYLINDEtl 6,35 WALL

B-3 detonation wave has reached

12?_,

I 1 I I

WATER --l

I

Pm

m DET

101,6

1~1 /’/ /

\

\’\

132

I

I

Water Shock SHOT 53: July 14, 1964 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 49.5 #s Radiographic Time: Mader, 1985 Reference: The shock wave formed in water by a Composition mm.

T

134

B-3 detonation wave. h is 50.8

SHOT 54: Date: Experimenter:

Copper Splash Wave July 14, 1964 Douglas Venable 42.2 p Radiographic Time: Taylor and Venable, 1968 References: Copper splash wave and dynamic fracture generated by 101.6 mm of detonated Composition B-3 initiated by a P-40 lens, The copper plate was coated with solder,

r-% P 040 f

COMP. B–3

I 1 . G T

101.6

L

v

=. SAMPLE

136

,EEAM

AX, S

IT

SHOT

55:

Mnch Rdlection in Wiratol Date: July 14, 1964 Experimenter: Douglaa Venable Radiographic Time: 46,2 p Two Baratol detonation waves interacting to form a Mach reflection. Similar to Shoti 5 and 15, but the beam orientation is different. See Shots 3-5 and 15.

DE1

OET

138

SHOT 56: Spherical Hole in Water Date: July 14, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 49,2 @ Reference: Mader, 1965 A shock wave formed in water by a Composition B-3 detonation wave (see Shot 53) interacts with a spherical air bubble. See also Shot 95.

LULlr

E BOX

2?.6. mm Id., 31.1 mm-o.d

k

P040

140

DET

BALL

SHOT 57: Armco Iron Splash Wave Date: July 21, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 42.68 w Reference: Taylor and Venable, 1968 Armco iron splash wave and dynamic fkacture generated by 101.6 mm of detonated Compcmition B-3 initiated by a P-40 lenB.

Tw

o

L

L I

r

Prwl

COMP, B -3

T ~ 5

142

101,6

—

SHOT 5!3: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: Reference:

Steel Splash Wave July 21, 1964 Douglas Venable 42.01 ~ Taylor and Venable, 1968 A.ISI O-2 tool ~teel splash wave and dynamic fracture generated by 101.6 mm of detonated Composition B-3 initiated by a P-40 lens,

T-”

I a 5

0

L

r+ DET

P- 0442

cOMP.

B 3

T q z

101 6

*

L BEAM

SAMPLE I

144

. .,

AXIS

I*

SHOT 59: Interacting Aluminum Jets Date: July 21, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable 42.47 ps Radiographic Time: Reference: Venable, 1965 Interaction of the jets produced by two aluminum plates shocked simultaneously by Composition B-3 detonation waves. The plates were perpendicular to each other, and their free surfaces have run for 13.0 w. See Shot 41.

146

SHOT 60: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time:

Dw.amic Fractluw of Aluminum Jtiy 28, 1964 Douglas Venable 34.07 #l Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd,

References: Dynamic fracture of 2ti,4-mm-thick,

t, 2024 aluminum.

1968

The plate is shocked by

101.6 mm of Composition B3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 12.7 mm. The free surface of the plate has run 25,4 mm in 4.0 W.

101 6 h ALUMINUM

- 2024

—+”

~

+“fi+ BEAM

AXIS

a COMP.

E —

B-3

1

P-040

148

SHOT 61: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: References:

~ ~ of Ahlminulu July 28, 1E%4 DouglaE Venable 37,86 #s Breed et al., 1967; Thuraton and Mudd,

1968

_ic fmctw of 25.4-mm-th.ick, t, 2024 aluminum. The plate ia shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 titiated by a P-MO lens. h iE 25.4 mm. The free surface of the plate haa run for 8.0 ~.

+—

,0,.6

--

w

1-l COMP,

6

B-3

1

I

T 150

P-040

I

Dynamic Fracture July 28, 1964

SHOT 62: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic

Time:

of Aluminum

Douglas Venable 45,98 p’s Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd,

1968 References: Dynamic fracture of 25.4-mm-thick, t, 2024 aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. his 50.8 mm. The frse surface of the plate has run for 16.0 ~.

// .\ El1--10”--i )

\

T

%

(-1

\ \

z

\.

.-

I

/

BEAM

/

1

AXIS

i\ —+ ,—-.~ . SAMPLE

~ r COM?. B -3

(q z

P -040

152

.1

Dynamic Fracture of Aluminum SHOT 63: Date: July 28, 1964 Douglas Venable Experimenter: 53.88 p Radiographic Time: Ib3ferencee: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.4-mm-thick, t, 2024 aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 76.2 mm. The free surface of the plate has run 76.2 mm in 24.0 x.

/f.-.\ El10’6 +

+

I

\

T

q

(-l

G

\

/

\

\

/

/

.

I/

BEAM

—+

1

AXIS

—-~ . SAMPLE

COMP. B-3

P C!40

154

SHOT 64: Date: Experimenter:

Two Composition

B-3 Detonations

August 6, 1964 Douglas Venable 36.49 w

Radiographic Time: Two blocks of Composition B-3 were detonated simultaneously. A I. O-mm-thick uranium plate was placed between the explosive blocks perpendicular to the direction of detonation wave travel. The detonation waves collided with a lead plate, and a reflected shock was sent back into the detonation products. See Shot 40 for a different beam orientation.

t--”’’--l

SAMPLE

156

PLATE

SHOT 68: ~C Fmdure of Aluminum Date: Auguet 18, 1984 Expximenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 28.93 w References: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 24.5-mm-thick, t, 2024 aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h ia 12.7 mm. The shock wave in the aluminum and the reflected shock wave in the detonation products are vi~ible.

h

t--’””+

w COMP

B-3

6 —

t

P-040

158

SHOT 69: Dynamic Fracture of Aluminum Date: Auguet 18, 1964 Experimenter: Douglaa Venable 31.38 @ Radiographic Time: Raferencee: Breed et al., 1967; ‘Tlmmton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of .24,6-mm-thick, t, 2024 aluminum. The plate ia shocked by 101,6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-MI lens. h is 12.7 mm.

us

COMP.

5

E-3

1

P-040

“LO,,

160

SHOT Date:

70:

DYMmic Fractured August 18, 1964 Douglas Venable 33.8& #a

Aluminum

Experimenter: Radiographic Time: Breed et al., 1867; Thumton and Mudd, 1968 References: Dynamic bcture of 24.6 -mm-thic~ t, 2024 aluminum. The plate h shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h ia 12.7 mm.

101 6

ALLMNUM :~fll

- 2024

—+—

BEAM

~

~

AXIS

w Corn?

B -3

E

I 1

P-040

162

SHOT 71: Two Oi!bet Campogition B-3 Detanationa Date: Augwt 11, 1964 Eqwimenter: Douglaa Venable Radiographic Time: 24.53 m Two Composition B-3 detonation separated by 1.02-mm-thick uranium and offset, d, 1.02 mm.

r-, ——

--’

-—

?- C140 ———-——

———

COMP

.

E–3

1[

EEL7M AXIS

+—

=-+--== TUBALLOY

T~ 5f19—

t

+ “T,

._i__________ ———

LEAD

-—101,6—

164

LEAO

SHOT 72: Two O-t Composition B-3 Detonating Date: August 11, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 24.52 w Two Composition B-3 detonations separated by 1.02-mm-thick uranium and offset, d, 2.03 mm.

_ —101.6—

,-, ————

COMP

(NOT

—’0’

‘+

P-040

—

B-3 COMP

1[

B-3

COMP,

AxIS

+— —TUBALLOY

7--L m

5oB—

________

I LEAD

—

101.6 —

I

SCALE)

OET

P-040 —.—

BEAM

.-f

TO

DET

P–040 ——————

:.02

LEAO

B-3

I

SHOT 73: Two Offset Composition B-3 Detonations August 11, 1964 Date: Experimenter: Douglas Venable 24.49 #3 Radiographic Time: Two Composition B-3 detonations separated by 1.02-mm-thick uranium and offset, d, 3.05 mm.

~

I 02

[NOT

TO

T

,-,

P-040 —————— COMP

.——

.

—.

~ cd

B-3 BEAM AXIS

~-

‘[ ~— TUHALLOY 508—

i “T, t

-_!_________

_

LEAO

—-0’+

168

SCALE)

SHOT 74: Uranium Jets Date: August 11, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Thliographic Time: 35.9 ps Formation of metallic jets. The explosively

induced shock wave in the uranium plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets. h is 25.4 mm.

DET 1

P–CMO

COMP, B–3 T w z

—L=go”

I T 25,4 *

SAMPLE [

i T 6.35

+

170

h

t-’”+

’32

4

SHOT 75: Lucite Shock Wave Date: August 19, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 42.37 w The shock wave formed in Lucite by a Composition B-3 detonation wave. The resulting deformation of the Lucite block could not be examined ueing gold foils.

I ~-lm-q

I

LUCITE

II

“’4’+$! L ‘ COMP,

B-3

w

G —

-1

P-040

%

172

DET

SHOT 76: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: Reference9:

~ ~ of Mdum August 25, 1964 Douglaa Venable 28.0 w Venable, 1986; Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968

Dynamic fracture of 25.1-mm-thick, t, 2024 aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition E-3 initiatd by a P-040 lens. h is 12.7 mm. The shock wave is about half way through the ihuninum.

1-

1016_-

w COMP.

6 —

B-3

Y P-040

174

DET

SHOT 77: Dynamic Fracture of Aluminum Date: August 25, 1964 I&perimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 32.92 w References: Breed et al., 1967; Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, 2024 aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 31.8 mm.

//\\ El L---

,o,.~

+

I

\

T

w

(-1

\ \

G

1-

/

\

0

I/ :

—+

BEAM

—-~ SAMPLE

COMP. B 3

P C!40

176

/

1

AXIS

SHOT 78: Date: Experimenter:

IIYmlmic Fmlcture of Aluminum August 25, 1964 Douglas Venable 32.93 w Radiographic Time: References: Brmd et al., 1967; Thurstcm and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-th.ick, t, 2024 aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-M lens. h is 38,1 mm.

// .\ El101”6 -i

+

I

\

T

w

f-l

\ \

z

/

\.

1/

BEAM

—+—

‘6

SAMPLE

COMP. B-3

P 040

178

/

1

0

AXIS

——

Dynamic Fracture of Aluminum SHOT 79: September 1, 1964 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 27.33 w Radiographic Time: Breed et al., 1967; Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Reference: Dynamic fracture of 25.1-mm-thick, t, 2024 aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h ia 6.4 mm. The shock wave is about one-fourth through the aluminum.

h’””+

w P-040

OET

180

Dynamic Fracture of Aluminum SHOT 80: September 1, 1964 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 30.87 gs Radiographic Time: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 References: Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, 2024 aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 31.8 mm.

1--10’6--i x

0

Tq 1

El\

/

\

/

f

\

(-1

\ \

\

z

/

.

/

/

I

1/

BEAM

——

+T SAMPLE

CL)MP. B--3

PD40

182

AXIS

SHOT 81: DYMmic Frncture of Ahlminum September 1, 1964 Date: Douglaa Venable Experimenter: 30.66 pa Radiographic Time: Breed et al., 1967; Thureton and Mudd, 1968 Reference: Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-thick 2024 aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-MO lens. There is a 0.05-mm-thick, t, lead foil between the Composition B-3 and the aluminum plate.

10” +

+

I./ ~EAM AXIS “r’

ALUMINUM

~

2024

DL.

LEAD

T

FOIL

coMP.

,

~

B 3

z

1

I

184

P-040

I

SHOT

82:

~c htum of Aluminum September 15, 1%4 DougAaa Venable Radiographic Time: 33.94 #a References: Br=d et al., 1967; Thureton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of M.O-mm-thick 2024 aluminum. The plate ia shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lene. There ie a 0.05-mm-thick, t, lead foil between the Composition B-3 and the aluminum plate. Date: Experimenter:

10” +

F

BEAM

AXIS

!/ A LIJMI NUhl 2024 , \ LEAD

FOIL

“~ L.

~

T q

COMP. B 3

&

1

P-040

186

SHOT 83: ~c =of Aluminum Date: Septemb9r 15, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 30.53 @ Raferencee: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of l. O-mm-thick, t, 2024 aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 25.4 mm.

/ El10”--1

+

x

\

/

\

/

I

\

[

\ \

\

T

q

-1

s

/

/

1

\

/

—+-

lb’

BEAM AXIS

—.

I I SAMPLE

COMP. B-3

P 040

188

_

SHOT

84:

Date: Experimenter: Radiographic R8femmes:

Time:

Fmctluw d Aluminum ~c September 15, 1964 Douglas Venable 30,74 #a Breed et al., 1967; Thumb and Mudd,

// % \ El-

1966

fracture of 3.O-mm-thick, t, 2024 aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Coxnpoaiticm B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h ia 26.4 mm.

Dynamic

1“’6

+

---4

I

\

t

w

-)

G

\

/

\

\

/

/

\

lb

BEAM

—+

T

1

AXIS

—

-

,~ .

I .

WPLE

f COMP. B- 3

w z

L P-cm

---F=

190

SHOT 85: ~c Fmcture of Aluminum Date: September 15, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 31.18 ps Reference: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 6.O-mm-thick, t, 2024 aluminum, The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 25.4 mm.

I/’

BEAM

—+

AXIS

—

-~ ~ SAMPLE

COMP. E--3

P C40

u-

192

‘ET

SHOT

86:

Cdl.kling Composition B-3 Detmmtions September 22, 1964 Date: Douglaa Venable Experimenter: 28.42 w Radiographic Time: The reflected ahocke in Composition B-3 detonation products 2.0 M after collision of the detonation wavea. See Shots 87, 91, 92, and 273-277.

0;

T

1 i-1016 -i

D

I

I I

P 040

COMP. B- 3

r /

BEAM AXIS

COMP. B- 3

I

I

P 040

-u=

194

SHOT 87: Colliding Composition Ml DetOnatiom Date: September 22, 1964 Experimenter: Douglaa Venable Radiographic Time: 27,41 ~ Reference: Venable, 1965 The reflectad shocks in Composition B-3 detonation products 1.0 ~ after collision of the detonation wavee. See ShrJta 86, 91, 92, and 273-277.

0;

D’

1

t--

10’6-1 P- 04cl

tCOMP. B 3

/

I COMP. B 3

196

BEAM AXIS

SHOT 88: Dynamic Fracture of Aluminum Date: SeptimbOr 22, 1964 Experimenter: Douglaa Venable Radiographic Time: 32.0 ~ References: Breed et al., 1967; Thu.mton and Mudd, 1966 Dynamic fracture of 6.O-mm-thick, t, 2024 aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-(I40 lens. h iE 25.4 mm. The free mrface of the plate haa run 4 p.s.

’016 +

+

Tw [-) G \\\ //I \ 1 .

0-

El/

\

\

/

f

\

\ ,

=L

S4MPLE

COhlP. B–3

P- c-?-o

198

BEAM

——

AXIS

—

SHOT 89: ~~ofAhlrninllm Date: September 22, 1964 Experimenter: Douglaa Venable Radiographic Time: 33.9 * References: Breed et al., 1967; Thu.&on ud Mudd, 1%!3 Dynamic fracture of 25,0-mm-thick 2024 aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-W lens. h ie 25.0 mm. There is a 0.25-mmthick, t, lead foil bstween the Compcmition B-3 and the aluminum plate. The free surface of the plate has run 4.0 W.

~

101.6

—1

/

BEAM

AXIS

“/ ALUMINUM r \ LEAD

FOIL

2924

q-.

~

T *

COMP, d- 3

s

1

P- 040

200

SHOT 90: Oblique Aluminum Plate Impact Date: September 22, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 32.60 ~ A I. O-mm-thick aluminum plate driven by 101.6-mm-thick Composition B-3 strikes an oblique aluminum target. % Shot 96 for an earlier time.

✼ ✏ ❑✍ \l

,1

T

/;

il

/’:

\

\

/

/

1

I

+

ALUMINUM BEAM AXIS

I

I

Im cOW.

Lz

B. 3

b P- (34U

JET

202

1

SHOT 91: Colliding timposition B-3 Detonations Date: September 29, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 26.8 w The reflected shocks in Compmition B-3 detonation produrts 0.5 ~ after collision of the detonation wavee. See Shots 86, 87, 92, and 273-277.

D ET

F

P- 040

I I

COMP. B 3

l-+1BEAM AXIS

CIJMP. B 3

2CM

SHOT 92: Colliding Composition B-3 Detonations Date: September 29, 1984 I@mrimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 27.8 p.s The reflected shocks in Composition B-3 detonation products 1.5 ~ after collision of the detonation waves. See Shots 86, 87, 91, and 273-277,

❑ 0;

T

1 t-1016 -’i

r

Po&l

I

I

204

COMP. B 3

D ET

SHOT

93:

Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: Reference: Expansion of Composition Shot 94.

Expansion of Composition Vacuum September 29, 1964 Douglas Venable 27.3 w Venable, 1965

Products

into

a

B-3 detonation products into a vacuum for 1.0 ps. See

I I--------41 0!

I

)-l ~

T ‘-? &

6.35

~ ~––_–

1-

B8,9

~ –,.,

10,.6

1

I

4 I

1“

~

VACLUhl

;

Li 12.7 T

;~— 1 \ BEAM

AXIS

t w s

COMP, B 3

1

208

B-3

SHOT

94:

Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: ~ference: Expauaicm of Composition Shot 98.

~m d timmtition vacuum September 29, 1964 Douglae Venable 28.3 * Venable, 1965

B-3

into

a

B3 detonation products into a vacuum for 2.0 W, See

L-------4 I

01 I

I

I

I

—

F

6.35

I

I

I

I ~ l--–

t--

I

I

I 88.9 –––

-----l –-i

101”6 1

BEAM AXIS

COMP. d 3

I

-c=-

210

Products

.~ .

SHOT 95: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time:

Spherical Hole in Wati September 29, 1964 Doughs Venable X).6 w Mader, 1965

Reference: A shock wave formed in water by a Composition interacta with a spherical air bubble.

B-3 detonation wave (ace Shot 53)

Sea Shot 56.

I LUCITE

tloX

29.6 -mm.l d., 31.1. mm.o.d. BALL

+lr+ 6.35

t-

212

101’ --i

Oblique Aluminum Plate Impact SHOT 96: October 2, 1%4 Date: Douglaa Venable %perirnenter: 28,5 w Radiographic Time: Venable, 1965 Reference: A I. O-mm-thick aluminum plate driven by 101.6-mm-thick Composition B-3 strikes an oblique aluminum target for 2.0 g. See Shot 90 for a later time.

101.6

t-

-i

I

1-:

/’

.uMINUM

.5

BEAM AXIS

w

I

I %=+

214

COW.

B--3

P -040

I ~

I

SHOT Date:

97:

Exrmrimcmter: Radiographic Time:

~ ~ @tober 2, 1664 130uglaa Venable 33.9 #a

of Aluminum

R8ferencea:

Breed et al., 1W7; Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of M.O-mm-thick 2432-4aluminum. The plate ia shocked by 101.6 mm of Compoaiticm lk3 initiated by a P-040 lens. There is a 0.13-mm-thick, t, lead plate between the Composition B-3 and the aluminum plate,

‘0’6

t--

1

m ~ / ‘d

ALiJiIINUM

LEAD

BEAM

2024

FOIL

AXIS ~ L.

~

T w

COMP. B-3

Hz

1

P- 040

DET

216

SHOT 98: Date: Experimenter:

Oblique Aluminum Plate Impact on Composition November 17, 1964 Douglaa Venable 29.38 w

B-3

Radiographic Time: Initiation of detonation in Composition B-3 by oblique impact from a l. O-mm-thick aluminum plate driven by 101,6 mm of detonatad Composition B-3,

+

’01’

ALUMINUM

~. z

218

BEAM AXIS

--i

Oblique Aluminum Plate Lmpact on Composition November 17, 1964 Douglas Venable 31.38 @

SHOT 99: Date: Experimenter:

Iladiographic Time: Multiple initiation of detonation in a block of Composition

B-3

B-3 by oblique impact

from three 1.O-mm-thick aluminum plates driven by blocks of detonating Composition B-3.

DET

DET

ALUMINUM

220

SHOT 100: -r ~on in Composition B-3 Date: November 17, 1964 I@wrimenter: Douglaa Venable Radiographic Time: 37.9 * ho Composition B-3 detonation wavee interacting to form a regular reflection.

222

Mach Refktion in C-ompu.sition B-3 SHOT 101: November 17, 1!364 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 44.8 &s Radiographic Time: Two Composition B-3 detonation wavee interacting to form a Mach reflection. The em-k of demity standarda (atap wedges) at the bottom of the static radiograph is for film dansity calibration,

DET

BEAM

/ —+

224

AXIS

of Aluminum SHOT 102: ~C F~ November 24, 1964 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 34.31 * Radiographic Time: Breed et al., 1967; Thureton and Mudd, 1968 %ferencee: Dynamic fractxue of 3.O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Compcmition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 38.1 mm. No fracture layer waa obaemwd.

//>-. El1016 ---i

+

Tp (-t 6 \\\ /// . 1 \

/

I

\

lb

BEAM

—;

AxIS

—-~ L SAMPLE

r CfJMP. B-3

q &

L

P -C40

226

SHOT 103: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time:

W’mUrk hof Aluminum December 8, 1964 Doughw Venable 38.42 w Breed et al., 1W7; Thuretm and Mudd,

1968 References: Dynamic tiacture of 3.O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate ie shocked by 101.6 mm of Cornpoeition B-3 initiated by a P-04JI lens. his 60.325 mm. No flacture layer waE obeerved.

+-

1016

❑ --i

.

Tu t-) & \\\ // \ ‘A /

\

,-

\

/

/

\

b

LIEAM AXIS

—+

—

-p r

I SAMPLE

r COMP. B-3

w z

1

? OAo

228

SHOT 104: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: Reference9:

D3mmnic Fracture of Aluminum January 6, 1965 Douglas Venable 38.33 * Breed et al., 1967; Thumton and Mudd,

1968

_ic ~a~~ of 6.O-mm-tfick, t, ~utium. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Compmition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lene. h ia 50.8 mm. No fracture layer was obeerved.

l--

“1’

+ \

❑ /

Tw (-1 z \\\ /// . 1

t

/

/

b

\

\ \

BEAM

—+—

-

AXIS — ~ ---

I SAMPLE

r COMP. B–3

w. z

~ C40

230

L

SHOT Date:

105:

wmlmic -ture of Aluminum November 24, 1964

Experimenter: Doughs Venable Radiographic Time: 34.!29 #a References: Breed et al., 1967; Thureton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 6. O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-MO lens. h ia 34.575 mm. No fracture layer was observed.

+

,016

—+ x

Tq [-1 & \\\ /// \ 1 .0

El.’

\

\

/

I

\

Ii

BEAM

—+-

——

I SAMPLE

COMP. B--3

P- U4c

232

AXIS

-.

SHOT 107: DYnnmic Fracture of AhIIninum Date: January 20, 1965 Experimenter: Douglaa Venable Radiographic Time: 28.43 J@ %ferencea: Breed et al., 1967; Thurstxm and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 6.O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Comptmition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens, h is 57.15 mm.

lb

LIEAM AXIS

—;

—-n . WMPLE

t COMP, B-3

w z

L PU4.O

234

SHOT 109: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: Reference:

~c humJU’e of Aluminum December 8, 1964 Douglas Venable 30.43 # Breed et al., 1967; Thuraton and Mudd,

196S

_ic hof 12.O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-(34O lens. h is 19.05 mm.

P —;

BEAM

AXIS

—-~ . SAMPLE

r CUM?.

B–3

w z

L P -040

238

SHOT 110: ~atic I%actum of Alumimuu Dab: January 5, 1!365 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 42.29 w References: Breed et al., 1967; Thureton and Mudd, 1966 Dynamic fracture of 12.O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Compmition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 75.5 mm.

//.-8 \ Ell--

1“1’

-i

Tw (-1 6

I

\

\\ \

f

/

/

\

1

lb

BEAM

AXIS

—1—-~ . SAMPLE

r coMP.

a–3

9 z

L P040

240

LLJ; l-r E

SHOT 112: Lucite and Water Comer Date: December 22, 1984 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 31.13 #a Ilderence: Mader, 1966a The shock wave formed by Composition B-3 driving 25.4-mm-thick Lucite interacts with a Lucite comer filled with water. See Shot 114 for a later time. h is 5.08 mm,

101.6

—

tL3B.1+

+

WATER

~

4-J h

BEAM AXIS

t

●

LUCITE

I COMP. B–3

I

244

P-wo

~

;

SHOT 113: Date: Experimenter: Radiogmphic Time: Reference:

Water Shcwk December 22, 1964 Douglaa Venable 31.86 #s Macier, 1966a

The shock wave formed in water by a Composition B-3 detonation wave drives 25.4mm-thick Lucite. Shot 111 shows the water shock wave at an earlier time. his 10.16 mm.

1018+

—

b

6.35 4L

~ LuCITE Box

-

I WATER

I [

,

I

T

I

76,2

BEAM 1!

4 25,4

% LUCITE

COMP, B–3

t w z

1 P–04Q

246

SHOT 114: Lucite and Wa& Comer December 29, 1964 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 31.86 P Radiographic Time: Mader, 1966a %ference: The shock wave formed by Composition B-3 driving 25.4-mm-thick Lucite interacts with a Lucite corner filled with watmr. See Shot 112 for an earlier time. h is 10.16 mm. To increase the radiographic contrast, 0.4 molar zinc iodide was added to the water.

❑ \

/’

\

//

1

(:J

w z

\

\

/

\

\,

I

!-+

+

COM#.

P-m

248

B-3

J

-

SHOT

115:

Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time:

Dynamic R’actum January 7, 1965

of Nickel

Douglaa Venable 38.0 w References: Breed et al., 1967; Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.4-mm-thick, t, nickel. The plate ia shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-OK) lens. h is 38.1 mm.

10”

+

+ \

❑ /

/

/

I

Tw (-J & \

\

\

1-

\

/

\

/

\

/

\

Ii —+

COMP, B-3

250

BEAM AXIS

—-~ SAMPLE

1

SHOT 116: ~ hwture of Nickel January 7, 1966 Date: Douglae Venable Experimenter: 45.29 w Radiographic Time: Breed et al., 1967; Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 References: Dynamic fracture of 25.4-mm-thick, t, nickel. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-MO lens. h ti 50.8 mm,

// .\ El 1016 -i

+

Tw (-) 1z \\\ ./ / . 1

I

\

lb

BEAM

—+

I

—-~

SAMPLE

C(JMP. B 3

P 040

252

AXIS

.

SHOT 117: Uranium Jetu Date: November 24, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Vemable Radiogmpbic Time: 41.46 #a Formation of metallic jets, The expkmively induced shock wave in the uranium 01me plate plate interati with the 90” grooves to produce the jets. -1 ne rreesu.rmce “ “ “” ‘ ‘ has run for 9.9 ~. h is 50.8 mm.

r-l

m. d=$=+!g P– 040

COMP, B–3

1

w

101,6

z

6.35

h

\, \ IEl

‘- —i;—-—

I

1

‘1

‘1

254

l.lranium Jets Penetrating Ahuninum SHOT 118: December 3, 1964 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 41.48 * Radiographic Time: The expbeively induced shockwave in the uranium plate interacta with the groovm to produce the jets. The free m.rface of the plate has run for 9-9 ~. This shot is identical to Shot 117 except that an aluminum target plate was added to show the penetration properties of the jets.

t-

I

101.6

--+-

50.B

I

P-C4U

I }—

256

BEAM

AXIS z . ALUMINUM

152.4+

I

SHOT

122:

Uranium

Jetta

Date: Experimenter:

December 8, 1964 Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 56.58 w Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the uranium plate interacta with the 90° groov~ to produce the jets. -L“nefree “ r “‘’ ‘ surface 01the plate has run for 25.0 x. h ia 63.5 mm.

m DET

P–MO

COMP, B-3

‘01”6 --l

t-

I

:

—L-w

●

T

SAMPLE

25.4 4

J # T 6.35

+

258

h ,

i

t-”’+

2:2+

SHOT 123: Dynamic Fracture of Uranium Date: December 30, 1964 Roger W, Taylor Experimenter: 49.15 * Radiogmphic Time: Thuratcm and Mudd, 1968 Reference: I&iamic fracture of 25,4-mm-thick, t, uranium. The plate ia shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 50.8 mm.

-

,(j,~

-1

❑

Tw (-1 z \\\ /// . 1\

.0

\

/

\

/

I

\

SAMPLE

t CO.VP, B 3

w &

L P 040

SHOT 124: Uranium Jets Penetrating Aluminum Date: December 31, 1964 Experimenter: I@er W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 49.12 ~ The explosively induced shock wave in the uranium plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 17.5 ps. The aluminum target plate shows the penetration properties of the uranium jets.

—

l--

‘“’6 +

“a-

2Q3.2 -

DET

P–m

1 COMP. 8–3

w z

E.

‘BEAM

AXIS

? :

ALUMINUM I

262

SHOT 125: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic

Thorium

Jets

January 26, 1975 Roger W, Taylor 33.57 pa jets. The explosively induced

shock wave in the thorium

plate interacts with the 90” grooves to produce the jets. h is 25,4 mm. The shock wave has arrived at the plate free surface.

t%

HT t-’”’”’ 1 :

Z* 6.35

BEAM .k7i–-–

+2“24

IEl I

‘,1

I

‘1 ‘1

264

SHOT

126:

Thorium Jets Date: December 31, 1964 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 41.68 @ Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the thorium plate interacts with the 90° grooves h produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has n.m for 8,1 ~, h is 50.8 mm.

P–o-lo

COMP. B–3 ~T w

101.6

z

-L=~

w 7 25,4 d

SAMPLE i 1 T 6.35

266

h

t-’”+

SHOT 127: Thorium Jets Date: January 26, 1965 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 36.57 #S Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the thorium plate interacts with the 90° grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate haa run for 3.0 ps. h is 25.4 mm.

3ET

r

P-MO

FT

K’”-i ~

BEAM

268

,:7’i-––

SHOT 128: Thorium Jets Date: kmary 26, 1965 E~rimenter: Roger W, Taylor Radiographic Time: 39,53 * Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the thorium plate interacts with the 90° grooves to produce the jets. The free mu-face of the plate has run for 6.0 pa. his 31,75 mm. The jet tip velocity was 3.15 mm/~ over a 25i-mmlong run.

FIT ‘0’” 1

t-

$* 6.35

270

h ,

=

SHOT 129: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: Reference:

Dynamic Fracture of Uranium December 31, 1964 Douglas Venable 34.4 * Thumton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of l.0-mm-thick uranium. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 iens. h is 12.7 mm.

MM Ii

TUUL13Y

+/—

AXIS 12.7

1 +

T

h CoM?

*

s-3

Hz

101,6

1

Pa

272

SHOT 130: Dynamic Fracture of Thorium Date: December 30, 1964 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 34.41 ps Reference: Thureton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of l. O-mm-thick, t, thorium. The plate iEshocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-M.(3 lene. h is 12,7 mm,

BEAM I/

—.-

—.

I I SAMPLE

COMl]. 3

?

3

OAo

u-‘ET

274

AXIS

_

SHOT 131: Dynamic Fracture of Uranium Date: December 29, 1% Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 43.28 * Reference: Thu.rston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, uranium. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 38.1 mm.

/% El l=——

TO16

—]

Tg (-1 \\\ //“7 \ i ,’

\

\

/

I

\

lb

BEAM AXIS

—T—-,n . I

SAMPLE

r CUMP. B 3

w 6

L

Pc4n

276

SHOT 132: Dynamic Fracture of Thorium Date: December 30, 1964 Douglas Venable Experimenter: 41.40 &a Radiographic Time: Reference : Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-thick, t, thorium. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h ia 41.3 mm.

/.-.\ El10’6--’1

+

Tw (-1 z \\\ /// 1

I

\

—+

b ‘i

BEAM AXIS

——

I SAMPLE

COMP, a

P 040

278

3

—

SHOT Date:

133:

Dynamic Fracture of Uranium December 29, 1964 Douglas Venable 39.64 @ Thurston and Mudd, 1968

Experimenter: Radiographic Time: Reference: Dynamic fracture of 12.0-mm-thick, t, uranium. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-W lens. h ia 25.4 mm.

—+-

Ii

BEAM .4XIS

——

SAMPLE

COMP. B 3

P 040

280

-

SHOT 135: Aluminum Wedge Date: January 21, 1%55 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 40,79 * A shock wave generatad by a Composition B-3 detonation wave interacts with a 90° aluminum wedge. h is 12.7 mm. See Shots 39, 136-138, and 214-217 for other times.

+~ ~

SEAM

m

AXIS

:

ALUMINUM

L

50. s -1

?%

T w

6 — COMP.

S-3

+ w G —

COMP.

B-3 1

P-040

282

SHOT 136: A)uminum Wedge Date: January 21, 1965 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 42.44 &s A shock wave generated by a Composition B-3 detonation wave interacts with a 900 aluminum wedge. h is 25.4 mm. See Shots 39, 135, 137, 138, and 214-217 for other times.

✏ ❑ ‘-x

/

\

Tw r. \ ,J l– G \\ \. .//1 A /

(-

\ \

,0,s-1

I

L~

BEAM

%

AXIS

:

ALUMINUM

L

—

50.8

4 ‘-t w E

COMP.

B-3

{ w

k“ 6 —

COMP.

B-3

1

P-040

2a4

SHOT 137: Ahuninum Wedge Date: January 21, 1965 Experimenter: Roger W, Taylor Radiographic Time: 45.79 #s A shock wave generated by a Composition B-3 detonation wave inkracts with a 90° aluminum wedge. h is 50.8 mm. See Shots 39, 135, 136, 138, and 214-217 for other times.

✏ ❑+? ‘N \-f \

/

/

\!

w

f. \ ,1

G —

/

\

\

\

/

/’

\.

,0,.6-1

+

A

I

‘(1

L

BEAM

%

AXIS

:

ALUMINUM

50,8

4

CD

y

COMP.

B-3

~ w 6 —

COMP.

B-3 1

286

SHOT 138: Aluminum Wedge Date: January 6, 1966 Eqw-imenter: Roger W. Taylor 47.44 @ Radiographic Time: A shock wave generated by a Composition B-3 detonation wave interacts with a 90° aluminum wedge. h ia 38.1 mm. See Shots 39, 135-137, and 214-217 for other times.

T-L

+---r

B ALuMINUM

r 50.8+

I

COMP.

L

COMP.

%040

288

B-3

B-3

BEAM

%

AXIS

:

SHOT 139: Colliding Composition B-3 Det4nution Products January 6, 1%5 Date: Doughs Venable Exyrimenter: 27’,37 ~ Radiographic Time: Composition B-3 detonation products are permitted to expand in air for 5.0 mm before colliding with products expanding from the oppoeite direction. The collision occurs at 26.25 ALS (pin data), and the resulting reflected wave is shown 1.0 MSlater. See Shots 140, 196, and 196 for other times.

1 a

a BEAM

AXIS % s

w DET

P-o&o

z

— COWI.

+ /— B-3

I

1-1016 --M--

290

-r P-040

COMP, B-3

?

10,-, -4

DET

SHOT 140: Colliding Compmition B-3 Detonation Products Date: January 6, 1965 Experimenter: Douglaa Venable 28.39 w Radiographic Time: Composition B-3 detonation products are permitted to expand in air for 5.0 mm before colliding with products expanding tim the oppmite direction. The collision occurs at 26.25 ps (pin data), and the resulting reflected wave is shown 2.0 ps later. See Shots 139, 195, and 196 for other tirnea.

1

SEAM DE T

P–M4

* &

— CW.

z

# /— B -3

COMP. B-3

I

1-

292

1 q

AXIS

*

1~,

--M-

IO,,

-4

P–04U

DET

SHOT 141: Alumiuum JetE Date: January 12, 1965 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 29,52 w The shock wave used to form metallic jets has traveled 22.7 mm into the aluminum plate. h is 22.23 mm. This shot had a low radiation level. See Shots 7 and 197,

l---i $* P–MO

COMP. B--3

T

t-o’”’ 1 =

6.35

h , L.

—.

—-—

El I

\,

\

I

I

‘1 ‘1

294

SHOT Date:

142:

Aluminum Jets January 12, 1965

Roger W. Taylor Expxixnenter: Radiographic Time: 30.0 #s Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 90° grooves to produce the jets. h is 25.4 mm. The shock wave has arrived at the plate free surface. See Shoti 12 and 198.

fi P-MO

H COMP. B–3

101.6

Tw &, \ L

T ~ E

SHOT 143: Aluminum Jets Date: January 12, 1965 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 30.92 PS Formation of metallic jets. The explosively inducecl shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 90° grooves to produce the jets, The free surface of the plate has run for 1.0 Ms. h is 25.4 mm. See Shots 13 and 199.

P–&la + COMP. B-3

.

q

101.6

&

-1

? 25.4 t

=90-

SAMPLE [

i T 6.35

A*’’.’+

i

BEAM A:~~–-–

I ~

203.2 i

298

SHOT 144: Aluminum Jets Date: Janumy 15, 1965 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 30.38 #e Formation of metallic jets. The explcaively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 90° grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 0.5 PS. h is 25.4 mm. A repeat of Shot 16.

+ P.0411

COMP. B-3 T .

101.6

6

—L=w

T 25.4 h

v

w SAMPLE

i /

1

T t-”’+

6.35

BEAM

300

A:~~–-–

SHOT 145: Aluminum Jets Date: January 13, 1965 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 31.37 @ Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacta with the 90° grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 1.5 k, h is 2.5,4 mm. A repeat of Shot 17.

DET

P-040

COMP. B-3 1 q

101.6

6

R. -~=~ ?

T

9

T /* /%AA I

25.4 +

SAMPLE

i

t-’”+

6.35

BEAM A:~~–-–

-

m3.2

—1 I

\, \

I ‘1 ‘1 K1

302

Aluminuxn Jets SHOT 146: April 26, 1965 Date: Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: 31.86 #a Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 90° grooves to produce the jets. The free sufiace of the plate has run for 2.0 MS.his 25.4 mm. TMs shot was not properly aligned. A repeat of Shot 18.

I

n P-m

CoMP.

I

T

6-3

10I.6

I

r’=’o”

?

T 25.4 d

i T 6.35

I

/ +yy_J h ~

--

304

&

SAMPLE

—7T—-—

BEAM AXIS -’”

~

.

I

1

SHOT 147: Aluminum Jets Date: November 2, 1965 Experimenter: Roger W, Taylor Radio~aphic Time: 32,25 @ Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 90° groove~ to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 2.5 ps. h is 25.4 mm, A repeat of Shot 19.

I

P–040

I

COMP. B-3 I

‘o’”’1 =

t-

‘- —/:—-—

BEAM AXIS ~ I 1

306

~

m.z {

SHOT 14S: Aluminum Jets January 4, 1966 Date: Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: 29.11 * Radiographic Time: The shock wave used to form metallic jets haa traveled 19.8 mm into the aluminum plate. h is 20.64 mm.

P-C40

T

COMP. B-3

~

101.6

z

—L.

w

#

m

7 25.4 *

SAMPLE A /

➤

T 6.35 —.— .EAM

+

.b’i

‘w’

~

\, U ’”+

I

J

308

AAu.mimum Jets SHOT 14% March 23, 1966 Date: Roger W, Taylor Experimenter: 29.28 w Radiographic Time: The shock wave m it initially interacts with the grooves in the aluminum plate. It has traveled 21.0 mm into the plate. h is 22.23 mm.

r-l HT

t--’’’”’l ?

310

.Aluminum Jets Penetrating June 14, 1966 Roger W. Taylor

SHOT 150: Date: Experimenter:

Uranium

37.06 #s Radiographic Time: The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 90° grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 7.1 ,us. A uranium target plate shows the penetration properties of the aluminum jets. See Shot 201.

r I I 1“ t I I

1 .

I

&

I

“

I 1

P-040

mMp.

B–3 -

101.6

T m. z

~i=w

635

I

ALUMINUM

~

~,

kk a 25.4

‘9!

-AL TUBALL0y

312

‘“

‘--

1

1

r-

Aluminum Jets From 170° Grooves SHOT 151: January 4, 1966 Date: Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: 29,93 #a Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 170°, 0, grooves to produce the jets. his 25.4 mm. The shock wave has arrived at the free surface of the plate.

Pm

H 101.6

T

w. G

COMP.

II

B-3

J_

T BEAM AXIS

314

SHOT Date:

152:

Alumiuum Jets From March 29, 1966

170° Grwvem

Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: 30.9 @ Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 170°, 0, grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 1.0 ~. h is M.5 mm.

m--’ ‘ET P-04Q

—

101.6

—

CDMP. B-3

—-l t

6EAM

316

ALUMINUM

AXIS

SHOT Date:

153:

Aluminum Jets fhm 160° Grooves February 3, 1966 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 29.9 #s Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 160”, 8, gruovea to produce the jets. The shock wave has arrived at the free surface of the plate. h is 25,4 mm.

I-4 ItP-ma

T

‘“”6 --i

w

z COMP. B–3

I

II ALUMINUM h i BEAM

318

AXIS

/’+

SHOT Date:

154:

Aluminum Jets Frwm 160° Groovti March 29, 1966

Roger W. Taylor Exp_imenter: 30,88 ps Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 160°, d, grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 1.0 x. h is 2$.5 mm.

II II

P–04.O

101.6 TH w

z COMP. B-3

I

11 BEAM AXIS

320

Ah.minum Jets h 140” (h’oovea SHOT 155: February 17, 1966 Date: Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: 29.88 ~ Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacta with the 140°, 8, grwoves to produce the jets. The shock wave has arrived at the free surface of the plate. h is 25.4 mm.

I I

Tw

z

1

l-w’ I I

r

‘ET

I

P–OAO

101.6 TH w

z COMP. B–3

4 I

1

J_

h [

-+ BEAM

322

AXIS

SHOT

Aluminum Jets From May 4, 1966 Roger W. Taylor 30.9 @

156:

Date:

140° Groowm

Ii&wknenter: Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 140°, 0, grooves to produce the jets. h is 28.57 mm.

T w &

1 DET

P–04C

101.6 T

P w.

z COMP, B–3

i

I

111 h

-+

i BEAM

324

d-

ALUMINUM

AXIS

/+

SHOT 157: Aluminum J* From 120° Grooves Date: February 17, 1986 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 29.87 N Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 120°, B, groov~ to produce the jeta. ~- auut,n “~--l- ---~-- -Wtlvc rived at the free mrface of the plate, h ia 25.4 mm. 1

llG

llua

P-M4

It- ‘0’”6 --l

w

cow.

z

B–3

I

II

I

4 ALUMINUM h i

BEAM AXIS

I

326

al

-

Aluminum Jets From March 30, 1966 Roger W. Taylor 29.58 P

SHOT 158: Date: Experimenter:

120° Grooves

Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets, The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 120°, 8, grooves to produce the jets. h is 22.2 mm.

I

T w

.z

1.

P-CM.O

101,E T*I

I

II ALUMINUM 1 i BEAM

328

AXIS

/’+

Aluminum Jets From 60” Grooves SHOT 159: March 9, 1966 Date: Roger W. Taylor Expimenter: 29.9 KS Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 60°, 8, grooves to produce the jets. The shock wave has arrived at the free surface of the plate. h is 25.4 mm.

Tw. z 1

II !1 iuu

t-

I

P-o’lo

—1

I

A u.

+ 3EAM

330

AX IS-

SHOT

160:

Aluminum Jets Frum 60” Grooves March 30, 1966

Date: Exp-irnenter:

Roger 29.06 Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The plate interacts with the 60°, d,

W. Taylor @ explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum grooves to produce the jets. h is 19.1 mm.

II

T w

s

L

II

T-7

P–c-lo

101,6 o T

●

w z

COMP, 6–3

* ? h

sEAM

332

AX IS-

*

T

v

SH.(YT 164:

Altlminum Jelxs From 40° Grooves March 10, 1966 Experimerivdr: Roger ‘w, Taylor 29.!3 ,Us Rd.ogrwphic Time: Formabn of” mel.dlic jets. The W@o!sive Iy ~ induced s[hock wave in the alum i.nurn plate irlte”m.c’k with the 400, (?, ~Too’ve8to produce the jets. T’ht: shock “wave has l?rrived arj the the phbe. b. 25.4’ mm. ~~~f: :

freesurfaceof

is

SHOT Date:

162:

Aluminum Jets From 40° Grooves March 31, 1966 Roger W. Taylor

Experimenter: ‘28.09 +s Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 40°, 6, groovaa to produce the jets. h is 19.1 mm.

P-w

101,6

T

w G

COMP. B–3

L-_,+ BEAM AXIS’

336

+

l_,2.7

T

SHOT 165: Dynamic Fracture of Umnium Date: February 2, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 39.39 /ls Reference: Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.0-mm-thick, t, uranium. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 34.93 mm.

//.\ El p--

,01,

—+

Tp [-) & \\\ /// \

I

\

lb

BEAM

—+

—.

I

~

SAMPLE

COMP. 3

?

338

AXIS

(40

3

Dynamic Fracture of Uranium SHOT 166: November 16, 1965 Date: kllly by Breed Experimenter: 33.4 #s Radiographic Time: Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Reference: Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, uranium. The plate is shocked by 38.1 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens, h is 34.93 mm.

1-----1 cow B-3

ii

L

340

SHOT 167: =Ure of Urunium W’ullic Date: February 16, 1066 Experimenter: Benny my Breed Radiographic Time: 41.42 ~ Reference: Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-thick, t, uranium, The plate ia shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 38.1 mm.

t-/ //

~.

/

‘0”

+ \

❑ ..m 110..

\ I a:

\\ +

508

1

1,’

;

,/

/

‘.

!

P-Mo

342

+

?“

BEAM

SHOT Date:

168:

~c Fracture of uranium February 3, 1985 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Rmiiographic Time: 33.8 w Reference: Thumton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 12,0-mm-thick, t, uranium. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Compaction B-3 initiated by a P-(UO lens. h is 19,1 mm.

&

—. SAMPLE

cO.MP. B. 3

P CM”

_

SHOT 169: Dynamic Fracture of Uranium May 17, 1906 Date: Experimenter: Eenriy Ray Breed 25.35 pa Radiographic Time: Thurstm and Mudd, 1968 Reference: Dynamic fracture of 12.O-mm-thick, t, uranium. The plate is shocked by 19.05 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a [email protected] lens. h is 20.64 mm.

+“

‘“16

-“+

1

—+—

I/

BEAM AXIS

m SAMPLE Q COMP. B-3

1S.m

T R

346

SHOT

uranium

170:

Dynamic Fracture of November 15, 1966 Ehllly fiy Breed Experimenter: 25.72 w Radiographic Time: Thureton and Mudd, 1968 R8ference: Dynamic fracture of 12.O-mm-thick, t, uranium. The plate ia shocked by 6.35 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 25,4 mm, Date:

l=—

01.6

—

-i

Tz \ln .-\ / /’ \\\ .-, //! N //’ /

‘\

/“

\

El /’

I

\

\\

&4MPLE

F1

lJ-

COMP. B&3

~

P 040

,

I

I

348

1

w

of uranium SHOT 171: WMmic ~ February 3, 1!365 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 30.55 #s Radiographic Time: Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Reference: Dynamic fracture of 6.O-mm-thick, t, uranium. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 9.5 mm.

[—

,01.6

-+

❑ \

Tq (-) & \\\ //I \ . 1 /

\

/

\

/’

I

\

b

BEAM

—;

-

AXIS

—-~ SAMPLE

r COMP. B 3

w z

L p..~

350

SHOT Date:

172:

Dynamic Fracture February 2, 1965 Douglaa Venable

of TllOriwl

Experimenter: 37,41 #e Radiographic Time: Thumton and Mudd, 1968 Reference: Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-thicL t, thorium. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h k 34.9 mm.

// .\ El ‘“16

+

--i

Tq (-1 z \\\ /// \ 1

I

\

b

BEAM

—+—

I SAMPLE

COMP. B 3

P--O4O

352

AXIS — m .

SHOT 173: ~ Fmmtu.re of ThOrillDl Date: January 12, 1866 Experimenter: %ll!ly &y Breed Radiographic Time: 32.89 ~ Reference: Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25,0-mm-thick, t, thorium. The plate is shocked by 50.8 mm of Compcmition B initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 38.1 mm.

//n L1 101’ +

t--

‘\

T +’”

/

I/

1’‘1 ..

1/’

‘\

;’\

z

;:

*WE+

/

\

/

‘.

~/

—_

‘A

SEAM AXIS

~

I I

h t

SAMPLE

“? UJMP.

B-3

m

. L

P .040

I

354

I

SHOT Date:

174:

_ic Fmcture of Thorium January 12, 1966 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 31.33 W Reference: Thu.rston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.0-mm-thick thorium. The plate ia shocked by 38.1 mm, t, of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-04CI lens. h is 38.1 mm.

BEAM AXIS

—i——

I

lb’

mhw B-3

U

I

P C40

356

~

DET

SHOT 175: Dynamic Fracture of Thorium Date: February 2, 1965 Douglas Venable Experimenter: 32.76 w Radiographic Time: Reference: Thumton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 12.O-mm-thick, t, thorium. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 19.1 mm.

I/

BEAM

—+—

I

AXIS — ~ .

MMPLE

COMP. B 3

P-cm

358

SHOT Date:

176:

Dynamic Fmcture April 13, 1966

of Thorium

Experimenter: Bermy Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 29.27 w Reference: ThU’StOIl and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 12.O-mm-th.ick, t, thorium. The plate is shocked by 19.05 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens, h is 31.75 mm.

t--’””

+ ‘\

,-’

D /

/

T“

•1 [:)

:;

1/ \\ b-5m+/

\

T

/’

1

BEAM AXIS —

k

. 1

B

--l-=

?4MPLE

~.

I

%=+

36(I

Pa

L B–3

T 19.C5

SHOT 177: ~C lhdure of Nickel Date: April 20, 19643 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed 27.28 w Radiographic Time: References: Breed et al., 1987; Thurston and Mudd, 1988 Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-thick, t, nickel. The plate is shocked by 12.7 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 41.3 mm.

/El ‘Y

,’

/“ f

“-T-

\

‘\ \ \*

/-,

\

6

,)

\ \ \\

//’

1

/

/

/

/

1

BEAM

1/ AXIS I COMP, B–3

I %=-#

362

P@lll

]12,7

I

4

SHOT 178: Dynamic Fracture of Nickel Date: April 26, 1966 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 25.16 ps References: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 12,0-mm-thick, t, nickel. The plate is shocked by 12,7 mm of’ Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 28.57 mm.

n-

Tz Ifs ,-, ] /’ \\\ \_. //1 1 ...’ /-

‘\

,.”

// t

1

.

\ \ \

BEAM AXIS

!/’

—+—

H

P

SAMPLE

COMP. BW3

364

lJ-12.7 T

SHOT 179: ~c Fmcture of Thorium Date: Fettmary 2, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 29.56 * llaferencea: Breed et aJ., 1967; Thumton and Mudd, 1966 Dynamic fracture of 6,0-mm-thick, t, thorium. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h ia 9.5 mm.

b

BEAM

—+—–

AXIS

~ .

I 51MPLE

r COMP

B--3

w z

.

P. 040

366

L

Uranium Jets SHOT 180: April 13, 1966 Date: RoWr W. Taylor Experimenter: 33.51 #s Radiographic Time: Formation of metallic jets, The explosively induced shock wave in the uranium plate interacts with the 90° grooves to produce the jets. h ia 25.4 mm.

P-w

COMP. B–3 ‘ T 101.6

~,=w

I

T 25.4 b

I

i T 6.35

368

h .

~

I

i

SHOT 181: Uranium Jets Date: May 11, 1966 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 34.09 #s Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the uranium plate interacts with the 90° grooves to produce the jets. h is 25,4 mm.

P–C40

CMP,

B–3 T ~ z

I-

L-W

* ?

T 254 *

SAMPLE

i /

I

T 6.35

b’+

i —.—

BEAM .~~i

+

370

“

+

SHOT Date:

182:

Uranium Jets May 11, 1966 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 34,5 ps Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the uranium plate interacts with the 90° grooves to produce the jets. h is 25.4 mm.

P–w

COMP, B-3

Tw z -L=9V

T

‘25.4 *

1

● ●

SAMPLE

i / T t-’”+

6.35

BEAM A~zi–-–

+

372

2;2

+

SHOT

184:

Shocked Mercury Interacting GroovaI Date: March 22, 1966 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 36.99 w Shocked mercury i.utmacting with a 90° -grooved aluminum 186, and 186 for other times.

m

with

plate. See Shots 26,

DET

P–w

COMP,

LUCITE BOX

w

—L.

6.35

MERCURY v .63.5

I w G

B–3

1~

~

ALUMINUM

4

I

* T 25.4

L

1

+
T z.4

~

b

t-’””’ -1 “1’ri’.i

l,ll;

I

I

i ,

w

Jllllll,, l ‘11111,,

lj;

1,11111111111,1 11111,,11

lfjl~ ll

Wl[ldl, “ll’ll’’llll\,/l I\llll, l~lll+lllll,,L.l 11}1111 I 1 1 I kl I

374

,.. l.. 1111

,., , ;;11 1

&

III I

lll

I

II II I

Aluminum

i

SHOT

1S5:

Shocked Mercury Grooveu April 27, 1966

Date:

Interacting

Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: 44.06 @ Radiographic Time: Shocked mercury interacting with a 90° -grooved aluminum 184, and 186 for other times.

rF--

DET

Tq

COMP. B–3

&

i

1

1[

MERCURY

6.:

I

1

,

G75.4

t-o’”’1 ‘iillllll b, l’ll’; (Iii

“’11’~i

I’ll’ , 1111111 llllllll;

;[

~;;

“ll’li’’lll~~, 111111,,11

l

lYllllllllll, Iltlllll, 1 I I

376

I

l,,, l,,,,“11,1 1,1, lt

bl i-l

11 w,, I I

i

LUCITE BOX

with

Aluminum

plate. See Shots 26,

I

k

2“’-’

——————J

SHOT

187:

Cylindrical Hole in Water .AUgust 19, 1965 Roger W. Taylor 47.72 /As

Date: Experimenter:

Radiographic Time: References: .Mader et al., 1967; Mader and Kershner, 1972 A 10.O-mm-radius cylindrical hole formed by a thin-walled (0.152-mm) glass tube

-, ,\: /m \ .-,

in water. The shock wave in the water traveled for 7.5 PS after the shock arrived at the Lucite and water interface. See Shots 1&3, 278-280, 300, and 318. The strong density gradients in the hole make its outer rim look empty whereas, in fact, it is fiiled with low-density water, h is 30.16 mm.

\_J

\

\

/

I

~

I—

/

\

1o1.6-

F-6.35

635

,-

i

4 t-

WATER

E31: AIR

*

LUCITE

BEAM ~AXIS

~+

20,0-mnl ,.tl., 20.304.mm o.d. GLASS ROO

s

m n m

hb

22.6

L

I

I

COMP. B- 3

P- 040

--u= 380

SOX

II

SHOT Date:

188:

Cylindrical

Hole in Water

August 19, 1965 Roger W. Taylor 49.20 M

Experimenter:

/\ m-

Radiographic Time: References: Mader et al., 1967; Mader and Kirahner, 1972 A 10.O-mm-radiua cylindrical hole formed by a thin-walled (O.152-mm) glass tube in water. The Bhock wave in the water traveled for 9.0 ps after the shock arrived at the Lucite and water interface, See Shots 187, 278-233, 300, and 318. his 53.97 mm.

I

/-

w

(; . .

z

\

!\

“

\

1-t-” +-

101.6

i-

4

’35 71-

WATER

-D. -.

AIR

q z ; .

4

382

BEAM /AXIS

LUCITE

‘OX

20. O-mm-i, d., Z1304.mm o.d. GLASS ROD

~+

hb

22.6

SHOT Date:

189:

Aluminum Rcxl in Water September 13, 1985 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor 49.51 @ Radiographic Time: Mader et al,, 1967; Mader and Kershner, 1972 Reference: A shock wave in water interacts with a 10,0-mm-radius aluminum rod. The shock wave traveled 9.3 ps after the shock arrived at the Lucite and water interface. See Shots 190, 269, 281, and 282. h is 40.03 mm.

~’

~ATER

‘

IIill?I. LuCITE

~

BEAM AXIS

>

&

rn.o-mm d. ALUMINUM

mm. m

22.6

~.

E

H’

384

BOX

h t

ROIJ

SHOT

190:

Date: Experimenter:

Aluminum It.od in Water August 25, 1085

Roger W. Taylor 48.19 ps Radiographic Time: Mader et al., 1987; Mader and Kershner, 1972 References: A shock wave in water interacts with a 10.O-mm-radius alu.mirmm rod. The shock wave has traveled 8.0 gs since the shock arrived at the Lucite and water interface. See Shots 189, 269, 281, and 282. h is 53.97 mm,

.

101,E

--

-- –

+

RI.)0

rnw.

H’

386

B–3

IL

SHOT

Water

191:

Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: The free surface motion of

Fme Surface

Motion

April 26, 1965 Roger W. Taylor 34.83 @ 25.4-mm-thick

water shocked by 101.6 mm of Composi-

tion B initiated by a P-@Ml lens. his 50.8 mm. The shock velocity was measured using pins located on the right side of the water container.

T“

1 ,1

‘D /

I

.

LUCI lE

t l\

.1

(-Y \.J

3

PINS

\

J’

\

J

1

101’+

t

‘x’s

LUCITE BLOCK

PINS

3EAM ~\+

T

It; LLCITE Box

WATER

+ +

4 W

COMP.

z

B- 3

1

:~-

388

Plh

BOX

SHOT

192: Water Jet Date: July 22, 1965 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 45.93 ps References: Mader et al., 1967; Mader and Kemhner, 1972 A shock wave in water interacts with a 9. O-mm-deep 90° groove formed by thin (0.101-mm) plastic sheets. The shock wave has traveled 5.7 w since the shock reached the Lucite and water interfHce. See Shots 298 and 299. h is 38.8 mm.

—

l’–

101.6

6.35 +

-6’~5

-1

----4

& LUCITE

1

-

BEAM

‘“

% z

+L

*:

; = 90

22.6 I *

1 “

L 390

‘x’s O.lO1 -mm {h,ck PLASTIC SHEE TS

:, WI

f

BOX

COMP. B.-3

u-

+

DE,

SHOT

193:

Aluminum Wedge January 12, 1965 Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 47.52 ps A shock wave generated by a Composition B-3 detonation wave interacts with a 90° aluminum wedge. Similar to Shot 138 except for beam orientation. h is 38.1 mm. Date: Experimenter:

See Shots 39, 135, 137, and 214-217, ~. /--’

.

.

\

\\

H’ /’

\

I

(q

/-.

G

./

\ \

/

\

/

Y.

BEAM AXIS

-..

T h

1 1016+ /i

\

/

— --—-+ 90=

ALUMINUM WEDGE

L

COMP. B-3

COMP. B-3

P-040

392

Colliding (imposition February 9, 1966

SHOT 195: Date: Experimenter:

B-3 Detonation

Products

Douglas Venable 26.9 #S Radiographic Time: Composition B-3 detonation products are permitted to expand into air for 5.0 mm before colliding with products expanding from the opposite direction. The collision occum at 26,25@ (pin data), and the resulting reflected wave is shown 0,55 g later. See Shots 139, 140, and 196 for other times.

1 I r

1

BEAM MIS w

w DET

P-Lno

z

— COMP. B-3

I

394

E

+ /— c-.

s-3

?

P–m

DE1

SHOT

196:

Colliding Compo~ition February 9, 1965

Date: Experimenter:

B-3 Detonation

Products

Douglas Venable 27,91 #s Radiographic Time: Composition B-3 detonation products are permitted to expand into ah for 5.0 mm before colliding with products expanding from the oppoeite direction. The collision occurs at 26.25 ps (pin data), and the resulting reflected wave is shown 1.65 ps later. See Shots 139, 140, and 195 for other times,

I m

s

8EAM a DET

P–m

.

—

z

z COMP

B-3

1—

COW.

P.cMcl

B-3

T

1

396

AXIS w

—

1016

—-o~—

107.6-1

DET

SHOT

197:

Aluminum Jets November 4, 1965 Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 29.48 /Ls The shock wave used to form metallic jets has traveled 22.4 mm into the aluminum plate. h is 22.23 mm. This shot is a repeat of Shots 7 and 141.

Date: Experimenter:

P-C40

COMP, B–3 T m.

101.0

E

—L=*

●

T 254 h

SAMPLE i T

~

635

+F”.’+ h

W.

A;zT–-–

:2

~ I I \, \

1 ‘1 ‘1 El

398

SHOT

198:

Aluminum Jets November 4, 1965 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 29.94 KS Formation of metallic jets, The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum Date:

plate interacts with the grooves to produce the jets. his 25.4 mm. A repeat of Shots 12 and 142.

fi P–m

El. CMP,

B–3

T

w

101.6

z

—L=~

s

-! 25.4 b

SAMPLE [

i / 6.35

h L._/T

BEAM AXIS

4’00

1

,

T

-“

I ___ j

t-’--i

SHOT

Aluminum Jet9 November 4, 1965 Roger W. Taylor 30.88 @

199:

Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time:

Formation of metallic jets. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the 90° grooves to produce the jets. The free surface of the plate has run for 1.0 ps. h is 25.4 mm. l%i~ ia a repeat of Shots 13 and 143.

P–mo

-P.

B–3 ~

T w

101.6

s

-L=w

* T 25.4 h

SAMPLE i T

J@J-JqJ

6.35

i

BEAM A~=i–-–

+

“

4

El I

\,

\,

1

‘1

‘1

402

SHOT

201:

Aluminum

Jets Penetrating

Uranium

Date: Experimenter:

September 7, 1966 Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 34.94 ps The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum plate interacts with the groovea to produce the jets. The he surface of the plate has run for 5.0 ys. .4 uranium target plate shows the penetration properties of the aluminum jets. See Shot 150.

DET

-1 PW040

!

T

1

m.

COMP. El--3 ~

I

4.

z

101.6

+

I

L.

–~...

I

g

*5,4

w

‘2”7 15,0s 11

19.05

22.23 2S.58

j --L-BEA,VI AXIS

IJ

-11

f

25.4 -mm-wi& TUBALLOY STACK

12.7

-=-,=-

r

// 1/—-

\ \

1 +...

I

404

—

I

I

I

[

T

-=.

762

-i”, : I

/ I

I

I I

-2 y

I

/ \\ /f’ ‘. w

T‘

203.2

i

SHOT

203:

colliding Cyclotol Detaultiona January 27, 1966 Douglaa Venable 27.68 /lS shocks in cyclotol detonation products 1.76 ~ after the detonation The reflected wavea collided. See Shots 204-206 and 291. Date: Experimenter Radiographic Time:

n 0;

T 1

1—

1016

—+

P C40

l-~

CYCLOTOL

BEAM ! ,AXIS

CYCLOTOL

P 040

I

406

T

SHOT 204: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time:

Colliding Cyclotol August 24, 1965 Douglas Venable 26.14 &S

Detmlatione

The reflected shocks in cyclotol detonation products 0.22 psi titer the detonation waves collided. See Shots 203, 205, 206, and 291.

/’” /’” 0;

D*-.

i 1,)16 .+

..rruL

_.

.

CYCLOTOL

BEAM AXIS —

--—

/

CYCLOTOL

—“——~P 240

408

I

SHOT’ 205:

chuiding

Date: Experimenter:

August 24, 1965 Douglas Venable 26.82 @

Radiographic The

reflected

Time: shocks in cyclotol

waves collided.

Cyclotol

detonation

Det.ollationa

products 0.91 ps after the detonation

See Shots 203, 204, 206, and 291. -r-

al /’

,

‘(

0; /

~

101.6

—

—1

.--Er_E ~

L!40

CYCLOTOL

1, —.

,

I CYCLOTOL

P040

410

BEAM AXIS

SHOT

206:

Date: Experimenter:

Colliding

Cyclotd

Detond,ions

August 24, 1985

Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 27.29 MS reflected shocks in cyclotol detonation products The waves collided. See Shots 203-205 and 291.

Ii

0:

1

~ 101 6

-

P 040

CYCLOTOL

BEAM AXIS /

CYC LOTO L

412

T

1.38 ps after the detonation

SHOT Date:

207:

~0~~ PBX-94(34 January 28, 1965

~tilU3tiOIM

Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 26.98 ps The reflected shocks in PBX-9404 detonation products I.&l ps after the detonation wavea collided. See Shots 208-210 md 292.

n 0;

*..– ,0,.6

1

—+

_lrm +

C40

PBx–Mc4

BEAM / AXIS 0“

— 1

PBX-EM4

P C40

414

T

SHOT Date:

208:

Colliding PBX-9.M14 Detcmaticms September 1, 1965 Douglas Venable

Experimenter: Radiographic

Time:

25.45 #s

The reflected shocks in PBX-9404 detonation products 0.35 ps after the detonation wavea collided. See Shots 207, 209, 210, and 292.

1—

r

1016

—1

.-.m“T ~

11 -y-

. L-1; C40

——

-——.—.— Pux-mfn

G

BEAM

-_

l/Axis

,

I

‘-

t

. z

P9X-B404

:-

‘1

~——-–

P !240

‘Q

416

“ET

SHOT

209:

Colliding

Date:

IJBX-%W

September

Detonations

1, 1966

Experimenter:

Douglas Venable 26.09 @ reflected shocks in PBX-9404 detonation products 0.97 ps after the detonation The waves collided, See Shots 207, 208, 210, and 292. Radiographic

Time:

DET I

P 040

RJX-’wo’i

l,. I PEX-W04

?

418

C40

dEAM AXIS

SHOT

210:

colliding

P13x-9404

Ih3tollatioxla

Dam:

September 1, 1965 Experimenter: Doughm Venable Radiographic Time: 26.45 ps The reflected shocks in PE3X-94.04 detonation products 1.33 KSafkr the detonation wav~ collided, See Shots 207-209 and 292.

t——

:016

––

+

k’ P 040

DET

420

—L

SHOT

211:

Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: References:

lh’munic Fracture January 27, 1965 Douglae Venable 18.28 @

of Alumimlm

Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 6.35 mm of Composition B-3 initiatad by a P-WI lens. h is 28.57 mm.

n /

/

{l

/“

T .- \\fn ‘\

\

\ \

1) \.

/

\

1

\

/

\

/

\

~,”

I

422

1

BEAM AXIS

/

s

SHOT

212:

Date: [email protected]:

Flwture ~c January 27, 1966 Douglas Venable 16.39 WE

of Aluminum

Rad.iograpbic Time: Breed et al., 1967; ThUrst.an and Mudd, 1968 R8ferencew Dynamic fractore of 6.O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 6.35 mm of Compmition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 9.52 mm.

l——

10,.6

.—j

BE’hl )

‘x” q

9AWLE L_L m.

0-3

L=2

--l+

424

-f-

SHOT 213: Date: E@erimenter:

Dynamic Fracture January 26, 1965

of Aluminum

Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 37,53 ps References: Breed et al., 1967; Thumton and Mudd, 1966 Dynamic fracture of 6.O-mm-thick aluminum. The plate ie shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. h is 12.7 mm. —

-—

I

426

--

–

203.2

COMP. B–3

——–

15

SHOT 214: Date: Experimenter:

Aluminum Wedge September 2, 1!365 Roger W. Taylor 43.84 ps Radiographic Time: A shock wave generated by a Composition B-3 detonation wave interacts with a 90° aluminum wedge, h is 38.1 mm. See Shots 39, 135-138, and 215-217.

+’”” —

3CB.2

-—--—-

1

---–-

m

COMP. B–3 I

428

I

SHOT 215: Date: Experimenter:

Aluminum Wedge September 7, 1965 Ibger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 43.82 ps A shock wave generated by a Composition B-3 detonation

interacts with a 90°

aluminum wedge. This shot is identical to Shot 214 except for the beam orienta tion. See Shots 39, 135-138, 216, and 217, h is 38.1 mm.

5.—

H

L t––––

‘“ /

COMP. B..3

430

BEAM

AXIS

SHOT

216:

Date: Experimenter:

Aluminum September

Wedge 7, 1965

I&m W. Taylor 48.73 @ Radiographic Time: A shock wave generated by a Compmition B-3 detonation interacts with 10.O-mmthick aluminum in contact with a 90° aluminum wedge. his 50.8 mm. See Shots 39, 135-138, 214, 215, and 217.

t

‘--

‘“~’-”-i

L= COMP. B- 3

\ I I

432

P- 040

SHOT

217:

Aluminum Wedge September 9, 1965 Roger W. Taylor 48.76 KS Radiographic Time: B-3 detonation interacts with 10.O-mm.4 shock wave generated by a Composition Date: Experimenter:

thick aluminum

in contact with a 90° aluminum wedge. The shot is identical to

Shot 216 except for the beam orientation.

//

h is 50.8 mm.

,-

-.,

-, \ \ \ T \

/’ I /-\ .. \ \ \ \. H

/ / 101.6

BEAM AXIS

-

T

// 1

—

~+ 90” ALUMINUM WEDGE

i

COMP. B–3

COMP. B–3

P-- @143

1 DET

434

t-

w z

SHOT Date

220:

Composition B-3 with Embedded Tantalum Foils July 19, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable 26.32 ,M Radiographic Time: Sixteen slabs of 6.35-mm-thick Composition B-3 separated by 0.0 25-mm-thick tantalum foils were initiated parallel to the foils by a P-040 lens. The flow of the uncon fied detonation products is shown. See Shot 290.

~--–

101.6

—l

SIXTEEN 6.35.mnl Ln,ck COMP. B-3 SLABS SEPARATED BY 0.025 -mrwth& TANTALUM FOILS

BEAM AXIS

I

436

P–me

SHOT Date:

Composition B-3 with Embedded July 19, 1965 Douglas Venable X5.32 @

221:

Tantalum

Foils

Ex@rimenter: Idiographic Time: Sixteen slabs of’ 6.35-mm-thick Composition B-3 sepm-ated by 0.025-mm-thick tantalum foils were initiated parallel to the foils by a P-040 lens. The flow of the detonation products confined by 25.4-mm-thick steel is shown, See Shot 272.

+

25.4

.

“~”r-1

!!l .]

101.6

-

SIXTEEN 6,35 -nm,m, ck COMP. B-3 SLASS SEPARATED BY 0.0Z5-mnl-thick TANTALUM FOILS

f

1

1

I

I

P-040

I

1

DET

438

SHOT 222: Date: Experimenter:

Dynamic

Fracture

of Ah,nninum

September 9, 1966 Roger W. Taylor ~6.96 @s

Radiographic Time: References: Breed et al., 1967; Tlmrston and Mudd, 1968 A 25. O-mm-thick, t, aluminum plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 3.17 mm.

l-- 1“’6

1 \

/

T!$ (-) /z \\\ /// . 1

I

/

/

\

\

\

El

I/

BEAM AXIS

—+

I I

—-~

SAMPLE

COMP. B 3

P 040

4-W

B-3

SHOT

223:

Date: Expximenter:

Dynamic Fracture of Aluminum September 23, 1966 l%ger W. Taylor 27.843@

Radiographic Time: References: Brwd et al,, 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 A 25. O-mm-thick, t, aluminum plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 3.17 mm.

1—

1016

-i x

Tw (-1 z \\\ /// \ . J .-

\

.’

\

/

I

\

El-

I

1/

BEAM

—.

-m SAMPLE

COMP. B 3

? 040

442

AXIS

B-3

SHOT Date:

224:

Experimenter:

Dynamic

Fracture

of Aluminum

September 28, 1965 Roger W. Taylor 28,9 pg

fidiographic Time: References: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 A 25. O-mm-thick, t, aluminum plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 12.70 mm.

b

3EAM

—+

AXIS

—-

D _.

I SAMPLE

r C(JMP. B 3

a, s

L P 040

B-3

SHOT 226: Date: Experimenter:

Dynamic Fracture October 5, 1966 Roger W. Taylor 29.89 ps

of Aluminum

F&idiographic Time: Weed et al,, 1967; Thureton and Mudd, 1%% References: Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The pAate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 25.4 mm.

lb

BEAM

—+

AXIS

—-~ . SAMPLE

COMP, E--3

P 040

446

SHOT

2Z7:

Date:

Dynamic Fracture C)ctober 6, 1965

of Aluminum

Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 30.41 @ R8ferencea: Breed et al,, 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Compmition

//% \ El-

B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 26.99 mm.

l——

,01.6

—i

T. [-) 5 \\\ /// \ 1

I

\

I/

BEAM AxIS

—+.

—.

I SAMPLE

cOMP.

P 040

448

B- 3

_

SHOT Date:

228:

Experimenter:

DYnam.ic Tmmture of Aluminum October 6, 1965 Roger W. Taylor 30,92 us

Radiographic Time: References: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1969 Dynamic fracture of 25.0-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 28.58 mm.

101’ --i

+

Tq (-l z \\\ /// . 1 .

0

El\

/

\

/

I

\

lb

BEAM

—;

AXIS

—-~ ~. SAMPLE

I

r COMP. B -3

w. &

.

P 040

450

L

SHOT

229:

Date: ExWrimenter:

Dynamic

F1’adme

of Altuninum

October 6, 1966 Roger W. Taylor

Radiographic Time: 31.41 @ Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 31.75 mm.

/,-. El1’--’016 --i N

\

/

{

t

\

T w

-1

&

\

1

\

\

/

/

\

lb

BEAM

—;

1

AXIS

—-~ r SAMPLE

r cOMP.

B -3

q 5

L Pa40

452

SHOT

230:

Dynnmic Fracture October 6, 1965

of Aluminum

Date: Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 32.4 PS Reference: Breed et al., 1967; Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.O-rnm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 34.93 mm.

+

10I6 1

u

3EAM

-F= SAMPLE

COMP. B. 3

P 040

u-

454

‘ET

AXIS

SHOT

231:

Date: Experimenter:

Dynamic FractuH October 27, 1%6

of Aluminum

Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 32.92 PS References Bxwed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1966 Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plain is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 36.51 mm.

/ El1--101-5 --i x

Tq (-l z \\\ /// . . 1 /

\

\

/

!

\

LIEAM AxIS ii —+

—-m . SAMPLE

.

COMP. B- 3

w

FIr

Hz

1

Pcd13

DET

456

SHOT

232:

Date: Experimenter:

Dynamic

Fracture

of A.luminur,n

October 27, 1965 Roger W. Taylor 33.42 @

Radiographic Time: References: Breed et al., 1967; Thumton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Compmition

//\\ El

B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 38.10 mm.

‘o”

+

+

Tw (-11z \\\ /// . 1

I

\

—+-

Ii I

SAMPLE

COMP. B--3

P 040

458

BEAM

—-

AXIS

_

SHOT

234:

Date: Experimenter:

Dyo.amic

Fracture

of Aluminum

March 14, 1966 Roger W. Taylor 36.43 PSI

Radiographic Time: References; Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1966 Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate iE shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 47.63 mm.

//\\ El I—

101.6—+

Tw (-1 /& \\\ // . /1

I

\

I SAMPLE

COMP. B 3

P- 040

460

SHOT

235:

Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time:

~c F1’[email protected] of Aluminum March 14, 1966 Roger W. Taylor

36.4 us Referencm: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick aluminum. The aluminum plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiati by a P-040 lens and 0.127 mm, t, of lead. h is 47.63 mm.

--l

-10”

!/

BiAMAXIS

ALUMINUM

2T124

‘ ~ -+

r \ LEAD

FOIL “

~

T w

COMP. B 3

z

1

P- 040

462

SHOT

236:

Date: Experimenter:

WnamiC fracture March 15, 1966 Roger W. Taylor 26.93 #LS

of Aluminum

Radiographic Time: References: Breed et al., 1967, Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 The 25.O-mm-thick aluminum plate is shocked by 101,6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens and 0.127 mm, t, of lead.

-1

-’01’

BEAM AL UMINLM

2024

* LEAD

FOIL

COMP

B 3

P-040

&

44

DET

AXIS

SHOT 238: Date: Experimenter:

Dynamic Fracture April 12, 1966

of Aluminum

Roger W. Taylor 32.43 ,uS

Radiographic Time: References: Breed et al., 1967; Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25,0-mm-thick aluminum. The aluminum plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Compmition B-3 initiated by a P-(I4O lens and 0.127 mm, t, of lead. h is 34.92 mm.

!/

9EAM

T’

ALUMINUM

2024

AXIS ‘ ~ 2.

L

LEAD

FOIL

COMP. 5

~

T

\

~

3

&

1

P-040

466

SHOT 239: Date: Experimenter:

Dynamic Fracture April 18, 1966

of Capper

%LUly fiy Breed 26.04 @ Radiographic Time: References: 13reed et al,, 1967; Thumton and Muddj 1968 Dynamic fracture of 12-mm-thick, t, copper. The plate is shocked by 19.05 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-(34O lens. h is 28.57 mm.

+–

,,,.0

—

,

LLJ

468

BEAM AXIS

SHOT

240:

Date: Experimenter:

Dynamic Fracture April 19, 1966

of Cbpp

Benny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 25.25 )lS References: Breed et al., 1967; Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 12.O-mm-thic~ t, copper, The plate is shocked by 12.7 mm of’ Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 28.57 mm.

BEAM AXIS

1/ +=#?

470

(MO

SHOT 241: Date: Experimenter:

Dynamic Fracture April 5, 1966

of Aluminum

Benny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 22.5 @ References: Breed et al., 1967; Thuraton and Mudd. 1968 Dynamic fracture of 12.O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 19.05 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 28.57 mm,

BEAM AXIS I/ —+—

n--?-

?mo

-n+

I

472

I

SHOT

Dynamic Fracture April 26, 1966

242:

Date: Exp-imenter: Radiographic References:

Time:

of Nickel

Benny Ray Breed 28.89 @ Breed et al., 1967; Thureton and Mudd,

1968

Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, nickel. The plate is shocked by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-(M3 lene, h is 41.27 mm.

—-

‘“1’

--

q F=i 1

WMPLE

-

COMP.

B–3

+

474

SHOT 245: Dynamic Fracture of Aluminum Date: February 4, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 38.24 ws References: Breed et al,, 1967; T1-mrston and Mudd. 1968 Dynamic fracture of 6.O-mm-thick aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Compmition

B-3 initiated by a P-()!31 lens. h is 12.7 mm.

1

————

203.2

—— -i

, BEAM AXIS

0

/’

.

1

m COMP. B-3

L

1

476

SHOT 246: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: References:

lhma.mic fillFebruary 9, 1%5

of Aluminum

Douglae Venable 28.24 ps

Breed et al., 1967; Thuraton and Mudd, 1966 Dynamic fracture of 6.O-mm-thick aluminum, The plate is shocked by 6.35 mm of’ Compition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. h ia 12.7 mm.

/

/

/

/-

\\

-?-\

‘\\

//

cl’ I

1’ T w, & ; / “ \ \ /: / 1, l-- 10’0 +;/’ \ \\ / L 1’-‘2 ~ <-;

ALUMINUM

BEAM

I

478

COhiP. B–3

1’

SHOT 2-47: Date: Experimenter:

Dynamic Fracture November 3, 1965 Douglas Venable 37.51 @s

of Aluminum

Radiographic Time: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 References: Dynamic fracture of 6.O-mm-thick aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. h iE 12.7 mm.

,. ,,

.,

/— -“-

“

/’

//” /

BEAM AXIS

L+/

~

h

T ALUMINUM

m.

T~ z

COMP. B–3

\

480

SHOT

248:

Munme Jet February 25, 1966 Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 32.37 @ Formation and growth of a gaseoue Mu.nroe jet. T&s jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air gap Date: Ex@menter:

10.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 50.8 mm. h is —

Tw

n +W

BEAM AXIS

COMP. B–3

482

i-

SHOT Date:

249:

Munroe

Jet February 25, 1965

Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 32.3 /LS Formation and growth of a gaseous Munroe jet. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiatad by a P-081 lens. The detonations 50.8 mm.

have run along the gap for 50.8 mm. h is

1-

+

1 w I

BEAM AXIS

+ fl

COMP. B–3

T

z

COh4P. B–3

h

4 COMP. B-3

484

* % *

SHOT 250: Plan~Wave Aluminum Gun Date: February 25, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 37.13 ps A 25- by 25- by 25-mm aluminum cube is embedded in a 19.05-mm-thick by 203.2 mm-square block of’ iron. It is driven by 50.8 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens.

[ \ \ \

\

““. Al BEAM E m

,\

7

I

AXIS

ALUMINUM

I

+/

●

COMP. B–3

I

486

SHOT 251: Date: Experimenter:

Plane-Wave

Aluminum

Gun

February 25, 1965 Douglm Venable Radiographic Time: 37.15 #s A 25-mm-thick by 50.0-mm-square block of aluminum is embedded in a 19.05-mmthick by 203.2 -mrn+quare block of iron. It is driven by 50.8-mm-thick Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens.

— _— ‘ <~~ /’ r \ / / \ r/ \ /

\

+

\

;

50B

i /’!

BEAM AXIS

AL IJMINUM

/

m +~— 1

L\

1

I

1

T ~ G

STEEL

t COMP. B 3

‘v’ 488

“1

0; m .

T’

I

\~

z .

SHOT 252: Plan~Wave Aluminum Gun Date: February 25, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 37.13 ps A 25-mm-thick by 101.6-mm-square block of aluminum is embedded in a 19.05 mm-thick by 203.2-mm-square block of iron. It is driven by 50.8-mm-thick Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens.

,,

—

/’

‘\

/

\ \

. 2 .

,-\ \. /’

\

\

.!

‘0’”6 —

+ \

k“

/

/

‘“””” ‘m”’

““

BEAM

AXIS

ALUMINUM I

\

“j~

COMP, B-3

P- 0.91

“4’”

490

m I z

SHOT 253: Date:

Water Shock

March 16, 1965 Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: 32.19 #S Radiographic Time: The shock wave formed in water by a detonation wave from 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 and a P-040 lens driving 6.35-mm-thick Lucite. h is 38.9 mm. Also shown are four timing pins. The shock velocity after 30.0 mm of run is 5.5 mm/ps. .

/

\ \

/ /

\ (-, ./

Jil

i n:

\ \

/

----

101.6

m 5

/

–—6.35–+

—6.35

G

WATER 7

/+ BEAM Axis

h

~+

mw.

P-ma

492

:

T

B–3

a. s 1-

I

SHOT 254: Watar Shock Date: March 16,1965 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 44.95 /.ls shock wave formed in water by a detonation wave from 203.2 mm of ComposiThe tion B-3 and a P-040 lens driving 6.35-mm-thick Lucite. h is 38.9 mm. Also shown are four timing pins. The shock velocity after 30.0 mm of run is 5.50 mm/ps.

10 I 6 <

~

~6.35

6.35-+

~

? LUCITEBOX

WATER “ ‘1

,WP

~

~

AXIS 1

.

T

COMP. B-3

‘

t m ti 0 N

1

P-040

B

494

oET

SHOT 255:

Munroe Jet

Date: Experimenter:

March 2,1965

Doug.laa Venable 29.07 @I Radiographic Time: Formation and growth of gaseous Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The cbges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 25.4 mm. h is 25.4 mm.

w

r=l- T COMP.

B–3

!

w

z_

COMP. B-3

h

* COMP. B–3 A

496

SHOT 256: Date: Experimenter:

Munroe Jet

March 2, 1965 Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 35.45 ps Formation and g-rowth of gmeous Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 chmges separated by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The chargee are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-(I61 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 76.2 mm. h is 76.2 mm. r

T w +

m -iW l--

BEAM AXIS

+

CcMAP. B–3

T

‘~w z-

CcMAP B–3

h

I +

+

COMP. B–3

498

4

SHOT 257:

Munroe Jet March 2, 1965

Date: Experimenter:

Douglaa Venable 38.65 @ Radiographic Time: Formation and g-rowth of’ gaseous Munroe jets. This jet iE formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Compcwition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 101.6 mm. h is 101.6 mm,

/

/

/

/

/

--->101,6

\ .

1 \

/ 1

\

\

/

\l

‘/ ‘1

\l 1

(--,)

/1

[ /:

!\ /

I

I

-w

E BEAM AXIS

COMP

i-

B–3

COMP. E–3 .2

P-.osl

500

Munroe Jet

SHOT 258:

March 4, 1985 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 32.24 /As Rad.iograpbic Time: Formation and growth of gaseous Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated b y an air gap 5.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 50.8 mm. his 50.8 mm.

/

/

/

/

.=..

t-’”’~ ”.,

/’ I

1—

7

i

\

f

\l I I

‘/

‘1 (k--j

[

i

!\

/! /

\

/

\

/

\ \\

//’

\

_

BEAM AXIS

COMP.

B–3

+

7

T

q

&

COMP. B–3

h

i ●

% COMP. B–3 3

502

SHOT 259: Munmm Jet Date: March 4, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 32.24 /.LS Formation and growth of’ gaseous Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Compmition B-3 charges separated by an air gap 40.0 mm, w, wide. The chargm are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-061 lens. The detonations

have run along the gap for 50.8 mm. h is

50.8 mm.

/

/

/

‘-=.

/

\

\

&lO1.6

\ \

/

\

/

\l

‘/ 1,

\/

,

T w

,( -) ~ \/ II /1

[ /;

i ~

!\ J / /

\ /

\ \\ _/”’

\

+W+

BEAM AXIS

~

\ “—

COMP. B–3

T h

1 I

I

-*

COMP. B–3 , -.2

504

w

G

COMP. B-3

SHOT 260: M umae Jet Date: March 31, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 32.36ps Formation and growth of’ gaswms Mun.roe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Compcisition B-3 charges separated by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 50,8 mm. h is 50.8 mm. An iron wedge was placed between the charges.

II I l\

~\

/

\

/

\ \

—

/“’

k–

—

..-

203.2

~J-: BEAM AXIS

COMP.

I

‘

IRON wEDGE

,,0

-~1

ti~

COMP

506

+

B 3

B-3

~

Jll

COMP. B-3

w

z—

I

SHOT 261: Date:

Munroe Jet April 7, 1965

Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 51.35#s Venable, 1965 Reference: Formation and growth of gaseous Munroe jets, This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air gap !20.0 mm, w, wide. The cha_rges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens, The detonations have run along the gap for 203.2 mm. h is 203.2 mm.

I

J

‘\ I

\

\

1

I

‘1

I

-

1

1

/

\

/

/’

.--’

‘... /

~’ CO,MP. B- 3

508

T

4

SHOT 262: Date: Experimenter:

M unroe Jet April 15, 1965 Douglas Venable 45.1 ps

Radiographic Time: Formation and growth of’ gaseous Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separatid by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-(381 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 152.4 mm. h is 152.4 mm.

T

—

lW BEAM .= AXIS COMP. B -3

c

e COMP. B 3 —5

510

SHOT 263: Date: Experimenter:

.Munroe Jet April 13,1965

Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 32.3 US Reference: Venable, 1965 Formation and growth of gaswus Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air gap 80.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 50.8 mm. h is 50.8 mm.

—

7==F”-

T

w

--i

W

T__7 BEAM AXIS

i-

T

COMP. B–3

COMP. B–3

TG

h

I I

+ COMP. B–3

$ *

P–081

I &

512

I DET

SHOT 264: Munroe Jet Date: April 13,1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 27.52 @ Formation and growth of’ gaseous Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air gap 40.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-WI lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 12.7 mm. h is 12.7 mm.

// /

‘1

/

/

/ /

GJ”., i \ T

\l

‘1

\

w

I

(--j

[

/1

!\ \

\ \,

/

/

/

//”’

\

/!

.

-iwlBEAM AXIS

COMP. B–3

+

I q

1

“

T

COUP.

G -

B–3

h

I + COMP. B–3 1

514

v

SHOT 265: Date: Experimenter:

Munroe Jet April 13, 1965

Douglas Venable 29.15 #s Radiographic Time: Formation and growth of gawma Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of’ the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air gap

40.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation have run along the gap for 25.4 mm. h is 25.4 mm.

1

\ 1

\

,-

/

‘/

‘/

1

-r

\l

1 .

1

p

/1

!\

/! /

\ /

\

/

\ \\

//”’

\

—

IW+ + BEAM AXIS

\

‘— I w T

COMP. B-3

6

COMP. B–3 h

I + cOMP.

B–3 -3

516

SHOT 266: Date:

MUIIHR Jet

April 20, 1965 Ex~rimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 35.46ps Formation and growth of gaseous Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 chmges separated by an air gap 40

mm, w, wide. The charges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 76.2 mm. h is 76.2 mm.

/

/

/-

‘=.

/

—101,6

r

\

\ . i \

/

T CD

\l

‘/

\l

‘1

I

(-,) I

l\

/1 /i

!\ D

~

:

-

Lk_L_l. +W

D BEAM AXIS

+

COMP. s–3

T

‘Tw G

COMP. B–3

h

I +

COMP. E–3

518

A

SHOT 267: Date: Expximenter: Radiographic Time: References:

Munroe Jet April 20,1965 Douglae Venable

33.68 &s Mader et al., 1967; Mader and Kershner, 1972 Formation and growth of gaseoue Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 chargea separated by an air gap 40.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 101.6 mm. h is 101.6 mm.

~“

1-

+? BEAM AXIS

‘

-+

COMP. B 3

T

~!+ 6

COMP. E–3

h

j

+ COMP. B–3

520

E

SHOT 269: Date:

Aluminum Rod in Water March 23, 1986 Roger W, Taylor Experimenter: Radiographic Time: 44.93 ps A shock wave in water interacting with a 10.O-mm-radius aluminum rod. The shock wave has traveled 4.7 ,USsince the shock reached the Lucite and water interface. See Shots 189, 190, 281, and 282. his 38.9 mm.

T’ WATER

q z ln ~ m

#

E BEAM AXIS

BOX

__

22.6

COMP. B–3

I

522

>

LUCITE

P-oa

20. O-mm-o.d. ALUMINUM ROD

h

~ x

I

SHOT 270: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time: References:

Dynamic Fracture May 3,1965 Benny Ray Breed 25.91 ps

of Nickel

Breed et al., 1967; Thunston and Mudd, 1968

Dynamic fracture of 12.O-mm-thick, t, nickel. The plate is shocked by 19.05 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 28.57 mm.

+--

101,—,

Tz \@ .--, \\\ \_-’ /’ \ ~,’ “A /

/’

.\,

El ‘\ \

/“

I

BEAM AXIS

1

1/

—+— IT SAMPLE Q cUMP,

B–3

10.0s T

El

4

524

Dynmnic l+wture of Beryllium SHOT 271: April 13, 1966 Date: Benny Ray Breed Expmimenter: 28.34 P Radiographic Time: Dynamic fracture of 25-mm-thick, t, beryllium. The plate is shocked by 50.8 mm of Comp~ition B-3 initiated by a P-MO lens. h is 44.45 mm.

I

526

-p ‘4

I??

SHOT 272:

Compoaithm

Date: Expmimenter:

April 13, 1965 Benny Ray Breed 26.34 p

33-3 with Embedded

Tantalum

Foils

Radiographic Time: Eight slabs of 6.35-mm-thick Composition B-3 separated by 0.0254-mm-thick tantalum foila were initiated perpendicular to the foils by 50.8 mm of Composition B-3 and a P-MO lens. The flow of the products cordlned by 25,4-mm-thick steel is shown. See Shots 220, 221, and 290. Two slabs of Lucite separated by tantalum foils were placed on top of the Composition B-3.

/z

.— \ T -.

\

/

\

\

/

\,

m.

1/ . .

s

}

\ \

/1 \\

/ -..

+25.4

t—

=____ 101.6

EIGHT 6.36mm-thic& COMP. B-3 SI-4SS SEPARATED BY 0.02%nn?.t hkk TANTALUM FOILS

BEAM

,

/ 1

—=

25.4

LUCITE

/1

TI

I L

I

528

I

COMP. B–3

P-04C

&

~

I

DET

SHOT 273: Date: Experimenter:

Colliding Composition July 29, 1965 Douglas Venable

B-3 Detmationa

Radiographic Time: 26.97 @ reflected shock in Composition B-3 detonation products detonation waves collided. See Shots 86,87,91,92, and 274-277.

The

❑ 0;

T

1 t-10’6 -i

F

COW

B 3

H~

COh!P. a

t3EAM AXIS

3

Y&530

0,56 ps after the

SHOT 274: Date:

Colliding Composition July 29, 1965

B-3 Deton@ions

Douglas Venable 27.42 jlS Radiographic Time: reflected shocks in Composition B-3 detonation products 1.o2 w after the The detonation waves collided. See Shots 86,87,91,92,273, and 275-277.

Experimenter:

0;

T

L t-101’ +

D

P 040

CO VP. E 3

BEAM Axis

/

I cOMP.

B 3

P 040

532

SHOT 275:

Colliding Composition July 29, 1965

Date: Experimenter: Radiographic

Time:

B-3 Detonations

Douglas Venable 27.94 @

The reflected shocks in Compcaition B-3 detonation products 16.3 KS after the detonation waves collided. See Shots 86,87,91,92,273,274, 276, and 277.

0:

T 1

~ 101.6 +

r-I

P Mu

I

COMP. B -3

H-I BEAM AXIS

/

cOMP.

B 3

P 040

---u= 534

SHOT 276: Date: Experimenter:

Colliding Composition July 29, 1965

B-3 Detonations

Douglas Venable 28.4 ps Radiographic Time: The reflected shocks in Composition B-3 detonation products 1.96 ps after the detonation wavee collided. See Shots 86,87,91,92,273-275, and 277.

+

!01.6 -i

P 040

cohlP

B 3

~

“’

Tq 6

BEAM AXIS

~

+ ~

CLIMP

B 3

6

.

P&lo

536

1

SHOT 277: Date: Experimenter:

Colliding Composition Jtiy 29, 1965

B-3 Detonations

Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 28,91 #S reflected shocks in Composition B-3 detonation The detonation waves collided. See Shots 86,87,91,92,

0; 1 t—.101.6 —1 D’

+ P 040

COMP. B 3

I ~

I COMP. B 3

538

BEAM AXIS

products

and 274-276.

2.48 ,us after the

SHOT 278:

Cylindrical

Hole in Water

Date: Experimenter:

April 20,1965 Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 44.95 ps References: Mader et al., 1967; Mader and Kershner, 1972 A 10.O-mm-radius cylindrical hole is formed by a thin-walled (0.152-mm) glass tube in water. The shock wave has traveled for 4.7 JLSsince the shock reached the Lucite and water interface. See Shots 187, 188, 279-280, 300, and 318. his 38,9 mm.

lol.6

+

~,.w

-----

+

n ’35 i

1-

WATER

AIR

LUCITE

BEAM ~AXIS

-1-~

.-

hb

20. O-mm.,. d., 2C3Ck-mm o.d. GLASS ROD

22.6

COMP. B–3

w G COMP. B-3 H+

~E

540

BOX

SHOT 279: Cylimirical Hole in Water Date: April 20,1965 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 46.11 @ References: Mader et al., 1967; Mader and Kershner, 1972 A 10,0-mm-radius cylindrical hole is formed by a thin-walled (0.152-mm) glare tube in water. The shock wave has traveled for 5,9 ps since the shock reached the

✌✍✍✍ ❑✍ El

Lucite and water interface. See Shots 187, 188, 278, 280,300, and 318. his 46.0 mm.

\’ \

/ /

b

\

\

r-, 1,

w

\

\ \

“

1-

‘O1’-

t-=b

+

z

,-

1

L

7

’35-1 t-

WATER

w

Al R

200.mm-l. d., 20.3 W-mm-0.d. GLASS ROD

.

hb

22.6

b

I---_-J: r-----l-i

I

P 040

I

L--l--J

542

BOX

-J-+

z

m ~ .

LUCITE

BEAM /AXIS

Cylindrical Hole in Water SHOT 280: April 21,1965 Date: Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: 47.3 @ Radiographic Time: Mader et al., 1967, Mader and Kersl-mer, 1972 References: A 10.O-mm-radius cylindrical hole is formed by a thin-walled (0.152-mm) glass tube in water. The shock wave has traveled 7.1 KS since the shock reached the Lucite and water interface. See Shots 187, 188,278-279,300,

k 1

--

101.6 —

-1

63’ + t-

I-+”35

T

wATE R

-EET

9 z ,+ a

d

AIR

~

LUCITE

BEAM AXIS

~+

BOX

20,0.mm ,.d., 203 W.mm-o.d. GLASS ROO

h

22.6

P-040

544

and 318. his 54,0 mm.

I

SHOT 281:

Aluminum Rod in Water April 21, 1965

Date: Experimenter:

Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 46.13 ps Reference: Ylader et al., 1967; Mader and Kershner, 1972 A shockwave in water interacting with a 10.O-mm-radius aluminum rod. The shock

wave has traveled for 5.9 ~s since the shock reached the Lucite and water interface. See Shots 189, 190,269, and 282. his 46.0 mm.

1-

10’6 +

,. WATER

-Eiii!l LUCITE

T

BEAM AXIS

~

>

z ; .

20. O.mm.0.d. ALUMINUM ROO

22.6

+

h

COMP. B–3

I

546

BOX

P–040

T

I

+

SHOT 282:

Aluminum Rod in Water Apri] 21, 1965 Roger W, Taylor 47.2 /18

Date: Experimenter:

/.\ m

Radiographic Time: References: Mader et al., 1969; Mader and Kerehner, 1972 A shock wave in water interacting with a 10.O-mm-radius aluminum rod. The shock wave has traveled 7.0 I.LSsince the shock reached the Lucite and water interface. See Shots 189, 190,269, and 281. his 53.97 mm.

\

I

\

. -,

T

\~~

/-

\

/

\

1-

.

w

z

1

-101’ ------

+ km

635 -i

1-

WATER

‘B

LUCITE

w

6EAM AXIS

>

z

2Q.0.mm.o, d. ALUMINUM ROD

g w

22.6

#

548

BOX

COMP. B–3

h

T

MunrcwI Jet

SHOT 283: Date:

May 25, 1965 Douglas Venable Experimenter: 51.47 ps Radiographic Time: Formation and growth of gmeous Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air gap 10.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonationa have run along the gap for 203.2 mm. h is 203.2 mm. T

~

I

CON?.

B--3

I

h

* I

I COMP. B -3

550

‘+ .3

SHOT 285: Date:

MUU,HE Jet

May 25,1965 Expmimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 32.92 ,@ Formation and growth of gaseous Munrm jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation

products of two Composition

B-3 charges eeparated by an air gap

20.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initiabd by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-O(31lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 203.2 mm and expanded into air for 1.45 As. See Shots 286 and 287. his 203.2 mm.

I

/

‘..

/’

\

/’

*

-– 101.6

\

\ \! p’

\’

,1 (-L ,_i

il I

11

;\

/!

l\ @

/1 ‘

,\ i

/’ ‘,

/ \

552

/ //

SHOT 286:

M unroe Jet June 15, 1965

Date: Experimenter:

Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 53.8 PS Formation and g-rowth of’ gaseous Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separatid by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide, The charges are initiated by 25,4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 203.2 mm and expanded into air for 2.33 ,US.h is 203.2 mm. See Shots 285 and 287.

,,/

,/

,.

T

\

/

.

lcll.6-

\ \

,,/

“\

)

/

~

!/

~

1)

\l \l

~( (

(-\ \_)

;1 1

/!

~\ /; l\

,1

1

\ \

/’

\ /

\

/

‘.. /

554

—

SHOT 287:

Munme

Date:

June 15,1985

Jet

Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 55.06 @ Formation and growth of gaseous Munroe jets. This jet ia formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Compcmition B-3 charges sepmated by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The chargee are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 203,2 mm and expanded into air for 3.59 KS. h is 203.2 mm. Shots 285-287 were fired to determine at what point the shiq edge of the jet would start to break up. Breakup begins when the rarefaction wave associated with the free-surface blowoff reaches the front of the jet. This corresponds to an extended jet run distance of about one-half gap width.

I

556

COMP. B–3

2

SHOT 290: Date:

Composition B-3 with Embedded August 26,1965

Tantalum

Foils

Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed 26.3 ~S Radiographic Time: Eight slabs of 6.35-mm-thick Composition B-3 separated by 0.0254-mm-thick tantalum foils were initiahd ppdicular to the foils by 50.8 mm of Composition B-3 and a I?-040 lens. Two Lucite slaba separated by 0.025-mm-thick tantalum foils were placed on top of the Composition B-3. The flow of the unconfined detonation products is show-n. See Shots 220 and 221,

T /-) 9 \_/ G \\‘--////1 1 /’

‘N

\

El/

//

\

\

\

!

EIGHT 6.3&mm.thick COMP. B–3 SLABS SEPARATED BY

LUCITE ~

?.%:i::lLs

~w

T -f-’ A

;

+

BEAM AXIS

+ w

COMP, B-3 R“

558

1

SHOT 291: Date:

COuiding cyclokd August 24,1965

Douglaa Venable Experimenter: 27.79 @ Radiographic Time: The reflected ahocka in Cyclotol detonation waves collided. See Shots 203-206.

-

DetoxLntiom

products 1.89 M alter the det.mation

‘0’”61

P C4cl

CYC LOTOL

I

‘/

BEAM AXIS

CYCLOTOL

r

k=P-D40

DET

560

SHOT 292: Colliding PBX-9404 Detonation Date: September 1, 1965 Exprimentm: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 26.86 ps The reflected shocks in PBX-9404 detonation products 1.72 AS after the detonation waves collided. See Shots 207-210.

k—

101 6

—-

PEX-EMW I

k

BEAM i /AXIS ●,

I

PBX–W04

I

P 040

-

562

DET

SHOT 294: Date: Experimenter:

colliding Octol Dotollationa September 14, 1965

Douglas Venable 25.86 @ Radiographic Time: The reflected shocks in Octol detonation products wavea collided. See Shots 295-297.

—

0,34 YS after the detonation

1016--1 DET 1

P-MO 1

t--

l_OCTOL

1/

I

OCTO L

P Wo

BEAM AXIS

SHOT 295: Date: Experimenter:

Colliding Octol Detonation September 14,1965

Douglas Venable 26.51 #S Radiographic Time: reflected shocks in Octol detonation products The waves collided. See Shots 294, 296, and 297.

DET I

P.D40

OCTO L

1,

I

OCTO L

P Wo

566

BEAM AXIS

Wavea

1,03 PS after the detonation

SHOT 296: COUiding Octol Detonation Waves Date: September 14, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 27.02 pa The reflected shocks in Octol detonation products 1.55 gs after the detonation waves collided, See Shots 294, 295, and 297.

T 0;

1

a 1-

!016 —-+

r

DET

P .040

OCTO L

LI,w I

OCTOL

P. 040

568

SHOT 297: Date: Experimenter:

Colliding Octol Detonation Waves September 14, 1965 Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 27.49 ps The reflected shocks in Octol detonation products 1.98 KS after the detonation waves collided. See Shots 294-298.

~—

101.6-1

P- 040

OCTOL

BEAM AXIS

1 :/

Ii OCTO L

570

Water Jet SHOT 298: July 23,1965 Date: Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: 46,85 @ Radiographic Time: Mader et al., 1967; Mader and Kershner, 1972 References: A shock wave in water interacts with a 9. O-mm-deep 90° groove formed by thin (0.1-mm) plastic sheets. The shock wave hm traveled 6.65 AS since the shock reached the Lucite and water interface.

_

i

6.35

See Shots 192 and 299. h is 44.45 mm.

’35-1

-k LUCITE

T

BOX

BEAM

p

+/

& u-, ” ~

‘x’s

. 0.101 mm Wck PLASTIC SHEETS

““’b-f’ T

:

:

‘=90

t

COMP. B -3 +

:

~

~:

Q’ P–C4U

DE’

572

SHOT 299: Water Jet Date: August 26,1966 Experimenter: I@er W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 47.79ps A shock wave in water interacts with a 0.9-mm-deep

90° grmve formed by thin

(0.101-mm) plastic sheets. The shock wave has traveled 7.6 ~ since the shock reached the Lucite and water interface. See Shots 192 and 298, his 38.1 mm.

k“— ‘0’6 -+ pm,

1

6.35 +

+ LUCITE

BEAM AXIS

1 w /

z ., m, mi

9

+ ‘ATER/T /=g”

O.101-mnblh#ck PLASTIC SHEETS : n.’

h -i-

-D

1

nP -040

I I

574

BOX

I

SHOT 3(K): Cyhdrieal Hole in Water Date: July 22, 1065 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 54.78 w Reference: Mader et al., 1967; Mader and Kerahner, 1972 A 10.O-mm-radius cylindrical hole is formed by a thin-walled (0.152-mm) glass tube in water. The shock wave has traveled for 5.9 w since the shock reached the Lucite and water interface. ThiE shot is similar to Shot 279 except that the water shock wave is leas cumwci. See Shots 187, 188, 279, 280, and 318. h is 38,9 mm.

I / f

/ ---/ / / /

\\

—

\

\

\

,—, I .

\

\\\\ L < /

t---’--

+

.

/ ./ / ‘-2

/’

—----’ 6.35

r6.35 1

~

k1[ LucITE BOX

WATER AIR ~

BEAM ~E

ill.hmld., 20.3 M-mm~.d. G LASS ROD

h 2-2.6 v *

I

576

~ COMP, B–3

11 .

‘“35

of Alumiuum SHOT 305: ~c ~ N-ovember 23, 1965 Date: Benny Ray Breed Experimenter: 33,38 w Radiographic Time: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 References: Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 38.1 mm. The aluminum sample was cooled in liquid nitrogen before being placed on the exploeive at shot time, The metal holder shown in the radiograph was part of the remotely operated device used to move the aluminum from a dewar of liquid nitrogen to the surface of the explosive.

COMP. B .3

q

1--1z

L

P- C40

578

SHOT 308: Multiple Plate Frncture August 30, 1965 Date : Gary W. Roden.z Experimenter: 35.13 ps Radiographic Time: Dynamic fracture of 5.06-mm-thick aluminum and 5.06-mm-thick copper, me plates are shocked by 50.8 mm of PBX-94W initated by a P-081 lens. h h 17.46 mm. The thicknesses observed 6,70 @ after the detonation reached the plate interface are 1.50 mm of aluminum, 0.75 mm of void, 1.17 mm of aluminum, 0.30 mm of void, 1.36 mm of aluminum, 3.24 mm of multiple layera and voids, and 5.92 mm of copper. See Shoti 310, 311, 335, and 336.

580

Multiple Plate Fracture SHOT 309: August 30, 1986 Date: Gary W. Rodenz I@x3rimenter: 34,45 #a Radiographic Time: Dynamic fracture of 5.08-mm-thick coppr, 5.08-mm-thick aluminum, and 5.08mm-thick copper. The plates are shocked by 60.8 mm of P13X-9404 initated by a P081 lens. h is 14.29 mm, The thicknesses obsemed 9.0 w after the detonation reached the plate interface are 5.80 mm of copper, 3.20 mm of aluminum, 13.0 mm of void, 1.40 mm of aluminum, and 5.30 mm of copper. See Shots 312, 313, and 337339. Unfortunately the details of this type of shot are obscure because the edges of the free surface plate (copper) bend and shield the aluminum.

\

\

\

1

I \ \

/

BEAM AXIS

/

“- -L

b 1

COPPER

h

ALUMINUM. COPPER

&

10.16

●

I PBX–MC4

5.08

1524

M z 1

582

SHOT 310: MuitipAe Plate Fracture Date: hdy 6, 1865 Experimenter: Gary W. Rodenz 13adiographic Time: 31.5 pa Dynamic fracture of 5.08-mm-thick aluminum and 5.08-mm-thick copper. The plates are chocked by 50.8 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-(381 lens. The thiclmess.es obeerved 3,24 ~ after the detonation reached the plate intarface are 5.90 mm of iluminum and 5,40 mm of copper. Identical to Shot 308, but radiog-raphed at an eodier time. h ia 8.20 mm.

584

SHOT 311: Multiple Plate Fracture Date: July 12, 1985 Experimenter: Gary W. Rodenz Radiographic Time: 38,46 w Dynamic fracture of 5,08-mm-thick aluminum and 5.08-mm-thick copper. The plates are shocked by 50.8 mm of PBX-9404 initated by a P-081 lens. h is 24.35 mm. See Shots 308 and 310, The thicknesses obsemed 10.17 ps after the detonation reached the plate interface are 2.1 mm of aluminum, 1.0 mm of void, 1,6 mm of aluminum, 5.9 mm of aluminum and void layers, and 5.9 mm of copper.

\

586

\

\

SHOT 312: Multiple PlateI Fracture Date: Septembr 9, 1!365 Experimenter: Gary W, R.odenz Radiographic Time: 37,49 #s Dynamic fracture of 5.08-mm-thick copper, 5.08-mm-thick aluminum, and 5.08mm-thick copper. The platea are. shocked by 50.8 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P081 lens. h is 17,46 mm. The thicknesses observed 9,20 LWafter the detonation reached the plate interface are 1,30 mm of copper, 3.2 mm of multiple copper and void layem, 2.3 mm of copper. 0.9 mm of void, 5.7 mm of multiple aluminum layers, 1.10 mm of aluminum, and 5.0 mm of copper, SW Shots 309, 313, and 337-339,

AXIS

“--

T

COPPER

i

‘L’’’’”:-

*

588

SHOT 313: Multiple Plate Fracture Date: September 22, 1965 Experimenter: Gary W. Rodenz 39.9 pa Radiographic Time: Dynamic fracture of 5.08-mm-thick coppm, 5.08-mm-thick aluminum, and 5.08mm-thick cop~r. The platea are shocked by 50.8 mm of PBX-94A)4 initiated by a P081 lens. h iE 28.57 mm, The thicbrsses observd 11.61 @ after the detonation reached the plate interface are 1.19 mm of cop~r, 0.34 mm of vuid, 0.67 mm of copper, 0.’24 mm of void, 1.05 mm of copper, 0.37 mm of void, 1.33 mm of multiple spalled copper, 2.41 mm of copper, O.W of void. 1.28 mm of aluminum, 0.81 mm of void, 2,84 mm of aluminum, 0,70 mm of void, and 5,57 mm of copper. W Shots 309,312, and 337-339.

/

/

/

/

I \ \ \ \ \

1—

\

\

\\ \ T \ ,* 1; k. g / 1 ,I

u’

/’

ii

\

/

101s

_,

\

BEAM AXIS

‘~

\

—

\

// /

/

___

COPPER ALU MINJM COPPER

PBX-94M

5.0s

15.24 ; *

590

Cyhclriml Hole in Polyethylene SHOT 314: February 23, 1964 Date: Douglaa Venable Ex@menter: 46.15 p Radiographic Time: Mader et al., 1967; Mader and Kershner, 1972 References: Study of a 10.O-mm-radiua cylindrical hole in a block of polyethylene. The shock wave was generatA by 203.2 mm of Composition B-3 interacting with 6.35 mm of Lucite. h ia 46.03 mm. See Shot 351.

t-

‘“16 +

n=====! POLYETHYLENE

II

BEAM

I

20. O.mnlo.d HOLE

LUCITE

592

SHOT 315: Munroe Jet Date: September 2, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 76.96 w References: Mader et al., 1967; Mader and Kendmer, 1972 Formation and growth of gaaeoue Mun.roe jets. This jet ie formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges eeparatad by an ah gap 10.0 mm, w, wide. The chargm are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 406.4 mm. h ia 406.4, I

/

/’ ~

,--

-. ‘\ t

,’

-101.6

r \ \

“ -4

\ \

I

“T 1+ ; z ,--! \l .. 1\;

~/

1 \

\l

1/

l\

,~~

‘\

I

\

\

\

.

,- / —-+

594

/

/

/

..-L

/

I

1

SHOT 318: Cyhdrical Hole in Water Date: September 21, 1965 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor 47,71 * Radiographic Time: A 10.O-mm-radius cylindrical hole is formed by a thin-walled (0.152-mm) glass tube in water. The shock wave has traveled 7.5 w since the shock reached the Lucite and water iuterface. See Shots 187, 188, 27W80, and 3041.h is 46,0 mm.

-i

.-

n t-”

’35

“4

F

WATER

BEAM ~AXIS

AIR

T

T

-

hb

22.6

&P 040

596

OET

LUCITE

%:::”0,. GLASS ROD

BOX

SHOT 319: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time:

Multiple Pint.e Fracture September 22, 1965 Gary W. Rodenz 37.5 #s _ic ~ctm of 5.W-mm-thick copper, 5.08-mm-thick aluminum, and 5.08mm-thick copper layered in a pyramid. The plates were shocked by 50.8 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lene. h is 17.46 mm. It was hoped that in this configuration the edges of the top plate would not curve and interfere with interpretation of the spallhg phenomena. The technique was not succeaaful because very complicated (although difTerent) edge efkcts occurred

g

:

z

1

J-

COPPER ALUMINUM

h

COPPER

? PBX–0404

!

t 1

1

5.0s z

598

SHOT 320: Perliti Sheek Velocity Date: Septamber 23, 1966 Experimenter: Gary W. Rodanz Radiographic Time: 39.94 p Buik.deneity Perlite shocked by 101,6 mm of Composition B-3. me rod shown on the left sids of the radio~aph containsd timing pins. h is 108 mm.

/“

-?

.

El!l\

/

\

f

[

\

m

(-) <.

z

\

I

\

/

\

/

i-

-T-LUCITE BOX 7 OEAM AXIS

T h

*

T_ ““--

P-(J49

600

T I

SHOT 321: Magnenium J* September 1, 1966 Date: Experimenter: William R. Field Radiographic Time: 36,86 @ Formation of jets from small mdanguk holes in the surface and inside of a magnesium plate, The magnesium was in the form of two plates, each 3 mm thick. The plate in contact with the exploeive was ungrooved. The front plate had two grooves, each 1.5 mm deep by 2.0 mm wide, one in the free surface, the other in the back surface. The plates are shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens t h is 3.17 mm. ---

I

---\

\ \

~ [

‘T \ \ \

& ,

~!

(>

~ ‘~!,z

I

~ g ‘ /

~1’

/

/ 1

~ <

“’-=+ VOID

;

BEAM

AXIS

MAGNESIUM

~q;

“+ w z COMP, B–3

602

Diverging Munroe Jet SHOT 322: November 2, 1965 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 30.71 #s Radiographic Time: Formation and growth of gaseous Munroe jeti. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air groove of 5.0°, u. The charges are initiated by a Composition B-3 wedge initiated by a P-OS1 lens. The detonations have run 63.5 mm from the P-081. his 63.5 mm. See Shots 323 and 324. —,/

/

I

/’ ,,’

—.

\\

,/””

/“

I!l

‘,,! T

II

‘1

I n, 1,

\

w 6 .

J 1 ~1 ,,, I

l\ \

k–

-1

-m’ +“i

I

BEAM A_= AXIS

I

~

T I

T

COMP. B 3

COMP. B j h

whi

~

c

604

.

-

is

J!_

Ii

COMP. B–3

I

SHOT 333: ~v_ Munmm Jet Date: Nwember 2, 1966 Experimenter: Douglae Venable Radiographic Time: 34,96 * Formation and growth of gaeeoue Munroe jeh Thie jet ie formed the detonation products of two Compaction B-3 chargee separated of 5.0°, a. The chargea are initiatad by a Compoeiticm B3 wedge 081 lene. The detunationa have run 97.6 mm from the P-081. h Shots 322 and 324.

t—”

–

2m.2

_:

~

I BEAM AXIS

COMP. B -3 ‘

‘

T

I w

COMP. B_3

z

h

4 :. 6 m

1 z

COMP. B–3 i

7

606

by interaction of by an air groove initiated by a Pie 97.6 mm. See

SHOT 324: Diverging Mumoe Jet Date: September 28, 1966 Experimenter: Douglas Venable 39.25 * Radiographic Time: Formation and growth of gasemus Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of’ the detonation products of two Composition B-3 chargm separated by an air groove of 5.0”, a. The chargisa are initiated by a Composition B-3 wedge initiatad by a P081 lene. The detonationa have run 131.7 mm from the P-Of Il. his 131,7 mm. Shots 322-324 show that the flow from 5.0° grooves ia not steady state and that the jet tip is very diffuse compared with those of jets formed in rectanguhu grooves. , .-— — /

/

-.. ‘1. L..,

.’

/“

\

--

2m.2

-+

---+

C,l-

“T .

COMP. B- 3 COIV!P.

0.3

E

1 ,

JI

/

::

COMP. B 3

‘R”

1

-r P- 0.91 /’”

\ “e’””

608

I I

SHOT 32s: Divm@Iu Munme Jet Date: October 19, 1866 Experimenter: Douglae Venable 31.28 w Radiographic Time: Formation and growth of gaeeoua Munroe jets. This jet ia formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Com~ition B-3 chargea eeparated by an ah groove of 10.0’, a. The chargea are imitided by a Composition B-3 wedge initiated by a P081 lens. The det.onationa have run 68.0 mm horn the P-081. h ia 68.26 mm. See Shots 326 and 327,

l“t-

610

SHOT 33& Diverging M~ Jet Date: Otiber19, 1965 Experimenter: Douglae Venable 35.49 #a Radiographic Time: Formation and growth of gaseoua Mumue jets. This jet iE formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 chargee separated by an air groove of 10.0”, a, The chargea are initiatsd by a Compmition B-3 wedge initiated by a P031 ha, The detonation have run 101.6 mm from the P-081. h ia 101.6 mm, See Shots 325 and 327.

-l”t-

?

612

0.91

,

J

SHOT 327: ~v~ Muurcm Jet Date: September 2%, 1966 Experimenter: Douglas Venable 39.72 w Radiographic Time: Formation and growth of gaeems Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Compmition B-3 chargea separated by an air groove of 10,0°, a. The charges me initiated by a Composition B-3 wedge initiated by a P061 Iena, The detonations have run 136.0 mm km the P-081. his 135.7 mm. Shots 325-327 show that the flow from 10° grooves is not steady state and that the jet top is very diffuse compared with thoee of jets formed in rectangulm grooves,

t————

2“’2 ~

KL2”-’ 614

SHOT 328: Diverging Munroe Jet Date: October 5, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 32.4 w Formation and growth of gaix+ous Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air groove of 20”, a. The charges are initiati by a Composition B-3 wedge initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run 77.0 mm from the P-WI. h is 77.0 mm. See Shots 329 and 330.

\l \l

—

——

‘m’ ~

“’”2’ 616

SHOT 329: Diverging Munroe Jet Date: October 5, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 36.54 w Formation and growth of gaseous Munrw jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air groove of 20”, a. The charges are initiated by a Composition B-3 wedge initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run 110.0 mm from the P-081, his 110.3 mm. See Shots 328 and 330.

\

— ,/ !;

{’ \ \ /’

—

-r ~ ~+ (

L-i .

—

COMP. B–3 *

> P–081

I

618

I

\ I

SHOT 334): Diverging Munroe Jet Date: September 28, 1965 Experimenter: Douglaa Venable Radiographic Time: 40.77 #s Formation and growth of gaemua Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of’ the detonation products of two Composition B-3 chargee separated by an air groove of 20°, u. The chargee are initiated by a Composition B-3 wedge initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have rum 143.0 mm from the P-081, his 143.6 mm. Shots 328330 show that the flow from 20° groov~ ie not steady state and that the jet tip is very dWuee compmd with thoee of jets formed in rectangular grooves.

++-

~

r

–

._,

AXIS

@.lP

~3 ,.1

L

P- 081

“L”””

620

2W3.2

J

Multiple Plate Fraoture SHOT 331: Auguet 16, 19M Date: Gary W. Rodenz Ex@menter: 37,23 w Radiographic Time: -C hcture of 5.08-mm-thick iron, 5.08-mm-thick aluminum, and 5,08-mmthick iron. The platee were shocked by 50.8 mm of PBX-8404 initiated by a mild detmating fuse (M, D.F.) pad. h is 41.93 mm. A 26.4-mm-thick slab of Composition B-3 and a 6.35-mm-thick slab of PBX-9404 were placed 25.4 mm below the plata This exphmive charge waa deuigned to be initiated by the flying plata end to permit remvery of the fractured plates, but recovery was unsuccessful. At the time of this radi~ph, 14.o pa after the detition reached the plate interface, the plates had not reached the bottom slabs of explmive. The observed thicknesses are 1.50 mm of iron, a void, 1.70 mm of iron, a void, 2.4 mm of multiple iron layem, a void, 5.0 mm of aluminum with ita back spalled, and 5.0 mm of iron. See Shoti 332 and 333.

~–...

_–_T

1

L__––___~

-+MDF

PAD

.Q~ * Ki

BEAM AXIS —+

5.oa

15.24

_

+[ COMP. B-3 A

4 ?

I

; .

622

. h .

h

\

IT -PEX–9404

SHOT 332: Multiple Plate Fracture August 17, 1966 Date: Gary W. Rodenz Experimenter: Radiographic Time: 38.22 /4)9 Dynamic fracture of 5.08-mm-thick iron, 5.08-mm-thick aluminum, and 5.08-mmthick iron. The platea were shocked by 50.8 mm of P13X-9404 initiated by a mild detonating fuee (M.D. F.) pad. h ia 31.76 mm. A 25.4-mm-thick dab of Composition B-3 and a 6.35-mm-thick slab of PBX-!3404 were placed 25,4 mm below the platee. This exploeive charge was designed to be initiat.ad by the flying platee and to permit recovery of the tictured plates, but recovery wae unsucceeafd, See Shots 331 and 333.

~–-––

—— — 1 1

I

I

I

I I I

L______.

J

MDF PAD ..

LG!EiiiJ~ -,

s

624

BEAM Axis ““ - +

5.OB

!5.24

.L *

SHOT 333: Multiple Plate Fracture August 24, 1966 Date : Gary W. Rodenz Experimenter: 43.19 #s Radiographic Time: Dynamic fracture of 5.08-mm-thick iron, 5.08-mm-thick aluminum, and 5.08-mmthick iron. The plates were shocked by 50.8 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a mild detonation fuse (M.D,F.) pad. h ia 31.75 mm. A 25.4-mm-thick slab of Compmition B-3 and a 6.35-mm-thick slab of PBX-9404 were placed 25.4 mm beknv the plates. This exploeive charge was designed to be initiated by the flying plates and to permit recovery of the fractured plates, but recovery was unsuccessful.

~–-––

—— — 1 \ \

1

\l ,;

1

I L–__–___J

/

MDF PAD

626

I J_

ExploBive Driver for Multiple Plate Fracture SHOT 3J4: October 4, 1965 Date: Gary W. Rodenz Experimenter: 38.48 ~ Radiographic Time: A 50.8-mm-thick slab of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens was used to drive the multiple plate fracture shots 308-313 and 335-339. See Shot 347 also.

/“~

“\

/

\ ———

,--

.\

-. \

.—

——

——

‘)

‘\—l-+ II \\

~

\,

\’

~-

628

.-

(

t—\ . /’

L–+–_.

–____/<~J

.

–

304.8

u, 2

1

SHOT 336: Multiple Plate Fracture Date: October 21, 1965 Eqnnimenter: Gary W. Rodenz Radiographic Time: 31,72 @ Dynamic- fracture of 5.08-mm-thick aluminum and 5.08-mm-thick copper. The pld.ea are shocked by 50.8 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens. See Shots 308, 310, 311, and 336.

——— _ ~_ /’ /“

YY ‘: .:1, ~____ –—––– ,“3,

/

Y\–l

i

T

/

1/

\l

1/

i

\l \l

II p

T

I

.-, /’

i

,

~. z

1 \

\

k-’”’”’~ \

——— /

‘-

\

II

/

/

. . . =

?

~---

304s

—— i

ALUMINUM COPPER

,46 T

PBX-EMC4 5.08 BEAM AXIS

~

z 1

0,025 TANTALUM FOIL

630

q

SHOT 336: Date: Experimenter: Radiographic Time:

Multiple Plata Fmcture October 21, 1%5 Gary W, Rodenz 35.13 *

-ic fract~ of 5.~-mm-thck aluminum and 5.08-mm-thick copper. The platw axe shocked by 50.8 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens. See Shots 308, 310, 311, and 335.

,/

//” /’

.—,

\ \

-------“

./””

203.4

.

\ \

i

1,

3C-%B i

ALUMINUM

1’

CIJPPER -<’

Ix

, $;6 b

PBx–e404

BEAM AXIS

1 5.08

!

>

v

+ \ 0.025 TANTALuh.I FOIL

p-. oal

1

632

3

1

SHOT 337: Multiple Plate Fracture Date: October 27, 1985 Gary W. Radenz Experimenter: Radiographic Time: 35,47 ps Dynamic fractme of 5,08-mm-thick copper, 5.08-mm-thick aluminum, and 5.08mm-thick copper. The plates are shocked by 50,8 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P081 lens. See Shots 309, 312, 313, 338, and 339.

l\

l\

\\

\’ ‘i

---- /

.._

304E

~ ~

634

—-—-

—

-’i

.-l~ 10.16

BEAM

u

/’

&

PBX

7:+

./

,,/”

—--’’”’’” “

i—— COPPER ALu,MINUM COPPER

/“

/

B404

1 5.08

1

7

SHOT 338: Multiple Plate Fracture Date: October 27, 1965 Experimenter: Gary W. Rodenz Radiographic Time: 37.52 ~ Dynamic fracture of 5.08-mm-thick copper, 5.08-mm-thick aluminum, and 5.08mm-thick copper. The plates were shocked by 50.8 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens. See Shots 309, 312, 313, 337, and 339.

..,- /“”x”

-—

-\\,

-—— -/

/

/,

L_>_: \ \ /

t-

\ 203.4

~-–-– \

—

\

~~’”

1/

\

.

/’

‘“

/

– :01:_

: _7#’_i-~ / / / /’ / ,,.” -——__ -

“’~””” 304.6

COPPER AL UMlh UM COPPER

— +

,&

PBX–9404 5.08

10. I6

!524 *

m; z

‘y:l-=r \... T/’ OET

636

SHOT 339: Multiple Plate Fra@ure Date: Novemkr 2, 1985 Experimenter: Gary W. Rodenz Radiographic Time: 39,88 w Dynamic fracture of 5.08-mm-thick copper, 5.08-mm-thick aluminum, and 5,08mm-thick copper. The platea were shocked by 50.8 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens. See Shots 309, 312, 313, 337, and 338.

/’”

+“-

/’””

-

~“

““\

-------

CIJF?ER ALUMINUM COPPER

--L.,.

304.8

— —-—–----i

. ~+

PBX-9404 5,08

~k

638

DE1

m 3

SHOT 340: Vermiculite Shock Velocity Date: October 4, 1965 Experimenter: Gary W. Rodenz Radiographic Time: 39.97 * Bulk-density Vermiculite shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3 interacting with 6.35 mm of Lucite. The rud on the left side of the radiograph contained timing pins. h is 108.0 mm.

n: /“

.

,1

/

\

1(

\

‘w

f-, <)

G

\

1

\

/’

/+ -J \

*.

—

101.6

6.35

6.35--

—

7

— LUCITE BOX

BEAM Axis

T

h

r w z

L

640

SHOT 341: Munroe Jet Date: Cktuber 19, 1965 I?qwrimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 36,68 pa Formation and growth of gasemu Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Compmition B3 chargm separated by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The chargm are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens, The destinations have run along the gap for 86.0 mm. h is 101.6 mm. There is 0.0%4-mm-thick tantalum foil across the top of the gap. See Shots 342, 343, and 362.

o.o~-mm IhicK TANTALUM FOIL

1 BEAM AXIS 1

COMP

B 3

T

“

h

-w

COMP, E 3

Tw & ~

--

1 COMP. B 3

. : 7

P- OB1

I

642

I

Munroe Jet SHOT 342: October 20, 1965 Date: Douglas Venable Experimenter: 37.69 #a Radiographic Time: Formation and growth of gaeeous Mum.nx jets, This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition E3 charges separated by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The chargea are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation have run along the gap for 94.0 mm. h is 101.6 mm. There is a 0.0254-mm-thick tantalum foil acroaa the top of the gap. The precursor gaaes which travel faster than the primary jet have begun to deform the foil. See Shots 341, 343, and 362. r

>’1:1:’ \\

/

/

./

/

/

-—

---

/’

1

\

T

1

1/

\,

I

1/

I

1

T

\,

]’E;AT

‘~

y COMP

B 3

CDMP.

h

L. COW

B 3

11 .

I B 3

+ P- OB1

1

I

u-

DET

SHOT 3.43: Munroe Jet Date: October 26, 1966 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 38.6 pa Formation and growth of gaseous Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separatd by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The chargea are initiatad by 25,4 mm of Compmition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 101.0 mm. h is 101.6 mm. A 0.0254-mm-thick tantalum foil acroee the top of the gap has been deformed considerably by the prearm r gases which travel faster than the primary jet. Shots 341, 342, 343, and 362 were deeigned to show that the precursor gasea have considerable momentum per unit area. \

/, /

/

/

—

--.\ \

_

101 6

\ \

i

\

/

\

/ I 1/

I

I

1/

i,;

1: ~:-., : I \. I

1/

I l\ l\

\

~ 1-

jl

I I I

‘\

~

If~ ;lll /

\ \

\

/

\ ‘.

/

/

/“’

L

r

‘Twz

BEAM AXIS \

COMP. B-3

“

T h

COMP, B 3

&w I

646

,.

1

0.0254-mm [hick TANTALUM FOIL

with Aluminum SHOT 344: Munmw Jet Inbmwting Date: October 30, 1965 Douglaa Venable Experimenter: 41.66 #a Radiographic Time: Interaction of gaseous Munroe jets with an aluminum plate. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The chargea are initiated by 25.4 mm of Compmition 3-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The deviations have run along the gap, and a reflectd shock has been sent into the detonation products. h is 114.3 mm. See Shti 345 and 346.

648

SHOT 345: Munrve Jet Interacting with Aluminum Date: October 20, 1985 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 43.97 #s Interaction of gaaeous Munroe jets with an aluminum plate. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation produck of two Composition E?-3chargee separated by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap, and a reflected shock has been sent into the detonation products. h is 133.3 mm. See Shots 344 and 346. —

V=Fk

I

I I

1(-’, ,, I

I

1,

l\

1,‘\ \ \\\

I

I ) I

/--’

‘.

1 / /// Ii ~

‘1

~

T’ h

q z

COMP. E 3

COMP, B 3 *W

-

d

650

SHOT 346: Munroe Jet Interacting with Aluminum Date: Octder 26, 1965 Ex@menter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 45.97 pa Interaction of gmeoua Mugroe jets with an aluminum plate 17.78 mm above the charges. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 chargea separated by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The charges are initiated by 25.4 mm of Compmition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations and jet have interacted with the aluminum plate. h is 152.4 mm, Shots 344-346 illustrate the cutting action of the primary jet when it interacts with aluminum plates and the complex shock wave structure produced by the interaction.

652

SHOT 347: Explosive Driver for Mtdtiple Plttte Fracture Date: October 19, 1965 Experimenter: Gary W. Rodenz 28.53 pa Radiographic Time: A 50.8-mm-thick slab of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens was used to drive the multiple plate fracture shots 308-313 and 335-339. See Shot 33=4for a later time, The detonation wave haa reached the top eurface of the PBX-94M

/./

“-

x+a

+—

T

f%x-Ma4 BEAM

m 0.025 TANTALUM

z 1

654

SHOT 348: Dynamic Fracture of Alumimun Date: October 25, 1965 Iihqwrimenter: Benny Ray Breed ~477 @ Radiographic Time: References: Bred et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25,0-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 50.8 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-MO lens. h is 28.6 mm.

656

SHOT 349: Dynamic Fracture of Aluminum Date: October 26, 1965 Eenny Ray Breed Experimenter: 23.02 w Radiographic Time: References: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 38.1 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-(MI lens. h is 28.6 mm.

1—

1016 —,

Tz !(+ /-, \\\ \~)///’ \ //’ 1 /“

-\\

,’

0/’ f

658

‘\ \

SHOT 351: Cylindrical Hole in Polyethylene Octaber 26, 1965 Date: Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: 47.66 #a Radiographic Time: Mader et al., 1967; Mader and Kershner, 1972 Refemncea: Study of a 10.O-mm-radius cylindrical hole in a block of polyethylene. The shock wave wee generated by 203.2 mm of Composition B-3 interacting with 6.35 mm of Lucite. h ie 46.03 mm. See Shot 314.

*

1016

—..

POLYETHYLENE

T

BEAM AXIS 0 e >

“R

, 2L. O 011,1,.d HOLE

$ w

5C. B ‘v

!/

t

22.6

i

++%=+i-Luc’TE

+M s

‘n P- 040

DET

660

SHOT 352: Composition B-3 with Embed&xl Tantalum Foils Date: November 8, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 28.8 ~ Sixteen slabs of 6.35-mm-thick Composition B-3 separated by 0.0254-mm-thick tantalum foils were initiated parallel to the foils by a P-040 lens. There is a 3.0-mmthick aluminum plate on the tip of the Compmition B-3 and a 25.4-mm-thick iron plate on one side of the exploeive charge. The detonation wave has reflected off the aluminum plate.

SIXTEEN 6.35 -mm.[hick COMP. B–3 SLABS SEPARATED o.02&mrnlh~

TANTALUM

BY

Fol~

&&’”’~”M

EEL

BEAM AXIS

P-m

P 1 &

662

—[

1 DET

Compmition B-3 with ErnbeddwiiFoils SHOT 35.3: Date: November 9, 1965 Experimenter: Doughs Venable 26.41 ~ Radiographic Time: Eight slabs of 6.35-mm-thick Composition B-3 separated by 0.0254-mm-thick ~antalum foils and a 50.8-mm-thick slab of Composition B-3 were initiated parallel to the foils by a P-040 lens. The charge was placed 14.5° off level. See Shot 354 for a different beam orientation.

T w

z

-1 A

EIGHT 6.35mm. Ihick CWP. B-3 SLABS SEPARATED BY 0. DZ5—nnnti~ TANTALuM FOILS

0 5

1

14”30’

664

SHOT 354: Composition B-3 with Embeikkl Foils Date: November 10, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 26,42 @ Eight slabs of 6.35-mm-thick Composition B-3 separated by 0,025-mm-thick tantalum foils and a 50.8-mm-thick slab of Composition B-3 were initiated parallel to the foils by a P-040 lens, See Shot 353 for a different beam orientation.

E@ EIGHT 6.35 mm lhicK COMP. B-3 SLABS SEPARATED BY 0.025 -mm.lhick TANTALUM FOILS

49.2 y

BEAM

,111

AXIS m, %

\ m,

-a

%

& @P.

&3 L

0 \m In

‘

\

y~

---- ‘o”” 14’13’

666

.C

---+

SHOT 355: Dynamic Fracture of Aluminum Date: N-ovember 9, 1965 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 25,25 @ References: Breed et al,, 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1!368 Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 50,8 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 28.6 mm.

-\\/,.0’ j-

10I,6

—1

‘\ \

l/

&m

,-

\\\

\

\

-’

~)

\

668

-/’

/’Y

“1

SHOT 356: ~C Fratiure of Mum.inum Date: November 9, 1965 Experimenter: Bemly by Brmd Radiographic Time: 25.71 ~ Referencefi: Breed et al., 1967; Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, aluminum, The plate is shocked by 50.8 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 33.3 mm.

a: 1—

/

i

—1

,016

T /-,\m .: ‘N

/“

\

‘\ \

//

0

\<J

\

/’

\

/1

/

\

/’

‘1

tiAXIS

—+—

n

h

1

SAMPLE

b

l-l

COMP. B-3

I

670

P

OAo

: L

I

SHOT 357: Dynamic Fracture of Aluminum Date: November 23, 1!365 &lIly fiy Breed Experimenter: 26.23 ~ Radiographic Time: References: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and lMudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 50.8 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-MO lens. h is 36.51 mm.

1— /

101, /-

—;

T-’ \a .. (; ‘1

/“

\

‘\ \

1{

0

\/

\

/’ \

/ /

\ \

g-

/-’” ‘1

—+—

1


SAMPLE

+ CXIMP. B–3

? L

P .04Q

I I &

672

DET

Dynamic Fracture of Aluminum SHOT 358: December 23, 1965 Date: Benny Ray Breed Experimenter: 25.07 * Radiographic Time: References: Breed et al., 1967; Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate iBshocked by 38.1 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-MO lens. h is 36.5 mm.

—’0”+

T: I* ,-, / \\\ \/’/// \ //” 1 /

‘A

,-”

.

0‘\ \

//

I

u

&

674

DET

of Aluminum SHOT 359: ~~ Date: November 9, 1965 Benny Ray Breed Experimenter: 23.53 #s Radiographic Time: Breed et al., 1967; Thumton and Mudd, 1968 R8ferenc=: Dynamic fracture of M.O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 38,1 mm of Composition B3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 28.57 mm.

u COMP. B–3

POMJ

—

676

DET

z L

SHOT 360: D YYl&micIhcture of Ahlmi.num Date: November 10, 1966 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 24.02 ~ References: Breed et al., 1987; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 38.1 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-MO lens. h is 28.57 mm,

——.—

‘01.6

—1

Tw .\ 6 ../’ / \\\ /// \ //’ /

/“

‘-.

\

//

‘\

\

I

El:

BEAM / 7,—

—

I

P L140

le

678

‘Xls ~

I

of Aluminum SHOT 361: ~c ~ November 11, 1965 Date: Benny Ray Breed Experimenter: 24.52 M Radiogmphic Time: &eed et al., 1907; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 References: Dmamic fractwe of 25.O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 38.1 mm of_ Composition B-3 initiated by a “P&40 lens. h is 33._3mm.

1—

10,.5 —1 /“

‘A \ \ \ \

Tw /—, z \ /) t \\\ /// ‘./’” 1 /

/f I

m-

I

I

BEAM

G=PI

I

COMP. 8-3

$

Pcdo

-G+

680

I

Munroe Jet SHOT 362: November 16, U?6ti Date: Experimenter: Douglae Venable 38.18 w Radiographic Time: Formation and growth of gaaeous Munrue jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charges separated by an air gap 20.0 mm, w, wide. The chargee are initiated by 25.4 mm of Cump.oeition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation have run along the gap for 98.0 mm. h is 101.6 mm. A 0.0254-mm-thick tantalum foil across the top of the gap is deformed by the precureor gases.

---

.’

/

/

/

/

--

+“:’:’ .,

/

\

1

I

T /(-., ~ ‘bm z ,, l-j I

1/

II I 1/

\;-

\,

i;

l\ l\

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I

I I

/1 ,,

‘\

I

I

1

\ /

\ /

\

/

\

/

\ ‘.

/“’

‘

—.‘1

0.0254 .mnl-lh,ck TANTALUM FOIL

I

‘T w s

BEAM AXIS \

COMP, B 3

T

‘

h

COMP

B 3

~

,1

P 081

1 DET

682

SHOT 363: Converging Munroe Jet Date: November 16, 1965 Experimenter: Dougkie Venable Radiographic Time: 26.41 w Formation and growth of gaseous Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Compmition B-3 charges separated by a converging air groove of 5.0°, a. The charges are fit~ted by P-MO lenses.

P–040

P–W(I

~ - T y

COMP. B-3

COMP. B-3

~ m

I /

—

684

1

BEAM AXIS

— I 1

SHOT 364: Converging Munroe Jet Date: November 22, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 26.43 @ Formation and growth of gaseous Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two composition B-3 chargm separated by a converging air groove of 10.OO, a. The chargw are initiated by P-040 lenses.

l-77;

q

m :

g.

u,

—

686

—

COMP. B-3

I

.

J

‘m’

1

SHOT 365: Converging Munrw Jet Date: November 22, 1965 Experimenter: Douglas Venable Radiographic Time: 26.39 w Formation and growth of gasmua Munroe jets. This jet is formed by interaction of the detonation products of two Composition B-3 charge separated by a converging air groove of 20.0°, cr. The charges are initiated by P-040 len-.

688

SHOT 366: Composition B-3 Turning a 90° Aluminum Comer Date: January 19, 1966 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 35.24 #a References: Mader and Foreat, 1976; Mader, 1979 A Composition B-3 detonation wave initiated by a P-081 lens turns an embedded 90” aluminum corner. The detonation wave haa reached the comer. See Shots 367 and 368.

t- “--

“16 +

T’ .= I

COP.’IP B 3

,-

T’ ‘

BEAM

AXIS

m

. w, g

ALUMINUM

*

690

L

Composition B-3 Turning a 90° Aluminum Corner SHOT 367: January 31, 1966 Date: Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: 38.66 @ Radiographic Time: References: Mader and Foreet, 1976; Mader, 1979 A Composition B-3 detonation wave initiated by a P-081 lens turns an embedded 90° alu-minum comer. See Shots 366 and 368.

L

10 I 6

_

1016

—1

25.4 –

t

CC)MP B -3

BEAU

,/

ALUMINUM

692

AXIS

SHOT 368: Composition B-3 Turning a 90° Aluminum Corner February 1, 1966 Date: Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: 45.08 #s Radiographic Time: Mader and Forest, 1976; Mader, 1979 Reference: A Composition B-3 detonation wave initiated by a P-081 lens turns an embedded 90° aluminum comer. See Shots 366 and 367. ,..~,-

..—

,/ f

\

/ \

I

~

, . I ,.

.

.)

z I

I

/’ i ,/

/ -1

\

\

//’

\ —-

‘0’”6 +---

‘0’”’

m.

COMP

B-3

B–3

BEAM AXIS ‘-%

713.2 +

ALUMINUM

694

4

i

f

Composition B-3 Turning a 75° Aluminum Corner SHOT 369: February 1, 1966 Date: Ibger W. Taylor Experimenter: 38.79 w Radiographic Time: A Compmition B-3 detonation wave initiated by a P-081 lens turns an embedded 75° aluminum comer, see shot 370.

101‘ +

’016 + CY3UP.

696

a-3

SHOT 370: (%mpmition B-3 Turning a 75° Aluminum Comer Date: February 1, 1966 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 45.36 w A Composition B-3 detonation wave initiated by a P-081 lens turns an embedded Shot 369, 759 aluminum comer. b

L

1016 +

’016

—

W.

B–3

78.2 7 . COMP

B- 3

T?

BEAM

w

AXIS

T; v: E

z

I

ALUMINUM

* !

698

*

thm~tien B-3 Turning a 60° Aluminum _ SHOT 371: February 1, 1966 Date: Ruger W. Taylor Experimenter: 39,12 pa Radiographic Time: A Comumition B-3 detonation wave initiated by a P-031 lens turns an embedded 60° a.l&inum corner. Sae Shot 372.

700

SHOT 372: Composition B-3 Turniug a 60” Aluminum Comer February 2, 1966 Date: Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: 46.56 #a Radiographic Time: A Composition B-3 detonation wave initiated by a P-081 lens turns an embedded 60° aluminum comer, See Shot 371.

,/”

/“———’

../

\-

[

I

\ / ,

I

. ..; I ,/

\ j \

/

L

101.6

+-

,01.6

I

COMP

B-3

B–3

*

702

-.

—1

●

SHOT 373: Composition B-3 Turning a 45° Aluminum Corner February 2, 1066 Date: Roger W, Taylor Experimenter: 39.!33 #s Radiographic Time: Mader and Forest, 1976; Mader, 1979 References: A Composition B-3 detonation wave initiated by a P-061 lens tmna an embedded 46o alu-minum comer. See Shot 374.

101.6

-

1016

W. —

-

S-3

3K4 t-w

SEAM

COMP

ALUMINUM

AXIS

B–3

o Tq ~ s . * ●

704

SHOT 374: Composition B-3 Tumbg a 45° Aluminum Corner Date: Febmary 2, 1966 E3tpmimemter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 46.94 #s References: Mader and Forest, 1976; Mader, 1979 A Compmition B-3 detonation wave initiated by a P-081 lem hum an embedded 45° aluminum corner. See Shot 373.

‘‘ // /“”

101.6

‘,]T

“t

1016 78.2

-.

—’l +

B–3

“w SEAM COMP

B–3

~

Tq s *

706

AXIS

m E

ALUMINUM

w

SHOT 375: Composition B-3 Turniug a 30” Aluminum Corner Date: Feb&ry 3, 1966 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 39,05 @ A Cornpcnition B-3 detonation wave initiated by a P-081 lens turns an embedded 30° aluminum comer. See Shot 376.

-f-

. 5 —

1 L

101.6

1016

— cmP.

—

B-3

-m’ — SEAM AXISCOMP. B–3

ALUMINIJM

T~ & +

708

m ~ @4 *

A-

SHOT 376: Composition B-3 Turning a 30° Aluminum Comer Date: February 15, 1966 Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor Radiographic Time: 46.26 w A Composition B-3 detonation wave initiated by a P-081 lens turns an embedded 30° aluminum comer. See Shot 375.

L

710

’016 +

101’ +

SHOT 377: Composition B-3 Turning a 15° Aluminum GImer February 15, 1988 Date: Ilxpmimenter: Roger W, Taylor 38.85 w Radiographic Time: A Compmition B-3 detmmticm wave initiated by a P-081 lene turns an embedded 15° aluminum comer. See Shot 378.

712

SHOT 378: Composition B-3 Tumd.ng a 15° Aluminum (hrner Date: February 15, 1966 Roger W. Taylor Experimenter: Radiographic Time: 45.04 #a A Composition B-3 detonation wave initiated by a P-081 lens tuma an embedded 15° aluminum comer. SW Shot 377.

l——

m

101.6-+-

‘0’”’ ma

BEAM

AXIS

COMP. B–3

ALUMINUM

COMP

714

B-3

SHOT 379: of Beryllium ~c hlctum Date: November 15, 1965 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 21.52 ~ Refenmce: Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-thick, t, beryllium. The plate is shocked by 6.35 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 41.27 mm.

101,6

!

—j

TG w ,\ \ /J \\\ /! /’ \ /’ ‘1 /

/“

=.,

El /

/

I

716

‘\ \

SHOT 380: Fracmre of Beryllium ~c Date: November 17, 1966 Experiment: Bsnny Ray Bred 23.94 w Radiographic Time: Thurst.an and Mudd, 1968 Reference: Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-thick, t, beryllium. The plate is chocked by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-MO lens. h ia 41.27 mm.

k---

1016 -+

cow.

F

s-3

P 040

%=-+

718

~

-i-

SHOT 381: Dynamic I?Yacture of 13eryU.illm Date: Nwen3ber 18, 1965 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed 27.04 w Radiographic Time: Reference: Thmaton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-thick, t, beryllium. The plate ia shocked bv 50.8 mm of Compmition B-3 initiated by a P--M iens. h is 41:27 mm.

o/—

/

!016 —~

/

/“

T ,\ \\m .: ‘N

\

\

\

I/

0

\_-)

/

\

I

/

\

/

\

-.

/’

1

‘1

—+—

#AXIS

%&

720

—

SHOT 382: ~ =-of Beryllium Date: November 24, 1965 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 24.33 * Reference: Thumt.on and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 12.O-mm-thick, t, beryllium. The plate ia shocked by 38.1 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-MO lens. h is 28.6 mm.

T6 !In /-, ( \ .) I \\\\ /// ~,’ 1 /

/“

‘Y

\

El /’

I

H’

722

‘\ \

SHOT 383: lhUnic ficture of Beryllium Date: December 23, 1966 Experimenter: &lllly tiy Breed lladiographic Time: 21.95 MS Reference: Thureton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 12.O-mm-thick, t, beryllium. The plate is shocked by 19.05 mm of Composition E-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h ia 28.6 mm.

//El+—

101.6 —,

Tz la /—, J/ /; \\\ <_. / /1 \ //’ ‘\

/

\

‘\ \

I/

BEAM AXIS

lb —+—

n--t-

*I

F=i SAMPLE

J

~MP.

B-3

19.0s T

%2

724

Dynamic Fracture of Beryllium SHOT 384: February 14, 1966 Date: Benny Ray Breed Experimenter: 21.07$ Radiographic Time: Thumt.on and Mudd, 1968 Reference: Dynamic fractuxe of 12.O-mm-thick, t, beryllium. The plate is shocked by 12.7 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 28.6 mm.

—

’016+

BEAM AXIS —+—

I/

●

F+ .MMPLE

COMP. B-3

726

q 4 12,7 T

SHOT 386: Fracture of Berylliiln ~c Date: February 16, 1966 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 19.6 @ Reference: Thumton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 6.O-mm-thick, t, beryllium. The plate is shocked by 6.35 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-MO lene. h is 22.2 mm.

t--

101-6+

1

-n+

728

BEAM

SHOT 386: ~ Fra* of -%hminum Date: December 27, 1985 Experimenter: BOnny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 23.73 w References: Breed et al,, 1967; Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thic~ t, aluminum. The plate is shocked by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 38.1 mm.

10I.6

4

—1

/“

T& }ln ,-, / \\\ \/’//I \\ //’ 1 /

.\,

El /’ {

‘\ \

I /

0

BEAM AXIS

-t-

P0441

730

DET

Frachlm of Aluminum SHOT 387: ~c December Zfl, 1965 Date: Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed 46,1 &s Radiographic Time: Breed et al., 1967; Thureton and Mudd, 1968 References Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, aluminum. The plate ia shocked by 203.2 mm of Composition B-3 initiati by a P-040 lens. h is 3&1 mm.

p—-.

101.6—j /“

‘N .

Tw f\ \ z /’ I \\\\ /’ / ~.-/’1 f

/

/“

\ \ \

u-

BEAM AXIS

L-lY=-J;

w

L

P4d.o

732

SHOT 389: DYmarnic Fmcture of tip~r Date: December 27, 1965 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 32.38 w References: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, copper. The plate is shocked by 50.8 mm of’ Compmition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h ia 38.1 mm.

r

SAMPLE

CS)MP. B–3

%&-

734

SHOT 390: of Capper ~c ~ Date: December 29, 1985 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 31 @ Breed et al., 1987; Thurston and Mudd, 1988 References: Dynamic hacture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, copper, The plate ia shocked by 38.1 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 38.1 mm.

—

1’1’ +

I ;/

BEAM AXIS b

COMP. B–3

H P-cola

736

ii L

SHOT 391: D-c Fl%lCtU93 of Copper Date: December 30, 1965 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 29.2 ~ References: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic fracture of 25.O-mm-thick, t, copper. The plate is shocked by 25.4 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 38,1 mm.

‘\\lT! w .1; k rel="nofollow"> / E \\ /I ,’ \\ //’ 1 I /

.-”

‘\

\

El[/’

BEAM

—.

&Y

Q

-T-

P 040

738

DET

SHOT 392: IJyn&mic Fracture of Nickel Date: December 22, 1985 Benny Ray Breed E3primmmer: 32.1 N Radiographic Time: Breed et al.; Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Reference: Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, nickel. The plate is shocked by 50,8 mm of Compmition B-3 initiated by a P-MO lens. h is 38.1 mm.

:/Axis

s

1

sAMPLE

R COMP. B–3

P- 040

740

+ : L

SHOT 393: hnamic Fracture of Nickel Date: January 4, 1986 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed Radiographic Time: 30.55 #s References: Breed et al., 1987; Thuraton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic &acture of 25,0-mm-thick, t, nickel. The ulate is shocked bv 38.1 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-m lens. h is 38:1 mm.

101’1

t--

Tz !(D .-, i: \\ k--) / //1 \ //’ ‘N

/“

.

Eg/

0’

‘\ \

1/

BEAM

~<

‘x’s

-q t

SAMPLE A

L--d

742

+

SHOT 394: ~ Fracture of Nickel January 19, 1988 Date: Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed 28.88 w Radiogmphic Time: l%3ferenc0s: Breed et al., 1987; Thurstcm and Mudd, 1968 DY’namiC fracture of 25.O-mm-thick, t, nickel. The plate ia shocked by 25.4 mm of Composition B3 initia~d by a P-040 lene. h is 38.1 mm.

’016---

—

Tz i!m ,\ / \\\\b’{/// ~,1 /“

.\\

,’

El ‘\ \

/

/

/

—.

&Y

I

I

744

I

BEAM

UMP. B-3 I .+ E P 040

I

Ikcture of Thorium SHOT 395: ~c Date: December 30, 1985 Experimenter: Benny Ray Breed 29.7 /.LS Radiographic Time: Reference: Thumton and Mudd, 1968 Dynamic hacture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, thorium. The plate is shocked by 25.4 mm of Compmition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 38.1 mm.

+ /’

101’ --i \

El /

[~

T ?“

c1 1- ‘1 . .

G

:’

1/’

““\\

*

m.e

+,,” /

~.

—-r—

,x’

1

n

PI SAMPLE

5

CQMP. B-3

2s.4

r

P04U

746

SHOT 396: Dynamic Fracture of Thorium January 12, 1966 Date: Benny Ray Breed Experimenter: 28.09 #e Radio@aphic Time: Thureton and Mudd, 1%39 Reference: Dynamic fracture of 25. O-mm-thick, t, thorium. The plate is shocked by 12.7 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h iE 38.1 mm.

~— I

—1

1016

, /-

/’

1 ?

‘\

?’: z“

//

z

(’. ‘8 .

hi;

II

1’ ;\ ‘\

~A e

I 5m

+<,

\, ‘..0

,

.

/

I

J-A

REM Ax Is

—+—

I

748

lb’ P-MC

0

I